23:
472:
informs him about Tiamat plotting against the younger deities, which prompts Anshar to blame him and task him with finding a solution. After he fails, Anshar sends Anu to attempt to solve the issue, but he is similarly unsuccessful. Ea eventually convinces him that the only god who can defeat Tiamat
403:
Beaulieu argues that the identification between Anshar and Ashur was additionally meant to facilitate equating the latter with Anu. He suggests this might have been the reason why Anu's prominence in the local pantheon of Uruk increased from the fifth century BCE onward. Julia Krul disagrees with
404:
this proposal, and points out that while it is plausible that in Uruk the clergy might have accepted the equation between Anshar and Ashur, there is no evidence that the latter was viewed as related to Anu, or that theological ideas pertaining to him influenced Anu's cult.
329:, in which AN.ŠÁR(.GAL) is used as a logographic representation of Anu's name. However, Julia Krul stresses that equations of deities with their fathers represent speculation mostly typical for god lists, and did not necessarily influence the sphere of
517:, the change is "superficial" and "leaves the plot in chaos by attributing Marduk's part to his great-grandfather, without making any attempt to iron out the resulting confusion". This rewrite might be referenced in a late Assyrian commentary on the
213:, which represented the totality of heaven and earth. It was believed that he was involved in creation of the world and the other deities. He was regarded as a primordial deity. As such, he was an abstract figure who was not actively worshiped.
481:
to inform Lahmu and Lahamu about his decision to rely on Marduk. After emerging victorious, Marduk replaces Anshar as the new king of the gods. The latter is the first deity to provide him with new names. He states that Marduk will be known as
383:. He points out that they indicate AN.ŠÁR was actively worshiped, which would be unusual if the name referred to the primordial god. A small shrine dedicated to AN.ŠÁR is attested in sources from the Neo-Babylonian and early
395:
immigrants. In the former case, the worship of Ashur in Uruk would most likely reflect a political alliance between local elites and the
Assyrian state, as there is no evidence his cult was imposed in any
619:
period, four of which come from the same copy, refers to Anshar as the father of Anu. While restoration of the text remains uncertain, it is possible that it describes his death at the hands of
585:
and others. Such enumerations are embedded in a number of expository or ritual texts. In one case, Anshar is equated in this context with the minor underworld god
387:
periods, but it is uncertain when his cult was introduced to the city. It might have originally been established either when the city was under the control of the
525:
had not been created" but "city and house were in existence", which reflects the role of Marduk (and thus Ashur) more accurately than that of Anshar himself.
1605:
282:
are Anu's parents instead of Anshar and Kishar. The oldest attestation of the tradition presenting Anshar as Anu s father is the
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1403:
1371:
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it became the conventional writing of Ashur's name. The goal of this equation was to establish the seniority of Ashur over
623:
and
Ninamakalla, which would indicate it preserves a succession narrative in which the actively worshiped members of the
270:
to refer to listings of the latter's ancestors. They are typically less systematic than better known enumerations of the
40:
1317:
The
Splintered Divine: A Study of Istar, Baal, and Yahweh: Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity in the Ancient Near East
642:, according to which in Babylonian cosmology figures named Assōros and Kissarē were the parents of Anos (Anu), Illinos (
513:, who replaces Marduk as the protagonist, but is also identified with the aforementioned primordial deity. As noted by
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464:'s children. However, the former option is considered the correct interpretation. Anshar serves for a time as the
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This goddess is addressed as Enki's sister in this composition, but she is otherwise only known from the
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1600:
330:
266:. He is one of the deities belonging to the so-called "theogony of Anu", a conventional term used in
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the logogram AN.ŠÁR could be used to represent the name of the supreme deity of the state pantheon,
238:, which opens with an invocation of them both. However, in a late astronomical commentary (tablet
586:
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The goddess Kishar ("whole earth") was regarded as Anshar's spouse. They appear together in the
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states that Anshar sending Anu to confront Tiamat corresponds to the celebrations during which
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8:
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Piotr
Steinkeller notes that the association between Anshar and Ashur might explain why
325:). Further examples are available from various scholarly texts from Uruk postdating the
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suggests that the logogram AN.ŠÁR also designates Assur in texts from Neo-Babylonian
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The
Revival of the Anu Cult and the Nocturnal Fire Ceremony at Late Babylonian Uruk
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Anu and Anshar could alternatively be equated with each other. A god list with the
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1339:"The Cult of AN.ŠÁR/Aššur in Babylonia After the Fall of the Assyrian Empire"
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and subsequently partakes in further name-giving alongside Lahmu and Lahamu.
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Ancient
Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses: Anšar and Kišar (god and goddess)
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Anshar appears in multiple lists of defeated primordial figures alongside
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rather than in
Babylonia, appears as a messenger of the former in the
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was in circulation in the first millennium BCE. In the bilingual poem
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as "the whole heaven". Benjamin R. Foster suggests that together with
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A reference to Anshar has been identified in a quotation from
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he was understood as the personification of the circle of the
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As attested for the first time in sources from the reign of
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321:(tablet I, line 8) equates Anshar with both Anu and Antu (
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68593) Kishar is instead the spouse of the star
Gudanna (
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A myth only known from five fragments dated to either
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1421:
Before the muses: an anthology of
Akkadian literature
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The
Pantheon of Uruk During the Neo-Babylonian period
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focused on establishing a connection between him and
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313:version, with Kishar analogously representing
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627:depose a generation of primordial deities.
552:Anshar is referenced in passing in the myth
1535:(4). University of Chicago Press: 289–294.
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532:with various ritual observances from
201:as AN.ŠÁR. It can be translated from
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676:Kakka is a messenger of Anu instead.
505:tentatively dated to the reign from
477:. Anshar then summons his attendant
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1343:State Archives of Assyria Bulletin
216:The theonym Anshargal attested in
14:
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689:god list, where she occurs after
309:Anshar corresponds to Anu in the
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43: instead of cuneiform script.
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1529:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1395:The Literature of Ancient Sumer
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592:A royal hymn from the reign of
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224:Associations with other deities
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456:, or instead a second pair of
234:and in the exorcistic formula
1:
1366:. Leiden Boston: Brill STYX.
1362:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2003).
704:
650:, but not identical with it.
427:
197:Anshar's name was written in
1606:Characters in the Enūma Eliš
1525:"The Mesopotamian God Kakka"
1496:Lambert, Wilfred G. (2013).
1484:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1423:. Bethesda, Md.: CDL Press.
1419:Foster, Benjamin R. (2005).
422:
391:, or later on by a group of
373:was a descendant of Anshar.
123:
7:
1523:Steinkeller, Piotr (1982).
1398:. Oxford University Press.
286:forerunner of the god list
16:Mesopotamian primordial god
10:
1637:
1315:Allen, Spencer L. (2015).
132:
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1498:Babylonian Creation Myths
1458:10.1163/9789004364943_004
540:headed to Ḫursagkalamma (
157:regarded as a primordial
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29:This article contains
673:Nergal and Ereshkigal
625:Mesopotamian pantheon
600:, a mythical king of
327:Neo-Babylonian period
246:), described as the "
129:Neo-Assyrian Akkadian
1616:Sky and weather gods
1446:Krul, Julia (2018).
1335:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain
670:version of the myth
448:are the children of
274:, and in many cases
1476:Lambert, Wilfred G.
1300:, pp. 422–423.
1288:, pp. 316–317.
1228:, pp. 212–213.
1216:, pp. 211–212.
973:, pp. 331–332.
389:Neo-Assyrian Empire
377:Paul-Alain Beaulieu
1072:, p. 450-451.
562:from the reign of
548:Other compositions
515:Wilfred G. Lambert
351:Tukulti-Ninurta II
272:ancestors of Enlil
193:Name and character
1621:Kings of the gods
1601:Mesopotamian gods
1507:978-1-57506-861-9
1480:"Kišar, Kišargal"
1405:978-0-19-929633-0
1373:978-90-04-13024-1
1326:978-1-61451-236-3
634:preserved by the
632:Eudemus of Rhodes
558:and in a hymn to
493:recension of the
413:Upper Mesopotamia
347:Tukulti-Ninurta I
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1611:Creator gods
1568:. Retrieved
1532:
1528:
1497:
1487:, retrieved
1483:
1448:
1420:
1409:. Retrieved
1394:
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1308:Bibliography
1298:Lambert 2013
1293:
1286:Lambert 2013
1281:
1274:Lambert 2013
1269:
1257:
1245:
1238:Lambert 2013
1233:
1226:Lambert 2013
1221:
1214:Lambert 2013
1209:
1197:
1185:
1178:Lambert 2013
1173:
1168:, p. 7.
1166:Lambert 2013
1161:
1156:, p. 5.
1154:Lambert 2013
1149:
1142:Lambert 2013
1137:
1125:
1113:
1106:Lambert 2013
1101:
1094:Lambert 2013
1089:
1077:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1034:Lambert 2013
1029:
1002:
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978:
966:
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915:Lambert 2013
895:
888:Lambert 2013
883:
876:Lambert 2013
871:
864:Lambert 2013
847:Lambert 2013
817:Lambert 1980
787:Lambert 2013
765:
753:
729:Lambert 2013
681:
671:
662:
647:
638:philosopher
636:Neo-Platonic
629:
610:
591:
568:
553:
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111:
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28:
1262:Foster 2005
1250:Foster 2005
1130:Foster 2005
1118:Foster 2005
1082:Foster 2005
1070:Foster 2005
1058:Foster 2005
1046:Foster 2005
758:Foster 2005
598:Enmeduranki
579:Lugaldukuga
507:Sennacherib
363:Sennacherib
300:Anšar = Anu
268:Assyriology
167:logographic
63:Other names
1595:Categories
1570:2023-10-06
1489:2023-10-06
1411:2023-10-12
1202:Black 2006
1190:Black 2006
832:Allen 2015
770:Black 2006
705:References
687:Sultantepe
668:Sultantepe
648:Enūma Eliš
575:Enmesharra
530:Enūma Eliš
523:underworld
519:Enūma Eliš
495:Enūma Eliš
441:Enūma Eliš
429:Enūma Eliš
417:Enūma Eliš
398:Babylonian
385:Achaemenid
371:Enūma Eliš
231:Enūma Eliš
186:Enūma Eliš
1565:161219123
1549:0022-2968
1516:861537250
1452:. Brill.
1355:1120-4699
944:Krul 2018
695:Tashmetum
640:Damascius
606:Shuzianna
564:Rim-Sîn I
423:Mythology
343:Sargon II
319:An = Anum
289:An = Anum
252:Shuruppak
244:gud-an-na
236:Gattung A
218:god lists
199:cuneiform
180:An = Anum
148:whole sky
100:Offspring
71:Genealogy
66:Anshargal
1478:(1980),
1439:57123664
1392:(2006).
1382:51944564
1337:(1997).
617:Parthian
613:Seleucid
491:Assyrian
484:Asalluhi
400:cities.
393:Assyrian
361:. Under
311:Akkadian
203:Sumerian
171:Assyrian
153:) was a
538:Mandanu
534:Babylon
503:Nineveh
460:'s and
355:Assyria
297:incipit
211:horizon
142:
124:AN.ŠAR₂
76:Parents
1563:
1557:544089
1555:
1547:
1514:
1504:
1464:
1437:
1427:
1402:
1380:
1370:
1353:
1323:
691:Nanaya
602:Sippar
489:In an
475:Marduk
462:Tiamat
454:Lahamu
446:Kishar
367:Marduk
306:Ishtar
280:Belili
207:Kishar
112:Anshar
94:Kishar
90:Spouse
80:Tiamat
51:Anshar
1561:S2CID
1553:JSTOR
654:Notes
644:Enlil
583:Qingu
511:Ashur
499:Assur
479:Kakka
450:Lahmu
409:Kakka
359:Ashur
353:, in
276:Alala
248:Enlil
175:Ashur
1545:ISSN
1512:OCLC
1502:ISBN
1462:ISBN
1435:OCLC
1425:ISBN
1400:ISBN
1378:OCLC
1368:ISBN
1351:ISSN
1321:ISBN
693:and
621:Enki
587:Alla
571:Asag
560:Haya
542:Kish
501:and
458:Apsu
452:and
381:Uruk
331:cult
315:Antu
278:and
139:lit.
134:𒀭𒊹
118:𒀭𒊹
84:Abzu
82:and
1537:doi
1454:doi
615:or
544:).
436:Anu
349:or
264:Anu
254:".
250:of
163:Anu
104:Anu
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1551:.
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1531:.
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1460:.
1433:.
1376:.
1349:.
1347:11
1345:.
1341:.
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577:,
573:,
566:.
470:Ea
419:.
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317:.
240:BM
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