Annexation of Goa - Knowledge

3768: 3131: 381: 240: 3996:, the Portuguese national radio station, to urge Goans to resist and oppose the Indian administration. An effort was made to create clandestine resistance movements in Goa, and within Goan diaspora communities across the world to use general resistance and armed rebellion to weaken the Indian presence in Goa. The campaign had the full support of the Portuguese government with the ministries of defence, foreign affairs, army, navy and finance involved. A plan was chalked out called the 'Plano Gralha' covering Goa, Daman and Diu, which called for paralysing port operations at Mormugao and Bombay by planting bombs in some of the ships anchored at the ports. 4530:. Certainly the people of Kashmir could draw inspiration from what the Indians are reported to have stated in the leaflets they dropped ... on Goa. The leaflets stated that it was India's task to ‘defend the honour and security of the Motherland from which the people of Goa had been separated far too long' and which the people of Goa, largely by their own efforts could again make their own. We hope the Indians will apply the same logic to Kashmir. Now the Indians can impress their electorate with having achieved military glory. The mask is off. Their much-proclaimed theories of non-violence, secularism, and democratic methods stand exposed." 358: 2531:

transported to Goa, reinforcing a locally raised battalion and increasing the Portuguese military presence there from almost nothing to 12,000 men. Other sources state that, at the end of 1955, Portuguese forces in India represented a total of around 8,000 men (Europeans, Africans and Indians), including 7,000 in the land forces, 250 in the naval forces, 600 in the police and 250 in the Fiscal Guard, split between the districts of Goa, Daman and Diu. Following the annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, the Portuguese authorities markedly strengthened the garrison of Portuguese India, with units and personnel sent from the

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and the transfer of populations that inhabit them to foreign sovereigns," said Salazar. He went on to state that the UN's failure to halt aggression against Portugal, showed that effective power in the U.N. had passed to the Communist and Afro-Asian countries. Salazar also accused Britain of delaying for a week her reply to Portugal's request to be allowed the use of certain airfields. "Had it not been for this delay," he said, "we should certainly have found alternative routes and we could have rushed to India reinforcements in men and material for a sustained defence of the territory."

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in illegality. But it did not involve the abandonment of the legal principle prohibiting the acquisition of territory by force-even in respect of territories defined as colonies. The conclusion that India's successful annexation of Goa cannot be taken to indicate the existence of a legal right of reconquest in cases where a former colony seeks to recover what it considers to be its pre-colonial frontiers is reinforced-even more strongly and conclusively-by the practice of states in connection with Argentina's attempted conquest or reconquest of the Faulkland islands.

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assaulted the light machine gun trenches at Fort-De-Cova and eliminated the weapon operators. The Portuguese medium machine gun fire from another position wounded the officer and two of his men. However, with the efforts of company Havildar Major Mohan Singh and two other men, the three wounded were evacuated back across the creek to safety. As dawn approached, the Portuguese increased the intensity of fire and the battalion's water crossing equipment suffered extensive damage. As a result, the Indian battalion was ordered to fall back to Kob village by first light.

2783:. Despite orders from the Portuguese government in Lisbon not to allow anyone to embark on this vessel, Governor General Manuel Vassalo e Silva allowed 700 Portuguese civilians of European origin to board the ship and flee Goa. The ship had capacity for only 380 passengers, and was filled to its limits, with evacuees occupying even the toilets. On arranging this evacuation of women and children, Vassalo e Silva remarked to the press, "If necessary, we will die here." Evacuation of European civilians continued by air even after the commencement of Indian air strikes. 3160:

aircraft to leave was the TAP Constellation, commanded by Manuel Correia Reis, which took off using only 700 metres; debris from the runway damaged the fuselage, causing 25 holes and a flat tire. To make the 'short take-off' possible, the pilots had jettisoned all the extra seats and other unwanted equipment. The TAIP DC-4 then also took off, piloted by TAIP Director Major Solano de Almeida. The two aircraft successfully used the cover of night and very low altitudes to break through Indian aerial patrols and escape to Karachi, Pakistan.

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made by the 4th Madras on a police border post at 01:30 on 18 December at Gogol and was repulsed by 13 Portuguese police officers. Another attempt by the 4th Madras at 02:00 was again repulsed, this time backed with Portuguese 87.5mm artillery and mortar which suffered due to poor quality of munitions. By 04:00, ten of the original 13 Portuguese defenders at Gogol had been wounded and were evacuated to a hospital. At 05:30, the Portuguese artillery launched a fresh attack on the 4th Madras assaulting Gogol and forced their retreat.

2662:'s Independent Territorial Command of India, headed by Brigadier António José Martins Leitão. At the time of the invasion, they consisted of a total of 3,995 men, including 810 native (Indo-Portuguese) soldiers, many of whom had little military training and were utilised primarily for security and anti-extremist operations. These forces were divided amongst the three Portuguese enclaves in India. The Portuguese Army units in Goa included four motorised reconnaissance squadrons, eight rifle companies ( 8212: 4370:

Menon have been under continuous harassment from Indian leftists for not expelling the Portuguese "imperialists" and from moderates and rightists for ignoring Red China's new incursions on India's northern frontier. Acting against Goa was one way to cover up inaction against China. Moreover, Menon's own parliamentary seat was in danger, and shrewd Indian political opinion held that Menon could only win if he made himself popular by "solving" the Goa situation. TIME Magazine, Friday, Dec. 29, 1961

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invading forces," were putting up "stiff resistance" and "fighting a delaying action and destroying communications in order to halt the advance of the enemy." In response, India's delegate, C. S. Jha said that the "elimination of the last vestiges of colonialism in India" was an "article of faith" for the Indian people, "Security Council or no Security Council." He went on to describe Goa, Daman, and Diu as "an inalienable part of India unlawfully occupied by Portugal."

9310: 535: 519: 499: 479: 8186: 450: 335: 9245: 1926:. The engagement lasted two days, and twenty-two Indians and thirty Portuguese were killed in the fighting. The brief conflict drew a mixture of worldwide praise and condemnation. In India, the action was seen as a liberation of historically Indian territory, while Portugal viewed it as an aggression against its national soil and citizens. Justifying the successful military action, Nehru remarked that the "Portuguese ultimately left no choice open to us." 4701: 8169: 4673: 2692:), game wardens. In 1958, as an emergency measure, the Portuguese government gave provisional military status to the PEI and the Fiscal Guard, placing them under the command of the FAEI. The security forces were also divided amongst the three districts and were mostly made up of Indo-Portuguese policemen and guards. Different sources indicate between 900 and 1400 men as the total effective strength of these forces at the time of the invasion. 2569:, stated the necessity to reinforce the Portuguese military presence in that African territory, partly at the expense of the military presence in Goa, where the then existing 7,500 men were too many just to deal with anti-Portuguese actions, and too few to face an Indian invasion, which, if it were to occur, would have to be handled by other means. This led to the Portuguese forces in India suffering a sharp reduction to about 3,300 soldiers. 216: 3586: 3200: 3015: 267: 247: 4687: 2041:, a French-educated Goan engineer who founded the Goa Congress Committee in Portuguese India in 1928. Cunha released a booklet called 'Four hundred years of Foreign Rule', and a pamphlet, 'Denationalisation of Goa', intended to sensitise Goans to the oppression of Portuguese rule. Messages of solidarity were received by the Goa Congress Committee from leading figures in the Indian independence movement including 202: 4388:, commanding India's 17th Infantry Division, and as the very model of a modern major general, he betrayed no sign that he is finding Goans less than happy about their "liberation". Goan girls refuse to dance with Indian officers. Goan shops have been stripped bare by luxury-hungry Indian soldiers, and Indian import restrictions prevent replacement. Even in India, doubts are heard. "India", said respected 7495: 4523:

wishes on the future of the territory." The Pakistani statement (issued on 18 December) continued: "The world now knows that India has double standards ... . One set of principles seem to apply to India, another set to non-India. This is one more demonstration of the fact that India remains violent and aggressive at heart, whatever the pious statements made from time to time by its leaders."

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making their last stand. By this time, the Indian Air Force had conducted six air attacks, severely demoralising the Portuguese forces. At 20:00, after a meeting between the Portuguese commanders, a delegation was dispatched to the Indian lines to open negotiations, but was fired on, and was forced to withdraw. A similar attempt by the artillery to surrender at 08:00 next day was also fired on.

5643:"1962. Re Delhi 1611 Dept, Lisbon 606 Dept. Assistant Secretary Talbot called in Ambassador Nehru to discuss Goa morning eighth. He said current situation re Goa has caused Portuguese Government to express deep concern to US. Within USG queries also have been coming to Talbot as to whether GOI would use force to settle issue (Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in India)" 98: 3876:, strongly criticised India's use of force to resolve her dispute with Portugal, stressing that such resort to violent means was against the charter of the UN. He stated that condoning such acts of armed forces would encourage other nations to resort to similar solutions to their own disputes, and would lead to the death of the United Nations. In response, the Soviet delegate, 7786:

view is correct under twentieth century notions of international law, but hardly under sixteenth-century notions. The sympathies of most of the members of the United Nations lay with India, and neither the Security Council nor the General Assembly condemned India's actions. But this does not necessarily mean that they thought India's action was legally justified.

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the fact that Portugal relinquished its claim and recognised the sovereignty of India over Goa by a treaty) should be regarded as illegal and thus without any effect under international law. Such fundamental illegality can neither be justified by the subsequent conclusion of a peace treaty nor by the application of the doctrine of historic consolidation.

3110:, the administrative centre of southern Goa. Their rear battalion took some rest in a cattle shed and on the grounds and the balcony of an adjacent house before proceeding to Margão by 12:00. From here, the column advanced towards the harbour of Mormugão. En route they encountered fierce resistance from a 500-strong Portuguese unit at the village of 3087:, linked up at the border town of Mollem and then advanced by separate routes on Ponda. By nightfall, the 2nd Bihar had reached the town of Candeapur, while the 3rd Sikh had reached Darbondara. Although neither column had encountered any resistance, their further progress was hampered because all bridges spanning the river had been destroyed. 2141:

non-negotiable, and that India had no rights to this territory because the Republic of India did not exist at the time when Goa came under Portuguese rule. When the Portuguese government refused to respond to subsequent aide-mémoires in this regard, the Indian government, on 11 June 1953, withdrew its diplomatic mission from Lisbon.

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were followed at 13:10 by the rest of the crew, who, along with their injured commander, set fire to the ship and disembarked directly onto the beach. Following this, the commander was transferred by car to the hospital at Panaji. On the Indian Union side, two frigates were hit, killing five sailors and injuring thirteen.

3654:—based at Daman under the command of 2nd Lieutenant Abreu Brito—was ordered to sail out and fight the imminent Indian invasion. The boat stayed in position from 07:00 on 18 December and remained a mute witness to repeated air strikes followed by ground invasion until 19:20, when it lost all communications with land. 2272:, which, in a decision dated 12 April 1960, stated that Portugal had sovereign rights over the territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli but India had the right to deny passage to armed personnel of Portugal over Indian territories. Therefore, the Portuguese authorities could not legally pass through Indian territory. 2096:

destroy economic targets, telegraph and telephone lines, road, water and rail transport, in order to impede economic activity and create conditions for a general uprising of the population. A Portuguese army officer stationed with the army in Goa, Captain Carlos Azaredo, stated in 2001 in the Portuguese newspaper

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emigrate to Portugal rather than remain under Indian rule. This was amended in 2006 to include only those who had been born before 19 December 1961. Later, in a show of defiance, Prime Minister Salazar's government offered a reward of US$ 10,000 for the capture of Brigadier Sagat Singh, the commander of the

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It is submitted that in the light of the jus cogens rule prohibiting the threat or use of force any annexation which has taken place after the entry into force of the UN Charter e.g. the annexation of Tibet by China in 1951, the annexation of Hyderabad by India in 1948, the annexation of Goa (despite

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Portugal acquired Goa by conquest in the sixteenth century, and India recognized the Portuguese title after becoming independent in 1947. However, in the Security Council debates which followed the invasion, India argued that Portugal's title was void because it was based on colonial conquest. Such a

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Upon independence in 1947 India had accorded recognition to the Portuguese sovereignty over Goa. After annexing Goa India's case was built around the illegality of colonial acquisitions. This argument was correct according to the legal norms of the twentieth century, but did not hold to the standards

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spokesman described the operation on Goa as "naked militarism". The statement emphasised that Pakistan stood for the settlement of international disputes by negotiation through the United Nations and stated that the proper course was a "U.N.-sponsored plebiscite to elicit from the people of Goa their

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In a communication to all Portuguese forces under his command, he stated, "Having considered the defence of the Peninsula of Mormugão ... from aerial, naval and ground fire of the enemy and ... having considered the difference between the forces and the resources ... the situation does

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The Indian air operations in the Diu Sector were entrusted to the Armaments Training Wing led by Wg Cdr Micky Blake. The first air attacks were made at dawn on 18 December and were aimed at destroying Diu's fortifications facing the mainland. Throughout the rest of the day, the Air Force had at least

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M.P.O. "Micky" Blake, planning-in-charge of the Indian Air Force operations in Diu, to attack only on first light when close air support would be available. The Portuguese defences repulsed the attack backed by 87.6mm artillery and mortars, inflicting heavy losses on the Indians. The first attack was

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was ordered to open fire. The commander of the battery, Captain Felgueiras de Sousa, instead dismantled the guns and surrendered to the Indians. By 12:00, the airfield was assaulted by the Indian A and C companies simultaneously. In the ensuing exchange of fire the A Company lost one more soldier and

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was outnumbered by the Indians, and was at a severe disadvantage since it was in a confined position that restricted its maneuvering, and because its four 120mm guns could fire only two rounds a minute, as compared to the 16 rounds per minute of the guns aboard the Indian frigates. A few minutes into

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in Portugal to Goa to assist in its defence. When the Portuguese Air Force was unable to obtain stopover facilities at any air base along the way because most countries, including Pakistan, denied passage of Portuguese military aircraft, the mission was passed to the Portuguese international civilian

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Meanwhile, the Portuguese authorities asked the Indian Government for permission to cross the Indian territory with reinforcements to Dadra and Nagar Haveli, but no permission was given. Surrounded and prevented from receiving reinforcements by the Indian authorities, the Portuguese Administrator and

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On 15 August 1955, 3,000–5,000 unarmed Indian activists attempted to enter Goa at six locations and were violently repulsed by Portuguese police officers, resulting in the deaths of between 21 and 30 people. The news of the incident built public opinion in India against the presence of the Portuguese

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It may therefore be argued that the recognition of India's annexation of Goa involved the bending of a principle (the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by the use of force) to accommodate a reality which was regarded as being, on the whole, beneficial, even if this situation originated

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rule forceful annexations including the annexation of Goa are held as illegal since they have taken place after the UN Charter came into force. A later treaty cannot justify it. Sharon Korman argues that the principle of self-determination may bend the rule to accommodate the new reality but it will

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THE man most widely held responsible for India's conquest of Goa is not Jawaharlal Nehru, but Nehru's abrasive, acerbic Defense Minister, Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon, who apparently provided the necessary push to overcome his master's remaining scruples. With elections due in February, Nehru and

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military chaplain. Following the foiled escape attempt, Captain Carlos Azeredo (now retired general) was beaten with rifle butts by four Indian soldiers while a gun was pointed at him, on the orders of Captain Naik, the 2nd Camp Commander. The beating was in retaliation for Azeredo's telling Captain

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Council to reject the Portuguese charge of aggression against India; and (3) called upon Portugal "to terminate hostile action and co-operate with India in the liquidation of her colonial possessions in India." This resolution was supported only by the Soviet Union, the other seven members opposing.

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took a direct hit in its control tower, injuring its weapons officer. At 12:25, an anti-personnel shrapnel bomb fired from an Indian vessel exploded directly over the ship, killing its radio officer and severely injuring its commander, Captain António da Cunha Aragão, after which First Officer Pinto

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and one private. Hidden in the rocks, one corporal surrendered on 19 December. The other was captured in the afternoon of 20 December, but not before launching hand grenades that injured several Indian marines. The last of the three, Goan private Manuel Caetano, became the last Portuguese soldier in

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and obtain its surrender, after receiving information that a number of supporters of the Indian Republic were held prisoners there. However, the Portuguese defenders of the fort had not yet received orders to surrender and responded by opening fire on the Indian forces, Major Sidhu and Captain Vinod

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When they received news of the fall of Goa, the Portuguese government formally severed all diplomatic links with India and refused to recognise the incorporation of the seized territories into the Indian Republic. An offer of Portuguese citizenship was instead made to all Goan natives who wished to

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At 07:00, with the onset of dawn, Indian air strikes began, forcing the Portuguese to retreat from Passo Covo to the town of Malala. By 09:00 the Portuguese unit at Gogol also retreated, allowing the Rajput B Company (who replaced the 4th Madras) to advance under heavy artillery fire and occupy the

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The Indians assaulted the airfield the next morning, upon which the Portuguese surrendered at 11:00 without a fight. Garrison commander Major Costa Pinto, although wounded, was stretchered to the airfield, as the Indians were only willing to accept a surrender from him. Approximately 600 Portuguese

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to Panaji, just minutes ahead of the arrival of the Indian armoured forces. The Indian tanks had reached Betim, just across the Mandovi River from Panaji, without encountering any opposition. The 2nd Sikh Light Infantry joined it by 21:00, crossing over mines and demolished bridges en route. In the

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squadron), stationed near Maulinguém, asked for permission to engage the Indians, but permission was refused at about 13:45. During the afternoon of the 17th, the Portuguese command issued instructions that all orders to defending troops would be issued directly by headquarters, bypassing the local

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The Portuguese government and military commands were, however, well aware that even with this effort to strengthen the garrison of Goa, the Portuguese forces would never be sufficient to face a conventional attack from the overwhelmingly stronger Indian Armed Forces. The Portuguese government hoped

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Eventually, on 10 December, nine days prior to the armed action, code named Operation Vijay, Nehru stated to the press: "Continuance of Goa under Portuguese rule is an impossibility". The American response was to warn India that if and when India's armed action in Goa was brought to the UN security

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Goa was first recognised as equal to the metropolis in the Royal Charter of 1518, and affirmed in subsequent legislation. The term 'province' was first used in 1576, and the term 'overseas provinces' used in virtually all legislation and constitutions thereafter, e.g. Art. 1–3 & Art. 162–64 of

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Hinting that Portugal would yet be vindicated, Salazar went on to state that "difficulties will arise for both sides when the programme of the Indianization of Goa begins to clash with its inherent culture ... It is therefore to be expected that many Goans will wish to escape to Portugal from

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Salazar, while addressing the Portuguese National Assembly on 3 January 1962, invoked the principle of national sovereignty, as defined in the legal framework of the Constitution of the Estado Novo. "We can not negotiate, not without denying and betraying our own, the cession of national territory

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The official Portuguese surrender was conducted in a formal ceremony held at 20:30 hours on 19 December when Governor General Manuel António Vassalo e Silva signed the instrument of surrender bringing to an end 451 years of Portuguese Rule in Goa. In all, 4,668 personnel were taken prisoner by the

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By 13:00, the remaining Portuguese forces on the east border at Calicachigão exhausted their ammunition and retreated towards the coast. By 17:00, in the absence of resistance, the Indians had managed to occupy most of the territory, except the airfield and Damão Pequeno, where the Portuguese were

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had fired nearly 400 rounds at the Indian soldiers, hitting two of the Indian vessels, and had taken severe damage, the order was given to start abandoning ship. Under heavy fire directed at both the ship and the coast, non-essential crew including weapons staff left the ship and went ashore. They

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camped there. The letter read: "The Military Commander of the City of Goa states that he wishes to parley with the commander of the army of the Indian Union with respect to the surrender. Under these conditions, the Portuguese troops must immediately cease fire and the Indian troops do likewise in

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in Goa on 14 December, in which he ordered the Portuguese forces in Goa to fight to the last man: "Do not expect the possibility of truce or of Portuguese prisoners, as there will be no surrender rendered because I feel that our soldiers and sailors can be either victorious or dead." Salazar asked

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article – published before the statement from the Chinese Government – conceded that Goa was legitimately part of Indian territory and that the Indian people were entitled to take whatever measures were necessary to recover it. At the same time, however, the paper ridiculed Mr. Nehru for choosing

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of the Labour Party also expressed "profound regret" that India should have resorted to force in her dispute with Portugal, although the Opposition recognised that the existence of Portuguese colonies on the Indian mainland had long been an anachronism and that Portugal should have abandoned them

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had long understood the desire of the local Indians to incorporate Goa, Daman, and Diu in the Indian Republic, and their feeling of impatience that the Portuguese Government had not followed the example of Britain and France in relinquishing their Indian possessions, he had to "make it plain that

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on 19 December 1961, stated "With his invasion of Goa Prime Minister Nehru has done irreparable damage to India's good name and to the principles of international morality." The American press generally construed the war cynically, as a hypocritical and politically motivated action by Menon, with

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at gunpoint without immediate access to their families who had arrived to receive them. Following intense questioning and interrogations, the officers were charged with direct insubordination on having refused to comply with directives to not surrender. On 22 March 1963, the governor general, the

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The captivity lasted for six months "thanks to the stupid stubbornness of Lisbon" (according to Azeredo). The Portuguese Government insisted that the prisoners be repatriated by Portuguese aircraft—a demand that was rejected by the Indian Government who instead insisted on aircraft from a neutral

4022:, Goa was finally recognised as part of India, and steps were taken to re-establish diplomatic relations with India. On 31 December 1974, a treaty was signed between India and Portugal with the Portuguese recognising full sovereignty of India over Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In 1992, 3900:

By the evening of 18 December, most of Goa had been overrun by advancing Indian forces, and a large party of more than two thousand Portuguese soldiers had taken position at the military base at Alparqueiros at the entrance to the port town of Vasco da Gama. Per the Portuguese strategy code named

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Following the debate, the delegates of Liberia, Ceylon and the U.A.R. presented a resolution which: (1) stated that "the enclaves claimed by Portugal in India constitute a threat to international peace and security and stand in the way of the unity of the Republic of India; (2) asked the security

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Meanwhile, at 03:00, two companies of the 20th Rajput attempted to cross a muddy swamp separating them from the Portuguese forces at Passo Covo under cover of dark on rafts made of bamboo cots tied to oil barrels. The attempt was to establish a bridgehead and capture the airfield. This attack was

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In later years, commentators have maintained that India's intense air strikes against the airfields were uncalled-for, since none of the targeted airports had any military capabilities and they did not cater to any military aircraft. As such, the airfields were defenceless civilian targets. The

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During the internment of the Portuguese prisoners of war at various camps around Goa, the prisoners were visited by large numbers of Goans—described by Captain Azeredo as "Goan friends, acquaintances, or simply anonymous persons"—who offered the internees cigarettes, biscuits, tea, medicines and

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Portuguese non-combatants present in Goa at the surrender—which included Mrs Vassalo e Silva, wife of the Portuguese Governor General of Goa—were transported by 29 December to Mumbai, from where they were repatriated to Portugal. Manuel Vassalo e Silva, however, remained along with approximately

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When surrendering to the Indians, the Diu Governor stated that he could have stalled the army's advances for a few days to weeks, but he had no answer to the Indian Air Force and Navy. The Indian Air Force was also present at the ceremony and was represented by Gp Capt Godkhindi, Wing Cmdr Micky

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As the Rajputs reached the middle of the creek, the Portuguese on Diu opened fire with two medium and two light machine-guns, capsizing some of the rafts. Major Mal Singh of the Indian Army along with five men pressed on his advance and crossed the creek. On reaching the far bank, he and his men

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At 04:30, the Indian artillery began to bombard Damão Grande. The artillery attack and transportation difficulties isolated the Portuguese command post there from the forces in Damão Pequeno. At 07:30, a Portuguese unit at the fortress of São Jerónimo fired mortars on Indian forces attempting to

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By 10:00, Portuguese forces of the 1st EREC, faced with the advancing 2nd Sikh Light Infantry, began a south-bound withdrawal to the town of Mapuca where, by 12:00, they came under the risk of being surrounded by Indian forces. At 12:30, the 1st EREC began a retreat, making their way through the

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By 1954, the Republic of India instituted visa restrictions on travel from Goa to India which paralysed transport between Goa and other exclaves like Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In the same year, India instituted sanctions on Portugal with the aim of the annexation of Goa into India; the

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supported the establishment of armed groups like the Azad Gomantak Dal, giving them full financial, logistic and armament support. The armed groups acted from bases situated in Indian territory and under cover of Indian police forces. The Indian government—through these armed groups—attempted to

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Referring to the perception, especially in the West, that India had previously been lecturing the world about the virtues of nonviolence, President Kennedy told the Indian ambassador to the US, "You spend the last fifteen years preaching morality to us, and then you go ahead and act the way any

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After the defeat of the Afro-Asian resolution, a resolution was presented by France, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States which: (1) Called for the immediate cessation of hostilities; (2) Called upon India to withdraw her forces immediately to "the positions prevailing before 17 Dec

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Opening the debate, Portugal's delegate, Vasco Vieira Garin, said that Portugal had consistently shown her peaceful intentions by refraining from any counter-action to India's numerous "provocations" on the Goan border. Garin also stated that Portuguese forces, though "vastly outnumbered by the

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At 18:00, the Portuguese commanders agreed in a meeting that in view of repeated military advances with naval and air strikes, along with the inability to establish contact with headquarters in Goa or Lisbon, there was no way to pursue an effective defence and decided to surrender to the Indian

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on 8 December 2001 as "a totally unrealistic and unachievable plan, which was quite incomplete. It was based on exchange of ground with time. But, for this purpose, portable communication equipment was necessary." The plans to mine roads and beaches were also unviable because of an insufficient

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Portuguese military preparations began in 1954, following the Indian economic blockade, the beginning of the anti-Portuguese attacks in Goa and the annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Three light infantry battalions (one each sent from Portugal, Angola and Mozambique) and support units were

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and the Azad Gomantak Dal, with the support of Indian Police forces, began to launch assaults against Dadra and Nagar Haveli. On the night of 22 July, UFG forces stormed the small Dadra police station, killing Police Sergeant Aniceto do Rosário and Constable António Fernandes, who resisted the

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In one incident, recounted by Lieutenant Francisco Cabral Couto (now retired general), on 19 March 1962 some of the prisoners tried to escape the Ponda camp in a garbage truck. The attempt was foiled, and the Portuguese officers in charge of the escapees were threatened with court martial and

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belonging to the Goan airline TAIP—were parked on the apron. On the night of 18 December, the Portuguese used both aircraft to evacuate the families of some government and military officials after airport workers had hastily recovered part of the heavily damaged runway that evening. The first

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This resolution received seven votes in favour (the four sponsors and Chile, Ecuador, and Nationalist China) and four against (the Soviet Union, Ceylon, Liberia, and the United Arab Republic). It was thus defeated by the Soviet veto. In a statement after the vote, Mr. Stevenson said that the

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The advance commenced at 04:00 when one battalion and three companies of Indian soldiers progressed through the central area of the northern territory, aiming to seize the airfield. However, the surprise was lost when the Indian A Company tried to capture the control tower and suffered three

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is a 13.8 km by 4.6 km island (area about 40 km) at the south tip of Gujarat. The island is separated from the mainland by a narrow channel running through a swamp. The channel could only be used by fishing boats and small craft. No bridges crossed the channels at the time of

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The Portuguese garrison in Daman was headed by Major António José da Costa Pinto (combining the roles of District Governor and military commander), with 360 soldiers of the Portuguese Army, 200 policemen and about 30 customs officials under him. The army forces consisted of two companies of

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under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel S.J.S. Bhonsle in a pre-dawn operation on 18 December. The plan was to capture Daman piecemeal in four phases, starting with the area of the airfield, then progressively the open countryside, Damão Pequeno and finally Damão Grande including the fort.

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Local Indians argued that their actions were legally permitted as Goa was an integral part of India and not Portugal, and so India could not have breached the UN Charter by using force in its own territory. It also referred to the UN Charter which guarantees a right to self determination.

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On 27 February 1950, the government of India asked the Portuguese government to open negotiations about the future of Portuguese colonies in India. Portugal asserted that its territory on the Indian subcontinent was not a colony but part of metropolitan Portugal and hence its transfer was

2242:, totally surrounded by Indian territory. The connection between the exclaves and the coastal territory of Daman had to be made by crossing about 20 kilometres (12 mi) of Indian territory. Dadra and Nagar Haveli did not have any Portuguese military garrison, but only police forces. 3800:

In the absence of any Portuguese air presence, Portuguese ground-based anti-aircraft units attempted to offer resistance to raids, but were overwhelmed and quickly silenced, leaving complete air superiority to India. Continued attacks forced the Portuguese governor of Diu to surrender.

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Shortly after the conflict, the new Brazilian ambassador to India, Mário Guimarães, stated to the Portuguese ambassador to Greece that it was "necessary for the Portuguese to comprehend that the age of colonialism is over". Guimarães dismissed the Portuguese ambassador's argument that

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Harbour. Besides engaging Indian naval units, the ship was also tasked with providing a coastal artillery battery to defend the harbour and adjoining beaches, and providing vital radio communications with Lisbon after on-shore radio facilities had been destroyed in Indian airstrikes.

2953:

firing ahead to cover the withdrawal of the personnel carrier vehicles. This unit relocated by ferry further south to the capital city of Panaji. At 13:30, just after the retreat of the 2nd EREC, the Portuguese destroyed the bridge at Banastarim, cutting off all road links to Panaji.

2145:

sanction would remain until 1961. Meanwhile, the Indian Union of Dockers had, in 1954, instituted a boycott on shipping to Portuguese India. Between 22 July and 2 August 1954, armed activists attacked and forced the surrender of Portuguese forces stationed in Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

1977:

was estimated at 175,000 (about 100,000 within the Indian Union, mainly in Bombay). Religious distribution was 61% Hindu, 37% Christian (mostly Catholic) and 2% Muslim. The economy was primarily based on agriculture, although the 1940s and 1950s saw a boom in mining—principally

3538:

At 11:30, Portuguese forces resisting an Indian advance on the eastern border at Varacunda ran out of ammunition and withdrew westwards to Catra. At 12:00, to delay the Indian advance following the withdrawal from Varacunda, the Portuguese artillery battery on the banks of the

2736:, the Constellation landed in Goa at 18:00 on 17 December with a consignment of half a dozen bags of sausages as food supplies instead of the intended grenades. In addition it transported a contingent of female paratroopers to assist in the evacuation of Portuguese civilians. 4383:

The world's initial outrage at pacifist India's resort to military violence for conquest has subsided into resigned disdain. And in Goa, a new Governor strikes a symbolic pose before portraits of men who had administered the prosperous Portuguese enclave for 451 years. He is

3880:, argued that the Goan question was wholly within India's domestic jurisdiction and could not be considered by the Security Council. He also drew attention to Portugal's disregard for UN resolutions calling for the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples. 4149:

for failing to follow orders, expelled from the military and sent into exile. He returned to Portugal only in 1974, after the fall of the regime, and was given back his military status. He was later able to conduct a state visit to Goa, where he was given a warm reception.

4543:

stated: "My Dear President, The forcible taking of Goa by India has demonstrated what we in Pakistan have never had any illusions about—that India would not hesitate to attack if it were in her interest to do so and if she felt that the other side was too weak to resist."

4270:'s Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs of Tunisia, Sadok Mokaddem expressed the hope that "the liberation of Goa will bring nearer the end of the Portuguese colonial regime in Africa." Similar expressions of support for India were forthcoming from other Arab countries. 3705:

as well as light and medium machine guns. According to Indian sources this unit included between 125 and 130 soldiers, but according to Portuguese sources this post was defended by only eight soldiers, but this number doesn't support the total number of weapon operators.

5091:

Numbers from 1955, thus excluding Dadra and Nagar-Haveli. The bulk (547,448) was in Goa (composed of the districts of Old and New Goa, Bardez, Mormugão and Salsete, and the offshore island of Anjediva), the remainder in Dammam (69,005) and Diu (21,138). See Kay (1970)

2522:

Vassalo e Silva to hold out for at least eight days, within which time he hoped to gather international support against the Indian invasion. Vassalo e Silva disobeyed Salazar to avoid the unnecessary loss of human lives and surrendered the day after the Indian invasion.

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1961." (3) Urged India and Portugal "to work out a permanent solution of their differences by peaceful means in accordance with the principles embodied in the Charter"; and (4) Requested the U.N. Secretary-General "to provide such assistance as may be appropriate."

2988:

The order for Indian forces to cross the Mandovi River was received on the morning of 19 December, upon which two rifle companies of the 2nd Sikh Light Infantry advanced on Panaji at 07:30 and secured the town without facing any resistance. On orders from Brigadier

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command outposts. This led to confusion in the chain of command. At 02:00 on 18 December, the 2nd EREC was sent to the town of Doromagogo to support the withdrawal of police forces present in the area, and were attacked by Indian Army units on their return journey.

4168:

Before the invasion the press speculated about international reaction to military action and recalled the recent charge by African nations that India was "too soft" on Portugal and was thus "dampening the enthusiasm of freedom fighters in other countries". Many

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policy—that Goa was to be destroyed before it was given up to India. Canadian political scientist Antonio Rangel Bandeira has argued that the sacrifice of Goa was an elaborate public relations stunt calculated to rally support for Portugal's wars in Africa.

2936:

At 05:30, Portuguese troops left their barracks at Ponda in central Goa and marched towards the town of Usgão, in the direction of the advancing eastern column of the Indian 2nd Para Maratha, which was under the command of Major Dalip Singh Jind and included

2022:

a vast, centuries-old empire with a total area of 2,168,071 square kilometres (837,097 sq mi), while other former colonial powers had, by this time, largely acceded to global calls for self-determination and independence of their overseas colonies.

7828:

In the case of the annexation of Goa by India in 1961, the Supreme Court of India held that the annexation was valid and the law of occupation no longer applicable. In 1974, Portugal recognized the Indian sovereignty over Goa by a treaty with retroactive

3976:

Lisbon went virtually into mourning, and Christmas celebrations were extremely muted. Cinemas and theatres shut down as tens of thousands of Portuguese marched in a silent parade from Lisbon's city hall to the cathedral, escorting the relics of St.

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attacked and destroyed the airfield runway with 4 1000 lb Mk 9 bombs. A second sortie aimed at the runway and piloted by Wg Cdr Blake himself was aborted when Blake detected what he reported as people waving white flags. In subsequent sorties,

3713:

Another assault at 05:00 was similarly repulsed by the Portuguese defenders. At 06:30, Portuguese forces retrieved rafts abandoned by the 20th Rajput, recovered ammunition left behind and rescued a wounded Indian soldier, who was given treatment.

2245:

The Indian government started to develop isolation actions against Dadra and Nagar Haveli already in 1952, including the creation of impediments to the transit of persons and goods between the two landlocked enclaves and Daman; the use of these

2084:(then spelt 'Panjim') organised by Lohia, Cunha and others including Purushottam Kakodkar and Laxmikant Bhembre in defiance of a ban on public gatherings, and arrested them. There were intermittent mass demonstrations from June to November. 6649: 3678:

hostilities. The Portuguese garrison in Diu was headed by Major Fernando de Almeida e Vasconcelos (district governor and military commander), with around 400 soldiers and police officers, organised as the battlegroup "António da Silveira".

2971:

At 20:00, a Goan by the name of Gregório Magno Antão crossed the Mandovi River from Panaji and delivered a ceasefire offer letter from Major Acácio Tenreiro of the Portuguese Army to Major Shivdev Singh Sidhu, the commanding officer of the

2250:

tactics by India caused a deep economic depression in Goa with subsequent hardship for the inhabitants and, in attempt to remedy the situation and with land travel precluded, Salazar established a new airline to communicate the enclaves of

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military. On 19 December, by 12:00, the Portuguese formally surrendered. 403 prisoners were taken, which included the Governor of the island along with 18 officers and 43 sergeants. Seven Portuguese soldiers had been killed in the battle.

4572:"the world's tiniest imperialist country" to achieve his aim and asserted that "internal unrest, the failure of Nehru's anti-China campaign, and the forthcoming election forced him to take action against Goa to please the Indian people." 4077:, who met some of the captured Portuguese soldiers, wrote in his memoirs several years later "I have never seen such a set of troops looking so miserable in my life. Short, not particularly well built and certainly very unsoldierlike." 3552:

soldiers and policemen (including 24 officers) were taken prisoner. The Indians suffered 4 dead and 14 wounded, while the Portuguese suffered 10 dead and two wounded. The 1st Light Maratha Infantry was decorated for the battle with one

3300:

The Portuguese defences were eventually overrun after fierce shelling from the Indian ships offshore. The island was secured by the Indians at 14:00 on the next day, all the Portuguese defenders being captured with the exception of two

3114:, where they were joined by the 2nd Bihar. The Portuguese unit surrendered at 15:30 after fierce fighting, and the 4th Sikh then proceeded to Mormugão and Dabolim Airport, where the main body of the Portuguese Army awaited the Indians. 7548:

Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume XXIII, Southeast Asia, Document 219. Memorandum From Robert H. Johnson of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs

2588:), with one assigned to each sector and tasked with slowing the progress of an invading force. Then-Captain Carlos Azaredo, who was stationed in Goa at the time of hostilities, described the Plano Sentinela in the Portuguese newspaper 2818:

over Dabolim Airport in Goa was met with five rounds fired from a ground anti-aircraft gun. The aircraft took evasive action by drastically dropping altitude and escaping out to sea. The anti-aircraft gun was later recovered near the

3813:

was anchored off the coast of Diu and fired a barrage from its 6-inch guns at the Portuguese occupied Diu Fortress. The Commanding Officer of the Indian Air Force operating in the area reported that some of the shells fired from the

2554:, who combined the civil role of Governor-General with the military role of Commander-in-Chief. Guedes ended his commission in 1958, with General Vassalo e Silva being appointed to replace him in both the civil and military roles. 3296:

stormed the island at 14:25 on 18 December and engaged the Portuguese garrison. The assault was repulsed by the Portuguese defenders, with seven Indian marines killed and 19 wounded. Among the Indian casualties were two officers.

2877:

Although the 50th Para Brigade was charged with merely assisting the main thrust conducted by the 17th Infantry, its units moved rapidly across minefields, roadblocks and four riverine obstacles to be the first to reach Panaji.

2156:, argued in favour of a referendum in Goa to determine its future. This proposal was however rejected by the Ministers for Defence and Foreign Affairs. The demand for a referendum was repeated by presidential candidate General 3400:

was hoisted under instructions from the sergeant in charge of signals, but the flag coiled itself around the mast and as a result was not spotted by the Indians, who continued their barrage. The flag was immediately lowered.

4479:'s reaction to the annexation of Goa was one of staunch support with Portugal, reflecting earlier statements by Brazilian presidents that their country stood firmly with Portugal anywhere in the world and that ties between 4289:

issued an order on 18 December directing that "transport carrying troops and equipment for the Portuguese in Goa shall not be permitted the use of Ceylon's seaports and airports." Ceylon went on, along with delegates from

3905:

the defending forces were to make their last stand at the harbour, holding out against the Indian soldiers until Portuguese naval reinforcements could arrive. Orders delivered from the Portuguese President called for a

7135:"Treaty Between the Government of India and the Government of the Republic of Portugal On Recognition of India's Sovereignty Over Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Related Matters [1974] INTSer 53" 3150:

The second Indian raid was conducted on the same target by eight Canberras led by Wing Commander Surinder Singh, again leaving the airport's terminal and other buildings untouched. Two civilian transport aircraft—a

3146:

aircraft. 63,000 pounds of explosives were dropped within minutes, completely destroying the runway. In line with the mandate given by the Air Command, structures and facilities at the airfield were left undamaged.

2898:

in the area. By 04:30, Bicholim was under fire. At 04:40, the Portuguese forces destroyed the bridge at Bicholim and followed this with the destruction of the bridges at Chapora in Colvale and at Assonora at 05:00.

3922:

took stock of the numerical superiority of the Indian troops, as well as the food and ammunition supplies available to his forces and took the decision to surrender. He later described his orders to destroy Goa as

2505:

told Prime Minister Salazar that a sustained Portuguese campaign against decolonisation would create for the army "a suicide mission in which we could not succeed". His opinion was shared by Army Minister Colonel

1922:(meaning "Victory" in Sanskrit) by the Indian Armed Forces. It involved air, sea and land strikes for over 36 hours, and was a decisive victory for India, ending 451 years of rule by Portugal over its remaining 3478:, approximately 193 km north of Bombay. The countryside is broken and interspersed with marsh, salt pans, streams, paddy fields, coconut and palm groves. The river Daman Ganga splits the capital city of 3121:

company staged a decoy attack south of Margão in order to mislead the Portuguese. This column overcame minefields, roadblocks and demolished bridges, and eventually went on to help secure the town of Margão.

4490:, and long time friend and supporter of Portuguese PM Salazar, stated to Indian PM Nehru that "Seventy million Brazilians could never understand, nor accept, an act of violence against Goa." In a speech in 7349: 2881:

Hostilities at Goa began at 09:45 on 17 December 1961, when a unit of Indian troops attacked and occupied the town of Maulinguém in the north east, killing two Portuguese soldiers. The Portuguese 2nd EREC

3829:

around 12 miles (19 km) off the coast of Diu, and was attacked with heavy machine gun fire. Staying out of range, the boat had no casualties and minimal damage, the boat withdrew to the port at Diu.

3431:

by the Indian Navy—lay grounded at the beach near Dona Paula until 1962, when it was towed to Bombay and sold for scrap. Parts of the ship were recovered and are on display at the Naval Museum in Mumbai.

2102:: "To the contrary to what is being said, the most evolved guerrilla warfare which our Armed Forces encountered was in Goa. I know what I'm talking about, because I also fought in Angola and in Guinea ( 7375: 2894:

At 04:00, the Indian assault commenced with artillery bombardment on Portuguese positions south of Maulinguém, launched on the basis of the false intelligence that the Portuguese had stationed heavy

3520:

casualties. The Portuguese lost one soldier dead and six taken captive. The Indian D Company captured a position named "Point 365" just before the next morning. At the crack of dawn, two sorties by

2507: 5431:

Lambert Mascarenhas, "Goa's Freedom Movement," excerpted from Henry Scholberg, Archana Ashok Kakodkar and Carmo Azevedo, Bibliography of Goa and the Portuguese in India New Delhi, Promilla (1982)

3946:

placed directly under the President of India, and Major-General K. P. Candeth was appointed as its military governor. The war had lasted two days, and had cost 22 Indian and 30 Portuguese lives.

7051: 4910:

Castanheira, José Pedro (8 December 2001). "Passagem para a Índia" . Revista. Expresso (in Portuguese) (Paço d'Arcos). Archived from the original on 8 December 2001. Retrieved 20 December 2015.

5148:

Prof. Frank D'Souza, "Frankly Speaking, The Collected Writings of Prof. Frank D'Souza" Editor-in-chief Mgr. Benny Aguiar, published by the Prof. Frank D'Souza Memorial Committee, Bombay 1987.

4459:

and consistently opposed the use of force to achieve national purposes. Fears were expressed in the Dutch press lest the operation on Goa might encourage Indonesia to make a similar attack on

1911:

had hoped that the popular movement in Goa and the pressure of world public opinion would force the Portuguese Goan authorities to grant it independence, but without success; consequently,

3841:

spotted two Indian aircraft led by Flt. Lt. PM Ramachandran on patrol missions and opened fire on them with the ship's 20mm Oerlikon gun. In retaliation the Indian aircraft attacked the

2755:—which later turned out to be false intelligence. Air defence was limited to a few obsolete anti-aircraft guns manned by two artillery units who had been smuggled into Goa disguised as 686: 3780:

two aircraft in the air at any time, giving close support to advancing Indian infantry. During the morning, the air force attacked and destroyed Diu Airfield's ATC as well as parts of

3174:

of No. 45 squadron, which patrolled the sector but did not receive any requests into action. In an incident of friendly fire, two Vampires fired rockets into the positions of the 2nd

2619:. It was armed with four 120 mm guns capable of two shots per minute, and four automatic rapid-firing guns. In addition to the sloop, the Portuguese Naval Forces had three light 5563:"Ancient Goan History – GOACOM – Goa – India – Information and Services in Goa. Goa News, Goa Konkani News, Goa Sunaparant News, Goan Konakani News, Goa Video News, Goa Yellow Pages" 6566: 5125:"Portugal não é um país pequeno: superfície do império colonial português comparada com a dos principais países da Europa, Penafiel, [ca 1935] - Biblioteca Nacional Digital" 4060:

under harsh conditions which included sleeping on cement floors and hard manual labour. By January 1962, most prisoners of war had been transferred to the newly established camp at

2739:

The Portuguese air presence in Goa at the time of hostilities was thus limited to the presence of two civilian transport aircraft, the Lockheed Constellation belonging to TAP and a

6301: 2580:(Barrage Plan), which envisaged the demolition of all bridges to delay the invading army, as well as the mining of approach roads and beaches. Defence units were organised as four 6342:

Os Transportes Aéreos Da Índia Portuguesa (TAIP), Lecture delivered by Major-General Flight Pilot (Retd.) José Krus Abecasis on 23 March 2002 in the Society of Geography of Lisbon

6093:

Não prevejo a possibilidade de tréguas, nem prisioneiros portugueses, como não haverá navios rendidos, pois sinto que apenas pode haver soldados e marinheiros vitoriosos ou mortos

4642:

of sixteenth century international law. India gained sympathy from much of the international community, but this did not, however, signify any legal support for the invasion. The

3001:. Fort Aguada was also captured on that day, when the Indian 7th Cavalry attacked with assistance from the armoured division stationed at Betim and freed its political prisoners. 4298:, to present a resolution in the UN in support of India's annexation of Goa. Ceylon argued that as Goa had been taken by force from India, it was entitled to use force in turn. 4242:

indignation as it came "from those who are accustomed to strangle the peoples striving for independence ... and from those who enrich themselves from colonialist plunder".

2163:

Prime Minister Salazar, alarmed by India's hinted threats at armed action against Portugal's presence in Goa, first asked the United Kingdom to mediate, then protested through

7396: 4561:

stressed its "resolute support" for the struggle of the people of Asia, Africa and Latin America against "imperialist colonialism". However, the Hong Kong Communist newspaper

7112: 2767:

The military buildup created panic amongst Europeans in Goa, who were desperate to evacuate their families before the commencement of hostilities. On 9 December, the vessel

2179:, India's defence minister and head of India's UN delegation, stated in no uncertain terms that India had not "abjured the use of force" in Goa. The US ambassador to India, 3857:

for a debate on the conflict in Goa. The request was approved when the bare minimum of seven members supported the request (the US, UK, France, Turkey, Chile, Ecuador, and

4379:, in its issue dated 12 February 1962, carried an article titled "Symbolic pose by Goa's Governor" in which it expressed its vehement condemnation of the military action. 4246:, the de facto Soviet leader, telegraphed Nehru stating that there was "unanimous acclaim" from every Soviet citizen for "Friendly India". The USSR had earlier vetoed a 4142:

by the council of ministers for cowardice and expelled from military service. Four captains, four lieutenants and a lieutenant commander were suspended for six months.

5307: 4611:

Although the Vatican did not voice its reaction to the annexation of Goa, it delayed the appointment of a native head of the Goan Church until the inauguration of the

4074: 2558:

however to politically deter the Indian government from attempting a military aggression through the showing of a strong will to fight and to sacrifice to defend Goa.

2255:

with its ports. In July 1954, pro-Indian forces, including members of organisations like the United Front of Goans, the National Movement Liberation Organisation, the

2111: 7815: 7615: 7594: 7573: 7382:, Prince Mathews Thomas Thomas, 01.26.11, 06:00 PM EST, Fifty years after its liberation from Portuguese rule, this tiny tourist state is rethinking its future again. 2285:

On receiving Krishna Menon's order to initiate military action and capture of all occupied territories for the Indian government, Lieutenant-General Chaudhari of the

7901: 7858: 7772: 2106:). In 1961 alone, until December, around 80 policemen died. The major part of the freedom fighters of Azad Gomantak Dal (AGD) were not Goans. Many had fought in the 6535: 7346: 5734: 4589: 9169: 7733: 2088: 679: 7269: 6423: 2338:, was appointed as the commander of all air resources assigned to the operations in Goa. Air resources for the assault on Goa were concentrated in the bases at 11479: 10043: 8288: 6839: 4956: 7984: 7372: 3657:

With all information pointing to total occupation of all Portuguese enclaves in India, Lieutenant Brito decided to save his crew and vessel by escaping; the

3412:

The sloop's crew formally surrendered with the remaining Portuguese forces on 19 December 1961 at 20:30. As a gesture of goodwill, the commanders of the INS

3263:

was a small 1.5 km island of Portuguese India, then almost uninhabited, belonging to the District of Goa, although off the coast of the Indian state of

2704:

did not have any presence in Portuguese India, with the exception of a single officer with the role of air adviser in the office of the Commander-in-Chief.

7074: 4463:. On 27 December 1961, Dutch ambassador to the United States, Herman Van Roijen asked the US government if their military support in the form of the USN's 4638:

wrote that India's actions were of "legal importance" as "it indicated a major difference between the East and the West in the interpretation" of UN law.

3102:

in their military tankers and then waded through chest-high water across a small stream to reach a dock known as Embarcadouro de Tembim in the village of

2833:

was deployed 75 miles (121 km) from the coast of Goa to head off a possible amphibious operation on Goa and deter any foreign military intervention.

11524: 11352: 9679: 9139: 8941: 5044: 4098:

money. This surprised the Indian military authorities, who first limited the visits to twice a week, and then only to representatives of the Red Cross.

3845:

twice, killing the captain and the gunner and forcing the rest of the crew to abandon the boat and swim ashore, where they were taken prisoners of war.

2855:

and attached troops of the Indian Army were ordered to advance into Goa to capture Panaji and Mormugão. The main thrust on Panaji was to be made by the

9144: 8851: 8846: 2397:

anti-submarine frigate—off the coast of Goa. The actual attack on Goa was delegated to four task groups: a Surface Action Group comprising five ships:

672: 7187: 7043: 6589: 6326: 1379: 8688: 5066: 3949:

Those Indian forces who served within the disputed territories for 48 hours, or flew at least one operational sortie during the conflict, received a

4455:

regretted that India, "of all countries," had resorted to force to gain her ends, particularly as India had always championed the principles of the

9763: 8303: 4190: 2183:, requested the Indian government on several occasions to resolve the issue peacefully through mediation and consensus rather than armed conflict. 1317: 1282: 1172: 1037: 6501: 6236: 6147: 4238:, who was touring India at the time of the war, made several speeches applauding the operation. In a farewell message, he urged Indians to ignore 11342: 9417: 8902: 8415: 7447: 6731: 6133: 4558: 4266:

government spokesman said that "India has been extraordinarily patient and a non-violent country has been driven to violence by Portugal"; while

3685:—with the capture of the Diu Airfield being the primary objective—and from the northeast along Gogal and Amdepur by the Rajput B Company and the 2668:), two artillery batteries and an engineer detachment. In addition to the military forces, the Portuguese defences counted on the civil internal 2231: 2080:

techniques to oppose the government. On 18 June 1946, the Portuguese government disrupted a protest against the suspension of civil liberties in

7220: 1192: 10293: 7553: 7002: 4764: 4057: 1419: 7634: 11544: 11357: 9056: 8338: 8103: 6351: 5529: 4415: 2485: 7138: 5397: 5386: 5375: 5364: 4439:

long since in pursuance of the example set by Britain and France. Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations, Sir

8427: 3756: 6980: 6558: 5760: 5697: 5678: 5272:

Francisco Monteiro, Chronology of Freedom Struggle Activities Unleashed by the Indian Union Against the Territories of Goa, Damão and Diu

11489: 11327: 9616: 9029: 8298: 8293: 8158: 8111: 6781: 6084: 4581: 3935:, I have decided with ... my patriotism well present, to get in touch with the enemy ... I order all my forces to cease-fire." 2744: 2206:

intent on storming the island. The incidents lent themselves to fostering widespread public support in India for military action in Goa.

6747: 6379: 6181: 6011: 5978: 4893: 11337: 10551: 10036: 7247: 6694: 6454: 6293: 4650:. In a treaty with retroactive effect, Portugal recognised Indian sovereignty in 1974. Alina Kaczorowska-Ireland argues that under the 1728: 1681: 1676: 7391: 4342:

To express its displeasure with India's operation in Goa, the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee attempted, over the objections of

4314:

stated: “We know India is a peace-loving nation which has been compelled to use force. There can be no compromise with colonialism.”.

4205: 11509: 11372: 9758: 9732: 8856: 8841: 8828: 7304: 1750: 1374: 7696: 5150: 11377: 10355: 8895: 8459: 8405: 7104: 5789: 4863: 4431:

H.M. Government deeply deplores the decision of the Government of India to use military force to attain its political objectives."

1802: 887: 5251: 11529: 11397: 10556: 10495: 9134: 8836: 8131: 5562: 5414: 5178: 4194: 2498: 2175:

offered the Indian government its influence in Latin America to bring pressure on the Portuguese to relieve tensions. Meanwhile,

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described Indian actions as "a desperate attempt by Mr. Nehru to regain his sagging prestige among the Afro-Asian nations." The

3352:

and secure sea access to the port. At 11:00, Indian planes bombed Mormugão harbour. At 12:00, upon receiving clearance, the INS

11347: 11300: 9621: 6864: 4423: 3733:, forcing the Portuguese to order the evacuation of the fortress—a task completed by 14:15 under heavy bombardment from India. 3701:

repulsed, with losses on the Indian side, by a well entrenched unit of Portuguese soldiers armed with small automatic weapons,

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with right to succeed Alvernaz. After the annexation, Silva remained in Portugal and was never consecrated; in 1965 he became

4588:

was always a Portuguese-born cleric; at the time of the annexation, José Vieira Alvernaz was archbishop, and days earlier Dom

1973:. Goa, Daman and Diu covered an area of around 1,540 square miles (4,000 km) and held a population of 637,591. The Goan 11504: 10602: 10029: 9314: 9071: 8666: 8360: 8126: 8121: 8116: 7082: 6927: 5956: 5016: 4989: 4931: 4840: 2331: 2268:

police forces in Nagar Haveli eventually surrendered to the Indian police forces on 11 August 1954. Portugal appealed to the

1469: 730: 417: 10060: 7948: 5315: 2945:. At 09:00, these Portuguese troops reported that Indian troops had already covered half the distance to the town of Ponda. 9298: 9087: 8980: 8890: 8698: 7610: 7589: 7568: 3892:"fateful" Goa debate might have been "the first act of a drama" which could have ended in the death of the United Nations. 2219: 2053:. On 12 October 1938, Cunha with other members of the Goa Congress Committee met Subhas Chandra Bose, the President of the 1832: 1740: 69: 5342: 3443:

running aground and not having communications from the Goa Naval Command, Lieutenant Marques Silva decided to scuttle the

2061:. The Goa Congress was also made affiliate to the Indian National Congress and Cunha was selected as its first President. 11428: 10073: 8915: 8750: 8718: 8380: 8343: 6531: 3837:, 2nd Lt Oliveira e Carmo was ordered to sail out and fight until the last round of ammunition. At 07:30 the crew of the 3749: 1817: 1579: 8073:

Pöllath, Moritz. "‘Far away from the Atlantic...': Goa, West New Guinea and NATO's out-of-area policy at Bandung 1955."

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traversed 530 miles (850 km), escaping detection by Indian forces, and arrived at Karachi at 20:00 on 20 December.

2572:

Faced with this reduced force strength, the strategy employed to defend Goa against an Indian invasion was based on the

9034: 8262: 7895: 7852: 7809: 7766: 7480: 7361: 6057: 5931: 5889: 5846: 5742: 5452: 4794: 4616: 3993: 3607: 3221: 3036: 1937:. On 8 June 1962, military rule was replaced by civilian government when the Lieutenant Governor nominated an informal 987: 907: 320: 7723: 7273: 6943: 6622: 1359: 11474: 11322: 11317: 9407: 9354: 9276: 9113: 8713: 8661: 8370: 8350: 8283: 8253: 7973: 7942: 6431: 5654: 4769: 4744: 4145:

Ex-governor Manuel António Vassalo e Silva had a hostile reception when he returned to Portugal. He was subsequently

3790: 3633: 3247: 3062: 1852: 7422: 6833:"International Reactions to Indian Attack on Goa – Soviet Veto of Western Cease-fire Resolution in security Council" 6832: 3919: 3615: 3229: 3044: 2631:

ships in Goa. An attempt by Portugal to send naval warships to Goa to reinforce its marine defences was foiled when

2576:(Sentinel Plan), which divided the territory into four defence sectors (North, Center, South and Mormugão), and the 2518: 787: 539: 11539: 11332: 10245: 9200: 9108: 9103: 9066: 8745: 8656: 8434: 8273: 5588: 5275: 4948: 1644: 1519: 1302: 735: 624: 325: 7981: 3818:

were bouncing off the beach and exploding on the Indian mainland. However, no casualties were reported from this.

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normal country would behave ... People are saying, the preacher has been caught coming out of the brothel."

4332: 4007:

agent of Goan descent, along with Ismail Dias, a Goan settled in Portugal, executed a series of bombings in Goa.

3454:

s crew avoided being captured by the Indian forces and boarded a Greek freighter on which they reached Pakistan.

3094:, which reached Candeapar in the early hours of 19 December, and not to be bogged down by the destruction of the 2168: 1661: 1394: 1237: 1202: 1162: 1142: 802: 348: 4044:

After they surrendered, the Portuguese soldiers were interned by the Indian Army at their own military camps at

3942:

Upon the surrender of the Portuguese governor general, Goa, Daman and Diu was declared a federally administered

3490:). The strategically important features were Daman Fort (fortress of São Jerónimo) and the air control tower of 3396:

swerved 180 degrees and was run aground against Bambolim beach. At that time, against the commander's orders, a

3186:

Indian navy continues to control the Dabolim Airport, although it is also once more used as a civilian airport.

2918: 2907: 34: 11448: 9392: 9215: 9149: 8333: 8278: 8258: 7691: 7214: 7169: 6277: 5646: 4174: 3725:, anchored off Diu, began to bombard targets on the shore. At 12:45, Indian jets fired a rocket at a mortar at 3611: 3225: 3040: 2856: 2852: 2305: 2294: 2269: 2038: 1857: 1745: 1509: 1384: 1222: 1157: 1087: 917: 750: 463: 371: 5033: 2153: 503: 11534: 11519: 11418: 11387: 9978: 9973: 9225: 8996: 8497: 8355: 3767: 1755: 1389: 837: 5124: 4608:

but remained titular Patriarch until resigning in 1975 after Portuguese recognition of the 1961 annexation.

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military commander, his chief of staff, one naval captain, six majors, a sub lieutenant and a sergeant were

3130: 2627:), each armed with a 20 mm Oerlikon gun, one based in each of Goa, Daman and Diu. There were also five 2068:, a nationalist leader, who had founded the Gomantak Praja Mandal in Bombay and edited the weekly newspaper 11438: 11094: 10445: 10052: 9684: 9653: 9626: 9606: 8676: 8613: 8608: 8563: 7185: 6890: 6597: 6323: 5519:

Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India, Published by Columbia University Press, 1998

4585: 4219: 3076: 2867: 2127: 1723: 1217: 1167: 715: 7516: 5070: 4011: 3142:

The first Indian raid was led by Wing Commander N.B. Menon on 18 December on the Dabolim Airport using 12

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On the morning of 18 December, the 50th Para Brigade of the Indian Army moved into Goa in three columns.

2807:, undertook linear patrolling of the Goa coast at a distance of 8 miles (13 km). By 8 December, the 2562: 2260: 2087:

In addition to non-violent protests, armed groups such as the Azad Gomantak Dal (Free Goa Party) and the

1847: 1569: 1514: 1182: 297: 10480: 6773: 3389:

da Cruz took command of the vessel. The ship's propulsion system was also badly damaged in this attack.

2198:, was fired upon by Portuguese ground troops, resulting in the death of a passenger and injuries to the 1257: 11499: 11019: 10571: 10288: 10283: 9694: 9374: 9248: 8740: 8723: 8365: 8144: 6509: 6371: 6244: 6155: 4519: 4343: 3950: 2994: 2368:

Denial of airfields at Daman and Diu, which were, however, not to be attacked without prior permission.

1639: 1564: 1312: 1147: 947: 937: 852: 509: 385: 55: 7451: 6729: 6322:

Egypt and India, A study of political and cultural relations, 1947–1964; Zaki Awad, El Sayed Mekkawi,

3931:

not allow myself to proceed with the fight without great sacrifice of the lives of the inhabitants of

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In 1956, the Portuguese ambassador to France, Marcello Mathias, along with Portuguese Prime Minister

1929:

Following the end of Portuguese rule in 1961, Goa was placed under military administration headed by

1880: 1807: 1765: 1711: 1614: 1424: 1232: 1127: 1022: 857: 822: 782: 586: 30: 7550: 7010: 4624: 3939:

Indian Army—a figure which included military and civilian personnel, Portuguese, Africans and Goan.

3793:

of the Indian Air Force attacked and destroyed the Portuguese ammunition dump as well a patrol boat

3138:

bomber of the Indian Air Force. The Indian Air Force used 20 small and lightweight Canberra bombers.

1760: 11279: 11254: 10791: 10490: 10470: 10330: 10190: 10148: 9704: 9463: 9397: 9291: 8760: 8623: 8578: 8492: 8487: 8444: 8422: 8375: 7631: 6975: 6689: 4754: 3794: 3596: 3447:. This was done by damaging the propellers and making the boat hit the rocks. The eight men of the 3210: 3025: 2566: 2511: 2301: 2290: 2256: 2064:

In June 1946, Ram Manohar Lohia, an Indian Socialist leader, entered Goa on a visit to his friend,

2054: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1696: 1666: 1574: 1504: 1449: 1307: 1272: 1062: 1012: 1007: 977: 967: 877: 832: 807: 797: 765: 725: 431: 394: 5539: 2814:

On 17 December, a tactical reconnaissance flight conducted by Squadron Leader I. S. Loughran in a

2224:

The hostilities between India and Portugal started seven years before the annexation of Goa, when

10999: 10969: 10706: 10686: 10521: 10430: 10153: 10143: 10133: 10123: 9876: 9737: 9364: 8957: 8618: 8502: 8482: 8477: 8238: 7134: 5394: 5383: 5372: 5361: 4759: 4739: 4724: 4440: 3600: 3214: 3029: 2950: 2887: 2434: 2394: 2387: 2032: 2019: 1842: 1718: 1629: 1619: 1594: 1584: 1529: 1494: 1434: 1369: 1344: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1227: 1207: 1187: 1137: 1047: 1042: 982: 962: 932: 922: 882: 770: 277: 7408: 4443:, stated in the UN that Britain had been "shocked and dismayed" at the outbreak of hostilities. 4262:

expressed its full support for India's "legitimate efforts to regain its occupied territory". A

4029:

became the first Portuguese head of state to visit Goa after its annexation by India, following

3178:, injuring two soldiers, while elsewhere, Indian ground troops mistakenly opened fire on an IAF 2561:

In 1960, during an inspection visit to Portuguese India and referring to a predictable start of

11224: 11134: 11129: 10370: 10309: 10201: 10128: 10118: 9709: 9486: 9453: 9061: 8975: 8880: 8875: 8861: 8768: 8535: 7799: 7184:

Air Marshal S Raghavendran, 'Eye Witness to the Liberation of Goa', para 8, Bharatrakshak.com,

6970: 5785: 5758: 5695: 5676: 5650: 5642: 4643: 4612: 4102:

country. The negotiations were delayed even further when Salazar ordered the detention of 1200

4033: 4015: 3512: 3152: 2725: 2677: 2478: 2316: 2225: 2180: 2057:, and on his advice, opened a Branch Office of the Goa Congress Committee at 21, Dalal Street, 2002: 1995: 1966: 1656: 1489: 1454: 1439: 1349: 1339: 1292: 1287: 1122: 1117: 1067: 997: 872: 740: 534: 518: 498: 478: 411: 388: 221: 85: 8035: 7887:

The Right of Conquest: The Acquisition of Territory by Force in International Law and Practice

7885: 7842: 7756: 6917: 6267: 6088: 5867: 5626: 3569: 3524: 2551: 2502: 1364: 610: 545: 54:

This article is about the Indian annexation of Goa. For the conquest by Portugal in 1510, see

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commented on the annexation of Goa by declaring that "a Portuguese wound is Brazilian pain".

4286: 4222:, while condemning "Portuguese domination over Indian people for five and a half centuries". 4103: 4086:

Naik to "Go to Hell", and was serious enough to make him lose consciousness and cause severe

4023: 3833:

At 07:00, news was received that the Indian invasion had commenced, and the commander of the

3775:

of the Indian Air Force, this type of aircraft formed the backbone of the air strikes on Diu.

3693: 3467: 2811:

had commenced baiting missions and fly-bys to lure out Portuguese air defences and fighters.

2796: 2605:), headed by the Naval Commander of Goa, Commodore Raúl Viegas Ventura. The only significant 2540: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2298: 2239: 1544: 1524: 1444: 1409: 1297: 1267: 1212: 1132: 1057: 972: 912: 720: 489: 454: 8004: 7243: 6684: 6466: 6177: 4173:

countries, themselves former European colonies, reacted positively to the Indian operation.

3681:

Diu was attacked on 18 December from the north west along Kob Forte by two companies of the

2874:, in company strength, was to be made from the south along the Majali-Canacona-Margao axis. 1770: 11274: 11229: 11164: 11109: 11054: 10939: 10844: 10801: 10756: 10676: 10576: 10420: 10325: 10175: 9927: 9648: 9359: 9258: 9253: 9001: 8728: 8454: 8449: 4487: 4476: 4295: 4259: 3862: 3479: 3171: 2815: 2756: 2733: 2701: 2228:

were invaded and occupied by pro-Indian forces with the support of the Indian authorities.

2098: 1775: 1589: 1554: 1499: 1277: 1197: 1097: 942: 592: 408: 311: 4646:

recognised the validity of the annexation and rejected the continued applicability of the

3439:, under the command of Lieutenant Marques Silva, was also present at Goa. After observing 2654:

Portuguese ground defences were organised as the Land Forces of the State of India (FTEI,

1539: 1077: 8: 11484: 11259: 11204: 11089: 11084: 10979: 10959: 10884: 10681: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10626: 10465: 9988: 9948: 9663: 9284: 9006: 8776: 8583: 8172: 7700: 6559:"Archive of Goan Writing in Portuguese: Telo de Mascarenhas – A carta de Rendição (1974)" 5154: 4484: 4396:, "has totally lost the moral power to raise her voice against the use of military power" 4247: 4209: 4071: 3686: 3553: 3376:

lifted anchor, headed out towards the enemy and returned fire with its 120 mm guns.

3306:

India to be captured, on 22 December, after he had reached the Indian shore by swimming.

3175: 2980:

The same night Major Shivdev Singh Sidhu with a force of the 7th Cavalry decided to take

2925: 2820: 2092: 2050: 1892: 1599: 1534: 1107: 992: 897: 812: 792: 440: 362: 291: 4871: 3973:

of India's parachute regiment who were the first troops to enter Panaji, Goa's capital.

3167:, successfully targeting the wireless station at Bambolim with rockets and autocannons. 2728:(registration CS-TLA) on charter. However, when permission to transport weapons through 2707:

On 16 December, the Portuguese Air Force was placed on alert to transport ten tonnes of

11443: 11289: 11209: 11139: 11124: 11034: 11024: 10934: 10924: 10909: 10894: 10874: 10849: 10721: 10666: 10390: 10360: 10255: 10235: 10185: 10083: 9636: 9575: 9014: 8733: 8603: 8233: 8063: 8055: 7329: 7321: 6127: 5247: 4537: 4460: 4328: 4279: 4030: 3932: 3873: 2827: 2635: 2632: 2581: 2455: 1888: 1671: 1464: 1429: 1322: 1017: 1002: 862: 760: 745: 570: 483: 257: 139: 9306: 5566: 5418: 5175: 4526:"The lesson from the Indian action on Goa is of practical interest on the question of 2963:

Company of the Portuguese Battlegroup North had completed their ferry crossing of the

2546:

The Portuguese forces were organised as the Armed Forces of the State of India (FAEI,

11264: 11249: 11149: 11044: 11004: 10929: 10834: 10806: 10766: 10591: 10375: 10335: 10298: 10260: 10240: 10230: 10113: 10103: 9866: 9384: 8067: 7969: 7938: 7891: 7848: 7805: 7762: 7687: 7524: 7476: 7404: 7357: 7333: 7210: 7165: 6923: 6728:

Gp Capt Kapil Bhargava (Retd), Operations at Diu: The One Day War, Bharatrakshak.com

6273: 6053: 5927: 5885: 5871: 5842: 5805: 5797: 5780:

Lele, Purushottam Shiripad (1987). Lele, Purushottam Shiripad; Lele, Usha P. (eds.).

5738: 5448: 5195: 5039: 5012: 4985: 4927: 4836: 4647: 4503: 4336: 4243: 4186: 4182: 4091: 4000: 3540: 2973: 2942: 2860: 2708: 2536: 2444: 2380: 2309: 2203: 2103: 2073: 1780: 1624: 1549: 1479: 1112: 1102: 1072: 867: 827: 696: 182: 178: 6868: 2350:). The mandate handed to Pinto by the Indian Air Command was listed out as follows: 11453: 11367: 11244: 11214: 11194: 11169: 11159: 11099: 11009: 10954: 10949: 10839: 10761: 10586: 10541: 10526: 10450: 10425: 10395: 10158: 10098: 9871: 9806: 9719: 9658: 9230: 8925: 8818: 8808: 8545: 8217: 8047: 7661: 7313: 5221: 4749: 4597: 4082: 3854: 3785: 3772: 3719: 3521: 3341: 3275: 2977:

order to prevent the slaughter of the population and the destruction of the city."

2808: 2780: 2721: 2716: 2601:

The naval component of the FAEI were the Naval Forces of the State of India (FNEI,

2429: 2411: 2399: 2252: 2247: 2202:. The action was precipitated by Portuguese fears that the boat carried a military 2157: 2046: 2014:

viewed Portugal's overseas territories as extensions of Portugal itself. Under the

1970: 1923: 1908: 1884: 1797: 1691: 1634: 1609: 1484: 1474: 1414: 1404: 1354: 1334: 1052: 1027: 952: 927: 817: 755: 598: 342: 271: 143: 5953: 4081:

execution. This situation was defused by the intervention of Ferreira da Silva, a

2928:

as well as an armoured division which crossed the border at 06:30 and advanced on

11402: 11392: 11294: 11199: 11144: 11059: 11039: 10859: 10829: 10824: 10781: 10771: 10736: 10731: 10696: 10621: 10546: 10385: 10108: 9968: 9922: 9836: 9811: 9438: 9349: 9344: 8823: 8790: 8755: 8090: 7988: 7932: 7638: 7619: 7598: 7577: 7557: 7499: 7472: 7400: 7379: 7353: 7191: 6735: 6356: 6330: 5960: 5875: 5828: 5764: 5701: 5682: 5534: 5442: 5401: 5390: 5379: 5368: 5279: 5182: 5006: 4979: 4921: 4719: 4714: 4678: 4620: 4507: 4495: 4393: 4375: 4362: 4346: 4339:

and demanded that all Indian forces be unconditionally withdrawn from Goan soil.

4235: 4134: 3943: 3682: 3528: 3357: 3118: 2752: 2669: 2659: 2628: 2606: 2417: 2343: 2324: 2320: 2042: 1827: 1792: 1686: 1559: 1459: 1399: 1262: 1092: 1082: 957: 892: 842: 523: 339: 251: 8127:

Image: Foreign journalists rescue a protester shot by Portuguese police officers

4802: 4026: 664: 11234: 11184: 11174: 11154: 11119: 11079: 11064: 10786: 10716: 10701: 10641: 10631: 10460: 10350: 10220: 10195: 10170: 10068: 10021: 9983: 9886: 9801: 9796: 9773: 9727: 9514: 9504: 9499: 9422: 9334: 9326: 5983: 5881: 4729: 4491: 4435: 4327:

The United States' official reaction to the annexation of Goa was delivered by

4306:

Indonesia expressed their support and termed it a fight against colonialism. A

3992:

In the months after the conflict, the Portuguese Government used broadcasts on

3978: 3907: 3877: 3730: 3260: 3164: 3080: 2792: 2358:, without causing damage to the terminal building and other airport facilities. 2315:. The assault on the enclave of Daman was assigned to the 1st battalion of the 2199: 2195: 2091:(UFG) conducted violent attacks aimed at weakening Portuguese rule in Goa. The 2065: 1950: 1822: 1812: 1152: 902: 5346: 3274:

The Indian Naval Command assigned the task of securing Anjidiv to the cruiser

1941:

of 29 nominated members to assist him in the administration of the territory.

1701: 11468: 11179: 11104: 11069: 11029: 10944: 10914: 10904: 10889: 10776: 10746: 10726: 10455: 9539: 9448: 9339: 8397: 7528: 5880:. Goa University Publication Series. Vol. II (2nd ed.). New Delhi: 4635: 4427: 4419: 4385: 4239: 4177:

termed it as the "Liberation of Goa" and went on to state that the people of

4146: 4109:

By May 1962, most of the prisoners had been repatriated—being first flown to

4010:

Relations between India and Portugal thawed only in 1974, when, following an

3491: 3268: 3091: 3084: 2964: 2176: 1962: 1912: 1706: 1177: 847: 604: 577: 457: 365: 103: 8132:

Portugal-India relations (Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India)

7612:

Hotel Tropico: Brazil and the Challenge of African Decolonization, 1950–1980

7591:

Hotel Tropico: Brazil and the Challenge of African Decolonization, 1950–1980

7570:

Hotel Tropico: Brazil and the Challenge of African Decolonization, 1950–1980

5809: 4117:, in chartered French aircraft, and then sent off to Lisbon by three ships: 3759:

off Diu, where a group of 13 Portuguese soldiers surrendered to them there.

3314: 2132: 61:"Operation Vijay (1961)" redirects here. For the 1999 Indian operation, see 11382: 11269: 10899: 10864: 10854: 10796: 10596: 10500: 10410: 10400: 10165: 10093: 10078: 10002: 9821: 9816: 9786: 9631: 9529: 9519: 8870: 8136: 6947: 6626: 5895: 5852: 4706: 4692: 4456: 4231: 3970: 3293: 3156: 2998: 2740: 2712: 2610: 2422: 2339: 2235: 2115: 2107: 314: 6532:"Goa Liberation Vintage War Tank Restored by the Army - All About Belgaum" 5447:. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics. p. 21. 4981:

The Construction of a Political Community: Integration and Identity in Goa

4510:, stating that this was "not enough of a reason to prevent independence". 3500: 2959: 2664: 2037:

Resistance to Portuguese rule in Goa in the 20th century was pioneered by

10989: 10869: 10561: 10340: 10088: 9524: 9509: 9402: 8517: 8469: 8204: 8191: 4563: 4197:

stated: "We fully support the use of force against Portuguese butchers."

4049: 3504:(light infantry) and an artillery battery, organised as the battlegroup " 3475: 3099: 2990: 2981: 2895: 2863: 2620: 2376: 2335: 2312: 2286: 2007: 434: 150: 7347:

India-USSR Relations 1947–71: (From Ambivalence to Steadfastness) PART-I

5592: 5506:"Indian Volunteers Invade Goa; 21 Die; Unarmed Indians March into Goa", 5273: 4133:

in Portugal, returning Portuguese servicemen were taken into custody by

3572:

flew 14 sorties, continuously harassing Portuguese artillery positions.

2993:, the troops entering Panaji removed their steel helmets and donned the 2772: 11239: 11014: 10964: 10879: 10531: 10415: 10250: 9901: 9881: 9781: 9585: 9412: 8813: 8783: 8059: 7325: 4792: 4652: 4139: 4090:. Captain Naik was later punished by the Indian Army for violating the 4061: 3784:. On orders from Tactical Air Command located at Pune, a sortie of two 3674: 3557: 3397: 3369: 3111: 2938: 2911: 2748: 2643: 2319:

while the operations in Diu were assigned to the 20th battalion of the

1032: 564: 62: 8168: 7797: 7356:, Shri Ram Sharma, Shri Ram Sharma, Discovery Publishing House, 1999, 5937: 3420:

later visited Captain Aragão as he lay recuperating in bed in Panaji.

11219: 11114: 11074: 11049: 10984: 10646: 10636: 10536: 9476: 9471: 8005:"Political Transition in Post-Colonial Societies: Goa in Perspective" 7728: 7656: 7032:

José Manuel Barroso, Só soldados vitoriosos ou mortos, 2 January 2001

5919: 5834: 5638: 4793:

Azaredo, Carlos; Gabriel Figueiredo (translation) (8 December 2001).

4452: 4106:

allegedly as a bargaining chip in exchange for Portuguese prisoners.

4087: 3957: 3861:), two opposed (the Soviet Union and Ceylon), and two abstained (the 3368:

with their 4.5-inch guns while transmitting requests to surrender in

3264: 3179: 3103: 2846: 2532: 2006:

regime. This government was a dictatorship and a strong proponent of

1983: 615: 8051: 7317: 7031: 5441:

Hufbauer, Gary Clyde; Schott, Jeffrey J.; Elliott, Kimberly (2007).

4349:, to cut the 1962 foreign aid appropriation to India by 25 percent. 3585: 3199: 3107: 3014: 2672:

of Portuguese India. These included the State of India Police (PEI,

10581: 10225: 9443: 4593: 4114: 3781: 3726: 3333: 3302: 2362: 2077: 1979: 1974: 1900: 89: 4053: 2149:

in Goa. On 1 September 1955, India shut its consul office in Goa.

10741: 9643: 9590: 9549: 9544: 9534: 7551:

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v23/d219

5727:

O fim do Estado Português da Índia 1961: um testemunho da invasão

4527: 4311: 4291: 4267: 4263: 4215: 4201: 4110: 4045: 3755:

On 19 December, the 4th Madras C Company landed on the island of

3471: 3289: 3271:, defended by a platoon of Goan soldiers of the Portuguese Army. 2729: 2685: 2517:

Ignoring this advice, Salazar sent a message to Governor General

2355: 2347: 1954: 5801: 3348:

took up position off the harbour, awaiting orders to attack the

10265: 9906: 9826: 9580: 9570: 9565: 9494: 5641:; Horgan, Rogers B. (8 December 1961). Talbot, Phillips (ed.). 4605: 4483:

and Portugal were built on ties of blood and sentiment. Former

4170: 4019: 3915: 3858: 2924:

The western column—the main thrust of the attack—comprised the

2776: 2172: 2081: 2058: 1895:

in December 1961. In India, this action is referred to as the "

7206:

A queda da Índia Portuguesa: crónica da invasão e do cativeiro

2459:; a Mine Sweeping Group consisting of mine sweepers including 9841: 9831: 9791: 7473:

India and the United States: Estranged Democracies, 1941–1991

5923: 5838: 5793: 4627:

in 1972, who became the first native-born Patriarch in 1978.

4533:

In a letter to the US president on 2 January 1962, Pakistani

4178: 4130: 3745: 3095: 3079:

advanced in two columns. The right column, consisting of the

2929: 2871: 2639: 2191: 1876: 266: 246: 207: 111: 8081:

Rubinoff, Arthur G. (1995), "Political Integration in Goa",

4923:

Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration

2747:. The Indians claimed that the Portuguese had a squadron of 2210:

council, it could expect no support from the US delegation.

2121: 6082: 4004: 3702: 3470:, approximately 72 km in area, is at the south end of 2968:

absence of orders, the unit stayed at Betim for the night.

2264:

attack. On 28 July, RSS forces took Naroli police station.

4657:

not change the illegal aspect of the original annexation.

2510:, by the Army under secretary of State Lieutenant-Colonel 9318: 7840: 6502:"17 / 18 / 19 de Dezembro: A invasão (Território de Goa)" 5757:

US Department of State, Central Files, 753D.00/12 – 1461

5725:

Couto, Francisco Cabral (2006). Pissarra, José V. (ed.).

5694:

US Department of State, Central Files, 753D.00/12 – 1261

5675:

US Department of State, Central Files, 753D.00/12 – 1161

4212:(now Benin). Portugal recognised the annexation in 1975. 4181:

would "long for the day when our downtrodden brethren in

3511:

The advance on the enclave of Daman was conducted by the

1958: 107: 97: 7934:

Comrades at Odds: The United States and India, 1947–1964

5954:"Case Concerning Right of Passage Over Indian Territory" 5151:"Tristao de Braganza Cunha Saturday, September 26, 1998" 3853:

On 18 December, a Portuguese request was made to the UN

3821:

At 04:00 on 18 December, the Portuguese patrol boat NRP

2866:

from the north. Another thrust was to be carried out by

2688:

enforcement and border protection; and the Rural Guard (

2676:), a general police corps modelled after the Portuguese 1953:

in August 1947, Portugal continued to hold a handful of

6774:"The sinking of N.R.P. Vega – a first person narrative" 5132: 3288:. Under covering artillery fire from the ships, Indian 3170:

The mandate to support ground troops was served by the

2609:

warship present in Goa at the time of invasion was the

2213: 7162:

Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories

6294:"Spokane Daily Chronicle - Google News Archive Search" 5830:

Wars, Proxy-wars and Terrorism: Post Independent India

5657:. Department of State, Central Files, 753D.00/12 – 561 5589:"Francisco Monteiro – India supported banditry in Goa" 5482:

Wars, proxy-wars and terrorism: post independent India

3963: 2190:, a passenger boat passing between the Indian port of 2026: 8971:(Portuguese India - Goa, Damaon, Silvassa & Diu) 7270:"Dossier Goa – A Recusa Do Sacrifício Inútil Summary" 6041: 6039: 6037: 5440: 4557:

In an official statement issued on 19 December, the

4508:

race-mixing and the creation of multiracial societies

4434:

The Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons

4218:

insisted that Goa was not Portuguese territory but a

2921:

advanced towards Panaji via the village of Banastari.

7448:"Changing Perceptions of India in the U.S. Congress" 4668: 4250:

resolution condemning the Indian annexation of Goa.

3325:

On the morning of 18 December, the Portuguese sloop

1891:, starting with the armed action carried out by the 181:

colonial territories of Goa, Daman and Diu into the

7798:Andrew Clapham; Paola Gaeta; Marco Sassòli (2015). 7758:

Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law

7475:By Dennis Kux Published by Diane Publishing, 1993, 6617: 6615: 5877:

Goa Through The Ages: An Economic history, volume 2

5868:"Chapter 11: The Economic Scene in Goa (1926–1961)" 5865: 5382:, Art. I & Title X of the constitution of 1838 3309: 2786: 2525: 2275: 6740: 6034: 5196:"Kamat Research Database – Goa's Freedom Struggle" 5032: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 2847:Ground attack on Goa: North and North East sectors 5720: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5393:, Title V of the Republican constitution of 1911 4864:"Aviso / Canhoneira classe Afonso de Albuquerque" 4858: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4365:dubbing the annexation 'Menon's war' and writing: 4278:Full support for India's action was expressed in 4068:3,300 Portuguese combatants as prisoners in Goa. 2957:By 17:45, the forces of the 1st EREC and the 9th 2795:operations had commenced on 1 December, when two 2762: 2000:During this period, Portugal was governed by the 694: 11466: 10051: 9764:National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research 7966:Remembering the Fall of Portuguese India in 1961 7302:Wright, Quincy (July 1962). "The Goa Incident". 7044:"Records show colonizers were not done with Goa" 6919:Blueprint to Bluewater, the Indian Navy, 1951-65 6612: 6453:Mohan, P. V. S. Jagan (November–December 2001). 6083:Constantino Hermanns Xavier (18 December 2006). 5731:Remembering the Fall of Portuguese India in 1961 5169: 5067:"Infrastructure | Goa Legislative Assembly" 4467:would be forthcoming in case of such an attack. 8903:Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War 8021:Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography Vol. 3: 1956–1964 7754: 7632:Letter From President Ayub to President Kennedy 6120:Estado Português da Índia – Rememoração Pessoal 6078: 6076: 5912:Blueprint To Bluewater: The Indian Navy 1951–65 5560: 4998: 4971: 4817: 2238:were two Portuguese landlocked exclaves of the 8339:Department of Defence Research and Development 8289:Director General Armed Forces Medical Services 6883: 6417: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6049:The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution 5707: 5607: 5222:"On Rammanohar Lohia's 99th Birth Anniversary" 4926:. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. 4849: 3989:the inevitable consequences of the invasion." 3692:These Indian Army units ignored requests from 3482:(Damão in Portuguese) into halves—Nani Daman ( 3155:belonging to the Portuguese airline TAP and a 2836: 2072:. Cunha and other leaders were also with him. 1712:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63) 11480:Aerial operations and battles involving India 10037: 9292: 9057:Defence Research and Development Organisation 8152: 8036:"Goa: The Transformation of an Indian Region" 7883: 7159: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6397: 5404:and the 1932 Constitution of the Estado Novo. 5337: 5335: 5333: 5314:(in Portuguese). Paço d'Arcos. Archived from 4552: 4356:In an article titled "India, The Aggressor", 4335:, where he condemned the armed action of the 3189: 2550:), under a unified command headed by General 2535:and from the Portuguese African provinces of 2330:Meanwhile, the Commander-in-Chief of India's 680: 8166: 8085:, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 36–60, 8023:(Harvard University Press, 1984) pp 190–203. 7160:Bhatt, SC; Bhargava, Gopal K., eds. (2005). 6231: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6085:"Invasão de Goa, Damão e Diu foi há 45 anos" 6073: 6012:"Liberation of Goa: Role Of The Indian Navy" 5972: 5970: 5968: 5248:"A Liberation From Lies By Prabhakar Sinari" 4518:In a statement released on 18 December, the 4064:where conditions were substantially better. 3748:Hakam Singh of the Indian Army were awarded 3457: 2565:, the Under Secretary of State of the Army, 1957:on the Indian subcontinent—the districts of 9617:Church and Convent of St. Francis of Assisi 7164:. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications. p. 453. 6827: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6132:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6098: 5884:; Concept Publishing Company. p. 276. 5306:Castanheira, José Pedro (8 December 2001). 5305: 4765:12th Amendment of the Constitution of India 3848: 3614:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3531:positions and guns inside Moti Daman Fort. 3340:At 09:00, three Indian frigates led by the 3228:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3163:A third Indian raid was carried out by six 3043:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2280: 15: 11525:Operations involving Indian special forces 10552:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association 10044: 10030: 9299: 9285: 8916:Evacuation of Indian civilians from Kuwait 8159: 8145: 8026:Heimsath, Charles H. and Surjit Mansingh. 6909: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6394: 6269:India's Foreign Policy in the 21st Century 5637: 5330: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5287: 4582:Roman Catholic Archbishop of Goa and Daman 4153: 3664: 2841: 2354:The destruction of Goa's lone airfield in 687: 673: 212: 16: 8002: 7801:The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary 7305:The American Journal of International Law 7297: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7202: 6678: 6446: 6363: 6148:"Invasão de Goa: O dispositivo português" 5965: 5822: 3634:Learn how and when to remove this message 3462: 3248:Learn how and when to remove this message 3083:, and the left column, consisting of the 3063:Learn how and when to remove this message 2483:, and a Support Group which consisted of 2122:Diplomatic efforts to resolve Goa dispute 8460:Armed Forces Special Operations Division 8080: 7650: 6709: 6685:"The forgotten battles of Daman and Diu" 6676: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6587: 6481: 6196: 6140: 6117: 5976: 5859: 5790:Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu 5782:Dadra and Nagar Haveli: Past and present 5144: 5142: 5004: 4977: 3872:In the ensuing debate, the US delegate, 3766: 3575: 3313: 3129: 3004: 2743:Skymaster belonging to the Goan airline 2131: 1989: 24:This is an accepted version of this page 7923: 7651:de Souza, Teotonio R. (December 1986). 7420: 6796: 6421: 6003: 5866:de Mendonça-Noronha, Silvia M. (1990). 5775: 5773: 5284: 4919: 4795:"Passage to India – 18th December 1961" 4494:on 10 June 1962, Brazilian congressman 3895: 3669: 3267:. On the island stood the 16th Century 2361:Destruction of the wireless station at 14: 11467: 8112:Photo gallery of the Liberation of Goa 8033: 7930: 7722:Costa, Cosme Jose (21 December 2014). 7686:, New Delhi: Concept Publ. Co., 1994 ( 7301: 7288: 7072: 6682: 6556: 6265: 5622: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5008:India-US Security Relations, 1947-1990 4830: 4575: 3804: 3556:(VSM) for the commanding officer, two 2985:Sehgal being killed in the firefight. 2453:centred on the light aircraft carrier 10025: 9280: 8140: 7963: 7721: 7250:from the original on 27 February 2012 7115:from the original on 24 February 2021 6968: 6922:. Lancer International. p. 407. 6915: 6784:from the original on 8 September 2020 6655: 6590:"Eyewitness to the Liberation of Goa" 6563:Archive of Goan Writing in Portuguese 6455:"Remembering Sagat Singh (1918–2001)" 6452: 6304:from the original on 28 November 2021 6045: 5908: 5825:"3. Liberation of Goa, Daman and Diu" 5724: 5310:[Passage to India]. Revista. 5228:from the original on 16 November 2018 5139: 5011:. Chanakya Publications. p. 50. 4946: 4604:in Portugal. Alvernaz retired to the 3364:entered the harbour and fired on the 3125: 2917:The central column consisting of the 2508:Afonso Magalhães de Almeida Fernandes 2492: 668: 11545:Naval bombing operations and battles 9088:List of equipment of the Indian Army 8028:A Diplomatic History of Modern India 7951:from the original on 12 October 2023 7904:from the original on 12 October 2023 7861:from the original on 12 October 2023 7818:from the original on 12 October 2023 7775:from the original on 12 October 2023 7223:from the original on 12 October 2023 7203:de Morais, Carlos Alexandre (1995). 7141:from the original on 3 December 2013 7054:from the original on 17 October 2015 6845:from the original on 12 January 2022 6382:from the original on 4 February 2013 6369: 6345: 6272:. Kalpaz Publications. p. 219. 5779: 5770: 5202:from the original on 31 October 2019 4959:from the original on 1 December 2021 4623:of Goa in 1963. He was succeeded by 4195:Mozambique National Democratic Union 3762: 3612:adding citations to reliable sources 3579: 3513:1st Maratha Light Infantry Battalion 3384:the exchange of fire, at 12:15, the 3226:adding citations to reliable sources 3193: 3041:adding citations to reliable sources 3008: 2656:Forças Terrestres do Estado da Índia 2220:Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli 2214:Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli 1949:After India's independence from the 528:(Minister of the Overseas Provinces) 418:Flag Officer Commanding Indian Fleet 70:Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli 8344:Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare 8122:Image: The Protests of 18 June 1946 7982:Partial online version at GoaBooks2 7736:from the original on 1 October 2015 7724:"Reminiscences Of Goa's Liberation" 7653:"Unless Ye Become Like Children..." 7450:. Sga.myweb.uga.edu. Archived from 7423:"Keesing's Records of World Events" 6641: 6569:from the original on 11 August 2011 6538:from the original on 11 August 2022 6184:from the original on 6 January 2009 5841:: Mittle Publications. p. 39. 5254:from the original on 18 August 2017 5099: 4426:on 18 December 1961 that while the 4401:"Symbolic pose by Goa's Governor", 4039: 3964:Portuguese actions post-hostilities 3797:that attempted to escape from Diu. 3718:town. By 10:15, the Indian cruiser 2823:with a round jammed in its breech. 2371:Support to advancing ground troops. 2027:Local resistance to Portuguese rule 102:Location of the Union Territory of 48: 11490:Battles involving Portuguese India 9759:National Institute of Oceanography 8263:Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee 7996: 7890:. Clarendon Press. pp. 275–. 7841:Alina Kaczorowska-Ireland (2015). 7403:. 5 January 1962, Vol. 52, No. 1, 7073:Xavier, Constantino (3 May 2014). 7009:. 29 December 1961. Archived from 5034:"Obituary of Lt-Gen K. P. Candeth" 4835:. New Delhi: Lancer. p. 214. 4617:Francisco Xavier da Piedade Rebelo 4206:Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá 4200:Also in 1961, the tiny Portuguese 4012:anti-colonial military coup d'état 3563: 3560:and five mentioned in dispatches. 2826:The Indian light aircraft carrier 2194:and the Portuguese-held island of 321:Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee 49: 11556: 9170:Indian Maritime Security Strategy 8107:magazine coverage of the conflict 8097: 8034:Newman, Robert S. (Autumn 1984), 7430:Keesing's Records of World Events 7241: 6983:from the original on 9 March 2009 6897:from the original on 14 July 2012 6683:Shorey, Anil (21 February 1999). 5655:United States Department of State 4984:. SAGE Publications. p. 74. 4920:Faleiro, Valmiki (24 July 2023). 4770:Indonesian invasion of East Timor 4745:Portuguese Conquest of Goa (1510) 4410: 4185:and other Portuguese territories 4163: 2906:The eastern column comprised the 2548:Forças Armadas do Estado da Índia 2427:; a Carrier Group of five ships: 2076:advocated the use of non-violent 11510:History of the Republic of India 10246:Muslim nationalism in South Asia 9622:Church of Our Lady of the Rosary 9308: 9244: 9243: 9201:Women in the Indian Armed Forces 8824:Indo-Pakistani border skirmishes 8435:Northern Theatre Command (India) 8210: 8197: 8184: 8167: 8075:Journal of Transatlantic Studies 7964:Couto, Francisco Cabral (2006). 7877: 7834: 7791: 7748: 7715: 7676: 7644: 7625: 7604: 6697:from the original on 8 July 2018 6009: 5823:Prabhakar, Peter Wilson (2003). 5538:. 29 August 1955. Archived from 5343:"Operação Vijay 18 a 19/12/1961" 4699: 4685: 4671: 4451:A Foreign Ministry spokesman in 4416:Commonwealth Relations Secretary 4322: 3741:Blake and Sqn Ldr Nobby Clarke. 3584: 3372:between shots. In response, the 3310:Naval battle at Mormugão harbour 3292:under the command of Lieutenant 3198: 3106:, from where a road connects to 3013: 2787:Indian reconnaissance operations 2649: 2603:Forças Navais do Estado da Índia 2526:Portuguese military preparations 2276:Events preceding the hostilities 533: 517: 497: 477: 448: 425: 402: 379: 356: 333: 305: 285: 265: 245: 238: 214: 200: 96: 10486:Provisional Government of India 8921:Piracy off the coast of Somalia 8440:Western Theatre Command (India) 8083:Journal of Developing Societies 7583: 7562: 7542: 7509: 7486: 7466: 7440: 7414: 7385: 7366: 7340: 7262: 7235: 7196: 7178: 7153: 7127: 7097: 7066: 7036: 7025: 6995: 6962: 6936: 6857: 6766: 6581: 6550: 6524: 6336: 6316: 6286: 6259: 6170: 6087:(in Portuguese). Archived from 5947: 5902: 5816: 5751: 5688: 5669: 5631: 5581: 5554: 5530:"India: Force & Soul Force" 5522: 5513: 5500: 5487: 5474: 5461: 5444:Economic Sanctions Reconsidered 5434: 5407: 5353: 5345:(in Portuguese). Archived from 5266: 5240: 5214: 5188: 5117: 5085: 5059: 5047:from the original on 7 May 2022 5025: 4947:Davar, Praveen (January 2018). 4333:United Nations Security Council 4317: 4225: 3435:The Portuguese patrol boat NRP 3404:Eventually at 12:50, after the 2642:denied the ships access to the 2169:United Nations Security Council 1915:suggested taking Goa by force. 11530:Political integration of India 9216:Indian Armed Forces rank flags 8334:Department of Military Affairs 7804:. OUP Oxford. pp. 1465–. 6971:"Not all generals are leaders" 6969:Datta, Rakesh (26 June 2005). 6180:. Battleships-cruisers.co.uk. 5647:Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs 4940: 4913: 4904: 4886: 4833:Indian Army after Independence 4786: 4547: 4446: 4253: 4036:'s visit to Portugal in 1990. 3920:Manuel António Vassalo e Silva 2763:Portuguese civilian evacuation 2695: 2563:guerrilla activities in Angola 2519:Manuel António Vassalo e Silva 2386:, an 'R' Class destroyer, and 2270:International Court of Justice 51:1961 Indian military operation 13: 1: 9979:Kadamba Transport Corporation 9030:Counter-insurgency operations 8361:Standing Committee on Defence 8356:Cabinet Committee on Security 8003:Fernandes, Aureliano (2000), 7641:, Rawalpindi, 2 January 1962. 7421:Keesing, Isaac (March 1962). 7272:. Shvoong.com. Archived from 7209:. Lisbon: Editorial Estampa. 6748:"The Liberation of Goa: 1961" 6588:Raghavendran, Air Marshal S. 6557:Castro, Paul (19 June 2011). 5979:"The Liberation of Goa: 1961" 5495:Jawaharlal Nehru: A biography 5469:Jawaharlal Nehru: A biography 5096:, New York: Hawthorn, p. 295. 4894:"The Liberation of Goa: 1961" 4775: 2910:advanced towards the town of 2323:and the 5th battalion of the 1944: 1918:The operation was code named 1875:was the process in which the 698:Portuguese colonial campaigns 11505:December 1961 events in Asia 11095:Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari 10371:Chauri Chaura incident, 1922 10053:Indian independence movement 9607:Churches and Convents of Goa 7937:. Cornell University Press. 7847:. Routledge. pp. 268–. 7761:. Routledge. pp. 156–. 7050:. Panaji. 19 December 2011. 6867:. Goacom.com. Archived from 6838:. Keesing's Worldwide, LLC. 6625:. Colaco.net. Archived from 4780: 4586:Patriarch of the East Indies 4301: 4220:non-self governing territory 3650:in Diu, the patrol boat NRP 3568:In the Daman sector, Indian 3077:63rd Indian Infantry Brigade 3075:Meanwhile, in the east, the 2868:63rd Indian Infantry Brigade 1903:, it is referred to as the " 7: 11285:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya 10672:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty 9933:Dr. Rajendra Prasad Stadium 9418:Fire and Emergency Services 9072:Weapons of mass destruction 8886:Nathu La and Cho La clashes 8876:Sino-Indian border skirmish 8411:Andaman and Nicobar Command 8406:Integrated Theatre Commands 8381:Defence Intelligence Agency 8284:Vice Chief of Defence Staff 7931:Rotter, Andrew Jon (2000). 6891:"Peaceful and quickly over" 6266:Chopra, V. D., ed. (2006). 5112:Salazar and Modern Portugal 5094:Salazar and Modern Portugal 4831:Praval, Major K.C. (2009). 4664: 4630: 4619:was consecrated Bishop and 4513: 4390:Chakravarti Rajagopalachari 3527:fighters struck Portuguese 3090:The rear battalion was the 2884:esquadrão de reconhecimento 2837:Commencement of hostilities 2514:and by other top officers. 2499:Portuguese Defence Minister 2261:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 2154:António de Oliveira Salazar 1969:—collectively known as the 10: 11561: 11020:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi 10572:Indian Independence League 10289:Partition of Bengal (1947) 10284:Partition of Bengal (1905) 8942:Indo-Myanmar border strike 8366:Defence Planning Committee 6122:. Lisboa: Revista Militar. 6118:Lopes (2007), José Alves. 4592:had been nominated by the 4553:People's Republic of China 4520:Pakistani Foreign Ministry 4158: 3951:General Service Medal 1947 3190:Storming of Anjidiv Island 3182:, causing minimal damage. 2949:Indian forces, with their 2816:Vampire NF54 Night Fighter 2674:Polícia do Estado da Índia 2379:deployed two warships—the 2217: 2125: 2030: 1993: 510:Prime Minister of Portugal 67: 60: 56:Portuguese conquest of Goa 53: 11411: 11310: 11195:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi 10995:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi 10815: 10692:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 10612: 10567:Indian Home Rule movement 10509: 10406:Fourteen Points of Jinnah 10346:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 10274: 10211: 10059: 9997: 9961: 9941: 9915: 9859: 9850: 9772: 9746: 9718: 9672: 9599: 9558: 9485: 9462: 9431: 9383: 9325: 9239: 9178: 9162: 9127: 9096: 9080: 9049: 8989: 8950: 8799: 8706: 8697: 8677:Border Roads Organisation 8641: 8629:Border Roads Organisation 8596: 8569:South Western Air Command 8544: 8516: 8468: 8396: 8389: 8371:Nuclear Command Authority 8351:National Security Council 8319: 8312: 8254:National Security Advisor 8226: 8179: 7506:, p. 32, 19 December 1961 5909:Singh, Satyindra (1992). 5827:. In Rai, Naurang (ed.). 5378:16 September 2019 at the 5367:16 September 2019 at the 5278:23 September 2015 at the 4735:NRP Afonso de Albuquerque 4470: 4273: 4230:The future leader of the 3927:" (a useless sacrifice). 3458:Military actions in Daman 3144:English Electric Canberra 2914:in central Goa via Usgão. 2745:Portuguese India Airlines 2167:and eventually asked the 2039:Tristão de Bragança Cunha 1881:Portuguese State of India 706: 632: 556: 228: 193: 117: 95: 83: 78: 11475:1961 in Portuguese India 11434:Indian annexation of Goa 11280:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 10792:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 10557:Indian National Congress 10356:Non-cooperation movement 9705:Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary 9196:President's Colour Award 9186:President's fleet review 8445:Maritime Theatre Command 8423:Strategic Forces Command 8376:Integrated Defence Staff 8274:Chief of the Naval Staff 8117:Image: Ram Manohar Lohia 7844:Public International Law 7755:Peter Malanczuk (2002). 7637:18 December 2017 at the 7003:"India: End of an Image" 6237:"A invasão: Damão e Diu" 5959:20 December 2011 at the 5926:: Lancer International. 5874:; Ali, B. Sheik (eds.). 5763:17 November 2017 at the 5700:17 November 2017 at the 5681:17 November 2017 at the 5497:. Mumbai: Allied. p. 282 5484:New Delhi: Mittal, p. 39 5471:. Mumbai: Allied. p. 283 5415:"Goa's Freedom Movement" 5181:14 February 2012 at the 4755:Portuguese Indian escudo 3914:Despite his orders from 3849:UN attempts at ceasefire 3098:Bridge, went across the 2567:Francisco da Costa Gomes 2512:Francisco da Costa Gomes 2281:Indian military build-up 2257:Communist Party of India 2128:India–Portugal relations 2055:Indian National Congress 1931:Kunhiraman Palat Candeth 1751:Banda Oriental (1816–20) 1729:Banda Oriental (1776–77) 1682:Banda Oriental (1735–37) 1450:Cape of Good Hope (1630) 621:3,500 military personnel 326:Chief of the Naval Staff 31:latest accepted revision 11540:Wars involving Portugal 11439:Indian Independence Act 11025:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 11000:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta 10970:Dukkipati Nageswara Rao 10707:Kandukuri Veeresalingam 10687:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai 10522:All-India Muslim League 10476:Royal Air Force strikes 10441:Round table conferences 10431:Chittagong armoury raid 10321:Hindu–German Conspiracy 10304:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy 10074:Porto Grande de Bengala 9877:Churchill Brothers S.C. 9627:Church of St. Augustine 8269:Chief of the Army Staff 7968:. Tribuna da Historia. 6944:"General Service Medal" 6372:"Four Sorties Over Goa" 6046:Porch, Douglas (1977). 5308:"Passagem para a Índia" 5250:. Countercurrents.org. 5185:By: Lambert Mascarenhas 4978:Rubinoff, A.G. (1998). 4949:"The liberation of Goa" 4760:Portuguese Indian rupia 4740:Portuguese Colonial War 4725:Goa liberation movement 4154:International reactions 3809:The Indian cruiser INS 3665:Military actions in Diu 3506:Constantino de Bragança 2926:2nd Sikh Light Infantry 2857:50th Para Brigade Group 2842:Military actions in Goa 2625:lanchas de fiscalização 2596: 2033:Goa liberation movement 1853:Guinea-Bissau (1963–74) 1380:Coromandel Coast (1619) 567:tanks and armoured cars 349:Chief of the Army Staff 278:Prime Minister of India 11225:Syama Prasad Mukherjee 11130:Purushottam Das Tandon 10496:Praja Mandala movement 10310:The Indian Sociologist 9375:1967 status referendum 9062:Ordnance Factory Board 8981:Dadra and Nagar Haveli 8689:Awards and Decorations 8536:Southern Naval Command 8279:Chief of the Air Staff 8259:Chief of Defence Staff 7987:3 October 2020 at the 7884:Sharon Korman (1996). 7682:Teotonio R. de Souza, 7622:, Jerry Dávila, p. 114 7601:, Jerry Dávila, p. 108 7493:"India, the Aggressor" 6734:12 August 2023 at the 6650:Três Navios Históricos 6594:www.bharat-rakshak.com 6459:Bharat Rakshak Monitor 6178:"Portuguese Navy 1875" 6091:on 24 September 2015. 5786:Dadra and Nagar Haveli 5651:John Kenneth Galbraith 5480:P.W. Prabhakar (2003) 5389:14 August 2019 at the 5176:Goa's Freedom Movement 4644:Supreme Court of India 4625:Raul Nicolau Gonçalves 4613:Second Vatican Council 4504:Portuguese colonialism 4408: 4372: 4034:Ramaswamy Venkataraman 3776: 3729:causing a fire near a 3535:capture the airstrip. 3463:Ground attack on Daman 3322: 3153:Lockheed Constellation 3139: 2853:17th Infantry Division 2797:Leopard class frigates 2726:Lockheed Constellation 2678:Public Security Police 2317:Maratha Light Infantry 2306:50th Parachute Brigade 2295:17th Infantry Division 2226:Dadra and Nagar Haveli 2181:John Kenneth Galbraith 2137: 1996:Estado Novo (Portugal) 1967:Dadra and Nagar Haveli 1766:Mozambique (1847–1910) 1385:Persian Gulf (1621–22) 1283:Indian Ocean (1586–89) 1038:Indian Ocean (1538–60) 838:Persian Gulf (1507–15) 803:Indian Ocean (1505–17) 628:3 inshore patrol boats 571:light aircraft carrier 464:17th Infantry Division 372:Chief of the Air Staff 229:Commanders and leaders 86:Decolonisation of Asia 11449:Political integration 11190:Shyamji Krishna Varma 10975:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 10920:Bhupendra Kumar Datta 10752:Rettamalai Srinivasan 10712:Mahadev Govind Ranade 10517:All India Kisan Sabha 10481:Coup d'état of Yanaon 10381:Qissa Khwani massacre 10366:Coolie-Begar movement 10181:Second Anglo-Sikh War 9897:Sporting Clube de Goa 9892:Sesa Football Academy 9612:Basilica of Bom Jesus 9226:National War Memorial 9221:Indian military bands 9211:Armed Forces Tribunal 9206:Armed Forces Flag Day 8531:Eastern Naval Command 8526:Western Naval Command 8508:Army Training Command 8498:South Western Command 8077:11.4 (2013): 387–402. 7618:15 April 2023 at the 7597:14 April 2023 at the 7580:, Jerry Dávila, p. 27 7576:14 April 2023 at the 7399:15 April 2023 at the 6893:. Indianexpress.com. 5977:Pillarisetti, Jagan. 5872:de Souza, Teotonio R. 5561:Lambert Mascarenhas. 5114:, New York: Hawthorn. 5005:Ohajunwa, E. (1992). 4381: 4367: 4287:Sirimavo Bandaranaike 4104:Indians in Mozambique 3770: 3683:20th Rajput Battalion 3576:Naval action at Daman 3427:—having been renamed 3329:Afonso de Albuquerque 3320:Afonso de Albuquerque 3317: 3172:de Havilland Vampires 3133: 3005:Advance from the east 2851:On 11 December 1961, 2616:Afonso de Albuquerque 2186:On 24 November 1961, 2135: 2089:United Front of Goans 1990:Portuguese government 1645:East Africa (1696–98) 908:Sri Lanka (1520–1658) 633:Casualties and losses 540:M. A. Vassalo e Silva 490:President of Portugal 177:Incorporation of the 11535:Wars involving India 11520:Nehru administration 11275:Veeran Sundaralingam 11230:Tara Rani Srivastava 11165:Sahajanand Saraswati 11055:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi 10940:Chandra Shekhar Azad 10845:Alluri Sitarama Raju 10802:Vitthal Ramji Shinde 10757:Sahajanand Saraswati 10677:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar 10577:Indian National Army 10421:Dharasana Satyagraha 10326:Champaran Satyagraha 10176:First Anglo-Sikh War 9928:Tilak Maidan Stadium 9673:Wildlife sanctuaries 9398:Legislative Assembly 8729:Battle of Asal Uttar 8609:National Cadet Corps 8564:Southern Air Command 8455:Defence Space Agency 8450:Defence Cyber Agency 7924:General bibliography 7697:"Goacom – Timelines" 7556:12 July 2015 at the 7523:. 29 December 1961. 7517:"World: MENON'S WAR" 7498:23 July 2018 at the 7190:26 June 2015 at the 7109:www.pressdisplay.com 6647:Revista de Marinha: 6329:4 March 2016 at the 5653:. Washington, D.C.: 5595:on 23 September 2015 5493:Sankar Ghose (1993) 5467:Sankar Ghose (1993) 5400:17 July 2018 at the 5371:, 1826 constitution 5349:on 26 February 2008. 5157:on 23 September 2009 4900:on 20 November 2013. 4488:Juscelino Kubitschek 4477:Brazilian government 4296:United Arab Republic 4260:United Arab Republic 4193:, the leader of the 4129:. On arrival at the 4024:Portuguese President 4014:and the fall of the 3925:um sacrifício inútil 3896:Portuguese surrender 3863:United Arab Republic 3744:Major Mal Singh and 3687:4th Madras Battalion 3670:Ground attack on Diu 3608:improve this section 3544:seven were wounded. 3222:improve this section 3037:improve this section 2734:Pakistani government 2702:Portuguese Air Force 2680:; the Fiscal Guard ( 1939:Consultative Council 1858:Mozambique (1964–74) 1823:Mozambique (1917-18) 1818:Mozambique (1917–18) 1803:East Timor (1911–12) 1741:French Guiana (1809) 1590:2nd Sri Lanka (1654) 1585:1st Sri Lanka (1654) 988:Moluccas (1530–1607) 11260:V. K. Krishna Menon 11205:Subhas Chandra Bose 11090:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 11085:Mohammad Ali Jauhar 10980:Govind Ballabh Pant 10960:Dayananda Saraswati 10885:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 10682:Gopal Hari Deshmukh 10662:Dhondo Keshav Karve 10657:Dayananda Saraswati 10652:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 10627:A. Vaidyanatha Iyer 10140:Anglo-Maratha Wars 9989:Mormugao Port Trust 9949:Goa Football League 9664:Shanta Durga Temple 9365:Liberation movement 9355:Portuguese conquest 9140:Historical Aircraft 9035:LOC surgical strike 8777:Battle of Longewala 8714:Indo-Pakistani wars 8682:Paramilitary forces 8653:Ranks and insignia 8614:Paramilitary forces 8584:Maintenance Command 8574:Western Air Command 8559:Eastern Air Command 8554:Central Air Command 8329:Ministry of Defence 8322:Committees/Councils 8244:Minister of Defence 8173:Indian Armed Forces 8019:Gopal, Sarvepalli. 7454:on 10 December 2009 7378:4 June 2016 at the 7013:on 20 November 2011 6865:"The Church in Goa" 6754:on 20 November 2013 6629:on 25 December 2009 6465:(3). Archived from 6352:"'Intolerable' Goa" 5737:. pp. 22–102. 5735:Tribuna da História 5569:on 14 February 2012 5542:on 15 December 2008 5421:on 14 February 2012 4805:on 24 December 2010 4615:in Rome, when Msgr 4590:José Pedro da Silva 4576:The Catholic Church 4485:Brazilian President 4248:UN Security Council 4210:Republic of Dahomey 4208:was annexed by the 3918:, Governor General 3805:Naval action at Diu 3554:Vishisht Seva Medal 3176:Sikh Light Infantry 3081:2nd Bihar Battalion 2684:), responsible for 2593:quantity of mines. 2552:Paulo Bénard Guedes 2503:Júlio Botelho Moniz 2334:, Air Vice Marshal 2332:Western Air Command 2051:Subhas Chandra Bose 2020:tried to perpetuate 1935:lieutenant governor 1893:Indian Armed Forces 1425:Persian Gulf (1625) 1395:Persian Gulf (1622) 1365:Persian Gulf (1614) 1303:Sri Lanka (1587–88) 1288:Persian Gulf (1586) 1158:Sri Lanka (1557–58) 1148:Gulf of Oman (1554) 1133:Persian Gulf (1551) 1003:Persian Gulf (1534) 983:Persian Gulf (1529) 607:multi-role aircraft 441:Operational Command 298:Minister of Defence 292:V. K. Krishna Menon 125:17–19 December 1961 21:Page version status 11515:Invasions by India 11444:Partition of India 11290:Yashwantrao Holkar 11255:V. O. Chidamabaram 11210:Subramania Bharati 11140:Rahul Sankrityayan 11125:Pritilata Waddedar 11035:Shri Krishna Singh 10935:C. Rajagopalachari 10925:Bidhan Chandra Roy 10910:Bhavabhushan Mitra 10895:Begum Hazrat Mahal 10850:Annapurna Maharana 10722:Muthulakshmi Reddy 10667:G. Subramania Iyer 10361:Christmas Day Plot 10236:Indian nationalism 10186:Sannyasi rebellion 10084:East India Company 9637:St. Cajetan Church 9145:Aircraft Squadrons 9067:Ballistic missiles 8734:Battle of Chawinda 8649:Military Academies 8604:Indian Coast Guard 8428:Commander-in-Chief 8416:Commander-in-Chief 8030:(1971) pp 324–339. 7504:The New York Times 7352:5 May 2023 at the 7276:on 17 January 2017 7105:"PressDisplay.com" 7075:"Lost in delusion" 7048:The Times of India 6916:Singh, S. (1992). 6778:bharat-rakshak.com 6623:"Dabolim and TAIP" 6469:on 4 February 2013 6422:Chakravorty, B.C. 6360:, 22 December 1961 6022:on 4 February 2013 5360:1822 Constitution 5318:on 9 December 2001 5073:on 11 January 2013 4559:Chinese government 4405:, 12 February 1962 4403:Life International 4376:Life International 4358:The New York Times 4016:authoritarian rule 3777: 3486:) and Moti Daman ( 3323: 3140: 3126:Air raids over Goa 3085:3rd Sikh Battalion 2995:Parachute Regiment 2974:Indian 7th Cavalry 2943:Indian 7th Cavalry 2732:was denied by the 2724:, which offered a 2709:anti-tank grenades 2636:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2578:Plano de Barragens 2493:Portuguese mandate 2138: 2136:Goa, Western India 2112:General Montgomery 1889:Goa, Daman and Diu 1813:Angola (1914–1917) 1724:Angola (1774–1778) 1530:Malaysia (1640–41) 1470:East Africa (1632) 1390:Trincomalee (1622) 1360:Brazil (1612–1615) 1073:East Africa (1542) 1033:Brazil (1534–1536) 978:East Africa (1528) 893:East Africa (1517) 818:East Africa (1507) 798:East Africa (1505) 653:1 patrol boat sunk 258:President of India 140:Goa, Daman and Diu 27: 11500:Conflicts in 1961 11462: 11461: 11429:Republic of India 11265:Vallabhbhai Patel 11250:Ubaidullah Sindhi 11150:Ram Prasad Bismil 11045:M. Bhaktavatsalam 11005:Jatindra Nath Das 10930:Bipin Chandra Pal 10865:Babu Kunwar Singh 10835:Achyut Patwardhan 10592:Khudai Khidmatgar 10436:Gandhi–Irwin Pact 10376:Kakori conspiracy 10336:Rowlatt Committee 10299:Direct Action Day 10261:Swadeshi movement 10241:Khilafat Movement 10231:Hindu nationalism 10191:Rebellion of 1857 10114:Anglo-Mysore Wars 10104:Battle of Plassey 10019: 10018: 9957: 9956: 9867:Goa football team 9408:Political parties 9370:Indian annexation 9274: 9273: 9158: 9157: 9045: 9044: 8862:Balakot airstrike 8637: 8636: 8592: 8591: 8249:Defence Secretary 6929:978-81-7062-148-5 6424:"Operation Vijay" 5991:on 5 October 2003 5040:Independent.co.uk 5018:978-81-7001-090-6 4991:978-0-7619-9259-2 4933:978-93-5708-175-7 4842:978-1-935501-10-7 4648:law of occupation 4337:Indian government 4244:Nikita Khrushchev 4092:Geneva Convention 4001:Casimiro Monteiro 3999:On 20 June 1964, 3994:Emissora Nacional 3859:Nationalist China 3763:The Diu air raids 3644: 3643: 3636: 3541:Daman Ganga River 3332:was anchored off 3258: 3257: 3250: 3092:4th Sikh Infantry 3073: 3072: 3065: 2870:from the east. A 2775:port en route to 2771:arrived at Goa's 2104:Portuguese Guinea 2093:Indian government 2074:Ram Manohar Lohia 1924:exclaves in India 1897:Liberation of Goa 1885:Portuguese Indian 1877:Republic of India 1873:Annexation of Goa 1868: 1867: 1781:Mozambique (1895) 1776:Mozambique (1895) 1600:Malabar (1658–63) 1495:Gold Coast (1637) 1435:Gold Coast (1625) 1323:India (1599–1600) 1223:Chaul (1570–1571) 1183:Gold Coast (1562) 1103:Insulindia (1545) 958:Insulindia (1526) 953:Insulindia (1525) 948:Sumatra (1523–24) 923:Insulindia (1521) 783:India (1500–1513) 736:Morocco (1463–64) 663: 662: 549: 529: 513: 493: 467: 444: 421: 398: 375: 352: 329: 301: 281: 261: 189: 188: 183:Republic of India 79:Annexation of Goa 39:22 September 2024 18: 11552: 11454:Simla Conference 11245:Tiruppur Kumaran 11215:Subramaniya Siva 11170:Sangolli Rayanna 11160:Rash Behari Bose 11100:Nagnath Naikwadi 11010:Jawaharlal Nehru 10955:Dadabhai Naoroji 10950:Chittaranjan Das 10840:A. K. Fazlul Huq 10762:Savitribai Phule 10587:Khaksar movement 10542:Berlin Committee 10527:Anushilan Samiti 10491:Independence Day 10451:Aundh Experiment 10426:Vedaranyam March 10331:Kheda Satyagraha 10316:Singapore Mutiny 10099:Portuguese India 10046: 10039: 10032: 10023: 10022: 9872:Goa cricket team 9857: 9856: 9807:Konkani language 9754:Goans in science 9659:Mangueshi Temple 9313: 9312: 9311: 9301: 9294: 9287: 9278: 9277: 9247: 9246: 9231:Amar Jawan Jyoti 9109:Historical Ships 9078: 9077: 8819:Siachen conflict 8809:Kashmir conflict 8704: 8703: 8624:Territorial Army 8597:Other components 8579:Training Command 8493:Southern Command 8488:Northern Command 8394: 8393: 8317: 8316: 8304:Serving marshals 8299:Serving admirals 8294:Serving generals 8218:Indian Air Force 8216: 8214: 8213: 8203: 8201: 8200: 8190: 8188: 8187: 8171: 8161: 8154: 8147: 8138: 8137: 8093: 8070: 8016: 7979: 7960: 7958: 7956: 7918: 7917: 7911: 7909: 7881: 7875: 7874: 7868: 7866: 7838: 7832: 7831: 7825: 7823: 7795: 7789: 7788: 7782: 7780: 7752: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7719: 7713: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7699:. 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Archived from 6585: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6508:. Archived from 6498: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6434:on 31 March 2014 6430:. Archived from 6419: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6367: 6361: 6349: 6343: 6340: 6334: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6243:. Archived from 6233: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6154:. Archived from 6144: 6138: 6137: 6131: 6123: 6115: 6096: 6095: 6080: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6043: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6018:. Archived from 6007: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5987:. Archived from 5974: 5963: 5951: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5936:. Archived from 5918:(1st ed.). 5917: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5833:(1st ed.). 5820: 5814: 5813: 5796:: Usha P. Lele. 5784:(1st ed.). 5777: 5768: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5722: 5705: 5692: 5686: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5635: 5629: 5620: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5591:. Archived from 5585: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5565:. Archived from 5558: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5526: 5520: 5517: 5511: 5510:, 15 August 1955 5504: 5498: 5491: 5485: 5478: 5472: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5438: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5417:. Archived from 5411: 5405: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5339: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5303: 5282: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5192: 5186: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5153:. Archived from 5146: 5137: 5136: 5131:. Archived from 5121: 5115: 5108: 5097: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5069:. Archived from 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5043:. 10 July 2003. 5036: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4917: 4911: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4896:. Archived from 4890: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4874:on 12 April 2015 4870:. Archived from 4860: 4847: 4846: 4828: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4801:. Archived from 4790: 4750:Portuguese India 4709: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4695: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4681: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4598:coadjutor bishop 4424:House of Commons 4406: 4392:, leader of the 4310:spokesperson in 4308:foreign ministry 4189:are liberated." 4040:Prisoners of war 4031:Indian President 3855:Security Council 3825:encountered the 3639: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3619: 3588: 3580: 3522:Indian Air Force 3453: 3281:and the frigate 3253: 3246: 3242: 3239: 3233: 3202: 3194: 3068: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3048: 3017: 3009: 2908:2nd Para Maratha 2872:deceptive thrust 2809:Indian Air Force 2717:Montijo Air Base 2291:Southern Command 2253:Portuguese India 2248:economic warfare 2158:Humberto Delgado 2047:Jawaharlal Nehru 1909:Jawaharlal Nehru 1848:Angola (1961–74) 1843:Africa (1961–74) 1808:Angola (1914–15) 1793:Angola (1902–04) 1756:Brazil (1821–25) 1707:Brazil (1762–63) 1580:Brazil (1652–54) 1535:Angola (1641–48) 1485:Arabia (1633–43) 1233:Mangalore (1571) 1143:Arabia (1552–54) 701: 699: 689: 682: 675: 666: 665: 613:fighter-bombers 574:2 light cruisers 546:Governor-General 543: 538: 537: 527: 522: 521: 507: 502: 501: 487: 482: 481: 461: 453: 452: 451: 438: 430: 429: 428: 415: 407: 406: 405: 395:Southern Command 392: 384: 383: 382: 369: 361: 360: 359: 346: 338: 337: 336: 318: 310: 309: 308: 295: 290: 289: 288: 275: 272:Jawaharlal Nehru 270: 269: 255: 250: 249: 243: 242: 241: 224: 220: 218: 217: 206: 204: 203: 154: 144:Portuguese India 119: 118: 100: 76: 75: 11560: 11559: 11555: 11554: 11553: 11551: 11550: 11549: 11465: 11464: 11463: 11458: 11419:Cabinet Mission 11407: 11311:British leaders 11306: 11295:Yogendra Shukla 11200:Siraj ud-Daulah 11155:Rani Lakshmibai 11145:Rajendra Prasad 11135:R. Venkataraman 11080:Mithuben Petit‎ 11060:Mahadaji Shinde 11040:Lala Lajpat Rai 10875:Bahadur Shah II 10860:Ashfaqulla Khan 10830:Accamma Cherian 10825:Abul Kalam Azad 10817: 10811: 10782:Syed Ahmad Khan 10772:Sister Nivedita 10737:Pandita Ramabai 10732:Niralamba Swami 10697:J. B. Kripalani 10622:Ashfaqulla Khan 10614: 10608: 10547:Ghadar Movement 10505: 10386:Flag Satyagraha 10294:Revolutionaries 10276: 10270: 10213: 10207: 10109:Battle of Buxar 10055: 10050: 10020: 10015: 9993: 9974:Manohar Airport 9969:Dabolim Airport 9953: 9937: 9923:Fatorda Stadium 9911: 9846: 9837:Goans in sports 9768: 9742: 9714: 9710:Flora and fauna 9668: 9595: 9554: 9481: 9458: 9439:Dudhsagar Falls 9427: 9393:Chief Ministers 9379: 9360:Portuguese rule 9350:Goa Inquisition 9345:Kadambas of Goa 9321: 9309: 9307: 9305: 9275: 9270: 9235: 9174: 9154: 9135:Active Aircraft 9123: 9092: 9076: 9041: 8997:Northeast India 8985: 8946: 8891:Doklam standoff 8801: 8795: 8791:Sino-Indian War 8756:Battle of Chamb 8693: 8633: 8588: 8540: 8512: 8503:Western Command 8483:Eastern Command 8478:Central Command 8464: 8385: 8321: 8308: 8222: 8211: 8209: 8198: 8196: 8185: 8183: 8175: 8165: 8100: 8052:10.2307/2759068 8040:Pacific Affairs 7999: 7997:Further reading 7994: 7989:Wayback Machine 7976: 7954: 7952: 7945: 7926: 7921: 7907: 7905: 7898: 7882: 7878: 7864: 7862: 7855: 7839: 7835: 7821: 7819: 7812: 7796: 7792: 7778: 7776: 7769: 7753: 7749: 7739: 7737: 7720: 7716: 7706: 7704: 7695: 7681: 7677: 7667: 7665: 7664:on 26 July 2015 7649: 7645: 7639:Wayback Machine 7630: 7626: 7620:Wayback Machine 7609: 7605: 7599:Wayback Machine 7588: 7584: 7578:Wayback Machine 7567: 7563: 7558:Wayback Machine 7547: 7543: 7533: 7531: 7515: 7514: 7510: 7500:Wayback Machine 7491: 7487: 7471: 7467: 7457: 7455: 7446: 7445: 7441: 7425: 7419: 7415: 7401:Wayback Machine 7390: 7386: 7380:Wayback Machine 7371: 7367: 7354:Wayback Machine 7345: 7341: 7318:10.2307/2196501 7300: 7289: 7279: 7277: 7268: 7267: 7263: 7253: 7251: 7240: 7236: 7226: 7224: 7217: 7201: 7197: 7192:Wayback Machine 7183: 7179: 7172: 7158: 7154: 7144: 7142: 7133: 7132: 7128: 7118: 7116: 7103: 7102: 7098: 7088: 7086: 7071: 7067: 7057: 7055: 7042: 7041: 7037: 7030: 7026: 7016: 7014: 7001: 7000: 6996: 6986: 6984: 6967: 6963: 6953: 6951: 6950:on 3 March 2016 6942: 6941: 6937: 6930: 6914: 6910: 6900: 6898: 6889: 6888: 6884: 6874: 6872: 6871:on 2 April 2012 6863: 6862: 6858: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6835: 6831: 6830: 6797: 6787: 6785: 6772: 6771: 6767: 6757: 6755: 6746: 6745: 6741: 6736:Wayback Machine 6727: 6710: 6700: 6698: 6681: 6656: 6646: 6642: 6632: 6630: 6621: 6620: 6613: 6603: 6601: 6600:on 26 June 2015 6586: 6582: 6572: 6570: 6555: 6551: 6541: 6539: 6534:. 22 May 2021. 6530: 6529: 6525: 6515: 6513: 6512:on 26 June 2015 6500: 6499: 6482: 6472: 6470: 6451: 6447: 6437: 6435: 6420: 6395: 6385: 6383: 6370:Loughran, I.S. 6368: 6364: 6350: 6346: 6341: 6337: 6331:Wayback Machine 6321: 6317: 6307: 6305: 6298:news.google.com 6292: 6291: 6287: 6280: 6264: 6260: 6250: 6248: 6247:on 27 June 2015 6235: 6234: 6197: 6187: 6185: 6176: 6175: 6171: 6161: 6159: 6158:on 27 June 2015 6146: 6145: 6141: 6125: 6124: 6116: 6099: 6081: 6074: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6044: 6035: 6025: 6023: 6008: 6004: 5994: 5992: 5975: 5966: 5961:Wayback Machine 5952: 5948: 5943:on 6 July 2006. 5940: 5934: 5915: 5907: 5903: 5892: 5864: 5860: 5849: 5821: 5817: 5778: 5771: 5765:Wayback Machine 5756: 5752: 5745: 5733:]. 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Kennedy 4329:Adlai Stevenson 4325: 4320: 4304: 4276: 4256: 4236:Leonid Brezhnev 4228: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4147:court martialed 4135:military police 4042: 4003:, a Portuguese 3966: 3944:union territory 3903:Plano Sentinela 3898: 3874:Adlai Stevenson 3851: 3807: 3791:PM Ramachandran 3765: 3672: 3667: 3640: 3629: 3623: 3620: 3605: 3589: 3578: 3566: 3564:Daman air raids 3465: 3460: 3451: 3312: 3254: 3243: 3237: 3234: 3219: 3203: 3192: 3128: 3069: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3034: 3018: 3007: 2919:1st Para Punjab 2849: 2844: 2839: 2789: 2765: 2753:Dabolim Airport 2698: 2670:security forces 2660:Portuguese Army 2652: 2629:merchant marine 2607:Portuguese Navy 2599: 2574:Plano Sentinela 2528: 2497:In March 1960, 2495: 2395:Blackwood class 2325:Madras Regiment 2321:Rajput Regiment 2283: 2278: 2222: 2216: 2130: 2124: 2043:Rajendra Prasad 2035: 2029: 1998: 1992: 1947: 1920:Operation Vijay 1905:Invasion of Goa 1887:territories of 1869: 1864: 1828:Timor (1942–43) 1746:China (1809–10) 1677:India (1729–32) 1545:India (1644–45) 1510:India (1638–39) 1440:Malaysia (1628) 1370:Malaysia (1615) 1350:Malaysia (1606) 1345:Malaysia (1606) 1298:Malaysia (1587) 1293:Malaysia (1586) 1253:Malaysia (1575) 1248:Malaysia (1574) 1243:Malaysia (1573) 1238:India (1570–75) 1218:Goa (1570–1571) 1153:Pakistan (1557) 1138:Malaysia (1551) 1118:Malaysia (1547) 1098:Ethiopia (1543) 1093:Ethiopia (1542) 1088:Ethiopia (1542) 1083:Ethiopia (1542) 1078:Ethiopia (1542) 1068:Ethiopia (1542) 1063:Ethiopia (1541) 1028:Moluccas (1536) 1023:Malaysia (1536) 1018:Malaysia (1535) 1008:Malaysia (1534) 943:Malaysia (1523) 903:Malaysia (1520) 858:Malaysia (1511) 702: 697: 695: 693: 659: 627: 622: 614: 608: 602: 601:fighter-bombers 596: 590: 584: 582: 580: 575: 573: 568: 563: 562:45,000 infantry 552: 542: 532: 526: 524:Adriano Moreira 516: 506: 504:António Salazar 496: 486: 476: 470: 460: 449: 447: 437: 426: 424: 414: 403: 401: 391: 389:J. N. Chaudhuri 380: 378: 368: 357: 355: 345: 334: 332: 324: 317: 306: 304: 294: 286: 284: 274: 264: 254: 252:Rajendra Prasad 244: 239: 237: 215: 213: 201: 199: 185: 172: 158: 157: 151:surrounding sea 148: 126: 110:in present-day 101: 72: 66: 59: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 11558: 11548: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11415: 11413: 11409: 11408: 11406: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11314: 11312: 11308: 11307: 11305: 11304: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11235:Tarak Nath Das 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11185:Shuja-ud-Daula 11182: 11177: 11175:Sarojini Naidu 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11120:Prafulla Chaki 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11065:Mahatma Gandhi 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10821: 10819: 10813: 10812: 10810: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10787:Vakkom Moulavi 10784: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10717:Mahatma Gandhi 10714: 10709: 10704: 10702:Jyotirao Phule 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10642:B. R. Ambedkar 10639: 10634: 10632:Ayya Vaikundar 10629: 10624: 10618: 10616: 10610: 10609: 10607: 10606: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10513: 10511: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10461:Cripps Mission 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10351:Noakhali riots 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10280: 10278: 10272: 10271: 10269: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10217: 10215: 10214:and ideologies 10209: 10208: 10206: 10205: 10198: 10196:Radcliffe Line 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10171:Vellore Mutiny 10168: 10163: 10162: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10138: 10137: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10065: 10063: 10057: 10056: 10049: 10048: 10041: 10034: 10026: 10017: 10016: 10014: 10013: 10006: 9998: 9995: 9994: 9992: 9991: 9986: 9984:Konkan Railway 9981: 9976: 9971: 9965: 9963: 9959: 9958: 9955: 9954: 9952: 9951: 9945: 9943: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9919: 9917: 9913: 9912: 9910: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9887:Salgaocar F.C. 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9863: 9861: 9854: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9802:Konkani cinema 9799: 9797:Konkani people 9794: 9789: 9784: 9778: 9776: 9770: 9769: 9767: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9750: 9748: 9744: 9743: 9741: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9728:Goa University 9724: 9722: 9716: 9715: 9713: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9676: 9674: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9654:Mahadev Temple 9651: 9646: 9641: 9640: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9603: 9601: 9600:Heritage sites 9597: 9596: 9594: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9562: 9560: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9491: 9489: 9483: 9482: 9480: 9479: 9474: 9468: 9466: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9435: 9433: 9429: 9428: 9426: 9425: 9423:Goa civil code 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9389: 9387: 9381: 9380: 9378: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9335:History of Goa 9331: 9329: 9323: 9322: 9304: 9303: 9296: 9289: 9281: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9268: 9267: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9240: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9182: 9180: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9172: 9166: 9164: 9160: 9159: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9131: 9129: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9121: 9116: 9114:Weapon Systems 9111: 9106: 9100: 9098: 9094: 9093: 9091: 9090: 9084: 9082: 9075: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9053: 9051: 9047: 9046: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9039: 9038: 9037: 9032: 9022: 9021: 9020: 9012: 8999: 8993: 8991: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8964: 8954: 8952: 8948: 8947: 8945: 8944: 8939: 8931: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8905: 8900: 8899: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8873: 8868: 8867: 8866: 8865: 8864: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8805: 8803: 8797: 8796: 8794: 8793: 8788: 8787: 8786: 8781: 8780: 8779: 8774: 8766: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8738: 8737: 8736: 8731: 8721: 8710: 8708: 8701: 8695: 8694: 8692: 8691: 8686: 8685: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8651: 8645: 8643: 8639: 8638: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8619:Special forces 8616: 8611: 8606: 8600: 8598: 8594: 8593: 8590: 8589: 8587: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8550: 8548: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8522: 8520: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8474: 8472: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8431: 8430: 8420: 8419: 8418: 8408: 8402: 8400: 8391: 8387: 8386: 8384: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8347: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8325: 8323: 8314: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8239:Prime Minister 8236: 8230: 8228: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8220: 8207: 8194: 8180: 8177: 8176: 8164: 8163: 8156: 8149: 8141: 8135: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8099: 8098:External links 8096: 8095: 8094: 8078: 8071: 8046:(3): 429–449, 8031: 8024: 8017: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7992: 7974: 7961: 7943: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7919: 7897:978-0191583803 7896: 7876: 7854:978-1317936411 7853: 7833: 7811:978-0191003523 7810: 7790: 7768:978-1134833887 7767: 7747: 7714: 7703:on 17 May 2011 7675: 7643: 7624: 7603: 7582: 7561: 7541: 7508: 7485: 7481:978-0788102790 7465: 7439: 7413: 7384: 7365: 7362:978-8171414864 7339: 7312:(3): 617–632. 7287: 7261: 7234: 7215: 7195: 7177: 7170: 7152: 7126: 7096: 7085:on 4 July 2014 7065: 7035: 7024: 6994: 6961: 6935: 6928: 6908: 6882: 6856: 6795: 6765: 6739: 6708: 6654: 6640: 6611: 6580: 6549: 6523: 6480: 6445: 6428:Bharat Rakshak 6393: 6376:Bharat Rakshak 6362: 6344: 6335: 6315: 6285: 6278: 6258: 6195: 6169: 6139: 6097: 6072: 6059:978-0856643910 6058: 6052:. Croom Helm. 6033: 6016:Bharat Rakshak 6002: 5984:Bharat Rakshak 5964: 5946: 5933:978-8170621485 5932: 5901: 5891:978-8170222590 5890: 5882:Goa University 5858: 5848:978-8170998907 5847: 5815: 5769: 5750: 5744:978-9728799533 5743: 5706: 5687: 5668: 5630: 5606: 5580: 5553: 5521: 5512: 5508:New York Times 5499: 5486: 5473: 5460: 5454:978-0881325362 5453: 5433: 5406: 5352: 5329: 5283: 5265: 5239: 5213: 5187: 5168: 5138: 5116: 5110:H. Kay (1970) 5098: 5084: 5058: 5024: 5017: 4997: 4990: 4970: 4939: 4932: 4912: 4903: 4885: 4848: 4841: 4816: 4799:Goancauses.com 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4730:History of Goa 4727: 4722: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4696: 4682: 4666: 4663: 4632: 4629: 4577: 4574: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4515: 4512: 4492:Rio de Janeiro 4472: 4469: 4448: 4445: 4436:Hugh Gaitskell 4412: 4411:United Kingdom 4409: 4398: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4303: 4300: 4284:Prime Minister 4275: 4272: 4255: 4252: 4227: 4224: 4191:Adelino Gwambe 4165: 4164:African states 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4075:S Raghavendran 4041: 4038: 3979:Francis Xavier 3965: 3962: 3908:scorched earth 3897: 3894: 3878:Valerian Zorin 3865:and Liberia). 3850: 3847: 3806: 3803: 3764: 3761: 3731:munitions dump 3694:Wing Commander 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3642: 3641: 3592: 3590: 3583: 3577: 3574: 3565: 3562: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3392:At 12:35, the 3311: 3308: 3256: 3255: 3206: 3204: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3165:Hawker Hunters 3127: 3124: 3071: 3070: 3021: 3019: 3012: 3006: 3003: 2934: 2933: 2922: 2915: 2888:reconnaissance 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2793:reconnaissance 2788: 2785: 2764: 2761: 2715:aircraft from 2697: 2694: 2651: 2648: 2598: 2595: 2527: 2524: 2494: 2491: 2373: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2359: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2240:Daman district 2218:Main article: 2215: 2212: 2200:chief engineer 2171:to intervene. 2126:Main article: 2123: 2120: 2114:, against the 2066:Juliao Menezes 2031:Main article: 2028: 2025: 1994:Main article: 1991: 1988: 1971:State of India 1951:British Empire 1946: 1943: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1719:Morocco (1769) 1716: 1715: 1714: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1525:Morocco (1640) 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1445:Malacca (1629) 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1340:Sumatra (1606) 1337: 1331: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1313:Senegal (1589) 1310: 1308:Mombasa (1589) 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1258:Morocco (1578) 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1228:Honavar (1571) 1225: 1220: 1215: 1213:Sumatra (1569) 1210: 1208:Malacca (1568) 1205: 1200: 1195: 1193:Morocco (1564) 1190: 1188:Morocco (1562) 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1058:Red Sea (1541) 1055: 1053:Red Sea (1541) 1050: 1048:Red Sea (1541) 1045: 1043:Red Sea (1541) 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 998:Morocco (1533) 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 973:Sumatra (1528) 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 933:Sumatra (1522) 930: 925: 920: 918:Bahrain (1521) 915: 913:Sumatra (1521) 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 888:Morocco (1516) 885: 883:Morocco (1515) 880: 878:Morocco (1515) 875: 873:Morocco (1514) 870: 868:Morocco (1514) 865: 863:Morocco (1513) 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 828:Socotra (1507) 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 788:Algeria (1501) 785: 779: 778: 774: 773: 771:Morocco (1490) 768: 766:Morocco (1489) 763: 761:Morocco (1487) 758: 753: 751:Morocco (1471) 748: 746:Morocco (1471) 743: 741:Morocco (1468) 738: 733: 731:Morocco (1458) 728: 726:Morocco (1437) 723: 721:Morocco (1419) 718: 716:Morocco (1415) 712: 711: 707: 704: 703: 692: 691: 684: 677: 669: 661: 660: 658: 657: 656:4,668 captured 654: 651: 648: 645: 641: 639: 635: 634: 630: 629: 619: 589:medium bombers 583:4 minesweepers 559: 558: 554: 553: 551: 550: 530: 514: 494: 473: 471: 469: 468: 445: 422: 399: 376: 353: 330: 302: 282: 262: 234: 231: 230: 226: 225: 210: 196: 195: 191: 190: 187: 186: 176: 174: 168: 167: 166:Indian victory 164: 160: 159: 156: 155: 146: 136: 135: 133: 129: 128: 123: 115: 114: 93: 92: 81: 80: 50: 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11557: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11472: 11470: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11416: 11414: 11410: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11315: 11313: 11309: 11303: 11302: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11180:Satyapal Dang 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11105:Nana Fadnavis 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11070:Mangal Pandey 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11030:Khudiram Bose 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10945:Chetram Jatav 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10915:Bhikaiji Cama 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10905:Bharathidasan 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10890:Basawon Singh 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10822: 10820: 10814: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10777:Sri Aurobindo 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10747:Ram Mohan Roy 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10727:Narayana Guru 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10619: 10617: 10611: 10605: 10604: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10514: 10512: 10510:Organisations 10508: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10471:Bombay Mutiny 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10456:Indian Legion 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10396:1928 Protests 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10341:Rowlatt Bills 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10311: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10281: 10279: 10273: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10218: 10216: 10210: 10204: 10203: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10141: 10139: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10116: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10066: 10064: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10047: 10042: 10040: 10035: 10033: 10028: 10027: 10024: 10012: 10011: 10007: 10005: 10004: 10000: 9999: 9996: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9966: 9964: 9960: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9944: 9940: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9920: 9918: 9914: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9849: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9779: 9777: 9775: 9771: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9751: 9749: 9745: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9725: 9723: 9721: 9717: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9671: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9609: 9608: 9605: 9604: 9602: 9598: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9576:Vasco da Gama 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9563: 9561: 9557: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9488: 9484: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9461: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9449:Western Ghats 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9430: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9386: 9382: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9340:Bhojas of Goa 9338: 9336: 9333: 9332: 9330: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9302: 9297: 9295: 9290: 9288: 9283: 9282: 9279: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9251: 9250: 9242: 9241: 9238: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9177: 9171: 9168: 9167: 9165: 9161: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9126: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9101: 9099: 9095: 9089: 9086: 9085: 9083: 9079: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9054: 9052: 9048: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9027: 9026: 9023: 9019: 9018: 9013: 9011: 9010: 9005: 9004: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8988: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8965: 8963: 8961: 8956: 8955: 8953: 8949: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8937: 8932: 8930: 8929: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8911: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8878: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8863: 8860: 8859: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8832: 8827: 8826: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8806: 8804: 8798: 8792: 8789: 8785: 8782: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8772: 8767: 8765: 8764: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8739: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8726: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8709: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8696: 8690: 8687: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8654: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8640: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8595: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8543: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8523: 8521: 8519: 8515: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8475: 8473: 8471: 8467: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8429: 8426: 8425: 8424: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8413: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8399: 8395: 8392: 8388: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8331: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8318: 8315: 8311: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8264: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8219: 8208: 8206: 8195: 8193: 8182: 8181: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8162: 8157: 8155: 8150: 8148: 8143: 8142: 8139: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8106: 8102: 8101: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8079: 8076: 8072: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8032: 8029: 8025: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8001: 8000: 7990: 7986: 7983: 7977: 7975:972-8799-53-5 7971: 7967: 7962: 7950: 7946: 7944:0-8014-8460-X 7940: 7936: 7935: 7929: 7928: 7916: 7903: 7899: 7893: 7889: 7888: 7880: 7873: 7860: 7856: 7850: 7846: 7845: 7837: 7830: 7817: 7813: 7807: 7803: 7802: 7794: 7787: 7774: 7770: 7764: 7760: 7759: 7751: 7735: 7731: 7730: 7725: 7718: 7702: 7698: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7679: 7663: 7659: 7658: 7654: 7647: 7640: 7636: 7633: 7628: 7621: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7607: 7600: 7596: 7593: 7592: 7586: 7579: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7565: 7559: 7555: 7552: 7545: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7512: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7494: 7489: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7469: 7453: 7449: 7443: 7435: 7431: 7424: 7417: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7388: 7381: 7377: 7374: 7369: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7343: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7306: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7275: 7271: 7265: 7249: 7245: 7238: 7222: 7218: 7212: 7208: 7207: 7199: 7193: 7189: 7186: 7181: 7173: 7167: 7163: 7156: 7140: 7136: 7130: 7114: 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6214: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6143: 6135: 6129: 6121: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6079: 6077: 6061: 6055: 6051: 6050: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6006: 5990: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5962: 5958: 5955: 5950: 5939: 5935: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5914: 5913: 5905: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5869: 5862: 5854: 5850: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5819: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5776: 5774: 5766: 5762: 5759: 5754: 5746: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5691: 5684: 5680: 5677: 5672: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5624: 5623:Rotter (2000) 5619: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5525: 5516: 5509: 5503: 5496: 5490: 5483: 5477: 5470: 5464: 5456: 5450: 5446: 5445: 5437: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5363: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5281: 5277: 5274: 5269: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5227: 5223: 5217: 5201: 5197: 5191: 5184: 5180: 5177: 5172: 5156: 5152: 5145: 5143: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5120: 5113: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5095: 5088: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5046: 5042: 5041: 5035: 5028: 5020: 5014: 5010: 5009: 5001: 4993: 4987: 4983: 4982: 4974: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4943: 4935: 4929: 4925: 4924: 4916: 4907: 4899: 4895: 4889: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4844: 4838: 4834: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4785: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4697: 4694: 4683: 4680: 4669: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4637: 4636:Quincy Wright 4628: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4531: 4529: 4524: 4521: 4511: 4509: 4506:was based on 4505: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4444: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4429: 4428:UK Government 4425: 4421: 4420:Duncan Sandys 4417: 4404: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4386:K. P. Candeth 4380: 4378: 4377: 4371: 4366: 4364: 4363:Time Magazine 4359: 4354: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4323:United States 4315: 4313: 4309: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4151: 4148: 4143: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4105: 4099: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3995: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3980: 3974: 3972: 3971:maroon berets 3961: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3934: 3933:Vasco da Gama 3928: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3909: 3904: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3817: 3812: 3802: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3774: 3773:MD450 Ouragan 3769: 3760: 3758: 3753: 3752:(Class III). 3751: 3750:Ashoka Chakra 3747: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3676: 3662: 3660: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3638: 3635: 3627: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3593:This section 3591: 3587: 3582: 3581: 3573: 3571: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3549: 3545: 3542: 3536: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3495: 3493: 3492:Daman Airport 3489: 3485: 3484:Damão Pequeno 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3407: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3361: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3345: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3321: 3316: 3307: 3304: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3272: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3252: 3249: 3241: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3207:This section 3205: 3201: 3196: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3166: 3161: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3137: 3132: 3123: 3120: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3067: 3064: 3056: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3022:This section 3020: 3016: 3011: 3010: 3002: 3000: 2999:maroon berets 2996: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2978: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2965:Mandovi River 2962: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2951:armoured cars 2946: 2944: 2941:tanks of the 2940: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2879: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2834: 2832: 2831: 2824: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2751:stationed at 2750: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2703: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2682:Guarda Fiscal 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2658:), under the 2657: 2650:Ground forces 2647: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2594: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2523: 2520: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2487: 2482: 2481: 2476: 2475: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2463: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2437: 2432: 2431: 2426: 2425: 2420: 2419: 2414: 2413: 2408: 2407: 2402: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2378: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2308:commanded by 2307: 2303: 2302:K. P. Candeth 2300: 2299:Major General 2297:commanded by 2296: 2292: 2288: 2273: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2227: 2221: 2211: 2207: 2205: 2204:landing party 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2177:Krishna Menon 2174: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2134: 2129: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2100: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2034: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2004: 1997: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1963:Daman and Diu 1960: 1956: 1952: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1913:Krishna Menon 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1798:Angola (1907) 1796: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1702:Brazil (1756) 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1672:Angola (1723) 1670: 1668: 1667:Brazil (1711) 1665: 1663: 1662:Brazil (1710) 1660: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1635:Angola (1681) 1633: 1631: 1630:Angola (1671) 1628: 1626: 1625:Angola (1670) 1623: 1621: 1620:Angola (1670) 1618: 1616: 1615:Brazil (1666) 1613: 1611: 1610:Angola (1665) 1608: 1606: 1605:Margão (1659) 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1595:Mannar (1658) 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1575:Arabia (1650) 1573: 1571: 1570:Brazil (1649) 1568: 1566: 1565:Brazil (1648) 1563: 1561: 1560:Angola (1647) 1558: 1556: 1555:Brazil (1645) 1553: 1551: 1550:Brazil (1645) 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1540:Brazil (1641) 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1520:Brazil (1640) 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1505:Brazil (1638) 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1490:Brazil (1636) 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1480:Arabia (1633) 1478: 1476: 1475:Bengal (1632) 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1465:Brazil (1631) 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1455:Brazil (1630) 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1430:Brazil (1625) 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1420:Angola (1624) 1418: 1416: 1415:Brazil (1624) 1413: 1411: 1410:Angola (1623) 1408: 1406: 1405:Angola (1622) 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1375:Jaffna (1619) 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1318:Jaffna (1591) 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1278:Angola (1583) 1276: 1274: 1273:Arabia (1581) 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1263:Angola (1580) 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1203:Brazil (1567) 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1173:Jaffna (1560) 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1163:Brazil (1558) 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1128:Arabia (1548) 1126: 1124: 1123:Arabia (1548) 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 938:Arabia (1523) 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 833:Arabia (1507) 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 780: 776: 775: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 756:Guinea (1478) 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 713: 709: 708: 705: 700: 690: 685: 683: 678: 676: 671: 670: 667: 655: 652: 649: 646: 643: 642: 640: 637: 636: 631: 626: 620: 617: 612: 606: 600: 594: 588: 579: 572: 566: 561: 560: 555: 547: 541: 536: 531: 525: 520: 515: 511: 505: 500: 495: 491: 485: 484:Américo Tomás 480: 475: 474: 472: 465: 459: 458:K. P. Candeth 456: 446: 442: 436: 433: 423: 419: 413: 410: 400: 396: 390: 387: 377: 373: 367: 366:Aspy Engineer 364: 354: 350: 344: 341: 331: 327: 322: 316: 313: 303: 299: 293: 283: 279: 273: 268: 263: 259: 253: 248: 236: 235: 233: 232: 227: 223: 211: 209: 198: 197: 192: 184: 180: 175: 170: 169: 165: 162: 161: 153:and airspace) 152: 147: 145: 141: 138: 137: 134: 131: 130: 127:(2 days) 124: 121: 120: 116: 113: 109: 106:and state of 105: 104:Daman and Diu 99: 94: 91: 87: 82: 77: 74: 71: 64: 57: 40: 36: 32: 25: 20: 11495:Colonial Goa 11433: 11424:Constitution 11412:Independence 11299: 11270:Vanchinathan 10900:Bhagat Singh 10855:Annie Besant 10816:Independence 10797:Vinoba Bhave 10601: 10597:Swaraj Party 10501:Lucknow Pact 10411:Purna Swaraj 10401:Nehru Report 10308: 10212:Philosophies 10200: 10166:Polygar Wars 10094:French India 10079:Dutch Bengal 10069:Colonisation 10008: 10001: 9942:Competitions 9632:Se Cathedral 9369: 9179:Other topics 9104:Active Ships 9016: 9008: 8990:Insurgencies 8968: 8966: 8959: 8935: 8927: 8909: 8871:Congo Crisis 8830: 8771:Cactus-Lilly 8770: 8762: 8320:Ministry and 8313:Organisation 8104: 8082: 8074: 8043: 8039: 8027: 8020: 8015:(1): 341–358 8012: 8008: 7965: 7953:. Retrieved 7933: 7913: 7906:. Retrieved 7886: 7879: 7870: 7863:. Retrieved 7843: 7836: 7827: 7820:. Retrieved 7800: 7793: 7784: 7777:. Retrieved 7757: 7750: 7740:30 September 7738:. Retrieved 7727: 7717: 7705:. Retrieved 7701:the original 7683: 7678: 7668:30 September 7666:. Retrieved 7662:the original 7655: 7646: 7627: 7611: 7606: 7590: 7585: 7569: 7564: 7544: 7532:. Retrieved 7520: 7511: 7503: 7488: 7468: 7456:. Retrieved 7452:the original 7442: 7433: 7429: 7416: 7392: 7387: 7368: 7342: 7309: 7303: 7278:. Retrieved 7274:the original 7264: 7252:. Retrieved 7237: 7225:. Retrieved 7205: 7198: 7180: 7161: 7155: 7143:. Retrieved 7129: 7117:. Retrieved 7108: 7099: 7087:. Retrieved 7083:the original 7078: 7068: 7056:. Retrieved 7047: 7038: 7027: 7015:. Retrieved 7011:the original 7006: 6997: 6985:. Retrieved 6974: 6964: 6952:. Retrieved 6948:the original 6938: 6918: 6911: 6899:. Retrieved 6885: 6873:. Retrieved 6869:the original 6859: 6849:18 September 6847:. Retrieved 6786:. 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Charter 4450: 4441:Patrick Dean 4433: 4414: 4402: 4382: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4326: 4318:Condemnation 4305: 4277: 4257: 4232:Soviet Union 4229: 4226:Soviet Union 4214: 4199: 4167: 4144: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4079: 4070: 4066: 4058:Alparqueiros 4043: 4027:Mário Soares 4009: 3998: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3975: 3967: 3954: 3948: 3941: 3937: 3929: 3924: 3913: 3902: 3899: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3871: 3867: 3852: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3832: 3826: 3822: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3808: 3799: 3778: 3754: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3727:Diu Fortress 3721: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3699: 3691: 3680: 3673: 3658: 3656: 3651: 3647: 3645: 3630: 3621: 3606:Please help 3594: 3567: 3550: 3546: 3537: 3533: 3518: 3510: 3499: 3496: 3488:Damão Grande 3487: 3483: 3466: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3434: 3428: 3424: 3422: 3417: 3416:and the INS 3413: 3411: 3405: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3385: 3380: 3378: 3373: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3339: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3299: 3294:Arun Auditto 3284: 3277: 3273: 3269:Anjidiv Fort 3259: 3244: 3235: 3220:Please help 3208: 3184: 3169: 3162: 3157:Douglas DC-4 3149: 3141: 3116: 3089: 3074: 3059: 3050: 3035:Please help 3023: 2987: 2979: 2970: 2958: 2956: 2947: 2935: 2901: 2896:battle tanks 2893: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2850: 2829: 2825: 2821:ATC building 2813: 2804: 2803:and the INS 2800: 2790: 2768: 2766: 2741:Douglas DC-4 2738: 2713:Douglas DC-6 2706: 2699: 2690:Guarda Rural 2689: 2681: 2673: 2663: 2655: 2653: 2624: 2621:patrol boats 2615: 2602: 2600: 2589: 2586:agrupamentos 2585: 2582:battlegroups 2577: 2573: 2571: 2560: 2556: 2547: 2545: 2529: 2516: 2496: 2484: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2428: 2423: 2416: 2410: 2405: 2398: 2389: 2382: 2374: 2329: 2293:fielded the 2284: 2266: 2244: 2236:Nagar Haveli 2230: 2223: 2208: 2187: 2185: 2162: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2108:British Army 2097: 2086: 2069: 2063: 2036: 2015: 2011: 2001: 1999: 1948: 1928: 1919: 1917: 1904: 1896: 1879:annexed the 1872: 1870: 1838:India (1961) 1837: 1833:India (1954) 1787:20th century 1771:China (1849) 1761:China (1846) 1735:19th century 1697:India (1752) 1692:India (1746) 1687:India (1746) 1657:India (1704) 1651:18th century 1640:India (1693) 1515:India (1639) 1500:India (1638) 1460:Jambi (1630) 1400:China (1622) 1355:India (1612) 1329:17th century 1268:India (1581) 1198:Japan (1565) 1178:Japan (1561) 1168:India (1559) 1113:India (1547) 1108:India (1546) 1013:Tunis (1535) 993:India (1531) 963:India (1526) 928:China (1521) 853:India (1510) 848:India (1509) 843:India (1508) 823:India (1507) 813:India (1506) 808:India (1506) 793:India (1504) 777:16th century 710:15th century 650:1 sloop lost 409:Rear Admiral 343:P. N. Thapar 315:R. D. Katari 194:Belligerents 73: 38: 29:This is the 23: 11368:Mountbatten 10990:Hemu Kalani 10870:Bagha Jatin 10807:Vivekananda 10562:India House 10446:Act of 1935 10221:Ambedkarism 10089:British Raj 10010:Wikiproject 9782:Comunidades 9510:Dharbandora 8962:(Hyderabad) 8951:Annexations 8936:Devi Shakti 8672:Coast Guard 8205:Indian Navy 8192:Indian Army 7955:13 February 7227:13 February 6976:The Tribune 6788:8 September 6690:The Tribune 6506:ÁreaMilitar 6241:ÁreaMilitar 6152:ÁreaMilitar 6010:Kore, V.S. 5767:Document 72 5704:Document 69 5685:Document 68 5322:20 December 4868:ÁreaMilitar 4809:20 February 4569:Ta Kung Pao 4564:Ta Kung Pao 4548:Ambivalence 4447:Netherlands 4254:Arab states 4175:Radio Ghana 4072:Air Marshal 3795:N.R.P. Vega 3558:Sena Medals 3476:Maharashtra 3100:Zuari River 2991:Sagat Singh 2982:Fort Aguada 2864:Sagat Singh 2749:F-86 Sabres 2696:Air defence 2377:Indian Navy 2336:Erlic Pinto 2313:Sagat Singh 2287:Indian Army 2018:, Portugal 2016:Estado Novo 2012:Estado Novo 2008:colonialism 2003:Estado Novo 1883:, the then 1335:Java (1601) 968:Java (1527) 439:(AOC-in-C, 435:Erlic Pinto 412:B. S. Soman 393:(GOC-in-C, 171:Territorial 11485:Annexation 11469:Categories 11398:Linlithgow 11338:Chelmsford 11328:Cornwallis 11240:Tatya Tope 11110:Nana Saheb 11015:K. Kamaraj 10965:Dhan Singh 10880:Bakht Khan 10532:Arya Samaj 10466:Quit India 10416:Salt March 10275:Events and 10251:Satyagraha 9902:Vasco S.C. 9882:Dempo S.C. 9812:Literature 9649:Fontainhas 9413:Goa Police 9403:State seal 9385:Government 9015:Operation 9007:Operation 8967:Operation 8958:Operation 8934:Operation 8926:Operation 8908:Operation 8829:Operation 8814:Korean War 8784:Kargil War 8769:Operation 8761:Operation 8699:Operations 8227:Leadership 8091:1307824129 7707:2 February 7692:8170225043 7458:9 November 7373:Saude, Goa 7280:9 November 7244:"AEIOU.pt" 7216:9723311348 7171:8178353938 6987:9 November 6901:9 November 6875:9 November 6633:9 November 6573:26 October 6308:29 October 6279:8178355000 6188:9 November 5639:Rusk, Dean 5625:, p. 5258:9 November 5077:29 January 5051:29 January 4963:1 December 4776:References 4653:jus cogens 4127:Moçambique 4088:contusions 3757:Pani Khota 3474:bordering 3429:Saravastri 3398:white flag 3370:morse code 3119:4th Rajput 2939:M4 Sherman 2799:, the INS 2644:Suez Canal 2541:Mozambique 2480:Bimlipatan 1945:Background 898:Goa (1517) 647:57 wounded 581:8 frigates 565:M4 Sherman 179:Portuguese 68:See also: 63:Kargil War 11373:Wellesley 11358:Dalhousie 11220:Surya Sen 11115:P. Kakkan 11075:Mir Qasim 11050:M. N. Roy 10985:Har Dayal 10818:activists 10647:Baba Amte 10637:Ayyankali 10615:reformers 10537:Azad Hind 10277:movements 10256:Socialism 9962:Transport 9720:Education 9685:Netravali 9477:South Goa 9472:North Goa 9464:Districts 9432:Geography 9264:Air Force 9163:Documents 9128:Air Force 9050:Equipment 9009:Blue Star 8852:2016–2018 8847:2014–2015 8802:Conflicts 8800:External 8746:Naval War 8719:1947–1948 8667:Air Force 8642:Personnel 8546:Air Force 8234:President 8068:155219732 8009:Lusotopie 7729:O Heraldo 7684:Goa to Me 7657:Goa Today 7529:0040-781X 7409:0024-3019 7334:147417854 7058:6 January 6604:2 October 6542:4 October 6128:cite book 5920:New Delhi 5835:New Delhi 5661:29 August 4953:The Hindu 4781:Citations 4541:Ayub Khan 4535:President 4465:7th Fleet 4453:The Hague 4422:told the 4344:President 4302:Indonesia 4187:in Africa 4140:cashiered 4119:Vera Cruz 3953:with the 3771:Dassault 3703:sten guns 3646:Like the 3595:does not 3501:caçadores 3303:corporals 3265:Karnataka 3209:does not 3180:T-6 Texan 3024:does not 2960:Caçadores 2861:Brigadier 2859:, led by 2665:caçadores 2633:President 2533:Metropole 2474:Cannonore 2388:INS 2310:Brigadier 2188:Sabarmati 2160:in 1957. 1984:manganese 1982:and some 644:30 killed 638:22 killed 616:T-6 Texan 578:destroyer 455:Maj. 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