680:
148:
661:
380:
31:
736:
718:
3214:
90:
207:
755:
365:
699:
770:
526:" has "Shepherds quake at the sight; / Glories stream from heaven afar, / Heavenly hosts sing Alleluia!" However, this is a free translation of the German, which says "Hirten erst kund gemacht / durch der Engel Halleluja ... That is "Shepherds heard the news first, through (by means of) the angels' Halleluja. No mention of shepherds quailing or quaking, nor of 'Glories streaming from heaven afar'. The German does go on to say the song sounds loudly from far and near - "tönt es laut von fern und nah ..."
301:
3065:
405:, which makes for a balanced composition, as the two groups often occupy opposite sides of the image space around the central figures, and fitted with the theological interpretation of the episode, where the two groups represented the peoples of the world between them. This combination is first found in the 6th-century
115:. The angel explains that he has a message of good news for all people, namely that "Today in the town of David a Savior has been born to you; he is the Messiah, the Lord. This will be a sign to you: You will find a baby wrapped in cloths and lying in a manger."
118:
After this, a great many more angels appear, praising God with the words "Glory to God in the highest heaven, and on earth peace to those on whom his favor rests." Deciding to do as the angel had said, the shepherds travel to
Bethlehem, and find
416:
very often show the shepherds on a steep hill, making visual sense of their placement above the main
Nativity scene. The number of shepherds shown varies also, though three is typical in the West; one or more dogs may be included, as in the
291:
The phrase "peace to men on whom his favor rests" has been interpreted both as expressing a restriction to a particular group of people that God has chosen and inclusively, as God displaying favor to the world.
1010:
679:
324:, the annunciation to the shepherds became an independent subject for art in the 9th century, but has remained relatively uncommon as such, except in extended cycles with many scenes. The standard
421:(right, with red collar). The annunciation to the shepherds became less common as an independent subject in the late Middle Ages, but depictions continued in later centuries. Famous depictions by
619:'s farewell message in 1871 read "Greetings and thanks to the telegraph fraternity throughout the world. Glory to God in the highest, on earth peace, good will to men. – S. F. B. Morse."
735:
189:
case (apparently reflecting a
Semitic idiom that reads strangely in Greek). Most ancient manuscripts of the Greek New Testament have this reading. The original version of the ancient
660:
226:, most modern religious scholars and Bible translators accept the reading of the majority of ancient manuscripts, translating as "on earth peace to those on whom his favor rests" (
3700:
162:
of the Bible translates the words of the angels differently from modern versions, using the words "Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men". Most
288:, in later tradition thought to be one each from the three continents then known, to represent the first declaration of the Christian message to all the peoples of the world.
351:
includes the annunciation to the shepherds peripherally, in the upper left corner, even though it represents an episode occurring prior to the main scene. Similarly, in the
717:
522:" (1867) has the lines "O morning stars together, proclaim the holy birth, / And praises sing to God the King, and peace to men on earth!" The originally German carol "
215:
2316:
4464:
1007:
261:
It is generally considered significant that this message was given to shepherds, who were located on the lower rungs of the social ladder in first-century
2311:
776:
481:
4515:
4459:
199:(ἐπὶ γῆς εἰρήνη ἐν ἀνθρώποις εὐδοκία), literally "on earth (first subject: peace) to men (second subject: good will)," with two subjects in the
2267:
754:
17:
2653:
2014:
4357:
3103:
3422:
1912:
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281:: "He has brought down rulers from their thrones but has lifted up the humble." The shepherds, taken as Jewish, also combine with the
4505:
1018:
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698:
857:
The text of the New
Testament: an introduction to the critical editions and to the theory and practice of modern textual criticism
147:
2247:
4303:
379:
4479:
203:. Expressed in standard English, this gives the familiar "Peace on earth, good will to men" of many ancient Christmas carols.
3335:
2642:
2449:
2523:
564:
441:
the scene was one of those used most often in the development of the depiction of night scenes, especially in 15th century
343:
approach on the left. This is also very common in the West, though the Magi are very often omitted. For example, the 1485
30:
4314:
3765:
2252:
1967:
1312:
185:(ἐπὶ γῆς εἰρήνη ἐν ἀνθρώποις εὐδοκίας), literally "on earth peace to men of good will", with the last word being in the
3746:
3409:
2321:
2110:
1681:
1507:
585:
38:
4484:
567:" (1700) is entirely devoted to describing the annunciation to the shepherds, and the episode is also significant in "
3471:
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597:
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642:" uses the line to juxtapose the meaning of the holiday with the often chaotic nature of the celebrations; as
3923:
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2130:
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811:
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involving a single letter. The Greek text accepted by most modern theological scholars today uses the words
89:
4340:
3528:
3213:
2503:
2207:
1753:
578:
534:
460:, the shepherds are sometimes depicted with musical instruments. A charming but atypical miniature in the
442:
170:", for example, using the words "Peace on the earth, good will to men, / From Heaven's all gracious King."
1092:
1030:
836:
825:
615:
The phrase "Peace on earth, good will to men" has been widely used in a variety of contexts. For example,
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627:
227:
646:
preaches the annunciation of peace and good will, "(just) at that moment, someone slugs Uncle Ben."
393:
Scenes showing the shepherds at the side of the crib are a different subject, formally known as the
195:(denoted א* by scholars) has this reading, but it has been altered by erasure of the last letter to
4331:
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2461:
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321:
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174:
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2608:
2543:
2493:
2488:
2397:
2378:
2262:
1982:
1531:
1305:
361:, the annunciation to the shepherds is seen on a hillside through an opening in the stable wall.
222:
Even though some other ancient Greek manuscripts (and many medieval ones) agree with the edited
4365:
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2177:
2120:
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511:
446:
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1475:
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120:
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Christmas cantatas often deal with the
Annunciation. It features prominently in both Bach's
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2172:
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1932:
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596:, reflects on the phrase "Peace on earth, good will to men" in a pacifist sense, as does "
8:
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1225:
The
Telegraph: A history of Morse's invention and its predecessors in the United States
885:
604:
593:
486:
262:
250:
238:
159:
607:" (Come, you Shepherds) reflects the Annunciation and the Adoration of the shepherds.
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top left of the relevant page, at the end of the sixth line of the first column
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1942:
1882:
1862:
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253:, this is updated to "on earth peace to those on whom his favor rests".
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1795:
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1543:
1069:
270:
186:
66:
1634:
1569:
971:. Stuttgart: United Bible Societies. pp. xv, xxvii, and 207.
107:, shepherds were tending their flocks out in the countryside near
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457:
282:
265:. Contrasting with the more powerful characters mentioned in the
242:
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3595:
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2937:
2927:
2563:
2441:
1907:
1693:
1639:
1420:
465:
305:
132:
58:
249:, but renders it "on earth peace to men of good will". In the
4220:
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3139:
2779:
1465:
128:
112:
70:
62:
54:
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and manuscript illustration (see illustrations here and the
335:
to the present, is to show the scene in the background of a
4225:
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3001:
2665:
1383:
412:
The landscape varies, though scenes in the background of a
332:
230:) or "on earth peace among those with whom he is pleased" (
103:
As described in verses 8–20 of the second chapter of the
947:
631:, explaining that "that's what Christmas is all about,
510:
mention the annunciation to the shepherds, with the
245:, derives from the same Greek text as the original
154:(Manner of) - Announcement to the shepherds c.1600
111:, when they were terrified by the appearance of an
964:
891:The Gospel of Luke: A commentary on the Greek text
850:
472:, as a delighted Virgin Mary stands to one side.
4497:
1131:, 3rd edition, Laurence King Publishing, 2005,
3529:
3097:
1306:
320:Initially depicted only as part of a broader
256:
1072:for a comparison of many other translations.
625:recites the scene verbatim at the climax of
4358:Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke
399:. This is very commonly combined with the
173:The disparity reflects a dispute about the
3536:
3522:
3104:
3090:
1313:
1299:
1202:The Guide to United States Popular Culture
1046:in terra pax in hominibus bonae voluntatis
914:
912:
910:
908:
216:painting of the Adoration of the shepherds
529:The episode plays a much greater role in
881:
879:
877:
378:
363:
299:
205:
146:
88:
41:shows the annunciation to the shepherds.
29:
905:
821:
819:
482:Und es waren Hirten in derselben Gegend
142:
14:
4516:Nativity of Jesus in the New Testament
4498:
166:reflect this older translation, with "
3517:
3111:
3085:
2643:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
1294:
1179:Renaissance Art: A topical dictionary
1149:
1147:
1145:
1125:Paoletti, John T. and Gary M. Radke,
1002:The erasure is visible in the online
943:
941:
874:
746:Angels Appearing before the Shepherds
610:
456:art, drawing on classical stories of
183:epi gēs eirēnē en anthrōpois eudokias
84:
1182:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1987,
1159:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996,
967:The Greek New Testament, 3rd edition
846:
844:
816:
565:While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks
384:The Angel appearing to the Shepherds
369:The Angel Appearing to the Shepherds
339:, typically on the right, while the
197:epi gēs eirēnē en anthrōpois eudokia
97:The Angel Appearing to the Shepherds
4315:Jiizas: di Buk We Luuk Rait bout Im
1058:New American Bible online (Luke 2).
501:
468:shows the shepherds playing to the
295:
24:
3543:
1156:Medieval Art: A topical dictionary
1142:
1042:Douay-Rheims Bible online (Luke 2)
938:
586:I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day
316:was painted between 1332 and 1338.
135:, just as they had been told. The
25:
4532:
1021:for a manuscript comparison tool.
841:
812:Luke 2:11–12, NIV (BibleGateway).
727:The Annunciation to the Shepherds
690:The Annunciation to the Shepherds
314:Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence
4506:Angelic apparitions in the Bible
3212:
3064:
3063:
2519:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
2414:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
1199:Browne, Ray B. and Browne, Pat,
768:
753:
734:
716:
697:
678:
659:
649:
345:Adoration of the shepherds scene
1216:
1193:
1170:
1119:
1108:
1097:
1086:
1075:
1062:
1051:
1035:
1024:
598:It Came Upon the Midnight Clear
577:, the originally French carol "
574:Angels from the Realms of Glory
545:Peace on earth, and mercy mild,
168:It Came Upon the Midnight Clear
3919:Nunc dimittis (Song of Simeon)
2499:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
2428:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
1811:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
1590:Legend of the Christmas Spider
1246:Annunciation to the shepherds
1093:Luke 1:52, NIV (BibleGateway).
1031:Luke 2:14, ESV (BibleGateway).
996:
985:
860:. Eerdmans. pp. 288–289.
837:Luke 2:14, KJV (BibleGateway).
830:
826:Luke 2:14, NIV (BibleGateway).
805:
794:Chapel of the Shepherds' Field
555:"Christ is born in Bethlehem!"
553:With th'angelic host proclaim,
551:Join the triumph of the skies;
386:, fresco of the 12th century,
13:
1:
3924:Parable of the Unjust Steward
3360:Annunciation to the shepherds
2450:Christmas television specials
2349:The New Oxford Book of Carols
1436:Annunciation to the shepherds
1320:
799:
763:stained-glass window, c. 1910
671:Annunciation to the Shepherds
541:Hark! The herald angels sing,
388:Basilica of San Isidoro, León
73:. It is a common subject of
47:annunciation to the shepherds
18:Annunciation to the Shepherds
2504:Christmas and holiday season
579:Angels We Have Heard on High
549:Joyful, all ye nations rise,
547:God and sinners reconciled!"
535:Hark! The Herald Angels Sing
443:Early Netherlandish painting
241:, translated from the Latin
7:
4297:Jerusalem school hypothesis
3914:New Wine into Old Wineskins
787:
640:I Yust Go Nuts at Christmas
543:"Glory to the newborn King;
10:
4537:
4444:Ohrid Glagolitic fragments
3766:Presentation at the Temple
1416:Adoration of the Shepherds
1283:Adoration of the Shepherds
709:The Sheperds and the angel
590:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
520:O Little Town of Bethlehem
396:Adoration of the shepherds
257:Theological interpretation
137:adoration of the shepherds
4480:American Standard Version
4452:
4376:
4324:
4249:
4163:
3942:
3891:
3721:
3699:
3566:
3551:
3480:
3408:
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2994:
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2910:
2884:
2863:
2742:
2687:
2674:
2660:WWE Tribute to the Troops
2472:
2421:A Visit from St. Nicholas
2367:
2342:The Oxford Book of Carols
2278:
2109:
1918:Feast of the Seven Fishes
1831:
1752:
1663:
1540:
1481:Massacre of the Innocents
1394:
1330:
1279:
1270:
1258:
1244:
628:A Charlie Brown Christmas
328:depiction, still used in
3747:John the Baptist's Birth
2462:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
1128:Art in Renaissance Italy
992:Aland and Aland, p. 233.
854:; Barbara Aland (1995).
537:" (1739), which begins:
514:being the most ancient.
475:
4267:Authorship of Luke–Acts
2624:Small Business Saturday
2494:Black Friday (shopping)
2489:Black Friday (partying)
1983:Nine Lessons and Carols
1913:Events and celebrations
1205:, Popular Press, 2001,
581:", and several others.
429:exist. Along with the
273:, they seem to reflect
34:This late 15th-century
27:Scene from the Nativity
4060:Mary, sister of Martha
3934:The four woes of Jesus
3742:Adoration of shepherds
3498:Church of the Nativity
2268:Post-War United States
1013:July 25, 2011, at the
558:
512:Gloria in Excelsis Deo
447:Geertgen tot Sint Jans
390:
376:
359:Geertgen tot Sint Jans
317:
269:, such as the Emperor
219:
210:This 1663 painting by
155:
100:
42:
4485:World English Version
4292:Two-gospel hypothesis
4050:Mary, mother of Jesus
3771:Finding in the Temple
3395:Saint Joseph's dreams
3390:Virgin birth of Jesus
3332:Adoration of the Magi
2317:Hit singles in the US
2312:Hit singles in the UK
1873:Carols by Candlelight
1801:Santa Claus' daughter
1409:Adoration of the Magi
563:'s well-known carol "
539:
402:Adoration of the Magi
382:
367:
303:
209:
150:
92:
49:is an episode in the
33:
3929:Rich man and Lazarus
3729:Annunciation to Mary
2609:Santa's Candy Castle
1933:Google Santa Tracker
686:Jules Bastien-Lepage
484:, Part II of Bach's
349:Domenico Ghirlandaio
143:Translational issues
4257:Luke the Evangelist
4025:Joseph of Arimathea
3801:Sermon on the Plain
3752:Census of Quirinius
2614:Santa Claus Village
2529:Christmas Mountains
2435:Journey of the Magi
1441:Baptism of the Lord
1228:, McFarland, 2003,
886:Marshall, I. Howard
742:Henry Ossawa Tanner
432:Agony in the Garden
409:made in Palestine.
69:about the birth of
4475:King James Version
4345:(Penderecki, 1966)
3791:Calling of Matthew
2724:Twelve-dish supper
2574:Jews and Christmas
2524:Christmas Lectures
2253:American Civil War
1988:NORAD Tracks Santa
1364:Saint Nicholas Day
1044:, from the Latin "
951:; Black, Matthew;
927:, Eerdmans, 1997,
924:The Gospel of Luke
894:, Eerdmans, 1978,
638:The novelty song "
611:In popular culture
605:Kommet, ihr Hirten
603:The German carol "
594:American Civil War
487:Christmas Oratorio
391:
377:
318:
251:New American Bible
239:Douay-Rheims Bible
220:
160:King James Version
156:
101:
85:Biblical narrative
43:
4493:
4492:
4309:Gospel of Marcion
4155:Seventy disciples
4075:Philip (tetrarch)
3828:Great Commandment
3813:Calming the storm
3796:Counting the cost
3737:and the shepherds
3717:
3716:
3511:
3510:
3443:Nativity displays
3433:Christmas village
3400:Flight into Egypt
3385:Star of Bethlehem
3368:
3367:
3274:Gospel of Matthew
3239:Gifts of the Magi
3208:
3207:
3113:Nativity of Jesus
3079:
3078:
3055:
3054:
2719:Thirteen desserts
2639:Virginia O'Hanlon
2484:Advent Conspiracy
2398:Films (Christmas,
2390:A Christmas Carol
2335:Carols for Choirs
1878:Cavalcade of Magi
1858:Boar's Head Feast
1527:Star of Bethlehem
1498:Nativity of Jesus
1486:flight into Egypt
1371:St. Stephen's Day
1289:
1288:
1280:Succeeded by
1104:Marshall, p. 112.
957:Metzger, Bruce M.
354:Nativity at Night
152:Abraham Bloemaert
53:described in the
51:Nativity of Jesus
16:(Redirected from
4528:
4470:Wycliffe Version
4439:Codex Nitriensis
4304:Textual variants
4272:Synoptic Gospels
4070:Philip (apostle)
4015:John the Baptist
3848:Passion of Jesus
3843:Olivet Discourse
3818:Feeding the 5000
3564:
3563:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3270:
3269:
3216:
3124:
3123:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3083:
3082:
3071:
3067:
3066:
2902:Redcurrant sauce
2691:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2654:Winter festivals
2404:Christmas horror
2371:
2282:
2113:
1968:Meals and feasts
1888:Christmas jumper
1835:
1806:Santa's reindeer
1758:
1704:Father Christmas
1668:
1625:Santa's workshop
1546:
1508:in later culture
1386:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1324:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1259:Preceded by
1242:
1241:
1237:
1220:
1214:
1197:
1191:
1174:
1168:
1151:
1140:
1123:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1066:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1039:
1033:
1028:
1022:
1004:Codex Sinaiticus
1000:
994:
989:
983:
982:
970:
953:Martini, Carlo M
945:
936:
916:
903:
883:
872:
871:
848:
839:
834:
828:
823:
814:
809:
772:
757:
738:
724:Heinrich Vogeler
720:
701:
682:
663:
569:The First Nowell
508:Christmas carols
502:Christmas carols
438:Arrest of Christ
330:Eastern Orthodox
296:Depiction in art
277:'s words in the
247:Codex Sinaiticus
224:Codex Sinaiticus
192:Codex Sinaiticus
164:Christmas carols
79:Christmas carols
65:tell a group of
21:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4448:
4372:
4342:St Luke Passion
4333:St Luke Passion
4320:
4245:
4159:
4110:Tiberius Caesar
4005:Herod the Great
3938:
3887:
3823:Transfiguration
3713:
3695:
3555:
3547:
3542:
3512:
3507:
3476:
3404:
3364:
3341:
3261:
3233:
3217:
3204:
3200:Herod the Great
3183:
3155:
3115:
3110:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3051:
3017:Pickled herring
2990:
2959:
2906:
2897:Cranberry sauce
2880:
2859:
2835:Red velvet cake
2820:Poppy seed roll
2738:
2689:
2678:
2676:
2670:
2649:White Christmas
2539:Christmas truce
2534:Christmas seals
2514:Christmas creep
2476:
2474:
2468:
2369:
2363:
2280:
2274:
2111:
2105:
1958:Lord of Misrule
1893:Christmas Peace
1843:Advent calendar
1833:
1827:
1776:Knecht Ruprecht
1756:
1754:
1748:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1461:Herod the Great
1396:
1390:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1285:
1275:
1268:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1221:
1217:
1198:
1194:
1175:
1171:
1152:
1143:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1052:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1025:
1015:Wayback Machine
1001:
997:
990:
986:
979:
946:
939:
917:
906:
884:
875:
868:
849:
842:
835:
831:
824:
817:
810:
806:
802:
790:
785:
784:
783:
780:
773:
764:
758:
749:
739:
730:
721:
712:
702:
693:
683:
674:
667:Joachim Wtewael
664:
652:
644:Gabriel Heatter
613:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
516:Phillips Brooks
504:
478:
449:linked above).
423:Abraham Hondius
298:
259:
214:has a matching
212:Abraham Hondius
201:nominative case
145:
127:and the infant
87:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4534:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4511:Gospel of Luke
4508:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4362:
4354:
4346:
4338:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4277:Gospel of Mark
4274:
4264:
4259:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4236:Sea of Galilee
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4080:Pontius Pilate
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4055:Mary Magdalene
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4030:Judas Iscariot
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3904:Fishers of men
3901:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3858:Pilate's court
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3705:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3561:
3549:
3548:
3545:Gospel of Luke
3541:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3518:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3347:Gospel of Luke
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3132:
3130:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3086:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2948:Smoking Bishop
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2682:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2636:
2631:
2629:Super Saturday
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2559:Giving Tuesday
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2509:Christmas club
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2407:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2356:Piae Cantiones
2352:
2345:
2338:
2328:
2322:Music charts (
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2286:
2284:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2007:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1791:Père Fouettard
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1757:Saint Nicholas
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1709:Grandpa Indian
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1677:Saint Nicholas
1673:
1671:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1615:Old Man Winter
1612:
1607:
1602:
1600:Miner's figure
1597:
1592:
1587:
1585:Kallikantzaros
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1515:Nativity scene
1512:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1400:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1350:Children's Day
1346:
1339:
1336:Blue Christmas
1331:
1328:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1269:
1262:Birth of Jesus
1260:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1215:
1192:
1176:Earls, Irene,
1169:
1153:Ross, Leslie,
1141:
1118:
1115:Green, p. 137.
1107:
1096:
1085:
1082:Green, p. 130.
1074:
1061:
1050:
1034:
1023:
995:
984:
977:
961:Wikgren, Allen
937:
919:Green, Joel B.
904:
873:
866:
840:
829:
815:
803:
801:
798:
797:
796:
789:
786:
782:
781:
774:
767:
765:
759:
752:
750:
740:
733:
731:
722:
715:
713:
703:
696:
694:
684:
677:
675:
665:
658:
655:
654:
653:
651:
648:
623:Linus van Pelt
612:
609:
588:", written by
531:Charles Wesley
503:
500:
477:
474:
462:La Flora Hours
407:Monza ampullae
322:Nativity scene
297:
294:
258:
255:
144:
141:
105:Gospel of Luke
86:
83:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4533:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4465:Latin Vulgate
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4361:(2007, radio)
4360:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
4000:Herod Antipas
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
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3836:
3834:
3833:Lord's Prayer
3831:
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3807:
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3710:
3709:Luke 22:43–44
3707:
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3569:
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3562:
3559:
3558:New Testament
3554:
3550:
3546:
3539:
3534:
3532:
3527:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3504:
3503:Nativity Fast
3501:
3499:
3496:
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3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3470:
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3455:Nativity play
3453:
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3141:
3137:
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3018:
3015:
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3008:
3005:
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3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:Meat and fish
2993:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
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2969:
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2966:
2962:
2956:
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2936:
2934:
2933:Hot chocolate
2931:
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2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
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2634:Ugly sweaters
2632:
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2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:Controversies
2542:
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2537:
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2532:
2530:
2527:
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2517:
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2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2379:In literature
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2366:
2358:
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2353:
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2283:
2277:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2248:United States
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
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2209:
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2176:
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2171:
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2166:
2162:
2159:
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2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
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2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
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2089:
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2079:
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2069:
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2064:
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2045:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1978:Moravian star
1976:
1974:
1973:Midnight Mass
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
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1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1863:Candle arches
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1853:Advent wreath
1851:
1849:
1848:Advent candle
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
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1836:
1830:
1824:
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1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1755:Companions of
1751:
1745:
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1727:
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1692:
1690:
1687:
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1680:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:Gift-bringers
1662:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
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1638:
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1566:
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1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1539:
1533:
1532:Twelfth Night
1530:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1493:Nativity Fast
1491:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:Christmastide
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1426:Angel Gabriel
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1404:Biblical Magi
1402:
1401:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1357:Christmas Eve
1354:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1284:
1277:
1274:
1273:New Testament
1267:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1251:Life of Jesus
1243:
1235:
1234:0-7864-1808-7
1231:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1211:0-87972-821-3
1208:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1188:0-313-24658-0
1185:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1165:0-313-29329-5
1162:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1138:
1137:1-85669-439-9
1134:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1078:
1071:
1065:
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1054:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1005:
999:
993:
988:
980:
978:3-438-05113-3
974:
969:
968:
962:
958:
954:
950:
944:
942:
934:
933:0-8028-2315-7
930:
926:
925:
920:
915:
913:
911:
909:
901:
900:0-8028-3512-0
897:
893:
892:
887:
882:
880:
878:
869:
867:0-8028-4098-1
863:
859:
858:
853:
847:
845:
838:
833:
827:
822:
820:
813:
808:
804:
795:
792:
791:
778:
777:St. Matthew's
771:
766:
762:
756:
751:
747:
743:
737:
732:
728:
725:
719:
714:
710:
706:
700:
695:
691:
687:
681:
676:
672:
668:
662:
657:
656:
650:Image gallery
647:
645:
641:
636:
634:
633:Charlie Brown
630:
629:
624:
620:
618:
608:
606:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
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467:
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459:
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433:
428:
424:
420:
415:
410:
408:
404:
403:
398:
397:
389:
385:
381:
374:
373:Govert Flinck
370:
366:
362:
360:
356:
355:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
331:
327:
323:
315:
311:
307:
302:
293:
289:
287:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
254:
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248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
217:
213:
208:
204:
202:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
180:
179:New Testament
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
153:
149:
140:
138:
134:
131:lying in the
130:
126:
122:
116:
114:
110:
106:
98:
95:
91:
82:
80:
76:
75:Christian art
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
40:
37:
32:
19:
4364:
4356:
4348:
4341:
4332:
4313:
4216:Jordan River
4010:Jesus Christ
3878:Resurrection
3838:Prodigal son
3762:Circumcision
3757:Jesus' Birth
3736:
3481:Remembrances
3359:
3327:Matthew 2:11
3322:Matthew 1:25
3317:Matthew 1:24
3312:Matthew 1:23
3307:Matthew 1:22
3302:Matthew 1:21
3297:Matthew 1:20
3292:Matthew 1:19
3287:Matthew 1:18
3252:Frankincense
3136:Christ Child
3007:Gefilte fish
2955:Ponche crema
2790:Melomakarono
2658:
2549:Cyber Monday
2454:
2419:
2388:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2330:Music books
2323:
2161:Nazi Germany
2053:
2049:Secret Santa
2036:
1923:Flying Santa
1630:Tió de Nadal
1580:Korvatunturi
1435:
1431:Annunciation
1397:Christianity
1378:Sol Invictus
1271:
1266:The Nativity
1249:
1223:
1218:
1200:
1195:
1177:
1172:
1167:, pp. 16–17.
1154:
1126:
1121:
1110:
1099:
1088:
1077:
1064:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1026:
1003:
998:
987:
966:
922:
889:
856:
832:
807:
745:
726:
708:
689:
670:
637:
626:
621:
617:Samuel Morse
614:
602:
583:
572:
559:
540:
528:
524:Silent Night
505:
495:
494:of Handel's
485:
479:
470:Infant Jesus
461:
451:
436:
430:
419:Taddeo Gaddi
413:
411:
400:
394:
392:
383:
368:
352:
336:
319:
310:Taddeo Gaddi
290:
260:
246:
236:
223:
221:
196:
190:
182:
172:
157:
117:
102:
96:
46:
44:
4377:Manuscripts
4369:(2014 film)
4353:(1979 film)
4325:Adaptations
4241:Trachonitis
4095:Simon Peter
3863:Crucifixion
3853:Last Supper
3128:Holy Family
3022:Roast goose
2943:Mulled wine
2923:Champurrado
2918:Apple cider
2892:Bread sauce
2845:Szaloncukor
2825:Pumpkin pie
2775:Gingerbread
2729:Smörgåsbord
2370:Other media
2208:Philippines
2198:New Zealand
2081:Twelve Days
2038:Räuchermann
1993:Nutcrackers
1943:Las Posadas
1903:Decorations
1883:Christingle
1823:Zwarte Piet
1818:Snegurochka
1739:Sinterklaas
1689:Santa Claus
1222:Lewis Coe,
1017:. See also
949:Aland, Kurt
852:Aland, Kurt
592:during the
584:The carol "
454:Renaissance
61:, in which
4500:Categories
4460:Greek Text
4366:The Savior
4145:Samaritans
4100:Theophilus
3909:Magnificat
3899:Benedictus
3873:Empty tomb
3806:Beatitudes
3786:Temptation
3410:In culture
3266:Narratives
2750:Candy cane
2699:Joulupöytä
2599:Pikkujoulu
2263:New Mexico
2112:By country
2086:Wassailing
2027:Poinsettia
1834:Traditions
1786:Mrs. Claus
1766:Belsnickel
1719:Julemanden
1714:Joulupukki
1645:Wenceslaus
1610:North Pole
1575:Jack Frost
1565:Christkind
1520:Neapolitan
1343:Boxing Day
800:References
775:Window at
705:Carl Bloch
561:Nahum Tate
341:Three Magi
286:Three Magi
279:Magnificat
175:Greek text
4521:Shepherds
4384:Papyrus 2
4335:, BWV 246
4262:Luke–Acts
4211:Jerusalem
4191:Decapolis
4186:Capernaum
4181:Bethsaida
4150:Sanhedrin
4140:Sadducees
4135:Pharisees
4120:Zechariah
4085:Quirinius
3990:Elizabeth
3883:Ascension
3776:Genealogy
3733:Elizabeth
3493:Christmas
3282:Matthew 1
3229:Bethlehem
3195:Shepherds
3179:Balthazar
3037:Tourtière
3027:Romeritos
2964:Dumplings
2911:Beverages
2815:Pecan pie
2805:Panettone
2800:Pampushka
2795:Mince pie
2770:Fruitcake
2714:Réveillon
2594:NFL games
2589:NBA games
2584:In August
2554:Economics
2324:Billboard
2178:Indonesia
2121:Australia
2096:Yule goat
2071:Stockings
2005:Ornaments
1734:Père Noël
1729:Olentzero
1724:Noel Baba
1699:Ded Moroz
1655:Yule Lads
1595:Mari Lwyd
1446:Bethlehem
1323:Christmas
1213:, p. 171.
1068:See also
935:, p. 129.
902:, p. 111.
490:, and in
427:Rembrandt
326:Byzantine
263:Palestine
139:follows.
109:Bethlehem
94:Rembrandt
67:shepherds
39:miniature
4287:L source
4282:Q source
4040:Lysanias
3975:Caiaphas
3970:Augustus
3568:Chapters
3428:Batlejka
3169:Melchior
3070:Category
3041:meat pie
3032:Stuffing
2986:Varenyky
2855:Yule log
2830:Qurabiya
2704:Julebord
2677:Food and
2604:SantaCon
2569:El Gordo
2456:Yule Log
2228:Scotland
2141:Ethiopia
2126:Colombia
2101:Yule log
2055:Spanbaum
2032:Pyramids
1898:Crackers
1796:Sack Man
1682:folklore
1650:Yule cat
1555:Badalisc
1545:folklore
1456:Epiphany
1236:, p. 36.
1190:, p. 18.
1139:, p. 91.
1011:Archived
963:(1983).
788:See also
435:and the
414:Nativity
337:Nativity
271:Augustus
267:Nativity
187:genitive
4453:Sources
4250:Related
4231:Samaria
4201:Galilee
4176:Bethany
4171:Abilene
4115:Zebedee
4035:Lazarus
3995:Gabriel
3892:Phrases
3781:Baptism
3465:Serbian
3423:In film
3373:Related
2976:Pierogi
2971:Hallaca
2876:Borscht
2840:Stollen
2810:Pavlova
2785:Makówki
2765:Cozonac
2734:Wigilia
2619:Scrooge
2579:In July
2477:society
2409:Poetry
2243:Ukraine
2218:Romania
2183:Ireland
2173:Iceland
2168:Hungary
2156:Germany
2146:Finland
2136:England
2131:Denmark
2091:Windows
2022:Piñatas
2010:Parades
1963:Markets
1948:Letters
1938:Hampers
1781:Krampus
1620:Perchta
1560:Caganer
1276:Events
1006:at the
761:Tiffany
496:Messiah
458:Orpheus
375:, 1639
312:in the
283:Gentile
243:Vulgate
177:of the
77:and of
36:Flemish
4337:(1730)
4206:Iturea
4196:Emmaus
4164:Places
4130:Angels
4126:Groups
4105:Thomas
4090:Simeon
4065:Naaman
4045:Martha
4020:Joseph
3985:Elisha
3955:Andrew
3950:Abijah
3943:People
3868:Burial
3722:Events
3701:Verses
3576:Luke 1
3488:Advent
3472:Others
3460:Vertep
3438:Szopka
3418:In art
3380:Manger
3355:Luke 2
3336:In art
3188:Others
3174:Caspar
3151:Joseph
3120:People
3047:Turkey
2981:Tamale
2938:Kissel
2928:Eggnog
2885:Sauces
2871:Menudo
2850:Turrón
2760:Cookie
2743:Sweets
2709:Kūčios
2690:Dinner
2564:Grinch
2475:modern
2442:Tomten
2401:Santa,
2384:novels
2302:Operas
2290:Carols
2258:Hawaii
2238:Sweden
2233:Serbia
2223:Russia
2213:Poland
2203:Norway
2193:Mexico
2151:France
2066:Stamps
2061:Szopka
1953:Lights
1908:Didukh
1744:Others
1694:Befana
1640:Vertep
1503:in art
1471:Joseph
1421:Advent
1232:
1209:
1186:
1163:
1135:
975:
931:
898:
864:
779:, 1912
748:, 1910
729:, 1902
711:, 1879
692:, 1875
673:, 1606
492:Part I
466:Naples
306:fresco
133:manger
125:Joseph
99:, 1634
63:angels
59:Luke 2
4350:Jesus
4221:Judea
3980:David
3965:Annas
3553:Bible
3448:theft
3257:Myrrh
3222:Place
3140:Jesus
2780:Kutia
2679:drink
2307:Songs
2281:Music
2188:Italy
2044:Seals
1998:dolls
1928:Gifts
1868:Cards
1771:Elves
1635:Turoń
1605:Nisse
1570:Grýla
1466:Jesus
506:Many
476:Music
333:icons
304:This
129:Jesus
113:angel
71:Jesus
55:Bible
4226:Nain
3960:Anna
3764:and
3247:Gold
3161:Magi
3146:Mary
3002:Carp
2864:Soup
2755:Cake
2666:Xmas
2295:list
2076:Tree
2015:list
1476:Mary
1385:Yule
1230:ISBN
1207:ISBN
1184:ISBN
1161:ISBN
1133:ISBN
1070:here
1019:here
973:ISBN
929:ISBN
896:ISBN
862:ISBN
533:'s "
425:and
275:Mary
237:The
158:The
123:and
121:Mary
45:The
4434:111
3012:Ham
1542:In
635:".
600:".
571:",
518:' "
464:in
452:In
357:of
347:by
308:by
234:).
232:ESV
228:NIV
57:in
4502::
4429:97
4424:82
4419:75
4414:69
4409:45
4404:42
3735:,
3731:,
3691:24
3686:23
3681:22
3676:21
3671:20
3666:19
3661:18
3656:17
3651:16
3646:15
3641:14
3636:13
3631:12
3626:11
3621:10
2645:")
2641:("
2473:In
1395:In
1264::
1144:^
1048:."
959:;
955:;
940:^
921:,
907:^
888:,
876:^
843:^
818:^
744:,
707:,
688:,
669:,
498:.
371:,
81:.
4399:7
4394:4
4389:3
3616:9
3611:8
3606:7
3601:6
3596:5
3591:4
3586:3
3581:2
3560:)
3556:(
3537:e
3530:t
3523:v
3338:)
3334:(
3142:)
3138:(
3105:e
3098:t
3091:v
3043:)
3039:(
2444:"
2440:"
2437:"
2433:"
2430:"
2426:"
2416:"
2412:"
2406:)
2326:)
1314:e
1307:t
1300:v
981:.
870:.
218:.
20:)
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