Anu - Knowledge

1892:, who in Assyria could be identified with the latter. However, Julia Krul points out there is no certainty that Anshar was actually understood as Ashur in Uruk, let alone that he was regarded as a form of Anu by local clergy. Beaulieu himself admits that most of the evidence which might support his theory might instead simply indicate that both the elevation of Assur and Anu relied on similar preexisting models, such as the theology centered on Enlil. Since during the Neo-Babylonian period Uruk was forced to accept the theology of Babylon, it is also possible that the elevation of Anu was seen as a manifestation of local identity. At the same time, it is not impossible that the new centralized Anu cult was patterned on the Babylonian theology and even a number of festivals and rituals of Anu might have been patterned after those of Marduk. Instances of rewriting compositions dedicated to Marduk or Enlil to suit the new Anu cult are known too. A resource commonly employed by the theologians and antiquarians working on the elevation of Anu were god lists, such as An = Anum, which provided the evidence needed to justify both this change and other examples of restructuring the city pantheon. Most likely the growing interest in astronomy and astrology among the clergy also played a role. 1973: 58: 755: 1585: 1836:, rather than Ishtar and Nanaya, possible. The details of its early development are not well understood, as Mesopotamian texts from the later years of Achaemenid rule pertaining to temple administration and other religious affairs are scarce. The city as a whole did not decline, and it served various administrative and military purposes, as attested for example in documents from the reign of Darius II. It has even been described as the biggest and most prosperous city in Mesopotamia in the final centuries of the first millennium BCE. It is assumed that Anu's ascent to the top of the official pantheon was complete by the year 420 BCE. In theophoric names, he already predominates in economic documents from the reigns of 1819:. After a rebellion of the northern Babylonian cities against Persian rule in 484 BCE, this king seemingly reorganized the traditional structure of Mesopotamian clergy, and while Uruk did not rebel, it was not exempt from changes. It has been proposed that the older priests, who were often connected to the northern cities and were predominantly involved in the cult of Ishtar, were replaced by a number of powerful local families dedicated to Anu. Julia Krul suggests that their members likely planned to expand the scope of Anu's cult in the Neo-Babylonian period already, but were unable to do so due to the interests of the kings, who favored 1639:.AN), the main temple of Uruk in historical times, was originally the abode of Anu alone, as sometimes proposed in the past. It was already associated with Inanna in the fourth millennium BCE, and her role as the tutelary goddess of Uruk most likely dates at least to this period as well. Julia Krul proposes that even if Anu was already worshiped in the Uruk period, he likely had to share the Eanna temple with Inanna. The oldest texts do not mention the Eanna yet, and it is not certain if a sanctuary most likely called "Ean" attested in them was a temple of Anu and if it corresponded to any later structure. Through the 7672: 1030:. Paul-Alain Beaulieu speculates that Nanaya developed in the context of a local theological system in which Anu and Inanna were viewed as a couple, and that she was initially regarded as their daughter. However, as noted by Olga Drewnowska-Rymarz, direct references to Nanaya as the daughter of Inanna are not common, and it is possible this epithet was not treated literally, but rather as an indication of closeness between them. Furthermore, Nanaya could also be regarded as a daughter of the male Urash, and was sometimes specifically called his firstborn daughter. 2255: 1799:, Anu only had a small sanctuary in Uruk. He has been described as a comparatively minor deity in the religious practice of this period. While multiple Neo-Babylonian archives from Uruk have been excavated and published, so far research revealed only a small number of people bearing theophoric names invoking Anu before the reign of Nabonidus, with a total of five being mentioned in known documents according to the highest estimate. The most historically notable example is Anu-aḫu-iddin, who was the governor of Uruk during the reign of 7584: 1221:, though there are differences between individual copies as well. Lambert proposes that initially at least two different traditions existed, but they were later combined into a list patterned on those associated with Enlil. At least in some cases, long lists of divine ancestors were meant to help avoid the implications of divine incest, which were hard to reconcile with strong incest taboos attested from various periods of Mesopotamian history. 2148:, has broken the south wind's wing. Anu demands that Adapa be summoned before him, but, before Adapa sets out, Ea warns him not to eat any of the food or drink any of the water the gods offer him, because the food and water are poisoned. Adapa arrives before Anu and tells him that the reason he broke the south wind's wing was because he had been fishing for Ea and the south wind had caused a storm, which had sunk his boat. Anu's doorkeepers 1964:" was used interchangeably with "the heavens" so that in some cases it is doubtful whether, under the term, the god An or the heavens is being denoted. In Sumerian cosmogony, heaven was envisioned as a series of three domes covering the flat earth; Each of these domes of heaven was believed to be made of a different precious stone. An was believed to be the highest and outermost of these domes, which was thought to be made of reddish stone. 1237:, derived from the name of a type of aquatic mythical creature, two deities whose names were written logographically as ALAM possibly representing another of the known pairs or associated with the underworld, and Enurulla and Ninurulla, the "lord" and "lady" of the "primeval city," whose inclusion in Anu's family tree most likely reflected "the importance of the city in ancient Mesopotamian thought." The genealogy of gods presented in the 7572: 2035: 1499:. Julia Krul points out authors who propose it do not clarify whether they mean if "the Seleucids made such an equation themselves (...), or that the Urukean priest-scholars convinced their new kings of the similarity between the two gods (...), or even that they genuinely believed that Anu and Zeus were the same." No direct evidence of any of these possibilities is available. According to 2026:

her on which route is best to take. Ultimately, Inanna reaches An, who is shocked by her arrogance, but nevertheless concedes that she has succeeded and that the temple is now her domain. The text ends with a hymn expounding Inanna's greatness. This myth may represent an eclipse in the authority of the priests of An in Uruk and a transfer of power to the priests of Inanna.

2219:, and Anu acted as his cupbearer, but does not explain the origin of either deity. After nine years, Anu revolted against his superior, dethroned him and made him flee to the underworld. However, after another nine years, his own cupbearer, Kumarbi, the "scion of Alalu," attacked him to seize kingship for himself. Anu attempted to flee to heaven, but Kumarbi 737:, references to the "seat" of a deity known from various topographical texts from both Babylonia and Assyria likely also refer to a representation in the form of an emblem placed on a pedestal. It has been pointed out that Anu's symbolic depictions were identical to Enlil's. A similar symbol could also represent Assur in the 1679:, other legendary kings of Uruk commonly referenced in Mesopotamian literature. A mythological tradition in which the Eanna originally belonged to Anu, but was later usurped by Inanna is known from multiple literary compositions, but it might have only been a founding myth explaining how the first temples were established. 1472:, and the head of the coastal pantheon, El, were regarded as analogous to Enlil, rather than Anu. Monti additionally describes a god he refers to as "Shamem" as the most direct equivalent to Anu in the Canaanite pantheon and as a personification of the sky, but this name was a title of the weather god 1068:

refer to her directly as Anu's daughter, according to Paul-Alain Beaulieu it is not impossible that these statements do not reflect parentage but merely indirect descent, with an implied genealogy in which Anu was the father of Enlil, grandfather of Nanna and great-grandfather of Inanna. Furthermore,

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confirms that a tradition in which his mother was Urash instead also existed. In texts dedicated to Ishkur, he and Enki could be referred to as twins, but no analogous epithet can be found in compositions which focus on the latter god, according to Daniel Schwmer because due to his higher rank in the

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periods, a large part of the Bīt Rēš complex was eventually destroyed by a fire. It was rebuilt as a fortress, and while a small temple was built next to it in the Parthian period, most likely Mesopotamian deities were no longer worshipped there. According to a Greek inscription dated to 111 CE, the

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in particular supports the view that Inanna was the goddess of Uruk and that she was perceived as more significant than Anu. No references to Anu are known from inscriptions of the Ur III rulers mentioning the Eanna, even though he does appear in offering lists. However, royal inscriptions from the

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explanatory text mentions Antu making funerary offerings for him. However, according to Julia Krul, it is impossible to tell how widespread the recognition of this aspect of his character was, and broad statements about Anu being outright identified with deities of the underworld in the theology of

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argued that the fact he was not regarded as a son of Enlil instead might stem from his secondary role in Mesopotamian religion. It is also possible that the comparisons between him and Ishkur contributed to the development of this genealogy. It has additionally been argued that a variant writing of

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equates her with Ki, while a lexical text from the Old Babylonian period – with Urash. There is evidence that like the latter, she could be considered a goddess associated with the earth. She is already attested in the third millennium BCE, possibly as early as in the Early Dynastic period in a god

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myth, Kronos bites off Ouranos's genitals in exactly the same manner that Kumarbi does to Anu. Nonetheless, Robert Mondi notes that Ouranos never held mythological significance to the Greeks comparable with Anu's significance to the Mesopotamians. Instead, Mondi calls Ouranos "a pale reflection of

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speak out in favor of Adapa. This placates Anu's fury and he orders that, instead of the food and water of death, Adapa should be given the food and water of immortality as a reward. Adapa, however, follows Ea's advice and refuses the meal. The story of Adapa was beloved by scribes, who saw him as

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in which Inanna laments that the Eanna temple is not within their domain and resolves to claim it as her own. The text becomes increasingly fragmentary at this point in the narrative, but appears to describe her difficult passage through a marshland to reach the temple, while a fisherman instructs

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as the wife of Anu. Julia Krul proposes that this was a traditional pairing in Early Dynastic Uruk, but according to Frans Wiggermann no other direct references to Nammu as Anu's wife are known. A possible exception is an Old Babylonian incantation which might refer to her as "pure one of An," but

1769:, the dyad of Enlil and Ea (Enki) replaced the triad containing Anu. The only god list known from the Sealand archives does not mention Anu at all, and simply begins with Enlil. He is nonetheless attested in a few offering lists. Furthermore, it is possible the name of the king Akurduana might be 1216:

as his parents. A larger group of his ancestors, arranged into multiple generations, is known from mythological and scholarly sources. Wilfred G. Lambert coined the term "Theogony of Anu" to refer to arrangements of these deities collectively. At least five versions are known from incantations,

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Of the barbarians the Babylonians seem to pass over in silence the one first principle and allow for two: Tauthē and Apasōn. They make Apasōn the husband of Tauthē, whom they call "mother of the gods." Of these was born a single child, Mōymis, which is, I understand, the rational world, which

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period, the cult of Anu appears to be flourishing. A new temple, dedicated jointly to him and Antu, the Bīt Rēš (head temple) was constructed at some point and became the new center of the city s religious life. Oldest dated attestation of this structure comes from a text which was apparently

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attempted to impose the dynastic succession framework of the Hittite and Hesiodic stories onto Canaanite mythology, but these efforts are forced and contradict what most Canaanites seem to have actually believed. Most Canaanites seem to have regarded El and Baal as ruling concurrently.

1857:(292/1 – 281/0 BCE) or of Antiochus I and his son Seleucus (280/79 – 267/6 BCE). The Bīt Rēš complex also included a new ziggurat, the Ešarra (Sumerian: "house of the universe"), the biggest such structure known from Mesopotamia and second biggest overall after the Elamite complex at 1734:, who only invoked Anu and Enlil in a single inscription most likely pertaining to the reconquest of southern cities. Later kings of the same dynasty only infrequently mentioned the pair, most likely as a part of ceremonial formulas meant to tie their reigns to a longer tradition. 1158:

in a hymn, has two possible translations: "your father An who engendered you," or "your divine father who engendered you." Additionally, some references to Anu as the father of a specific deity might be metaphorical or indirect, as in the case of Nanna (typically a son of Enlil and

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descended from the two principles. From them another generation arose, Dachē and Dachos , then a third one arose from the same pair, Kissarē and Assōros, of whom were born the three: Anos, Illinos and Aos. From Aos and Daukē a son was born, Bēlos, whom they say is the demiurge.

352:, but while he is well attested as one of its divine inhabitants, there is no evidence that the main deity of the temple ever changed, and Inanna was already associated with it in the earliest sources. After it declined, a new theological system developed in the same city under 535:

Although Anu was a very important deity, his nature was often ambiguous and ill-defined. The number of myths focusing on him is small and he was only rarely actively worshiped. His position has therefore been described as that of a "figurehead" and "otiose deity" by

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later came to be dedicated to both the weather god and Anu. It was accompanied by a ziggurat, Emelamanna ("house of the radiance of heaven"). Daniel Schwemer suggests that the pairing of those two gods was based on the common view that they were father and son.

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the founder of their trade and a vast plethora of copies and variations of the myth have been found across Mesopotamia, spanning the entire course of Mesopotamian history. The story of Adapa's appearance before Anu has been compared to the later Jewish story of

647:. The date of its composition is unknown, though it is known that it is more recent than the Old Babylonian period, and the oldest reference to the tripartite division of the sky comes from a document from the thirteenth century BCE, a version of the so-called 1368:

was derived from her position as a servant of major deities, which resulted in the belief that she was capable of mediating with her masters, both with Inanna and with Anu, on behalf of human petitioners. Another deity who could be placed in the same role was

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started to be called the "Great Anu and Antu of Heaven," and received offerings as if they were deities. They typically appear alongside the other seven major celestial bodies which were known to Mesopotamian astronomers in the late first millennium BCE: the

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mountain range. An briefly appears in a scene from the poem in which Inanna petitions him to allow her to destroy Mount Ebiḫ. An warns Inanna not to attack the mountain, but she ignores his warning and proceeds to attack and destroy Mount Ebiḫ regardless.

1917:. The final cuneiform text from the site is an astronomical tablet dated to 79 or 80 CE, possibly the last cuneiform text written in antiquity. It is assumed that the last remnants of the local religion and culture of Uruk disappeared by the time of the 1757:

in the north of Babylonia. A possible exception is a deity or deities designated by the logogram AN.INANNA. However, it has also been proposed that it represents not Anu and Inanna as a pair, as commonly assumed, but a specific manifestation of Inanna,

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place him on top of the pantheon. He could be described as the king of the gods, and was believed to be the source of all legitimate power, who bestowed the right to rule upon gods and kings alike. The highest god in the pantheon was said to possess the

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Duri and Dari likely represented time understood as a primary force in creation, and their names are derived from an Akkadian phrase meaning "ever and ever." The pairing of Alala and Belili was most likely based entirely on both of their names being

344:. He was regarded as a source of both divine and human kingship, and opens the enumerations of deities in many Mesopotamian texts. At the same time, his role was largely passive, and he was not commonly worshipped. It is sometimes proposed that the 491:). In Sumerian texts, unlike the names of other deities, his was never prefaced by the dingir sign, referred to as the "divine determinative" in modern literature, since it would result in unnecessary repetition, as the same sign was also read as 707:

Anu almost never appears in Mesopotamian artwork and has no known recognizable anthropomorphic iconography. References to him holding typical symbols of divine kingship, such as a scepter and a ring-shaped object, are known from textual sources.

1608:, where he was one of the major deities next to Inanna (Ishtar) and Nanaya, but before the end of the Neo-Babylonian period his cult had a narrower scope than theirs. It is often assumed that the so-called "White Temple," which dates back to the 2320:

can be ruled out with certainty as it is implausible that the former lived long enough to read the works of the latter. Furthermore, the inclusion of Enlil (Illilos) as an equal of Ea (Aos) and Anu (Anos) indicates that while similar to the

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is now considered conventional by Assyriologists, though materials pertaining to it are difficult to interpret. Enki, the ancestor of Enlil, is not to be confused with the god Enki, as indicated by the different spelling of their names in

503:, the generic term "god" in, respectively, Sumerian and Akkadian. As the number 60 was associated with him, the corresponding numeral could represent his name, and in esoteric texts by extension also the other readings of the sign DINGIR. 2085:. When Gilgamesh spurns her advances, Ishtar angrily goes to heaven and tells Anu that Gilgamesh has insulted her. Anu asks her why she is complaining to him instead of confronting Gilgamesh herself. Ishtar demands that Anu give her the 1360:, the "archetypal vizier of the gods," was primarily associated with Inanna, but she could also be described as the sukkal (divine vizier, attendant deity) of Anu. The association between her and Anu is attested from the reign of 1670:

episode, the former tradition might simply indicate the existence of anti-Ishtar sentiment among compilers of this work. Simultaneously Anu does not play any major role and Inanna is the sole owner of Eanna in the myths about

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Xerxes' retaliation against the clergy of Uruk resulted in the collapse of Eanna as the center of Uruk's religious life and economy, and made the creation of a new system centered on the worship of Anu and his spouse of

873:" and "bride," but the latter meaning relied on the social practice of fathers picking the brides of their sons. As an epithet of goddesses, it denotes their status as a daughter-in-law of a specific deity. For example, 919:(Adad), the weather god, was consistently regarded as a son of Anu. While some literary texts may refer to Enlil as his father instead, this view was less common and is no longer attested in any sources later than the 953:. Xianhua Wang proposes that this development was meant to reconcile a northern tradition, in which the king of the gods was Enlil, with a southern one, where the same role was played by Anu, though even in the south 908:

Many deities were regarded as Anu's descendants, and he could be called "the father of the great gods." It has been argued that Anu's primary role in the Sumerian pantheon was as an ancestor figure, and that the term

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Alalu was the father of Anu, similar to his Mesopotamian counterpart Alala, and that Kumarbi was in turn viewed as Anu's son, it has also been argued that two separate lineages of gods appear in the prologue of the

2195:, the god of destruction, the Sebettu, which are described as personified weapons. Anu instructs Erra to use them to massacre humans when they become overpopulated and start making too much noise (Tablet I, 38ff). 575:, it was Enlil, rather than Anu, who was the head of the pantheon of this city, though later offering lists provide evidence on the contrary, possibly indicating a change occurred during the reign of either the 1616:" in modern literature. However, there is no evidence that Anu was actually worshipped in this structure. His presence in the oldest texts remains a matter of debate, as it is uncertain if the cuneiform sign 1438:) was the "Enlil of Elam." Wilfred G. Lambert concluded that Jabru and Yabnu should be considered two spellings of the same name. While Jabru is described as an Elamite god in Mesopotamian sources, no known 837:

she only appears in a single letter. However, she is attested as Anu's wife in documents from the Seleucid period from this city, and at that point in time became its lead goddess alongside her husband.

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in the seventh century BC. However, Gary Beckman points out that it is not impossible that the two myths simply developed from similar motifs present in the ancient Mediterranean shared cultural milieu

1278:, though as remarked by Lambert, she was "pushed out (...) into a kind of appendix." Due to the sparse attestations of Nammu it is assumed today that she "was not generally acknowledged outside Eridu." 995:

Amurru's name, AN.MARTU (AN.AN.MAR.TU) represents a conjoined deity consisting of Amurru and Anu. However, according to Paul-Alain Beaulieu it most likely should simply be read as the Akkadian phrase

371:—were at various points in time equated with each other, and all three represented earth, similar to how he represented heaven. In a fourth tradition, more sparsely attested, his wife was the goddess 1373:. In texts from the second millennium BCE, Ninshubur and Ilabrat coexisted and in at least some cases Ninshubur's name, treated as masculine, was a logographic spelling of Ilabrat's, for example in 639:. The stars located between these two zones were the domain of Anu. All three were referred to as the "Ways" of the respective deities. Astronomer John G. Rogers assumes that the boundaries of each 1037:

could be called a daughter of Anu. However, as noted by Wilfred G. Lambert at least one text "seems to imply a desire not to have Anu as Nisaba's father," and instead makes her the daughter of

765:, "earth," is well attested as Anu's spouse. Her name was commonly written without a divine determinative, and she was usually not regarded as a personified goddess. Another of Anu's spouses was 1864:

Multiple explanations have been proposed for the elevation of Anu, though they must remain speculative due to lack of direct evidence. It has been argued that it was modeled on the position of

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revived the tradition and invoked the traditional triad in them, possibly to show that he planned to control all of southern Babylonia. It has been also suggested that one of his predecessors,

1229:, and elsewhere they occur in unrelated roles independently from each other. Further attested pairs of deities regarded as ancestors of Anu include Egur and Gara, whose character is unknown, 1396:, whose rise was likely rooted simply in the presence of the word sukkal in his name. In the context of the so-called "antiquarian theology" relying largely on god lists, which developed in 2246:

Wilfred G. Lambert proposed that a hitherto unknown Mesopotamian myth about a confrontation between Alala and Anu existed and inspired the Hurro-Hittite tradition regarding their conflict.

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rule, resulting in Anu being redefined as an active deity. As a result he was actively worshipped by inhabitants of the city in the final centuries of the history of ancient Mesopotamia.

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in which Ishtar comes before Anu after being rejected by Gilgamesh and complains to her mother Antu, but is mildly rebuked by Anu, is directly paralleled by a scene from Book V of the

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and should be translated as "raging flood of Anu," though this remains uncertain and the ordinary word "heaven" might be the correct translation of the sign AN in this case instead.

733:, who were depicted on the very top of such monuments due to representing celestial bodies. Anu was also depicted in the form of a horned crown in Neo-Assyrian reliefs. According to 793:," though its etymology and meaning continue to be a matter of debate. A single Neo-Assyrian god list known from three copies appears to combine Ki and Urash into a single deity, 1666:, Eanna is described only as the dwelling of Anu, but the later "Standard Babylonian" version associates it both with Ishtar and Anu. It has been proposed that similar to the 2372:

Anu", noting that "apart from the castration myth, he has very little significance as a cosmic personality at all and is not associated with kingship in any systematic way."

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and others), a result of Kumarbi's castration of Anu, which resulted in a "burden," Anu's seed, being placed inside him. The process is poetically compared to production of

1064: 913:(also Anunnaki, Anunna-anna), which referred to various Mesopotamian deities collectively, means "offspring of Anu" and designates specific gods as particularly prominent. 7361: 1408:

rule, he was fully identified with Ninshubur and thus became Anu's sukkal and one of the eighteen major deities of the city. He was not worshiped in this city earlier.

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1600—1155 BCE). It has been argued in the past that it was first dedicated to Anu, and only later to Inanna, but this view is no longer regarded as plausible.

961:, which also specifies that he was the older brother of Enki. However, Enlil's parentage was variable. The tradition in which his ancestors were the so-called 6562: 1753:

No direct references to the worship of Anu are known from the part of the Old Babylonian period during which the cults of Uruk were temporarily relocated to

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myth, and therefore that Alalu and Anu should not be regarded as father and son in Hurrian sources. Kumarbi is directly referred to as Alalu's "seed" in the

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is also attested. Only in Uruk in the final centuries of the first millennium BCE a change occurred, and Anu was reinvented by theologians as an active god.

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the southernmost cities are generally poorly represented in it. A single liturgical text indicates that a temple of Anu called Ekinamma possibly existed in

1329:. The order of deities in international treaties also supports the notion that Alalu and Kumarbi belong to the same line, but Anu does not. Hittitologist 1876:. At the same time, he considers it possible that Achaemenid administration encouraged the worship of Anu, viewing it as a way to limit the influence of 5885:

Hethitische Literatur: Überlieferungsprozesse, Textstrukturen, Ausdrucksformen und Nachwirken: Akten des Symposiums vom 18. bis 20. Februar 2010 in Bonn

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though in three out of five the first pair are Duri and Dari, and the last – Alala and Belili. A slightly different version is known from the god list

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in practice wielded greater power" according to the Mesopotamians. Beaulieu similarly states that functionally the active head god was Enlil and later

1503:, a researcher of ancient Greek religion, direct literary parallels exist between Anu and the Zeus. According to him, the scene from Tablet VI of the 1274:. There is no indication that this act of creation involved a second deity acting as Nammu's spouse. She appears in a variant of Anu's genealogy in 6960:

Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der Keilschriftkulturen: Materialien und Studien nach den schriftlichen Quellen

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present in them does not necessarily denote a specific god. Paul-Alain Beaulieu concludes that whether he appears in these sources is unprovable.

1087:(AN.GAL), "the great Anu," but Wouter Henkelman proposes this epithet is instead a sign that a connection existed between him and the Elamite god 2363:

in much the same manner that Anu is overthrown and castrated by Kumarbi in the Hurrian story. Kronos is then, in turn, overthrown by his own son

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Starting in the Ur III period, Anu came to be seen as a member of a triad of foremost deities invoked in royal inscriptions, which also included

57: 2177:. Similarly, Adapa was seen as the prototype for all priests; whereas Adam in the Book of Genesis is presented as the prototype of all mankind. 1884:

but also remains uncertain. Beaulieu instead proposes that Anu's rise was in part inspired by a network of syncretism associations between him,

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to demand permission to kill the eponymous hero after being rebuked by him when she asked for his bow has been compared to this section of the

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in Greek mythology, and while the rest of the narrative is poorly preserved it is known that he evades Kumarbi's attempts at destroying him.

754: 7618: 1584: 785:. Wiggermann proposes that while Ki, as generally agreed, represented earth as a cosmogonic element, Urash was a divine representation of 1091:, whose name was written with the same combination of cuneiform signs. It is possible that in the late first millennium BCE attempts at 8010: 1722:

as a similar trinity in his inscriptions to show he was in control of their major cult centers. After conquering Rim-Sin I's kingdom,

1792:. The hymn BRM IV 8 lists ten names of temples associated with him, including the Eanki and the Egalankia, possibly located in Uruk. 2239:. Anu taunts him about this. Teshub is subsequently born from Kumarbi's split skull in a manner compared by Beckman to the birth of 1270:

were most likely understood collectively in this case. A similar reference is known from an exorcism formula assumed to predate the

1981: 1762:. Presently there is no agreement regarding this problem in scholarship and which deity or deities it refers to remains uncertain. 1200:

The earliest texts do not discuss Anu's origin, and his preeminence is simply assumed. In later traditions, his father was usually

7462: 5687: 611:, Enlil could be mentioned both alongside Anu or on his own as the head of the pantheon. A trinity consisting of both of them and 6863: 2203:

One of the myths belonging to the so-called "Kumarbi Cycle" features Anu among the deities involved. While known chiefly from a

1690:. A seat, known as Barakiskilla ("dais, pure place") and a garden dedicated to him are mentioned in documents from the reign of 1541:. Not only is the narrative parallel significant, but so is the fact that Dione's name is a feminization of Zeus's own, just as 1941: 1377:

in personal names. It has been proposed that the variance in Ninshubur's gender is related to syncretism with him. The goddess

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is agreed to be the most commonly attested tradition regarding her parentage. While the "Standard Babylonian" version of the

422:. Anu orders for Adapa to be given the food and water of immortality, which Adapa refuses, having been warned beforehand by 5959: 1868:

in religion of the Achaemenids, but Paul-Alain Beaulieu points out that since first signs of it are already visible under

923:. The only source to directly name his mother places Urash in this role. Another god frequently regarded as Anu's son was 1957:, the god of the wind. Enlil separates An from Ki and carries off the earth as his domain, while An carries off the sky. 1730:

started to invoke Anu and Enlil, though not Ea, in his own formulas. Similar evidence is not available from the reign of

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instead. In addition to listing his spouses and children, god lists also often enumerated his various ancestors, such as

272: 6938: 1880:

and its elites on inhabitants of other Mesopotamian cities. Similar connection has been proposed in the case of Anu and

6002: 6323:

Karahashi, Fumi (April 2004), "Fighting the Mountain: Some Observations on the Sumerian Myths of Inanna and Ninurta",

1457:, they did not regard them as personified deities. Furthermore, Anu appears under his own name in Hurrian mythology. 7518: 7498: 7275: 7252: 6853: 6782: 6751: 6690: 6650: 6496: 6410: 6175: 6120: 6089: 6012: 5919: 1815:(from Larsa) remain numerous. It has been proposed that the changed in favor of Anu accelerated during the reign of 7611: 2355:") and Hesiod did not necessarily directly depend on the Kumarbi tradition. In Hesiod's poem, the primeval sky-god 2325:, the source used was not identical to it. A further difference in Eudemus' account is the fact that the origin of 6618: 5689:

Goddesses in Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources

957:

seemingly belonged to this proposed Enlil tradition. Another source which presents Enlil as Anu's son is the myth

1780:

most likely composed in the first millennium BCE mentions no temples of Anu, though with the exception of Larsa,

1660:

Old Babylonian period indicate that Anu was believed to dwell in the Eanna. In the Old Babylonian version of the

1293: 896:. According to Antoine Cavigneaux and Manfred Krebernik, she is also attested in an Old Babylonian god list from 857:

was often translated as "bride of An," but this is now considered to be a mistake. The Sumerian term used in it,

6638: 769:. According to Frans Wiggermann, she is his most commonly attested wife. She is well attested starting with the 6402:

Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C.: Revised Edition

1921:

conquest of Mesopotamia, even though the worship of individual deities might have outlasted cuneiform writing.

1243:

is a derivative of the lists of Anu's ancestors from earlier sources. The pairs listed in this composition are

6918: 6897:

Rogers, John H. (1998), "Origins of the Ancient Astronomical Constellations: I: The Mesopotamian Traditions",

6660: 2223:

and swallowed them. As a consequence of swallowing Anu's genitals, Kumarbi becomes impregnated with Anu's son

1811:

show further growth, though names invoking chiefly northern Babylonian deities, as well as Nanaya, Ishtar and

8015: 6770: 6680: 2336:

described in the Kumarbi myth later became the basis for the Greek creation story described in the long poem

1651:

periods, Inanna was the main deity of the city, and Eanna was regarded as her temple first and foremost. The

1041:, in this context identified with Ea and understood as a cosmic river, "father of the gods of the universe." 419: 341: 6241:

The other gods who are: studies in Elamite-Iranian acculturation based on the Persepolis fortification texts

2165:. In the same way that Anu forces Adapa to return to earth after he refuses to eat the food of immortality, 7508: 721:(boundary stones), where it is typically present in the upper half of the decoration, below the symbols of 628: 337: 7528: 1745:, who described him as one of the gods who bestowed kingship upon him. A temple of Adad which he built in 567:, not Anu. Evidence from Lagash indicates that at least in the Early Dynastic period, during the reign of 7995: 7604: 1095:

Ishtaran and Anu were made during a period of cooperation between the theologians from Uruk, Nippur and

833:, though no references to her are known from Uruk from before the first millennium BCE, and even in the 758:

A foundation figurine of king Lugal-kisalsi. The inscription mentions Nammu and Anu as wife and husband.

8025: 8000: 1914: 7588: 1392:

In later periods, other sukkals of Anu were eclipsed by Papsukkal, originally associated with the god

1289:. In another text, Anu and Enlil receive their positions from this deity, not necessarily peacefully. 6377:

Klein, Jacob (1997). "The God Martu in Sumerian Literature". In Finkel, I. L.; Geller, M. J. (eds.).

1251:, Lahmu and Lahamu, and Anshar and Kishar. The first of them is not attested in any earlier sources. 806: 7576: 1292:

Due to his connection with various ancestral deities, Anu could be occasionally associated with the

427: 8020: 8005: 6113:Šapal tibnim mû illakū: studies presented to Joaquín Sanmartín on the occasion of his 65th birthday 1271: 974:, but the texts placing him in this role are relatively late. It is first attested in the god list 943:

pantheon he would not benefit from being called the brother of a comparatively lower ranked deity.

1939:

The main source of information about Sumerian creation mythology is the prologue to the epic poem

1900:

While it is assumed that religious activity in Uruk continued through the late Seleucid and early

1333:

notes that the two lines were seemingly only united with the birth of the new generation of gods (

479:

Anu was a divine representation of the sky, as indicated by his name, which simply means "sky" in

6645:, Herausgegeben von Otto Kaiser, Berlin, Germany and New York City, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2174: 802: 268: 262: 1048:(Ishtar) could be regarded as the daughter of Anu and Antu, the view that she was a daughter of 547:

characterized his position as head of the pantheon as "always somewhat nominal" and noted that "

1910: 1719: 1612:(3500–3100 BCE) was his original cult center, and it is even sometimes referred to as the "Anu 1075:

was at least sometimes described as a son of Anu and Urash, and as a result the Old Babylonian

1049: 624: 2130:

In the myth of Adapa, which is first attested during the Kassite Period, Anu notices that the

2097:. Anu gives Ishtar the Bull of Heaven, and Ishtar sends it to attack Gilgamesh and his friend 607:

only refers to Anu as the divine "king of Uruk." In later inscriptions from the period of the

6022: 1985: 1796: 1766: 1517:, who Burkert regards as the later Greek development of Ishtar, is wounded by the Greek hero 920: 834: 774: 608: 495:. In addition to referring to sky and heaven and to Anu, the same sign could also be read as 2005:. It describes An's granddaughter Inanna's confrontation with Mount Ebiḫ, a mountain in the 1949:, the primeval sea. Then, Nammu gives birth to An (the Sumerian name for Anu), the sky, and 1484:

texts indicate that he was viewed as an equivalent of Hadad, rather than Anu, further east.

1381:

could be regarded as Anu's sukkal too, as attested in a single Old Babylonian lexical text.

845:(or Lugal-giparesi), who ruled over Uruk and Ur in the twenty-fourth century BCE, refers to 7727: 6987: 6906: 6203:

Harris, Rivkah (February 1991), "Inanna-Ishtar as Paradox and a Coincidence of Opposites",

2149: 599:, while elsewhere the same epithet designates Enlil instead. A text known from copies from 26: 7916: 2094: 1322:. He also addresses himself as "Alalu's son" in another myth belonging to the same cycle, 8: 2270: 1648: 1495:, but most Assyriologists consider this possibility to be uncertain, one exception being 1361: 738: 540: 359:

Multiple traditions regarding the identity of Anu's spouse existed, though three of them—

7901: 7552: 6910: 1905:

deity worshipped in Uruk in the early first millennium was apparently otherwise unknown

1460:

While Robert Monti argues that the Canaanites seem to have ascribed Anu's attributes to

1182:

by modern researchers, Latarak is identified both as an Asakku and as a son of Anu. The

662:(216/215 BCE) he is described as responsible for the entire firmament. Furthermore, two 7470: 7221: 7180: 7160: 7152: 7104: 6842: 6757: 6722: 6542: 6396: 6348: 6340: 6289: 6228: 6220: 2368: 2356: 2329:(Mōymis) is clear, while the Babylonian work in mention does not directly explain it. 2274: 2211:

cultural milieu, and is largely set in locations in Syria and Mesopotamia, rather than

1850: 1656: 1488: 962: 658:

Uruk, Anu's astral role was extended further, and in a text composed in year 71 of the

544: 464: 450: 219: 7024:"The Storm-Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies: Part II" 6771:"Greek and Near Eastern Mythology: Greek Mythic Thought in the Light of the Near East" 6027:

Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus

1861:. Its name was likely borrowed from a similar structure in Nippur dedicated to Enlil. 487:, it was spelled as Anu, and was written either logographically (AN) or syllabically ( 414:

and a leg being thrown at Ishtar's head. In another myth, Anu summons the mortal hero

7627: 7540: 7514: 7494: 7487: 7469:, Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus, UK Higher Education Academy, archived from 7450: 7416: 7377: 7367: 7348: 7338: 7281: 7271: 7268:

Natural phenomena: their meaning, depiction, and description in the ancient Near East

7248: 7209: 7199: 7164: 7144: 7096: 7062: 7043: 7010: 6974: 6964: 6944: 6924: 6878: 6849: 6828: 6818: 6798: 6792: 6778: 6761: 6747: 6726: 6712: 6686: 6666: 6646: 6624: 6605: 6595: 6578: 6568: 6534: 6492: 6406: 6382: 6364: 6352: 6277: 6267: 6244: 6232: 6181: 6171: 6145: 6126: 6116: 6095: 6085: 6066: 6056: 6030: 6008: 5965: 5941: 5915: 5898: 5888: 5867: 5857: 5836: 5826: 5805: 5795: 5778: 5729: 5719: 5696: 2292: 2254: 2069: 2052: 1854: 1699: 1662: 1573: 1530: 1365: 1058: 991: 484: 480: 394: 314: 284: 7671: 6988:"The Storm-Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies Part I" 6840:

Piveteau, Jean (1981) , "Man Before History", in Dunan, Marcel; Bowle, John (eds.),

2333: 2089:

and swears that if he does not give it to her, she will break down the gates of the

1849:

originally compiled during "the reign of Seleukos and Antiochos," presumably either

715:

explains that Anu's symbol was a horned crown on a pedestal. It is attested on some

7240: 7136: 7035: 7002: 6739: 6734:

Metcalf, Christopher (2021). "Tales of Kings and Cup-Bearers in History and Myth".

6704: 6484: 6480:

The Revival of the Anu Cult and the Nocturnal Fire Ceremony at Late Babylonian Uruk

6332: 6212: 5998: 5933: 5850:"Uruk Before and After Xerxes: The Onomastic and Institutional Rise of the God Anu" 5216: 2204: 1873: 1808: 1450: 1439: 1310: 1139: 734: 684: 663: 576: 431: 333: 299: 7390: 6458: 6439: 6304: 5320: 1154:, cannot be determined with a certainty, as the most direct reference, the phrase 643:

were at 17°N and 17°S. The division is best attested in the astronomical treatise

7701: 7410: 7313: 7294: 7235:

Westenholz, Joan G. (2010). "Ninkarrak – an Akkadian goddess in Sumerian guise".

6507: 6420: 6079: 5979: 2376: 2287: 2162: 1918: 1901: 1845: 1770: 1644: 1239: 770: 730: 655: 528: 385: 353: 6920:

From Adapa to Enoch: Scribal Culture and Religious Vision in Judea and Babylonia

5958:(2005), "Chapter Twenty: Near Eastern Connections", in Foley, John Miles (ed.), 5716:

Gods, heroes, and monsters: a sourcebook of Greek, Roman, and Near Eastern myths

2017:

is an extremely fragmentary, but important, account of Inanna's conquest of the

7039: 7006: 6533:. 46/47. Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)/Institut für Orientalistik: 149–155. 5955: 2266: 2170: 2047: 1833: 1742: 1667: 1609: 1500: 1496: 981: 870: 817: 712: 411: 403: 368: 133: 7244: 6743: 6281: 5871: 741:. All three of these gods could be depicted in this form in the same reliefs. 7984: 7823: 7544: 7454: 7352: 7213: 7148: 7100: 7047: 7014: 6882: 6832: 6609: 6538: 6130: 6070: 5902: 5782: 5767:"The Cult of AN.ŠÁR/Aššur in Babylonia After the Fall of the Assyrian Empire" 5733: 2106: 2021:

temple in Uruk. It begins with a conversation between Inanna and her brother

1858: 1526: 1465: 1111: 950: 874: 842: 821: 537: 526:), which means "heavenly power" or more literally Anuship. In the Babylonian 22: 7381: 7285: 7270:. Amsterdam, North-Holland: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. 7056: 6978: 6582: 6185: 6099: 5840: 5809: 1178:

demons called "the sons of Anu" is also known. In a text referred to as the

7990: 7656: 6814:

God lists from Old Babylonian Nippur in the University Museum, Philadelphia

2304: 2228: 2220: 2158: 2078: 1950: 1945:, which briefly describes the process of creation: at first, there is only 1837: 1800: 1789: 1754: 1572:

has been proposed based on the assumption that non-Persian subjects of the

1330: 1184: 1102:

Further deities attested as children of Anu include the medicine goddesses

987: 830: 762: 659: 360: 178: 137: 6708: 6488: 5937: 5912:

Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary

1707: 1464:, no equivalents of Anu were actually present in the pantheons of various 1015: 1003:," as indicated by a Hurrian translation known from a bilingual text from 820:

is also attested as a wife of Anu. Her name is etymologically an Akkadian

7813: 7767: 2153: 1953:, the earth. An and Ki mate with each other, causing Ki to give birth to 1889: 1865: 1731: 1694:. Their location is uncertain, but Andrew R. George tentatively proposes 1569: 1469: 1374: 1325: 1147: 1143: 1123: 1096: 1019: 971: 939: 897: 786: 778: 560: 439: 249: 186: 7583: 7108: 6546: 7962: 7873: 7853: 7808: 7732: 7651: 7084: 6526: 6400: 6224: 5316: 4128: 4126: 2192: 2131: 2039: 2002: 1676: 1477: 1401: 1378: 1286: 1092: 1069:

the hymn in mention also addresses her as a daughter of the moon god.

1027: 1026:

as a daughter of Anu. This notion is also present in an inscription of

976: 949:

could be called a son of Anu, as already attested in an inscription of

508: 446: 445:. It is possible that this narrative was later the inspiration for the 434:

translations, Anu is a former ruler of the gods, who was overthrown by

329: 62:

Symbols of various deities, including Anu (rightmost, second row) on a

47: 21:

This article is about the Mesopotamian god. For the Irish goddess, see

7156: 7095:. Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)/Institut für Orientalistik: 19–46. 6567:. Chicago, Illinois: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. 6344: 1826: 1192:

as his creations, subsequently given to the eponymous god as weapons.

881:

due to her position as the daughter-in-law of Sin and wife of his son

627:, the sky was divided into three zones, with the stars closest to the 506:

Anu was regarded as the supreme god, and the major god lists, such as

7957: 7848: 7818: 7777: 7706: 7596: 7559:, Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus, UK Higher Education Academy 7334:

A reassessment of Asherah: with further considerations of the goddess

7187:, Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus, UK Higher Education Academy 7124: 7058:

Die babylonischen Kudurru-reliefs: Symbole mesopotamischer Gottheiten

5964:, New York City, New York and London, England: Blackwell Publishing, 4249: 3268: 3266: 2300: 2296: 2232: 2086: 2082: 2043: 1869: 1841: 1804: 1723: 1514: 1357: 1338: 1282: 1226: 1119: 1107: 1088: 1038: 967: 600: 587:, the rulers who mention Anu in the inscriptions and refer to him as 556: 407: 174: 7023: 6958: 6812: 6478: 6259: 6139: 5880: 5849: 5711: 4770: 4177: 4123: 3616: 3251: 2191:, which was written in Akkadian in the eighth century BC, Anu gives 1258:

refers to Nammu as the "mother who gave birth to Heaven and Earth,"

7967: 7947: 7737: 7332: 7140: 6943:, Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdman's Publishing Company, 6336: 6216: 6194: 6108: 5818: 5766: 5742: 3688: 3514: 2338: 2317: 2212: 2208: 2115: 1993: 1816: 1715: 1691: 1672: 1652: 1613: 1593: 1518: 1461: 1405: 1171: 1103: 1072: 1000: 854: 688: 644: 572: 568: 459: 402:(the Akkadian counterpart of Inanna) persuades him to give her the 170: 7263: 7193: 6905:(1), London, England: The British Astronomical Association: 9–28, 6004:

Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others

3531: 3529: 3263: 1588:

Part of the front of a Babylonian temple to Ishtar in Uruk, built

1418: 7911: 7868: 7843: 7838: 7782: 7757: 7571: 2343: 2090: 1877: 1812: 1759: 1738: 1727: 1481: 1370: 1315: 1297: 1189: 1114:(who could be called his firstborn daughter), the weaver goddess 882: 726: 717: 676: 632: 564: 435: 63: 7061:. Orbis biblicus et orientalis (in German). Universitätsverlag. 6685:, The Legendary Past, Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 6405:, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 4382: 7942: 7926: 7863: 7858: 7833: 7828: 7803: 7772: 7762: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7696: 6144:. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Departement Oriëntalistiek. 5821:. In Soldt, Wilfred H. van; Kalvelagen, R.; Katz, Dina (eds.). 4153: 3565: 3526: 2360: 2347: 2278: 2240: 2236: 2224: 2215:. It states that in the distant past, the "king in heaven" was 2166: 2136: 2102: 2098: 2074: 2034: 2006: 1906: 1885: 1820: 1803:. The number of such names started to rise during the reign of 1617: 1562: 1534: 1522: 1393: 1342: 1334: 1248: 1234: 1213: 1205: 1201: 1175: 1164: 1160: 1127: 1076: 1053: 1045: 1034: 1023: 954: 934: 916: 910: 782: 722: 692: 552: 454: 442: 399: 376: 349: 348:

temple located in Uruk originally belonged to him, rather than

198: 190: 166: 111: 107: 5614: 5612: 5299: 5297: 4143: 4141: 2001:, is a 184-line poem written in Sumerian by the Akkadian poet 1453:

word referring to heaven. However, while Hurrians did worship

7952: 7906: 7787: 7691: 7661: 6561:

Lambert, Wilfred G. (2007). "An Exotic Babylonian God-List".

5225:. Oxford, UK: Oriental Institute, Oxford University. 1.8.1.4. 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4074: 4072: 4070: 3982: 3980: 3676: 3018: 3016: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2326: 2216: 2145: 2141: 2050:, which Anu gives to his daughter Ishtar in Tablet IV of the 2018: 1954: 1946: 1895: 1785: 1746: 1711: 1683: 1624: 1509: 1427: 1382: 1230: 1209: 1135: 1131: 946: 928: 846: 790: 766: 680: 580: 548: 415: 380: 372: 364: 345: 229: 194: 182: 147: 141: 116: 5653: 5651: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5322:

Inanna and Ebiḫ (alt: Goddess of the Fearsome Divine Powers)

5131: 4919: 2144:, the priest of Ea (the East Semitic equivalent of Enki) in 1888:, who was also worshiped in Uruk, and the Assyrian head god 1385:

is also attested in this role in a few cases, though in the

1170:

Anu could also be regarded as the father of various demons.

892:, possibly to be translated as "concubine," in the god list 426:

that Anu will offer him the food and water of death. In the

383:. A variant of one such family tree formed the basis of the 7921: 7896: 7878: 7686: 7641: 6777:, Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 6643:

Heaven and Earth, Law and Love: Studies in Biblical Thought

5609: 5329:. Oxford, UK: Oriental Institute, Oxford University. 1.3.2. 5294: 5282: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5025: 5023: 5021: 4960: 4958: 4707: 4705: 4545: 4543: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4394: 4201: 4165: 4138: 3992: 3953: 3905: 3825: 3765: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3035: 3033: 3031: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2364: 2134:

does not blow towards the land for seven days. He asks his

2111: 2073:, written in the late second millennium BC, Anu's daughter 1881: 1703: 1687: 1605: 1554: 1538: 1492: 1473: 1423: 1397: 1244: 1151: 1115: 1110:(also directly identified as daughters of his wife Urash), 1080: 1004: 924: 696: 672: 636: 612: 604: 596: 468: 423: 215: 162: 7447:

University of California Publications in Semitic Philology

6736:

Gods and Mortals in Early Greek and Near Eastern Mythology

5881:"Primordial Obstetrics. "The Song of Emergence" (CTH 344)" 5819:"The God Amurru as Emblem of Ethnic and Cultural Identity" 5506: 5504: 5502: 5487: 5143: 5083: 4794: 4758: 4678: 4630: 4441: 4429: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4343: 4237: 4084: 4067: 4009: 4007: 3977: 3895: 3893: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3606: 3604: 3589: 3343: 3341: 3239: 3098: 3013: 2650: 7711: 6844:

The Larousse Encyclopedia of Ancient and Medieval History

6260:"Humban and Auramazdā: royal gods in a Persian landscape" 6109:"Concerning the Etymology of Enlil: the An=Anum Approach" 5648: 5636: 5624: 5563: 5561: 5548: 5546: 5531: 5521: 5519: 5475: 5463: 5333: 4372: 4370: 4113: 4111: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3504: 3502: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3229: 3227: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3086: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2765: 2763: 2724: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2291:, and by extension to Anu, is known from the writings of 2022: 1346: 1174:

was viewed his daughter. A group of seven, eight or nine

1130:, which also mentions Urash as her mother), the fire god 927:. Nammu was the mother of Enki in the local tradition of 810: 773:

and continues to appear as a wife of Anu often until the

668: 6662:

Myth and Politics in Ancient Near Eastern Historiography

5453: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5432: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5389: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5354: 5258: 5241: 5229: 5107: 5095: 5018: 4955: 4943: 4931: 4907: 4746: 4702: 4618: 4608: 4606: 4567: 4555: 4540: 4511: 4487: 4333: 4331: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 3789: 3777: 3652: 3314: 3110: 3057: 3028: 2691: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2461: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 651:, whose oldest copies do not mention this concept yet. 591:, "king of the lands," seem to be connected with either 532:, the gods praise Marduk, shouting "Your word is Anu!" 6243:. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten. 5825:. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten. 5597: 5499: 5119: 4406: 4355: 4225: 4189: 4096: 4055: 4043: 4031: 4004: 3965: 3941: 3929: 3917: 3890: 3873: 3640: 3601: 3553: 3541: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3413: 3377: 3353: 3338: 3278: 3189: 3177: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2816: 2748: 2626: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 1781: 1695: 1449:, one of the names of Anu is Hamurnu, derived from the 592: 5585: 5573: 5558: 5543: 5516: 5199: 5197: 5182: 5172: 5170: 5059: 5035: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4975: 4973: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4842: 4806: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4717: 4690: 4666: 4654: 4642: 4591: 4579: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4367: 4297: 4285: 4213: 4108: 4019: 3849: 3837: 3813: 3801: 3753: 3712: 3577: 3499: 3458: 3437: 3389: 3365: 3290: 3224: 3165: 3131: 3074: 3045: 2989: 2960: 2950: 2948: 2855: 2843: 2833: 2831: 2787: 2775: 2760: 2736: 2712: 2667: 2564: 2316:

It is not known what source Eudemos relied on, though

2299:, whose work is only preserved as quotations given by 1741:, Anu appears for the first time in an inscription of 1632: 1285:

might allude to a tradition in which Anu was a son of

323: 319: 293: 289: 5792:

The pantheon of Uruk during the neo-Babylonian period

5685: 5663: 5444: 5413: 5401: 5366: 4878: 4866: 4830: 4818: 4782: 4776: 4603: 4528: 4499: 4328: 4309: 4273: 4255: 4183: 4132: 3700: 3694: 3628: 3622: 3520: 3425: 3257: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3155: 3153: 2933: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2679: 2547: 2528: 2505: 2444: 2434: 2432: 2410: 7489:

The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character

5270: 4854: 3482: 2972: 2888: 2876: 2585: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2140:

Ilabrat the reason. Ilabrat replies that is because

1364:

onward. Her role as a popular intercessory deity in

18:

Ancient Mesopotamian god of the sky; god of all gods

7449:, vol. 11–12, University of California Press, 6168:

House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia

5977: 5686:Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013). 5194: 5167: 5155: 5071: 5047: 4985: 4970: 4890: 4729: 4468: 4261: 3861: 3729: 3470: 3326: 3302: 3272: 3001: 2945: 2828: 2804: 2231:in the Hittite translation) and two other deities, 1827:

Theological reforms in Achaemenid and Seleucid Uruk

1549:. Dione does not appear throughout the rest of the 7493:, Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 7486: 6841: 6564:Studies presented to Robert D. Biggs, June 4, 2004 5852:. In Waerzeggers, Caroline; Seire, Maarja (eds.). 5006: 3741: 3664: 3201: 3150: 2921: 2900: 2638: 2429: 2398:means "sanctuary" ("house" + "Heaven" + genitive) 2081:equivalent to Inanna, attempts to seduce the hero 1576:might have viewed the latter simply as a sky god. 1468:states. Both the head of the hinterland pantheon, 1138:), Šiḫṭu, the divine representation of the planet 990:(Martu) was universally regarded as a son of Anu. 744: 7391:"Unterwelt, Unterweltsgottheiten C. In Anatolien" 6701:Sumerian Literary Texts in the Schøyen Collection 6050: 3571: 3535: 3401: 2484: 2285:A reference to a genealogy of deities similar to 1706:made no reference to Anu in their year formulas. 1553:, in which Zeus's consort is instead the goddess 813:, an identification now regarded as impossible. 438:, who bit off his genitals and gave birth to the 66:of Ritti-Marduk, from Sippar, Iraq, 1125–1104 BCE 7982: 6940:An Introduction to Ancient Mesopotamian Religion 6738:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 154–168. 5978:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998), 888:A goddess named Ninursala is described as Anu's 7195:The metamorphosis of Enlil in early Mesopotamia 6899:Journal of the British Astronomical Association 6361:The Image of the Underworld in Sumerian Sources 5930:The First Dynasty of the Sealand in Mesopotamia 970:. In yet another tradition, Enlil's father was 797:. An early incorrect reading of this entry was 7510:A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology 6665:, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2173:to prevent him from eating the fruit from the 1909:, whose temple was built during the reign of 1262:, but as noted by Frans Wiggermann, the terms 37: 7612: 7409:Wyatt, Nicolas (1999). "The Story of Aqhat". 6302: 3771: 2169:in the biblical story drives Adam out of the 1872:, it is implausible that it was patterned on 1301:Seleucid Uruk should be generally avoided. 7366:. Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips. 6848:, New York City, New York: Excaliber Books, 6623:, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 6025:. In Aruz, Joan; Wallenfels, Ronald (eds.). 6020: 6007:, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 5854:Xerxes and Babylonia: the Cuneiform evidence 3022: 2056:after Gilgamesh spurns her amorous advances. 1604:Anu was chiefly associated with the city of 1099:, but direct evidence is presently lacking. 841:An inscription on a votive figurine of king 7311: 7135:(4). University of Chicago Press: 289–294. 7122: 6790: 6616: 5303: 5288: 4207: 4171: 4159: 4147: 410:. The incident results in the death of the 7619: 7605: 7292: 7261: 7234: 7226:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6456: 6294:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5909: 5709: 4764: 4090: 4078: 3986: 3682: 3320: 3092: 2706: 2478: 2307:writer who lived in the sixth century CE: 1934: 1896:Uruk in late Seleucid and Parthian periods 1142:(in Seleucid Uruk), and possibly the male 631:belonging to Enlil and those close to the 56: 7028:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 6995:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 6936: 6617:Leeming, David Adams; Page, Jack (1996), 6437: 6418: 6322: 6264:Persian religion in the Achaemenid period 6257: 6238: 5348: 3783: 3658: 3125: 3068: 3039: 2754: 1208:. Another tradition most likely regarded 7539:, Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 7178: 7021: 6985: 6956: 6839: 6810: 6658: 6192: 5847: 5816: 5789: 5764: 5740: 5510: 5493: 5149: 5137: 5125: 5113: 5089: 5029: 4964: 4949: 4937: 4925: 4913: 4752: 4711: 4624: 4573: 4561: 4549: 4534: 4522: 4493: 4435: 4361: 4349: 4243: 4231: 4195: 3646: 3610: 3559: 3547: 3508: 3383: 3359: 3347: 3284: 3195: 3183: 2798: 2769: 2632: 2620: 2579: 2253: 2033: 1971: 1583: 1118:(in a single source), the messenger god 753: 463:. It has also been proposed that in the 430:about Kumarbi, known chiefly from their 418:before him for breaking the wing of the 7557:Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses 7467:Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses 7415:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Brill. 7388: 7359: 7330: 7185:Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses 7082: 6916: 6861: 6733: 6698: 6589: 6560: 6524: 6505: 6379:Sumerian Gods and their Representations 5954: 5878: 5743:"Antiquarian Theology in Seleucid Uruk" 5618: 5603: 5591: 5579: 5567: 5552: 5537: 5525: 5481: 5469: 4423: 4400: 4388: 4303: 4291: 4219: 4117: 4102: 4061: 4049: 4037: 4013: 3998: 3971: 3959: 3947: 3935: 3923: 3911: 3899: 3884: 3831: 3819: 3807: 3795: 3759: 3723: 3595: 3583: 3464: 3452: 3431: 3395: 3371: 3296: 3245: 3233: 3171: 3144: 3104: 3080: 3051: 2870: 2849: 2781: 2742: 2718: 2673: 2661: 2558: 2541: 2522: 2455: 2423: 2359:is overthrown and castrated by his son 1476:which developed into a separate deity, 1304: 1134:(and through association with him also 789:. He suggests translating her name as " 273:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 7983: 7626: 7513:, New York City, New York: Routledge, 7484: 7444: 6963:(in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 6896: 6678: 6636: 6395: 6202: 6165: 6137: 5997: 5927: 5910:Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992), 5457: 5438: 5426: 5395: 5383: 5360: 5315: 5276: 5264: 5252: 5235: 5218:Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld 5065: 5041: 4884: 4872: 4860: 4848: 4836: 4824: 4812: 4800: 4788: 4723: 4696: 4684: 4672: 4660: 4648: 4636: 4612: 4597: 4462: 3855: 3843: 3706: 3634: 3476: 2995: 2954: 2939: 2894: 2882: 2730: 2685: 1942:Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld 1537:, and is mildly rebuked by her father 1491:Anu was identified with the Greek god 1411: 583:. Xianhua Wang points out that in the 7600: 7550: 7506: 7460: 7408: 7054: 6768: 6594:. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. 6376: 6106: 6077: 5718:. New York: Oxford University Press. 5669: 5657: 5642: 5630: 5407: 4337: 4322: 4279: 3493: 3007: 2983: 2966: 2273:. The title uses the Latin names for 1999:Goddess of the Fearsome Divine Powers 1976:The original Sumerian clay tablet of 1487:It is sometimes proposed that in the 1430:. However, according to the god list 1150:in the tradition of his cult center, 7526: 7264:"Mythological Foundations of Nature" 7191: 6476: 6358: 6021:de Lapérouse, Jean-François (2003). 5203: 5188: 5176: 5161: 5101: 5077: 5053: 5012: 5000: 4979: 4901: 4740: 4585: 4505: 4481: 4376: 4267: 4025: 3867: 3747: 3735: 3670: 3419: 3407: 3332: 3308: 3218: 3159: 2927: 2915: 2837: 2822: 2810: 2644: 2499: 2438: 2332:It has been argued series of divine 2060: 1389:he is the sukkal of Anshar instead. 467:Anu might have been identified with 392:Anu briefly appears in the Akkadian 6923:, Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck, 2375:In late antiquity, writers such as 2207:translation, the myth belongs to a 1980:, which is currently housed in the 1765:In documents from the reign of the 1557:. Burkert therefore concludes that 853:In older literature, an epithet of 13: 7438: 5771:State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 2259:The Mutilation of Uranus by Saturn 2249: 1083:. He also could be referred to as 406:so that she may send it to attack 14: 8037: 7564: 7337:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. 7312:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1998a), 6864:"The god Eltara and the Theogony" 6794:Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia 6363:, Bethesda, Maryland: CDL Press, 6081:The god Dagan in Bronze Age Syria 5712:"The Hurro-Hittite Kumarbi Cycle" 4777:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 4256:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 4184:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 4133:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 3695:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 3623:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 3521:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 3258:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 1623:There is also no indication that 805:assumed to be a reference to the 777:. A different, male, deity named 471:, though this remains uncertain. 330:divine personification of the sky 7670: 7582: 7570: 7533:Supplements to Vetus Testamentum 7293:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1998), 7262:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1992). 6791:Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea (1998), 6421:"Mondgott A. I. In Mesopotamien" 6303:Huber Vulliet, Fabienne (2011), 6258:Henkelman, Wouter F. M. (2017). 6239:Henkelman, Wouter F. M. (2008). 6051:Drewnowska-Rymarz, Olga (2008). 5823:Ethnicity in Ancient Mesopotamia 5309: 5209: 2389: 2180: 2095:raise the dead to eat the living 1844:. In sources from the following 1627:, "House of Heaven" (Sumerian: e 1529:, where she cries to her mother 1434:, a god bearing the name Yabnu ( 1146:. Whether Anu was the father of 850:this attestation is uncertain. 7129:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 6871:Studi micenei ed egeo-anatolici 6703:. Penn State University Press. 6325:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 5678: 3273:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998 1967: 1568:An equivalence between Anu and 1309:While it is often assumed that 1062:, an astronomical text and the 1011:, which has the same meaning. 938:, but a hymn from the reign of 745:Associations with other deities 649:Prayer to the Gods of the Night 6141:Babylonian Topographical Texts 6029:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 5856:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. 2015:Inanna Takes Command of Heaven 1960:In Sumerian, the designation " 1913:in a foreign style resembling 1823:as the head of the pantheon. 1807:. Documents from the reign of 980:, most likely composed in the 781:served as the tutelary god of 702: 618: 336:, and ancestor of many of the 1: 7587:The dictionary definition of 6699:Metcalf, Christopher (2019). 6620:God: Myths of the Male Divine 6196:Sumerian Lexicon: Version 3.0 6115:. Barcelona: Editorial AUSA. 5848:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2018). 5817:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2005). 5794:. Leiden Boston: Brill STYX. 5790:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2003). 5765:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (1997). 5741:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (1992). 2404: 2262: 2125: 2110:in which the warrior goddess 2067:In a scene from the Akkadian 1597: 1589: 1521:while trying to save her son 1352: 1079:god list associates him with 342:ancient Mesopotamian religion 8011:Characters in the Enūma Eliš 7485:Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963), 7412:Handbook of Ugaritic Studies 7395:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 7318:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 7299:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 7125:"The Mesopotamian God Kakka" 6937:Schneider, Tammi J. (2011), 6862:Polvani, Anna Maria (2008). 6773:, in Edmunds, Lowell (ed.), 6590:Lambert, Wilfred G. (2013). 6527:"Literary Texts from Nimrud" 6525:Lambert, Wilfred G. (1999). 6512:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 6506:Lambert, Wilfred G. (1980), 6463:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 6457:Krebernik, Manfred (2014a), 6444:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 6425:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 6309:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 6170:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. 6084:. Leiden Boston, MA: Brill. 6023:"Stone Sculpture Production" 5984:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 5914:, The British Museum Press, 5710:Bachvarova, Mary R. (2013). 1924: 1195: 801:, which early Assyriologist 474: 324: 294: 7: 7239:. BRILL. pp. 377–405. 7123:Steinkeller, Piotr (1982). 6811:Peterson, Jeremiah (2009). 6438:Krebernik, Manfred (2014), 6419:Krebernik, Manfred (1997), 6053:Mesopotamian goddess Nanāja 5961:A Companion to Ancient Epic 5695:. Academic Press Fribourg. 2029: 1929: 1065:Hymn to the Queen of Nippur 903: 10: 8042: 7529:"El in the Ugaritic Texts" 7507:Leick, Gwendolyn (1998) , 7179:Stephens, Kathryn (2013), 7089:Archiv für Orientforschung 7040:10.1163/156921208786182428 7007:10.1163/156921207783876404 6817:. Münster: Ugarit Verlag. 6679:McCall, Henrietta (1990), 6531:Archiv für Orientforschung 6193:Halloran, John A. (2006), 6166:George, Andrew R. (1993). 6138:George, Andrew R. (1992). 5887:. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag. 2198: 1592:1415 BCE, during the 1579: 1533:, is mocked by her sister 1022:identify the love goddess 749: 675:, and the planets Nebēru ( 318: 288: 83:horned crown on a pedestal 38: 20: 7935: 7887: 7796: 7720: 7679: 7668: 7634: 7245:10.1163/9789004187474_020 7022:Schwemer, Daniel (2008). 6986:Schwemer, Daniel (2007). 6957:Schwemer, Daniel (2001). 6917:Sanders, Seth L. (2017), 6744:10.1017/9781108648028.011 6639:"Air in Biblical Thought" 6592:Babylonian creation myths 1718:, invoked Anu, Enlil and 865:, equivalent of Akkadian 245: 235: 225: 211: 206: 157: 150:(in a single inscription) 144:(equated with each other) 126: 100: 95: 87: 79: 71: 55: 45: 34: 7527:Pope, Marvin H. (1955), 7389:Wilhelm, Gernot (2014), 7360:Wilhelm, Gernot (1989). 7237:Von Göttern und Menschen 7083:Sjöberg, Åke W. (1973). 6775:Approaches to Greek Myth 6659:Liverani, Mario (2004), 4391:, pp. 295, 299–300. 2383: 2221:bites off Anu's genitals 1272:Middle Babylonian period 1014:Texts from the reign of 959:Enki and the World Order 398:, in which his daughter 7331:Wiggins, Steve (2007). 5928:Boivin, Odette (2018). 5289:Leeming & Page 1996 2114:confronts the head god 1935:Sumerian creation myths 803:Daniel David Luckenbill 7575:Quotations related to 7192:Wang, Xianhua (2011). 7055:Seidl, Ursula (1989). 6769:Mondi, Robert (1990), 5879:Beckman, Gary (2011). 3572:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 3536:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 3321:Black & Green 1992 2707:Black & Green 1992 2314: 2282: 2057: 1988: 1911:Vologases I of Parthia 1778:Babylonian Temple List 1601: 1545:is a feminine form of 824:of Anu. The god list 759: 625:Mesopotamian astronomy 261:This article contains 25:. For other uses, see 7001:(2). Brill: 121–168. 6709:10.1515/9781646020119 6637:Levine, Etan (2000), 6489:10.1163/9789004364943 6381:. STYX Publications. 6107:Feliu, Lluís (2006). 6078:Feliu, Lluís (2003). 5938:10.1515/9781501507823 2309: 2257: 2038:Ancient Mesopotamian 2037: 1997:, otherwise known as 1986:University of Chicago 1975: 1797:Neo-Babylonian period 1767:First Sealand dynasty 1587: 921:Old Babylonian period 835:Neo-Babylonian period 775:Old Babylonian period 757: 609:Old Babylonian Empire 585:Early Dynastic period 246:Achaemenid equivalent 8016:Sky and weather gods 7728:Dumuzid the Shepherd 7551:Stone, Adam (2016), 7461:Horry, Ruth (2016), 7085:"Nungal in the Ekur" 6477:Krul, Julia (2018). 6205:History of Religions 1305:In Hurrian tradition 305:"Sky", "Heaven") or 27:Anu (disambiguation) 7721:Other major deities 7553:"Enlil/Ellil (god)" 6911:1998JBAA..108....9R 6397:Kramer, Samuel Noah 6055:. Warszawa: Agade. 5660:, pp. 170–171. 5645:, pp. 169–170. 5633:, pp. 168–170. 5621:, pp. 422–423. 5140:, pp. 204–205. 5104:, pp. 261–262. 4928:, pp. 197–198. 4803:, pp. 198–199. 4687:, pp. 194–195. 4639:, pp. 190–191. 4465:, pp. 261–278. 4403:, pp. 299–300. 4162:, pp. 496–497. 4001:, pp. 432–433. 3962:, pp. 425–426. 3914:, pp. 418–419. 3834:, pp. 210–211. 3685:, pp. 382–383. 3598:, pp. 153–154. 3422:, pp. 236–237. 3248:, pp. 157–158. 3107:, pp. 423–424. 2825:, pp. 134–135. 2733:, pp. 160–161. 2664:, pp. 407–408. 2271:Cristofano Gherardi 2101:. A scene from the 1698:. In the following 1442:texts mention him. 1412:Foreign equivalents 1362:Third Dynasty of Ur 1281:A single prayer to 1204:, whose spouse was 739:Neo-Assyrian period 541:Paul-Alain Beaulieu 7996:Conceptions of God 7628:Sumerian mythology 7473:on 18 October 2020 7034:(1). Brill: 1–44. 6682:Mesopotamian Myths 3772:Huber Vulliet 2011 2283: 2161:, recorded in the 2058: 1989: 1982:Oriental Institute 1851:Seleucus I Nicator 1631:-anna; Cuneiform: 1602: 1489:Hellenistic period 1422:commentary, Anu's 1156:aia DINGIR ù-TU-zu 963:Enki-Ninki deities 760: 695:), and Ṣalbatānu ( 545:Wilfred G. Lambert 465:Hellenistic period 263:special characters 236:Hurrian equivalent 226:Elamite equivalent 50:, King of the Gods 8026:Kings of the gods 8001:Mesopotamian gods 7976: 7975: 7635:Primordial beings 7422:978-90-04-10988-9 7373:978-0-85668-442-5 7344:978-1-59333-717-9 7205:978-3-86835-052-4 7068:978-3-7278-0603-2 6970:978-3-447-04456-1 6950:978-0-8028-2959-7 6930:978-3-16-154456-9 6824:978-3-86835-019-7 6804:978-0-313-29497-6 6718:978-1-64602-011-9 6672:978-0-8014-7358-6 6630:978-0-19-511387-7 6601:978-1-57506-861-9 6574:978-1-885923-44-8 6388:978-90-56-93005-9 6370:978-1-883053-77-2 6359:Katz, D. (2003), 6273:978-3-447-19556-0 6250:978-90-6258-414-7 6151:978-90-6831-410-6 6062:978-83-87111-41-0 6036:978-1-58839-043-1 5999:Dalley, Stephanie 5971:978-1-4051-0524-8 5947:978-1-5015-0782-3 5894:978-3-86835-063-0 5863:978-90-429-3809-0 5832:978-90-6258-313-3 5801:978-90-04-13024-1 5747:Acta Sumerologica 5725:978-0-19-064481-9 5702:978-3-7278-1738-0 5540:, pp. 26–27. 5496:, pp. 21–23. 5484:, pp. 38–65. 5472:, pp. 38–39. 5441:, pp. 65–66. 5398:, pp. 81–82. 5363:, pp. 80–82. 5267:, pp. 37–41. 5255:, pp. 37–40. 5238:, pp. 30–33. 5191:, pp. 77–78. 5152:, pp. 68–69. 5092:, pp. 69–70. 4588:, pp. 10–11. 4438:, pp. 16–17. 4379:, pp. 41–42. 4352:, pp. 15–16. 4246:, pp. 57–59. 4028:, pp. 60–61. 3798:, pp. 22–23. 3023:de Lapérouse 2003 2969:, pp. 74–75. 2342:, written by the 2293:Eudemus of Rhodes 2187:In the epic poem 2120:Epic of Gilgamesh 2070:Epic of Gilgamesh 2062:Epic of Gilgamesh 2053:Epic of Gilgamesh 1855:Antiochus I Soter 1700:Isin-Larsa period 1663:Epic of Gilgamesh 1574:Achaemenid Empire 1513:. In this scene, 1505:Epic of Gilgamesh 1366:Sumerian religion 1180:Nippur Compendium 1059:Epic of Gilgamesh 1033:In late sources, 992:Dietz-Otto Edzard 877:was often called 664:circumpolar stars 395:Epic of Gilgamesh 269:rendering support 256: 255: 8033: 7888:Demons, spirits, 7674: 7621: 7614: 7607: 7598: 7597: 7586: 7574: 7560: 7547: 7523: 7503: 7492: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7457: 7433: 7431: 7429: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7385: 7356: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7289: 7258: 7231: 7225: 7217: 7188: 7175: 7173: 7171: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7051: 7018: 6992: 6982: 6953: 6933: 6913: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6868: 6858: 6847: 6836: 6807: 6787: 6765: 6730: 6695: 6675: 6655: 6633: 6613: 6586: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6502: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6415: 6392: 6373: 6355: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6299: 6293: 6285: 6254: 6235: 6199: 6189: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6134: 6103: 6074: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6017: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5974: 5951: 5924: 5906: 5875: 5844: 5813: 5786: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5737: 5706: 5694: 5673: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5556: 5550: 5541: 5535: 5529: 5523: 5514: 5508: 5497: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5381: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5331: 5330: 5313: 5307: 5304:Nemet-Nejat 1998 5301: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4983: 4977: 4968: 4962: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4509: 4508:, pp. 9–10. 4503: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4466: 4460: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4326: 4320: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4208:Steinkeller 1982 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4172:Wiggermann 1998a 4169: 4163: 4160:Wiggermann 1998a 4157: 4151: 4148:Wiggermann 1998a 4145: 4136: 4130: 4121: 4115: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3888: 3882: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3497: 3491: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3222: 3216: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3148: 3142: 3129: 3123: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3026: 3020: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2998:, pp. 9–10. 2993: 2987: 2981: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2583: 2577: 2562: 2556: 2545: 2539: 2526: 2520: 2503: 2497: 2482: 2476: 2459: 2453: 2442: 2436: 2427: 2421: 2399: 2393: 2264: 1874:Persian religion 1634: 1599: 1591: 1455:earth and heaven 1445:In the god list 1426:counterpart was 1320:Song of Kummarbi 931:and in the myth 735:Andrew R. George 711:A text from the 577:Sargonic dynasty 334:king of the gods 327: 322: 321: 297: 292: 291: 212:Greek equivalent 60: 41: 40: 32: 31: 8041: 8040: 8036: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8031: 8030: 8021:Hittite deities 8006:Hurrian deities 7981: 7980: 7977: 7972: 7931: 7889: 7883: 7792: 7716: 7680:Primary deities 7675: 7666: 7630: 7625: 7567: 7521: 7501: 7476: 7474: 7463:"Enki/Ea (god)" 7445:Vv.Aa. (1951), 7441: 7439:Further reading 7436: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7400: 7398: 7374: 7345: 7322: 7320: 7303: 7301: 7278: 7255: 7219: 7218: 7206: 7169: 7167: 7113: 7111: 7073: 7071: 7069: 6990: 6971: 6951: 6931: 6887: 6885: 6866: 6856: 6825: 6805: 6785: 6754: 6719: 6693: 6673: 6653: 6631: 6602: 6575: 6551: 6549: 6516: 6514: 6499: 6468: 6466: 6448: 6446: 6429: 6427: 6413: 6389: 6371: 6314: 6312: 6287: 6286: 6274: 6251: 6178: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6123: 6092: 6063: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6015: 5989: 5987: 5972: 5956:Burkert, Walter 5948: 5922: 5895: 5864: 5833: 5802: 5755: 5753: 5726: 5703: 5692: 5681: 5676: 5668: 5664: 5656: 5649: 5641: 5637: 5629: 5625: 5617: 5610: 5602: 5598: 5590: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5566: 5559: 5551: 5544: 5536: 5532: 5524: 5517: 5509: 5500: 5492: 5488: 5480: 5476: 5468: 5464: 5456: 5445: 5437: 5433: 5425: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5394: 5390: 5382: 5367: 5359: 5355: 5347: 5334: 5314: 5310: 5302: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5275: 5271: 5263: 5259: 5251: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5202: 5195: 5187: 5183: 5175: 5168: 5160: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5112: 5108: 5100: 5096: 5088: 5084: 5076: 5072: 5064: 5060: 5052: 5048: 5040: 5036: 5028: 5019: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4986: 4978: 4971: 4963: 4956: 4948: 4944: 4936: 4932: 4924: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4900: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4765:Krebernik 2014a 4763: 4759: 4751: 4747: 4739: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4710: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4683: 4679: 4671: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4623: 4619: 4611: 4604: 4596: 4592: 4584: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4560: 4556: 4548: 4541: 4533: 4529: 4521: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4492: 4488: 4480: 4469: 4461: 4442: 4434: 4430: 4422: 4407: 4399: 4395: 4387: 4383: 4375: 4368: 4360: 4356: 4348: 4344: 4336: 4329: 4321: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4278: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4170: 4166: 4158: 4154: 4146: 4139: 4131: 4124: 4116: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4091:Bachvarova 2013 4089: 4085: 4079:Bachvarova 2013 4077: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4012: 4005: 3997: 3993: 3987:Wiggermann 1998 3985: 3978: 3970: 3966: 3958: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3934: 3930: 3922: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3898: 3891: 3883: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3854: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3830: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3806: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3758: 3754: 3746: 3742: 3734: 3730: 3722: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3683:Westenholz 2010 3681: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3609: 3602: 3594: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3570: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3500: 3492: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3394: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3232: 3225: 3217: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3151: 3143: 3132: 3124: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3093:Wiggermann 1992 3091: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3067: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3038: 3029: 3021: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2982: 2973: 2965: 2961: 2953: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2914: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2768: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2729: 2725: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2660: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2631: 2627: 2619: 2586: 2578: 2565: 2557: 2548: 2540: 2529: 2521: 2506: 2498: 2485: 2479:Wiggermann 1998 2477: 2462: 2454: 2445: 2437: 2430: 2422: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2377:Philo of Byblos 2295:, a student of 2281:, respectively. 2252: 2250:Later relevance 2201: 2185: 2163:Book of Genesis 2128: 2065: 2042:relief showing 2032: 1978:Inanna and Ebiḫ 1970: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1915:Roman buildings 1898: 1829: 1655:inscription of 1638: 1630: 1582: 1525:. She flees to 1416:According to a 1414: 1355: 1307: 1198: 1009:e-ni a-mu-ri-we 906: 871:daughter-in-law 862: 771:Sargonic period 752: 747: 705: 621: 477: 278: 277: 276: 267:Without proper 202: 153: 122: 67: 51: 36: 30: 19: 12: 11: 5: 8039: 8029: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7974: 7973: 7971: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7939: 7937: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7893: 7891: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7800: 7798: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7683: 7681: 7677: 7676: 7669: 7667: 7665: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7638: 7636: 7632: 7631: 7624: 7623: 7616: 7609: 7601: 7595: 7594: 7580: 7566: 7565:External links 7563: 7562: 7561: 7548: 7524: 7519: 7504: 7499: 7482: 7458: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7434: 7421: 7406: 7386: 7372: 7357: 7343: 7328: 7309: 7290: 7276: 7259: 7253: 7232: 7204: 7189: 7181:"An/Anu (god)" 7176: 7141:10.1086/372968 7120: 7080: 7067: 7052: 7019: 6983: 6969: 6954: 6949: 6934: 6929: 6914: 6894: 6877:(1): 617–624. 6859: 6854: 6837: 6823: 6808: 6803: 6788: 6783: 6766: 6752: 6731: 6717: 6696: 6691: 6676: 6671: 6656: 6651: 6634: 6629: 6614: 6600: 6587: 6573: 6558: 6522: 6503: 6497: 6474: 6454: 6435: 6416: 6411: 6393: 6387: 6374: 6369: 6356: 6337:10.1086/422302 6331:(2): 111–118, 6320: 6300: 6272: 6255: 6249: 6236: 6217:10.1086/463228 6211:(3): 261–278, 6200: 6190: 6176: 6163: 6150: 6135: 6121: 6104: 6090: 6075: 6061: 6048: 6035: 6018: 6013: 5995: 5975: 5970: 5952: 5946: 5932:. De Gruyter. 5925: 5920: 5907: 5893: 5876: 5862: 5845: 5831: 5814: 5800: 5787: 5762: 5738: 5724: 5707: 5701: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5674: 5672:, p. 171. 5662: 5647: 5635: 5623: 5608: 5606:, p. 423. 5596: 5584: 5572: 5557: 5542: 5530: 5515: 5498: 5486: 5474: 5462: 5443: 5431: 5412: 5410:, p. 244. 5400: 5388: 5365: 5353: 5351:, p. 111. 5349:Karahashi 2004 5332: 5308: 5306:, p. 180. 5293: 5291:, p. 109. 5281: 5269: 5257: 5240: 5228: 5208: 5193: 5181: 5166: 5154: 5142: 5130: 5118: 5116:, p. 205. 5106: 5094: 5082: 5070: 5068:, p. 145. 5058: 5046: 5044:, p. 137. 5034: 5032:, p. 191. 5017: 5005: 4984: 4969: 4967:, p. 199. 4954: 4952:, p. 198. 4942: 4940:, p. 197. 4930: 4918: 4916:, p. 330. 4906: 4889: 4877: 4865: 4853: 4851:, p. 110. 4841: 4829: 4817: 4815:, p. 213. 4805: 4793: 4781: 4769: 4767:, p. 419. 4757: 4755:, p. 109. 4745: 4728: 4726:, p. 123. 4716: 4714:, p. 141. 4701: 4699:, p. 143. 4689: 4677: 4675:, p. 194. 4665: 4663:, p. 193. 4653: 4651:, p. 191. 4641: 4629: 4627:, p. 110. 4617: 4602: 4600:, p. 190. 4590: 4578: 4576:, p. 107. 4566: 4564:, p. 108. 4554: 4552:, p. 106. 4539: 4527: 4525:, p. 105. 4510: 4498: 4496:, p. 196. 4486: 4467: 4440: 4428: 4426:, p. 300. 4405: 4393: 4381: 4366: 4354: 4342: 4340:, p. 302. 4327: 4325:, p. 170. 4308: 4296: 4284: 4282:, p. 245. 4272: 4260: 4258:, p. 132. 4248: 4236: 4224: 4212: 4210:, p. 290. 4200: 4188: 4176: 4174:, p. 491. 4164: 4152: 4150:, p. 496. 4137: 4122: 4107: 4105:, p. 619. 4095: 4093:, p. 159. 4083: 4081:, p. 155. 4066: 4064:, p. 155. 4054: 4052:, p. 346. 4042: 4040:, p. 245. 4030: 4018: 4016:, p. 427. 4003: 3991: 3989:, p. 137. 3976: 3974:, p. 426. 3964: 3952: 3950:, p. 425. 3940: 3938:, p. 389. 3928: 3926:, p. 420. 3916: 3904: 3902:, p. 448. 3889: 3887:, p. 422. 3872: 3860: 3858:, p. 366. 3848: 3846:, p. 157. 3836: 3824: 3822:, p. 148. 3812: 3810:, p. 246. 3800: 3788: 3786:, p. 364. 3784:Krebernik 1997 3776: 3764: 3762:, p. 312. 3752: 3740: 3738:, p. 151. 3728: 3726:, p. 284. 3711: 3709:, p. 283. 3699: 3687: 3675: 3663: 3661:, p. 324. 3659:Henkelman 2017 3651: 3649:, p. 103. 3639: 3637:, p. 208. 3627: 3625:, p. 230. 3615: 3613:, p. 111. 3600: 3588: 3586:, p. 155. 3576: 3564: 3562:, p. 317. 3552: 3550:, p. 188. 3540: 3525: 3513: 3498: 3496:, p. 103. 3481: 3469: 3467:, p. 168. 3457: 3455:, p. 417. 3436: 3424: 3412: 3400: 3398:, p. 190. 3388: 3386:, p. 133. 3376: 3374:, p. 317. 3364: 3362:, p. 168. 3352: 3350:, p. 132. 3337: 3335:, p. 403. 3325: 3313: 3311:, p. 402. 3301: 3299:, p. 267. 3289: 3287:, p. 204. 3277: 3275:, p. 511. 3262: 3260:, p. 259. 3250: 3238: 3236:, p. 157. 3223: 3200: 3198:, p. 311. 3188: 3186:, p. 310. 3176: 3174:, p. 421. 3164: 3149: 3147:, p. 424. 3130: 3128:, p. 403. 3126:Krebernik 2014 3109: 3097: 3095:, p. 282. 3085: 3083:, p. 311. 3073: 3071:, p. 402. 3069:Krebernik 2014 3056: 3054:, p. 408. 3044: 3042:, p. 324. 3040:Henkelman 2008 3027: 3012: 3000: 2988: 2986:, p. 117. 2971: 2959: 2944: 2942:, p. 428. 2932: 2920: 2899: 2887: 2875: 2873:, p. 181. 2854: 2852:, p. 261. 2842: 2840:, p. 136. 2827: 2815: 2813:, p. 187. 2803: 2786: 2784:, p. 184. 2774: 2759: 2755:Schneider 2011 2747: 2745:, p. 209. 2735: 2723: 2721:, p. 259. 2711: 2690: 2688:, p. 254. 2678: 2676:, p. 188. 2666: 2649: 2637: 2635:, p. 115. 2625: 2584: 2582:, p. 203. 2563: 2561:, p. 169. 2546: 2544:, p. 229. 2527: 2525:, p. 295. 2504: 2483: 2481:, p. 138. 2460: 2458:, p. 405. 2443: 2441:, p. 152. 2428: 2426:, p. 238. 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2400: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2267:Giorgio Vasari 2251: 2248: 2235:and the river 2200: 2197: 2184: 2179: 2171:Garden of Eden 2127: 2124: 2087:Bull of Heaven 2064: 2059: 2048:Bull of Heaven 2031: 2028: 1969: 1966: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1897: 1894: 1828: 1825: 1776:The so-called 1743:Shamshi-Adad I 1668:Bull of Heaven 1641:Early Dynastic 1636: 1628: 1610:Uruk IV period 1594:Kassite Period 1581: 1578: 1501:Walter Burkert 1497:Eleanor Robson 1466:ancient Syrian 1413: 1410: 1354: 1351: 1306: 1303: 1197: 1194: 1188:describes the 1126:(in a hymn of 999:, "the god of 982:Kassite period 905: 902: 869:, meant both " 860: 751: 748: 746: 743: 713:Kassite period 704: 701: 620: 617: 476: 473: 412:Bull of Heaven 404:Bull of Heaven 271:, you may see 259: 258: 257: 254: 253: 247: 243: 242: 237: 233: 232: 227: 223: 222: 213: 209: 208: 204: 203: 161: 159: 155: 154: 152: 151: 145: 130: 128: 124: 123: 121: 120: 114: 104: 102: 98: 97: 93: 92: 89: 85: 84: 81: 77: 76: 73: 69: 68: 61: 53: 52: 46: 43: 42: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8038: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7979: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7936:Mortal heroes 7934: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7886: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7797:Minor deities 7795: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7719: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7678: 7673: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7622: 7617: 7615: 7610: 7608: 7603: 7602: 7599: 7593:at Wiktionary 7592: 7591: 7585: 7581: 7578: 7573: 7569: 7568: 7558: 7554: 7549: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7525: 7522: 7520:0-415-19811-9 7516: 7512: 7511: 7505: 7502: 7500:0-226-45238-7 7496: 7491: 7490: 7483: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7459: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7443: 7442: 7424: 7418: 7414: 7413: 7407: 7396: 7392: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7369: 7365: 7364: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7340: 7336: 7335: 7329: 7319: 7315: 7310: 7300: 7296: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7277:0-444-85759-1 7273: 7269: 7265: 7260: 7256: 7254:9789004187481 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7233: 7229: 7223: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7201: 7197: 7196: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7177: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7121: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7081: 7070: 7064: 7060: 7059: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6989: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6966: 6962: 6961: 6955: 6952: 6946: 6942: 6941: 6935: 6932: 6926: 6922: 6921: 6915: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6895: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6865: 6860: 6857: 6855:0-89673-083-2 6851: 6846: 6845: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6820: 6816: 6815: 6809: 6806: 6800: 6797:, Greenwood, 6796: 6795: 6789: 6786: 6784:0-8018-3864-9 6780: 6776: 6772: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6753:9781108648028 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6697: 6694: 6692:0-292-75130-3 6688: 6684: 6683: 6677: 6674: 6668: 6664: 6663: 6657: 6654: 6652:3-11-016952-5 6648: 6644: 6640: 6635: 6632: 6626: 6622: 6621: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6597: 6593: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6570: 6566: 6565: 6559: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6523: 6513: 6509: 6504: 6500: 6498:9789004364936 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6481: 6475: 6464: 6460: 6455: 6445: 6441: 6436: 6426: 6422: 6417: 6414: 6412:0-8122-1047-6 6408: 6404: 6403: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6384: 6380: 6375: 6372: 6366: 6362: 6357: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6321: 6310: 6306: 6301: 6297: 6291: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6266:. Wiesbaden. 6265: 6261: 6256: 6252: 6246: 6242: 6237: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6177:0-931464-80-3 6173: 6169: 6164: 6153: 6147: 6143: 6142: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6122:84-88810-71-7 6118: 6114: 6110: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6091:90-04-13158-2 6087: 6083: 6082: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6054: 6049: 6038: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6019: 6016: 6014:0-19-283589-0 6010: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5996: 5985: 5981: 5976: 5973: 5967: 5963: 5962: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5926: 5923: 5921:0-7141-1705-6 5917: 5913: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5797: 5793: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5763: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5708: 5704: 5698: 5691: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5671: 5666: 5659: 5654: 5652: 5644: 5639: 5632: 5627: 5620: 5615: 5613: 5605: 5600: 5594:, p. 30. 5593: 5588: 5582:, p. 29. 5581: 5576: 5570:, p. 28. 5569: 5564: 5562: 5555:, p. 27. 5554: 5549: 5547: 5539: 5534: 5528:, p. 25. 5527: 5522: 5520: 5513:, p. 22. 5512: 5511:Liverani 2004 5507: 5505: 5503: 5495: 5494:Liverani 2004 5490: 5483: 5478: 5471: 5466: 5460:, p. 66. 5459: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5440: 5435: 5429:, p. 65. 5428: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5409: 5404: 5397: 5392: 5386:, p. 80. 5385: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5362: 5357: 5350: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5312: 5305: 5300: 5298: 5290: 5285: 5278: 5273: 5266: 5261: 5254: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5237: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5219: 5212: 5206:, p. 78. 5205: 5200: 5198: 5190: 5185: 5179:, p. 77. 5178: 5173: 5171: 5164:, p. 20. 5163: 5158: 5151: 5150:Beaulieu 1997 5146: 5139: 5138:Beaulieu 2018 5134: 5128:, p. 69. 5127: 5126:Beaulieu 1997 5122: 5115: 5114:Beaulieu 2018 5110: 5103: 5098: 5091: 5090:Beaulieu 1997 5086: 5080:, p. 29. 5079: 5074: 5067: 5062: 5056:, p. 32. 5055: 5050: 5043: 5038: 5031: 5030:Beaulieu 2018 5026: 5024: 5022: 5014: 5009: 5003:, p. 19. 5002: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4982:, p. 18. 4981: 4976: 4974: 4966: 4965:Beaulieu 2018 4961: 4959: 4951: 4950:Beaulieu 2018 4946: 4939: 4938:Beaulieu 2018 4934: 4927: 4926:Beaulieu 2018 4922: 4915: 4914:Beaulieu 2003 4910: 4904:, p. 15. 4903: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4887:, p. 87. 4886: 4881: 4875:, p. 67. 4874: 4869: 4862: 4857: 4850: 4845: 4839:, p. 39. 4838: 4833: 4827:, p. 41. 4826: 4821: 4814: 4809: 4802: 4797: 4791:, p. 67. 4790: 4785: 4779:, p. 91. 4778: 4773: 4766: 4761: 4754: 4753:Beaulieu 2003 4749: 4743:, p. 13. 4742: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4725: 4720: 4713: 4712:Schwemer 2007 4708: 4706: 4698: 4693: 4686: 4681: 4674: 4669: 4662: 4657: 4650: 4645: 4638: 4633: 4626: 4625:Beaulieu 2003 4621: 4615:, p. 72. 4614: 4609: 4607: 4599: 4594: 4587: 4582: 4575: 4574:Beaulieu 2003 4570: 4563: 4562:Beaulieu 2003 4558: 4551: 4550:Beaulieu 2003 4546: 4544: 4536: 4535:Halloran 2006 4531: 4524: 4523:Beaulieu 2003 4519: 4517: 4515: 4507: 4502: 4495: 4494:Beaulieu 2018 4490: 4484:, p. 12. 4483: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4464: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4437: 4436:Piveteau 1981 4432: 4425: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4402: 4397: 4390: 4385: 4378: 4373: 4371: 4364:, p. 16. 4363: 4362:Schwemer 2008 4358: 4351: 4350:Schwemer 2008 4346: 4339: 4334: 4332: 4324: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4306:, p. 59. 4305: 4300: 4294:, p. 57. 4293: 4288: 4281: 4276: 4270:, p. 75. 4269: 4264: 4257: 4252: 4245: 4244:Beaulieu 1992 4240: 4234:, p. 64. 4233: 4232:Beaulieu 1992 4228: 4222:, p. 77. 4221: 4216: 4209: 4204: 4198:, p. 65. 4197: 4196:Beaulieu 1992 4192: 4186:, p. 93. 4185: 4180: 4173: 4168: 4161: 4156: 4149: 4144: 4142: 4135:, p. 94. 4134: 4129: 4127: 4120:, p. 26. 4119: 4114: 4112: 4104: 4099: 4092: 4087: 4080: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4063: 4058: 4051: 4046: 4039: 4034: 4027: 4022: 4015: 4010: 4008: 4000: 3995: 3988: 3983: 3981: 3973: 3968: 3961: 3956: 3949: 3944: 3937: 3932: 3925: 3920: 3913: 3908: 3901: 3896: 3894: 3886: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3870:, p. 14. 3869: 3864: 3857: 3852: 3845: 3840: 3833: 3828: 3821: 3816: 3809: 3804: 3797: 3792: 3785: 3780: 3774:, p. 32. 3773: 3768: 3761: 3756: 3750:, p. 81. 3749: 3744: 3737: 3732: 3725: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3708: 3703: 3697:, p. 63. 3696: 3691: 3684: 3679: 3673:, p. 90. 3672: 3667: 3660: 3655: 3648: 3647:Peterson 2009 3643: 3636: 3631: 3624: 3619: 3612: 3611:Beaulieu 2003 3607: 3605: 3597: 3592: 3585: 3580: 3574:, p. 31. 3573: 3568: 3561: 3560:Beaulieu 2003 3556: 3549: 3548:Beaulieu 2003 3544: 3538:, p. 30. 3537: 3532: 3530: 3523:, p. 70. 3522: 3517: 3511:, p. 31. 3510: 3509:Beaulieu 2005 3505: 3503: 3495: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3478: 3473: 3466: 3461: 3454: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3434:, p. 30. 3433: 3428: 3421: 3416: 3409: 3404: 3397: 3392: 3385: 3384:Schwemer 2008 3380: 3373: 3368: 3361: 3360:Schwemer 2001 3356: 3349: 3348:Schwemer 2007 3344: 3342: 3334: 3329: 3323:, p. 34. 3322: 3317: 3310: 3305: 3298: 3293: 3286: 3285:Beaulieu 2018 3281: 3274: 3269: 3267: 3259: 3254: 3247: 3242: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3221:, p. 10. 3220: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3197: 3196:Beaulieu 2003 3192: 3185: 3184:Beaulieu 2003 3180: 3173: 3168: 3162:, p. 60. 3161: 3156: 3154: 3146: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3127: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3106: 3101: 3094: 3089: 3082: 3077: 3070: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3053: 3048: 3041: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3025:, p. 65. 3024: 3019: 3017: 3010:, p. 35. 3009: 3004: 2997: 2992: 2985: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2968: 2963: 2956: 2951: 2949: 2941: 2936: 2930:, p. 66. 2929: 2924: 2918:, p. 61. 2917: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2897:, p. 16. 2896: 2891: 2885:, p. 12. 2884: 2879: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2851: 2846: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2824: 2819: 2812: 2807: 2801:, p. 68. 2800: 2799:Beaulieu 1997 2795: 2793: 2791: 2783: 2778: 2772:, p. 68. 2771: 2770:Beaulieu 1992 2766: 2764: 2757:, p. 58. 2756: 2751: 2744: 2739: 2732: 2727: 2720: 2715: 2709:, p. 30. 2708: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2687: 2682: 2675: 2670: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2647:, p. 15. 2646: 2641: 2634: 2633:Beaulieu 2003 2629: 2622: 2621:Stephens 2013 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2581: 2580:Beaulieu 2018 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2502:, p. 41. 2501: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2480: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2425: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2409: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2381: 2378: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2260: 2256: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2189:Erra and Išum 2183: 2182:Erra and Išum 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2138: 2133: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2107:Epic of Aqhat 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2071: 2063: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1995: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1965: 1963: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1943: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1859:Chogha Zanbil 1856: 1852: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1626: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1595: 1586: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1561:is clearly a 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1527:Mount Olympus 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1302: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1254:The god list 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1222: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 993: 989: 985: 983: 979: 978: 973: 969: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 941: 937: 936: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 912: 901: 899: 895: 891: 886: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 856: 851: 848: 844: 843:Lugal-kisalsi 839: 836: 832: 827: 823: 822:feminine form 819: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 756: 742: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 719: 714: 709: 700: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 665: 661: 657: 652: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 616: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 589:lugal kur-kur 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 539: 538:Assyriologist 533: 531: 530: 525: 521: 517: 512: 510: 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 472: 470: 466: 462: 461: 456: 452: 448: 444: 441: 437: 433: 429: 428:Hurrian myths 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 396: 390: 388: 387: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 357: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 326: 316: 312: 309:, originally 308: 304: 301: 296: 286: 282: 274: 270: 266: 264: 251: 248: 244: 241: 238: 234: 231: 228: 224: 221: 217: 214: 210: 205: 200: 197:(sometimes), 196: 193:(sometimes), 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 149: 146: 143: 139: 135: 132: 131: 129: 125: 118: 115: 113: 109: 106: 105: 103: 99: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 65: 59: 54: 49: 44: 33: 28: 24: 23:Anu (goddess) 16: 7978: 7890:and monsters 7646: 7589: 7579:at Wikiquote 7556: 7536: 7532: 7509: 7488: 7475:, retrieved 7471:the original 7466: 7446: 7426:. Retrieved 7411: 7399:, retrieved 7394: 7363:The Hurrians 7362: 7333: 7321:, retrieved 7317: 7302:, retrieved 7298: 7267: 7236: 7194: 7184: 7168:. Retrieved 7132: 7128: 7112:. Retrieved 7092: 7088: 7072:. Retrieved 7057: 7031: 7027: 6998: 6994: 6959: 6939: 6919: 6902: 6898: 6886:. Retrieved 6874: 6870: 6843: 6813: 6793: 6774: 6735: 6700: 6681: 6661: 6642: 6619: 6591: 6563: 6550:. Retrieved 6530: 6515:, retrieved 6511: 6479: 6467:, retrieved 6462: 6447:, retrieved 6443: 6428:, retrieved 6424: 6401: 6378: 6360: 6328: 6324: 6313:, retrieved 6308: 6263: 6240: 6208: 6204: 6195: 6167: 6155:. Retrieved 6140: 6112: 6080: 6052: 6040:. Retrieved 6026: 6003: 5988:, retrieved 5983: 5980:"Nin-ursala" 5960: 5929: 5911: 5884: 5853: 5822: 5791: 5774: 5770: 5754:. Retrieved 5750: 5746: 5715: 5688: 5679:Bibliography 5665: 5638: 5626: 5619:Lambert 2013 5604:Lambert 2013 5599: 5592:Beckman 2011 5587: 5580:Beckman 2011 5575: 5568:Beckman 2011 5553:Beckman 2011 5538:Beckman 2011 5533: 5526:Beckman 2011 5489: 5482:Sanders 2017 5477: 5470:Sanders 2017 5465: 5434: 5403: 5391: 5356: 5321: 5311: 5284: 5279:, p. 4. 5272: 5260: 5231: 5217: 5211: 5184: 5157: 5145: 5133: 5121: 5109: 5097: 5085: 5073: 5061: 5049: 5037: 5015:, p. 1. 5008: 4945: 4933: 4921: 4909: 4880: 4868: 4863:, p. 8. 4856: 4844: 4832: 4820: 4808: 4796: 4784: 4772: 4760: 4748: 4719: 4692: 4680: 4668: 4656: 4644: 4632: 4620: 4593: 4581: 4569: 4557: 4530: 4501: 4489: 4431: 4424:Burkert 2005 4401:Burkert 2005 4396: 4389:Burkert 2005 4384: 4357: 4345: 4304:Wilhelm 1989 4299: 4292:Wilhelm 1989 4287: 4275: 4263: 4251: 4239: 4227: 4220:Lambert 2013 4215: 4203: 4191: 4179: 4167: 4155: 4118:Beckman 2011 4103:Polvani 2008 4098: 4086: 4062:Metcalf 2021 4057: 4050:Wilhelm 2014 4045: 4038:Lambert 2013 4033: 4021: 4014:Lambert 2013 3999:Lambert 2013 3994: 3972:Lambert 2013 3967: 3960:Lambert 2013 3955: 3948:Lambert 2013 3943: 3936:Lambert 2013 3931: 3924:Lambert 2013 3919: 3912:Lambert 2013 3907: 3900:Lambert 2013 3885:Lambert 2013 3863: 3851: 3839: 3832:Lambert 2013 3827: 3820:Lambert 2013 3815: 3808:Lambert 2013 3803: 3796:Sjöberg 1973 3791: 3779: 3767: 3760:Lambert 2013 3755: 3743: 3731: 3724:Lambert 2013 3702: 3690: 3678: 3666: 3654: 3642: 3630: 3618: 3596:Lambert 1999 3591: 3584:Lambert 1999 3579: 3567: 3555: 3543: 3516: 3479:, p. 6. 3472: 3465:Lambert 2007 3460: 3453:Lambert 2013 3432:Metcalf 2019 3427: 3415: 3410:, p. 7. 3403: 3396:Lambert 2013 3391: 3379: 3372:Lambert 2013 3367: 3355: 3328: 3316: 3304: 3297:Lambert 2013 3292: 3280: 3253: 3246:Wiggins 2007 3241: 3234:Wiggins 2007 3191: 3179: 3172:Lambert 2013 3167: 3145:Lambert 2013 3105:Lambert 2013 3100: 3088: 3081:Lambert 2013 3076: 3052:Lambert 2013 3047: 3003: 2991: 2962: 2957:, p. 9. 2935: 2923: 2890: 2878: 2871:Lambert 2013 2850:Lambert 2013 2845: 2818: 2806: 2782:Lambert 2013 2777: 2750: 2743:Lambert 2013 2738: 2726: 2719:Lambert 2013 2714: 2681: 2674:Lambert 2013 2669: 2662:Lambert 2013 2640: 2628: 2559:Lambert 2007 2542:Lambert 1980 2523:Burkert 2005 2456:Lambert 2013 2424:Lambert 2013 2395: 2391: 2374: 2352: 2337: 2331: 2322: 2315: 2310: 2305:neoplatonist 2286: 2284: 2258: 2245: 2202: 2188: 2186: 2181: 2175:tree of life 2159:Adam and Eve 2135: 2129: 2119: 2105: 2079:East Semitic 2068: 2066: 2061: 2051: 2046:slaying the 2014: 2012: 1998: 1991: 1990: 1977: 1968:Inanna myths 1961: 1959: 1940: 1938: 1899: 1863: 1838:Artaxerxes I 1830: 1801:Nabopolassar 1794: 1777: 1775: 1764: 1752: 1736: 1681: 1661: 1622: 1603: 1567: 1558: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1508: 1504: 1486: 1459: 1447:Anšar = Anum 1446: 1444: 1435: 1431: 1417: 1415: 1391: 1386: 1356: 1349:and copper. 1331:Gary Beckman 1323: 1319: 1308: 1291: 1280: 1275: 1267: 1263: 1260:ama-tu-an-ki 1259: 1255: 1253: 1238: 1223: 1218: 1199: 1185:Epic of Erra 1183: 1179: 1169: 1155: 1101: 1093:syncretizing 1084: 1071: 1063: 1057: 1043: 1032: 1013: 1008: 996: 986: 975: 958: 945: 932: 915: 907: 893: 889: 887: 878: 866: 858: 852: 840: 831:Abu Salabikh 825: 816:The goddess 815: 798: 794: 761: 716: 710: 706: 660:Seleucid era 653: 648: 640: 622: 588: 534: 527: 523: 519: 515: 507: 505: 500: 496: 492: 488: 478: 458: 393: 391: 384: 358: 310: 306: 302: 280: 279: 260: 218:(disputed), 201:(sometimes) 15: 7814:Geshtinanna 7768:Ningishzida 7397:(in German) 7314:"Nin-šubur" 7198:. Münster. 6465:(in German) 6311:(in French) 5986:(in German) 5458:McCall 1990 5439:McCall 1990 5427:McCall 1990 5396:Dalley 1989 5384:Dalley 1989 5361:Dalley 1989 5277:Levine 2000 5265:Kramer 1961 5253:Kramer 1961 5236:Kramer 1961 5066:George 1993 5042:George 1993 4885:George 1993 4873:George 1993 4861:George 1993 4849:George 1993 4837:George 1993 4825:Boivin 2018 4813:Boivin 2018 4801:Boivin 2018 4789:Boivin 2018 4724:George 1993 4697:George 1993 4685:Boivin 2018 4673:Boivin 2018 4661:Boivin 2018 4649:Boivin 2018 4637:Boivin 2018 4613:George 1993 4598:Boivin 2018 4463:Harris 1991 3856:George 1992 3844:George 1992 3707:George 1992 3635:Boivin 2018 3477:George 1993 2996:George 1992 2955:George 1992 2940:George 1992 2895:Rogers 1998 2883:Rogers 1998 2731:George 1992 2686:George 1992 2154:Ningishzida 1992:Inanna and 1866:Ahura Mazda 1732:Samsu-iluna 1702:, kings of 1570:Ahura Mazda 1124:Geshtinanna 1020:Samsu-iluna 972:Lugaldukuga 951:Lugalzagesi 940:Ishme-Dagan 787:arable land 703:Iconography 679:), Dilbat ( 619:Astral role 440:weather god 328:), was the 250:Ahura Mazda 207:Equivalents 7985:Categories 7963:Lugalbanda 7854:Nimintabba 7824:Hushbishag 7733:Ereshkigal 7652:Enmesharra 6282:1086094005 5872:1097184152 5670:Mondi 1990 5658:Mondi 1990 5643:Mondi 1990 5631:Mondi 1990 5408:Wyatt 1999 5317:Enheduanna 4338:Feliu 2003 4323:Mondi 1990 4280:Feliu 2006 3494:Klein 1997 3008:Seidl 1989 2984:Seidl 1989 2967:Seidl 1989 2405:References 2323:Enūma Eliš 2288:Enūma Eliš 2132:south wind 2126:Adapa myth 2091:Underworld 2040:terracotta 2003:Enheduanna 1771:theophoric 1677:Lugalbanda 1478:Baalshamin 1402:Achaemenid 1387:Enūma Eliš 1379:Amasagnudi 1353:Attendants 1294:underworld 1287:Enmesharra 1240:Enūma Eliš 1028:Esarhaddon 997:Il Amurrim 829:list from 683:), Šiḫṭu ( 529:Enûma Eliš 447:castration 420:south wind 386:Enūma Eliš 252:(disputed) 119:and Belili 48:Sky Father 7958:Gilgamesh 7849:Ninsianna 7819:Gugalanna 7778:Ninshubur 7707:Ninhursag 7545:0083-5889 7455:977787419 7353:171049273 7222:cite book 7214:712921671 7165:161219123 7149:0022-2968 7101:0066-6440 7048:1569-2116 7015:1569-2116 6883:1126-6651 6833:460044951 6762:233538697 6727:241160992 6610:861537250 6539:0066-6440 6483:. Brill. 6459:"Urkītum" 6353:161211611 6290:cite book 6233:162322517 6131:157130833 6071:263460607 5903:768810899 5783:1120-4699 5734:967417697 5204:Krul 2018 5189:Krul 2018 5177:Krul 2018 5162:Krul 2018 5102:Krul 2018 5078:Krul 2018 5054:Krul 2018 5013:Krul 2018 5001:Krul 2018 4980:Krul 2018 4902:Krul 2018 4741:Krul 2018 4586:Krul 2018 4506:Krul 2018 4482:Krul 2018 4377:Krul 2018 4268:Krul 2018 4026:Krul 2018 3868:Krul 2018 3748:Krul 2018 3736:Krul 2018 3671:Krul 2018 3420:Wang 2011 3408:Wang 2011 3333:Katz 2003 3309:Katz 2003 3219:Krul 2018 3160:Krul 2018 2928:Krul 2018 2916:Krul 2018 2838:Wang 2011 2823:Wang 2011 2811:Wang 2011 2645:Wang 2011 2500:Krul 2018 2439:Wang 2011 2367:. In one 2301:Damascius 2297:Aristotle 2265:1560) by 2233:Tashmishu 2083:Gilgamesh 2044:Gilgamesh 2013:The poem 1925:Mythology 1870:Nabonidus 1842:Darius II 1805:Nabonidus 1724:Hammurabi 1708:Rim-Sîn I 1657:Naram-Sin 1565:of Antu. 1515:Aphrodite 1432:An = Anum 1358:Ninshubur 1339:Tashmishu 1283:Papsukkal 1276:An = Anum 1256:An = Anum 1227:iterative 1219:An = Anum 1196:Ancestors 1120:Papsukkal 1108:Ninkarrak 1089:Napirisha 1016:Rim-Sîn I 977:An = Anum 968:cuneiform 933:Enki and 894:An = Anum 890:dam-bànda 826:An = Anum 601:Shuruppak 557:Babylonia 509:An = Anum 475:Character 408:Gilgamesh 175:Ninkarrak 96:Genealogy 7968:Ziusudra 7948:Enmerkar 7917:Mušḫuššu 7738:Ishtaran 7382:21036268 7286:32242903 7109:41637722 6979:48145544 6583:67873765 6547:41668445 6440:"Uraš A" 6399:(1961), 6186:27813103 6100:52107444 6001:(1989), 5841:60116687 5810:51944564 2344:Boeotian 2339:Theogony 2318:Berossus 2229:Tarḫunna 2213:Anatolia 2103:Ugaritic 2030:Akkadian 1930:Sumerian 1919:Sasanian 1902:Parthian 1846:Seleucid 1817:Xerxes I 1809:Darius I 1716:Gungunum 1692:Ur-Nammu 1673:Enmerkar 1653:Bassetki 1645:Sargonic 1614:ziggurat 1519:Diomedes 1436:ia-ab-na 1406:Seleucid 1324:Song of 1298:Assyrian 1172:Lamashtu 1104:Ninisina 1085:Anu Rabu 1073:Ishtaran 904:Children 879:kallatum 867:kallatum 855:Ashratum 807:Egyptian 689:Kayamānu 656:Seleucid 645:MUL.APIN 573:Entemena 569:Eannatum 485:Akkadian 481:Sumerian 460:Theogony 354:Seleucid 315:Sumerian 285:Akkadian 171:Ninisina 158:Children 7869:Sherida 7844:Ninkasi 7839:Ninimma 7783:Ninurta 7758:Ninegal 7477:6 April 7401:23 June 7295:"Nammu" 6907:Bibcode 6888:23 June 6508:"Jabnu" 6225:1062957 2396:é-an-na 2357:Ouranos 2275:Ouranos 2209:Hurrian 2205:Hittite 2199:Hurrian 2150:Dumuzid 1984:at the 1878:Babylon 1813:Shamash 1795:In the 1760:Urkitum 1739:Assyria 1728:Babylon 1580:Worship 1482:Aramaic 1451:Hurrian 1440:Elamite 1424:Elamite 1371:Ilabrat 1326:Ḫedammu 1316:Kumarbi 1311:Hurrian 1190:Sebitti 1140:Mercury 883:Shamash 795:ki-uraš 750:Spouses 727:Shamash 718:kudurru 685:Mercury 677:Jupiter 633:equator 565:Assyria 524:a-nu-ti 489:a-nu(m) 451:Ouranos 436:Kumarbi 432:Hittite 338:deities 298:, from 240:Hamurnu 127:Consort 101:Parents 64:kudurru 7943:Enkidu 7927:Rabisu 7912:Huwawa 7864:Nungal 7859:Ninsun 7834:Namtar 7829:Isimud 7804:Azimua 7773:Ninlil 7763:Ningal 7753:Ninazu 7748:Nisaba 7743:Nergal 7697:Inanna 7543: 7517: 7497: 7453: 7428:5 June 7419: 7380: 7370: 7351: 7341: 7323:5 June 7304:4 June 7284: 7274: 7251: 7212: 7202: 7170:5 June 7163: 7157:544089 7155: 7147: 7114:3 June 7107: 7099: 7074:4 June 7065: 7046: 7013: 6977: 6967: 6947: 6927: 6881: 6852: 6831: 6821: 6801: 6781: 6760: 6750: 6725: 6715: 6689: 6669: 6649: 6627: 6608: 6598: 6581: 6571: 6552:3 June 6545: 6537: 6517:3 June 6495: 6469:4 June 6449:4 June 6430:3 June 6409: 6385: 6367: 6351: 6345:422302 6343: 6315:3 June 6305:"Šara" 6280: 6270: 6247: 6231: 6223: 6184: 6174: 6157:3 June 6148: 6129: 6119: 6098: 6088: 6069: 6059: 6042:4 June 6033: 6011: 5990:4 June 5968: 5944: 5918: 5901: 5891: 5870: 5860: 5839: 5829: 5808: 5798: 5781: 5756:5 June 5732: 5722: 5699: 2369:Orphic 2361:Kronos 2348:Hesiod 2279:Kronos 2241:Athena 2237:Tigris 2225:Teshub 2167:Yahweh 2137:sukkal 2099:Enkidu 2077:, the 2075:Ishtar 2007:Zagros 1907:Gareus 1886:Anshar 1821:Marduk 1649:Ur III 1618:DINGIR 1563:calque 1535:Athena 1523:Aeneas 1480:, and 1400:under 1394:Zababa 1343:bronze 1335:Teshub 1296:. One 1249:Tiamat 1235:Lahamu 1214:Belili 1206:Kishar 1202:Anshar 1176:Asakku 1165:Nungal 1161:Ninlil 1128:Shulgi 1077:Nippur 1054:Ningal 1046:Inanna 1044:While 1035:Nisaba 1024:Nanaya 1001:Amurru 988:Amurru 955:Lagash 935:Ninmah 917:Ishkur 911:Anunna 783:Dilbat 723:Ishtar 693:Saturn 671:, the 553:Marduk 497:dingir 455:Hesiod 443:Teshub 400:Ishtar 377:Anshar 367:, and 350:Inanna 290:𒀭𒀀𒉡 220:Uranus 199:Inanna 191:Nisaba 179:Amurru 167:Ishkur 112:Kishar 108:Anshar 88:Number 80:Symbol 75:heaven 39:𒀭𒀀𒉡 7953:Etana 7907:Gallu 7788:Nuska 7702:Nanna 7692:Enlil 7662:Nammu 7161:S2CID 7153:JSTOR 7105:JSTOR 6991:(PDF) 6867:(PDF) 6758:S2CID 6723:S2CID 6543:JSTOR 6349:S2CID 6341:JSTOR 6229:S2CID 6221:JSTOR 5693:(PDF) 5327:ETCSL 5223:ETCSL 2384:Notes 2353:koine 2346:poet 2334:coups 2327:Mummu 2217:Alalu 2146:Eridu 2142:Adapa 2019:Eanna 1955:Enlil 1947:Nammu 1890:Ashur 1786:Eridu 1747:Assur 1720:Nanna 1712:Larsa 1684:Enlil 1625:Eanna 1559:Dione 1551:Iliad 1531:Dione 1510:Iliad 1470:Dagan 1428:Jabru 1419:Šurpu 1383:Kakka 1345:from 1231:Lahmu 1210:Alala 1163:) or 1148:Shara 1144:Urash 1136:Nuska 1132:Gibil 1050:Nanna 1039:Irḫan 947:Enlil 929:Eridu 847:Nammu 799:ki-ib 791:tilth 779:Urash 767:Urash 681:Venus 581:Gudea 561:Ashur 549:Enlil 520:anuti 516:anûtu 483:. In 416:Adapa 381:Alala 373:Nammu 365:Urash 346:Eanna 230:Jabru 195:Enlil 187:Urash 183:Gibil 148:Nammu 142:Urash 117:Alala 72:Abode 7922:Udug 7902:Anzû 7897:Asag 7879:Uttu 7874:Ugur 7809:Bitu 7687:Enki 7642:Abzu 7541:ISSN 7515:ISBN 7495:ISBN 7479:2018 7451:OCLC 7430:2022 7417:ISBN 7403:2022 7378:OCLC 7368:ISBN 7349:OCLC 7339:ISBN 7325:2022 7306:2022 7282:OCLC 7272:ISBN 7249:ISBN 7228:link 7210:OCLC 7200:ISBN 7172:2022 7145:ISSN 7116:2022 7097:ISSN 7076:2022 7063:ISBN 7044:ISSN 7011:ISSN 6975:OCLC 6965:ISBN 6945:ISBN 6925:ISBN 6890:2022 6879:ISSN 6850:ISBN 6829:OCLC 6819:ISBN 6799:ISBN 6779:ISBN 6748:ISBN 6713:ISBN 6687:ISBN 6667:ISBN 6647:ISBN 6625:ISBN 6606:OCLC 6596:ISBN 6579:OCLC 6569:ISBN 6554:2022 6535:ISSN 6519:2022 6493:ISBN 6471:2022 6451:2022 6432:2022 6407:ISBN 6383:ISBN 6365:ISBN 6317:2022 6296:link 6278:OCLC 6268:ISBN 6245:ISBN 6182:OCLC 6172:ISBN 6159:2022 6146:ISBN 6127:OCLC 6117:ISBN 6096:OCLC 6086:ISBN 6067:OCLC 6057:ISBN 6044:2022 6031:ISBN 6009:ISBN 5992:2022 5966:ISBN 5942:ISBN 5916:ISBN 5899:OCLC 5889:ISBN 5868:OCLC 5858:ISBN 5837:OCLC 5827:ISBN 5806:OCLC 5796:ISBN 5779:ISSN 5758:2022 5730:OCLC 5720:ISBN 5697:ISBN 2365:Zeus 2303:, a 2277:and 2269:and 2193:Erra 2152:and 2112:Anat 2093:and 1994:Ebiḫ 1882:Zeus 1853:and 1840:and 1834:Antu 1790:Kesh 1784:and 1755:Kish 1704:Isin 1688:Enki 1686:and 1675:and 1647:and 1633:𒂍𒀭 1606:Uruk 1555:Hera 1543:Antu 1539:Zeus 1493:Zeus 1474:Baal 1404:and 1398:Uruk 1375:Mari 1266:and 1247:and 1245:Apsu 1233:and 1212:and 1152:Umma 1116:Uttu 1106:and 1081:Uruk 1052:and 1018:and 1005:Emar 925:Enki 898:Mari 859:é-gi 818:Antu 809:god 729:and 697:Mars 673:moon 629:pole 605:Ebla 603:and 597:Uruk 571:and 559:and 469:Zeus 424:Enki 369:Antu 307:Anum 216:Zeus 163:Enki 134:Antu 110:and 7991:God 7712:Utu 7590:anu 7577:Anu 7241:doi 7137:doi 7036:doi 7003:doi 6903:108 6740:doi 6705:doi 6485:doi 6333:doi 6213:doi 5934:doi 2023:Utu 1737:In 1726:of 1710:of 1547:Anu 1347:tin 1167:. 1112:Bau 1097:Der 984:. 875:Aya 811:Geb 731:Sin 699:). 687:), 669:sun 654:In 641:Way 635:to 623:In 595:or 579:or 563:in 555:in 518:or 501:ilu 499:or 457:'s 453:in 449:of 379:or 340:in 295:ANU 281:Anu 165:, 140:or 35:Anu 7987:: 7657:Ki 7647:An 7555:, 7535:, 7531:, 7465:, 7393:, 7376:. 7347:. 7316:, 7297:, 7280:. 7266:. 7247:. 7224:}} 7220:{{ 7208:. 7183:, 7159:. 7151:. 7143:. 7133:41 7131:. 7127:. 7103:. 7093:24 7091:. 7087:. 7042:. 7030:. 7026:. 7009:. 6997:. 6993:. 6973:. 6901:, 6875:50 6873:. 6869:. 6827:. 6756:. 6746:. 6721:. 6711:. 6641:, 6604:. 6577:. 6541:. 6529:. 6510:, 6491:. 6461:, 6442:, 6423:, 6347:, 6339:, 6329:63 6327:, 6307:, 6292:}} 6288:{{ 6276:. 6262:. 6227:, 6219:, 6209:30 6207:, 6180:. 6125:. 6111:. 6094:. 6065:. 5982:, 5940:. 5897:. 5883:. 5866:. 5835:. 5804:. 5777:. 5775:11 5773:. 5769:. 5751:14 5749:. 5745:. 5728:. 5714:. 5650:^ 5611:^ 5560:^ 5545:^ 5518:^ 5501:^ 5446:^ 5415:^ 5368:^ 5335:^ 5325:. 5319:. 5296:^ 5243:^ 5221:. 5196:^ 5169:^ 5020:^ 4987:^ 4972:^ 4957:^ 4892:^ 4731:^ 4704:^ 4605:^ 4542:^ 4513:^ 4470:^ 4443:^ 4408:^ 4369:^ 4330:^ 4311:^ 4140:^ 4125:^ 4110:^ 4069:^ 4006:^ 3979:^ 3892:^ 3875:^ 3714:^ 3603:^ 3528:^ 3501:^ 3484:^ 3439:^ 3340:^ 3265:^ 3226:^ 3203:^ 3152:^ 3133:^ 3112:^ 3059:^ 3030:^ 3015:^ 2974:^ 2947:^ 2902:^ 2857:^ 2830:^ 2789:^ 2762:^ 2693:^ 2652:^ 2587:^ 2566:^ 2549:^ 2530:^ 2507:^ 2486:^ 2463:^ 2446:^ 2431:^ 2412:^ 2351:(" 2263:c. 2122:. 2116:El 1962:An 1951:Ki 1782:Ur 1696:Ur 1643:, 1598:c. 1590:c. 1462:El 1337:, 1268:ki 1264:an 1122:, 1007:, 900:. 885:. 863:-a 763:Ki 725:, 637:Ea 613:Ea 593:Ur 543:. 493:an 389:. 363:, 361:Ki 332:, 325:An 320:𒀭 317:: 311:An 303:an 300:𒀭 287:: 189:, 185:, 181:, 177:, 173:, 169:, 138:Ki 136:, 91:60 7620:e 7613:t 7606:v 7537:2 7432:. 7384:. 7355:. 7288:. 7257:. 7243:: 7230:) 7216:. 7174:. 7139:: 7118:. 7078:. 7050:. 7038:: 7032:8 7017:. 7005:: 6999:7 6981:. 6909:: 6892:. 6835:. 6764:. 6742:: 6729:. 6707:: 6612:. 6585:. 6556:. 6501:. 6487:: 6391:. 6335:: 6298:) 6284:. 6253:. 6215:: 6188:. 6161:. 6133:. 6102:. 6073:. 6046:. 5950:. 5936:: 5905:. 5874:. 5843:. 5812:. 5785:. 5760:. 5736:. 5705:. 4537:. 2623:. 2261:( 2227:( 1637:2 1635:E 1629:2 1596:( 861:4 691:( 522:( 511:, 313:( 283:( 275:. 265:. 29:.

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