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demonstrating mobility-based strategies like burrowing or crawling. These strategies help infauna cope with hydrothermal influence.” (Rodriguez Uribe 2023). hydrothermal influence refers to the transformative effects of hot water on geological, chemical, and biological systems, and it plays a significant role in a wide range of natural processes and human activities.
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and others. Some troglofauna live permanently underground and cannot survive outside the cave environment. Troglofauna adaptations and characteristics include a heightened sense of hearing, touch and smell. Loss of under-used senses is apparent in the lack of pigmentation as well as eyesight in most
373:
may also live in the interstices of bottom sediments. In general, infaunal animals become progressively smaller and less abundant with increasing water depth and distance from shore, whereas bacteria show more constancy in abundance, tending toward one million cells per milliliter of interstitial
981:
Infauna organisms in hydrothermal environments have developed adaptive strategies to survive harsh conditions, such as extreme temperatures, low pH levels, and reduced salinity. They constructed galleries, with the highest abundance in H1, and the dominant classes, Malacostraca and
Polychaeta,
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organisms that live within the bottom substratum of a water body, especially within the bottom-most oceanic sediments, the layer of small particles at the bottom of a body of water, rather than on its surface.
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691:(based on life-history). Both are associated with subterranean environments – troglofauna is associated with caves and spaces above the water table and stygofauna with water. Troglofaunal species include
389:. They made burrows in the sediment as protection and may also have fed upon detritus or the mat of microbes which tended to grow on the surface of the sediment. Today, a variety of organisms live in and
635:, whilst larger animals can be found in cave waters and wells. Stygofaunal animals, like troglofauna, are divided into three groups based on their life history - stygophiles, stygoxenes, and stygobites.
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or soil organisms which are retained on a 0.5 mm sieve. Studies in the deep sea define macrofauna as animals retained on a 0.3 mm sieve to account for the small size of many of the taxa.
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by their size, larger than microfauna but smaller than macrofauna, rather than a taxonomic grouping. One environment for meiofauna is between grains of damp sand (see
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611:(based on life-history). Both are associated with subterranean environments – stygofauna is associated with water, and troglofauna with caves and spaces above the
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741:. While no alien life forms, animal-like or otherwise, are known definitively, the concept of alien life remains a subject of great interest in fields like
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1082:"Copepoda: developments in ecology, biology and systematics: proceedings of the Seventh international conference on Copepoda, held in Curitiba"
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to researcher. Whether an organism passes through a 1 mm mesh also depends upon whether it is alive or dead at the time of sorting.
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227:, which is a series of rocks all containing similar fossils. The study of animals of a particular region is called
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is also the word for a book that catalogues the animals in such a manner. The term was first used by
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2626:
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2046:
2022:
82:
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1995:
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573:). To qualify as microfauna, an organism must exhibit animal-like characteristics, as opposed to
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movie shows images taken every hour during a two-week period. Worms, bacteria and fish are shown
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323:, are aquatic animals that live on the bottom substratum as opposed to within it, that is, the
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Josef Rusek (1998). "Biodiversity of
Collembola and their functional role in the ecosystem".
880:
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193:, respectively. Flora, fauna, funga and other forms of life are collectively referred to as
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to refer to a typical collection of animals found in a specific time or place, e.g. the "
1969:
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Simplified schematic of an island's fauna – all its animal species, highlighted in boxes
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but will be retained by a 30–45 μm mesh, but the exact dimensions will vary from
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In practice these are metazoan animals that can pass unharmed through a 0.5–1 mm
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454:. This image was likely first published in the first edition (1876–1899) of the
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Rubens M. Lopes, Janet Warner Reid, Carlos
Eduardo Falavigna Da Rocha (1999).
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life present in a particular region or time. The corresponding terms for
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1153:"Biodiversity of Collembola and their functional role in the ecosystem"
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547:. Mesofauna are extremely diverse; considering just the springtails (
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Microfauna are microscopic or very small animals (usually including
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refers to the animals that live in, or very close to, cold areas.
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are large animals of any particular region or time. For example,
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2007:
551:), as of 1998, approximately 6,500 species had been identified.
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fauna that live on top of the sediment surface at the seafloor.
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Proceedings of the
University of Bristol Spelæological Society
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256:. All three words are cognates of the name of the Greek god
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Such creatures are found in the fossil record and include
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248:, a Roman goddess of earth and fertility, the Roman god
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troglofauna. Troglofauna insects may exhibit a lack of
27:
Set of animal species in any particular region and time
283:
842:
307:is the fauna that exists in protected or concealed
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3447:
960:Wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Linnaeus
410:refers to the animals that live in fresh water.
37:"Animal Life" redirects here. For the book, see
393:. The deepest burrowers are the ghost shrimps (
667:, is completely blind with a translucent shell
268:equivalent of fauna (πανίς or rather πανίδα).
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2430:
2023:
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3434:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
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1108:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
683:to their dark surroundings. Troglofauna and
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2016:
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276:from Sweden in the title of his 1745 work
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
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648:
615:. Stygofauna can live within freshwater
495:that live in both marine and freshwater
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252:, and the related forest spirits called
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1008:
983:
14:
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591:Stygofauna is any fauna that lives in
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2011:
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539:are macroscopic soil animals such as
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1073:
915:Fauna and Flora Preservation Society
72:adding citations to reliable sources
43:
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1613:
737:organisms that can be described as
353:as they burrow and move through it.
284:Subdivisions on the basis of region
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24:
25:
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2037:
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223:sometimes refer to a sequence of
3162:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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1914:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1684:Democratic Republic of the Congo
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1155:(by Josef Rusek; September 1998)
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859:
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48:
569:and very small animals such as
59:needs additional citations for
2847:Federated States of Micronesia
2356:British Indian Ocean Territory
1038:
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1013:, Princeton University Press,
1002:
988:, Princeton University Press,
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1047:Biodiversity and Conservation
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595:systems or aquifers, such as
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577:, which are more plant-like.
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3287:United States Virgin Islands
1125:"The Origins of Troglobites"
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7:
1011:Nature: An Economic History
986:Nature: An Economic History
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653:The microscopic cave snail
503:loosely defines a group of
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2993:Northern Mariana Islands
2105:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1669:Central African Republic
1009:Vermeij, Geerat (2009),
984:Vermeij, Geerat (2009),
768:
3329:Fauna of South America
3049:Fauna of North America
2958:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2366:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1059:10.1023/A:1008887817883
351:disturbing the sediment
3212:British Virgin Islands
2495:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1034:Fauna of Sandy Beaches
910:Environmental movement
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671:Troglofauna are small
668:
656:Zospeum tholussum
461:
354:
319:Epifauna, also called
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32:Fauna (disambiguation)
3152:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2941:and other territories
1829:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1689:Republic of the Congo
1123:Phil Chapman (1982).
881:Earth sciences portal
777:Examples of fauna in
776:
722:Extraterrestrial life
687:are the two types of
652:
607:are the two types of
442:
344:
149:
2280:United Arab Emirates
1448:Evolutionary history
789:Other terms include
755:evolutionary biology
469:Australian megafauna
391:disturb the sediment
244:comes from the name
68:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
3461:Ecology terminology
3167:Trinidad and Tobago
3062:Antigua and Barbuda
2711:States with limited
2307:limited recognition
1904:States with limited
1385:Natural environment
935:Natural environment
661:Lukina Jama–Trojama
3102:Dominican Republic
853:Environment portal
787:
689:subterranean fauna
669:
609:subterranean fauna
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457:Nordisk familjebok
355:
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39:Animal Life (book)
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3415:other territories
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2916:Associated states
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2795:
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2349:other territories
2005:
2004:
1931:other territories
1704:Equatorial Guinea
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1232:chemical elements
930:Genetic pollution
828:Linnaeus, Carolus
603:. Stygofauna and
452:New Zealand fauna
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16:(Redirected from
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3423:Falkland Islands
3337:Sovereign states
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3252:Saint Barthélemy
3182:Dependencies and
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2998:Pitcairn Islands
2968:French Polynesia
2953:Christmas Island
2882:Papua New Guinea
2862:Marshall Islands
2835:Sovereign states
2829:Fauna of Oceania
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2749:Dependencies and
2453:Sovereign states
2446:Fauna of Europe
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2432:
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2361:Christmas Island
2047:Sovereign states
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2025:
2018:
2009:
2008:
1992:
1991:(United Kingdom)
1987:Tristan da Cunha
1983:Ascension Island
1975:
1962:
1953:
1929:Dependencies and
1622:Sovereign states
1615:Fauna of Africa
1608:
1601:
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1373:tropical cyclone
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1053:(9): 1207–1219.
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739:animal analogues
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169:) is all of the
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2730:Northern Cyprus
2712:
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2627:North Macedonia
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2443:
2413:
2408:
2380:
2348:
2339:
2320:Northern Cyprus
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1617:
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1292:Gaia hypothesis
1282:Plate tectonics
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1187:
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795:, which means "
779:Olleros de Tera
771:
759:science fiction
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663:cave system of
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619:and within the
599:, fissures and
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221:Paleontologists
215:fauna" or the "
205:paleontologists
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28:
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3456:Animal ecology
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2948:American Samoa
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1138:(2): 133–141.
1137:
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1095:9780792370482
1091:
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1086:Hydrobiologia
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1016:
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832:Fauna Suecica
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731:theoretically
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396:Thalassinidea
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309:microhabitats
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278:Fauna Suecica
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274:Carl Linnaeus
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225:faunal stages
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217:Burgess Shale
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85: –
84:
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79:Find sources:
73:
69:
63:
62:
57:This article
55:
51:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
3411:Dependencies
3277:Sint Maarten
3257:Saint Martin
2939:Dependencies
2925:Cook Islands
2740:Transnistria
2345:Dependencies
2275:Turkmenistan
2240:Saudi Arabia
1979:Saint Helena
1950:
1854:South Africa
1844:Sierra Leone
1649:Burkina Faso
1548:
1507:
1481:Biodiversity
1467:astrobiology
1189:Elements of
1135:
1131:
1118:
1104:cite journal
1085:
1075:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1029:
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1004:
985:
977:
966:
955:
940:Soil zoology
890:Biodiversity
831:
806:ichthyofauna
804:
800:
790:
788:
751:biochemistry
747:astrobiology
726:
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497:environments
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266:Modern Greek
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90:
78:
66:Please help
61:verification
58:
3247:Puerto Rico
3157:Saint Lucia
3107:El Salvador
2872:New Zealand
2778:Isle of Man
2713:recognition
2687:Switzerland
2622:Netherlands
2404:Asia portal
2305:States with
2225:Philippines
2165:South Korea
2160:North Korea
2055:Afghanistan
1906:recognition
1859:South Sudan
1749:Ivory Coast
1532:Prokaryotes
1320:Atmosphere
1315:Meteorology
799:fauna" and
708:and longer
645:Troglofauna
639:Troglofauna
613:water table
605:troglofauna
593:groundwater
499:. The term
481:Meiobenthos
305:Cryptofauna
300:Cryptofauna
18:Animal life
3450:Categories
3242:Montserrat
3237:Martinique
3232:Guadeloupe
3087:Costa Rica
2657:San Marino
2617:Montenegro
2597:Luxembourg
2577:Kazakhstan
2480:Azerbaijan
2285:Uzbekistan
2260:Tajikistan
2175:Kyrgyzstan
2155:Kazakhstan
2075:Bangladesh
2065:Azerbaijan
1961:(Portugal)
1919:Somaliland
1839:Seychelles
1804:Mozambique
1789:Mauritania
1774:Madagascar
1729:The Gambia
1664:Cape Verde
1413:Wilderness
1266:geological
947:References
801:piscifauna
763:philosophy
710:appendages
685:stygofauna
679:that have
675:-dwelling
623:spaces of
587:Stygofauna
581:Stygofauna
575:microflora
567:protozoans
561:Microfauna
555:Microfauna
549:Collembola
541:arthropods
520:researcher
488:are small
448:Australian
419:Macrofauna
414:Macrofauna
408:Limnofauna
403:Limnofauna
383:trilobites
374:seawater.
371:microalgae
347:time-lapse
321:epibenthos
229:faunistics
201:Zoologists
124:April 2012
94:newspapers
3466:Organisms
3400:Venezuela
3345:Argentina
3227:Greenland
3142:Nicaragua
3117:Guatemala
2842:Australia
2768:Gibraltar
2592:Lithuania
2371:Hong Kong
2325:Palestine
2250:Sri Lanka
2245:Singapore
2125:Indonesia
1794:Mauritius
1491:Eukaryota
1458:Hierarchy
1453:Biosphere
1418:Wildfires
1408:Radiation
1398:Ecosystem
1338:Moonlight
1272:Structure
1227:particles
920:Gene pool
905:Ecosystem
817:Treatises
743:astronomy
727:Xenofauna
716:Xenofauna
701:myriapods
625:limestone
545:nematodes
537:Mesofauna
526:Mesofauna
505:organisms
501:meiofauna
486:Meiofauna
475:Meiofauna
465:Megafauna
435:Megafauna
429:Megafauna
379:lingulata
294:Cryofauna
289:Cryofauna
235:Etymology
3390:Suriname
3380:Paraguay
3365:Colombia
3192:Anguilla
3127:Honduras
3097:Dominica
3072:Barbados
2857:Kiribati
2788:Svalbard
2773:Guernsey
2720:Abkhazia
2672:Slovenia
2667:Slovakia
2642:Portugal
2500:Bulgaria
2394:Category
2315:Abkhazia
2265:Thailand
2220:Pakistan
2200:Mongolia
2195:Maldives
2190:Malaysia
2090:Cambodia
1985: /
1981: /
1974:(France)
1968: /
1946: /
1942: /
1894:Zimbabwe
1869:Tanzania
1719:Ethiopia
1714:Eswatini
1694:Djibouti
1659:Cameroon
1644:Botswana
1573:Category
1542:bacteria
1525:protista
1486:Organism
1353:Sunlight
1199:Universe
1067:22883809
1024:. p. 267
999:. p. 266
839:See also
813:fauna".
792:avifauna
633:laterite
629:calcrete
617:aquifers
571:rotifers
367:Bacteria
315:Epifauna
219:fauna".
3395:Uruguay
3370:Ecuador
3350:Bolivia
3222:Curaçao
3207:Bonaire
3202:Bermuda
3132:Jamaica
3112:Grenada
3067:Bahamas
3003:Tokelau
2907:Vanuatu
2697:Ukraine
2647:Romania
2607:Moldova
2565:Ireland
2560:Iceland
2555:Hungary
2545:Germany
2540:Georgia
2530:Finland
2525:Estonia
2520:Denmark
2505:Croatia
2490:Belgium
2485:Belarus
2475:Austria
2470:Armenia
2465:Andorra
2460:Albania
2290:Vietnam
2205:Myanmar
2185:Lebanon
2115:Georgia
2070:Bahrain
2060:Armenia
1970:RĂ©union
1966:Mayotte
1957:Madeira
1952:(Spain)
1948:Melilla
1879:Tunisia
1849:Somalia
1834:Senegal
1819:Nigeria
1809:Namibia
1799:Morocco
1764:Liberia
1759:Lesotho
1709:Eritrea
1679:Comoros
1654:Burundi
1629:Algeria
1550:Viruses
1537:archaea
1513:animals
1465: (
1463:Biology
1440:Origin
1393:Ecology
1368:tornado
1328:Climate
1322:(Earth)
1307:Weather
1277:Geology
1264: (
1262:History
900:Ecology
697:insects
693:spiders
681:adapted
677:animals
665:Croatia
490:benthic
423:benthic
362:benthic
358:Infauna
331:Infauna
325:benthic
264:is the
108:scholar
83:"Fauna"
3375:Guyana
3355:Brazil
3147:Panama
3137:Mexico
3082:Canada
3077:Belize
2978:Hawaii
2902:Tuvalu
2783:Jersey
2725:Kosovo
2692:Turkey
2682:Sweden
2662:Serbia
2652:Russia
2637:Poland
2632:Norway
2612:Monaco
2582:Latvia
2550:Greece
2535:France
2510:Cyprus
2335:Taiwan
2270:Turkey
2235:Russia
2170:Kuwait
2150:Jordan
2140:Israel
2100:Cyprus
2085:Brunei
2080:Bhutan
1989:
1972:
1959:
1889:Zambia
1884:Uganda
1824:Rwanda
1779:Malawi
1739:Guinea
1634:Angola
1501:plants
1333:Clouds
1297:Future
1287:Oceans
1239:Change
1222:Matter
1217:Energy
1191:nature
1092:
1065:
1017:
992:
834:. 1746
761:, and
733:, are
444:Papuan
260:, and
250:Faunus
175:plants
171:animal
167:faunas
163:faunae
110:
103:
96:
89:
81:
3360:Chile
3197:Aruba
3122:Haiti
2897:Tonga
2887:Samoa
2877:Palau
2867:Nauru
2758:Ă…land
2677:Spain
2602:Malta
2572:Italy
2376:Macau
2295:Yemen
2255:Syria
2230:Qatar
2210:Nepal
2145:Japan
2120:India
2110:Egypt
2095:China
1944:Ceuta
1864:Sudan
1814:Niger
1769:Libya
1754:Kenya
1734:Ghana
1724:Gabon
1699:Egypt
1639:Benin
1520:fungi
1508:fauna
1496:flora
1403:Field
1358:Tides
1249:Earth
1207:Space
1128:(PDF)
1063:S2CID
895:Biome
783:Spain
769:Other
735:alien
706:wings
597:caves
387:worms
345:This
270:Fauna
262:panis
254:Fauns
246:Fauna
241:Fauna
209:fauna
196:biota
190:funga
184:flora
179:fungi
155:Fauna
115:JSTOR
101:books
3385:Peru
3267:Saba
3092:Cuba
2973:Guam
2930:Niue
2852:Fiji
2215:Oman
2180:Laos
2135:Iraq
2130:Iran
1874:Togo
1784:Mali
1674:Chad
1428:Life
1363:Wind
1348:Snow
1343:Rain
1212:Time
1110:link
1090:ISBN
1015:ISBN
990:ISBN
971:NCRI
811:fish
803:(or
797:bird
673:cave
621:pore
601:vugs
516:mesh
450:and
421:are
385:and
369:and
360:are
207:use
203:and
187:and
181:are
177:and
87:news
3413:and
2347:and
1055:doi
631:or
543:or
511:).
258:Pan
165:or
159:pl.
70:by
3452::
1136:16
1134:.
1130:.
1106:}}
1102:{{
1084:.
1061:.
1049:.
830:.
765:.
757:,
753:,
749:,
745:,
729:,
712:.
699:,
695:,
627:,
471:.
446:,
381:,
311:.
280:.
231:.
199:.
161::
3321:e
3314:t
3307:v
3042:e
3035:t
3028:v
2822:e
2815:t
2808:v
2438:e
2431:t
2424:v
2031:e
2024:t
2017:v
1607:e
1600:t
1593:v
1469:)
1268:)
1182:e
1175:t
1168:v
1112:)
1098:.
1069:.
1057::
1051:7
785:)
781:(
460:.
157:(
137:)
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112:·
105:·
98:·
91:·
64:.
41:.
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20:)
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