Enki - Knowledge

1454: 2081: 1581:, "Enki, in the swampland, in the swampland lies stretched out, 'What is this (plant), what is this (plant).' His messenger Isimud, answers him; 'My king, this is the tree-plant', he says to him. He cuts it off for him and he (Enki) eats it". And so, despite warnings, Enki consumes the other seven fruit. Consuming his own semen, he falls pregnant (ill with swellings) in his jaw, his teeth, his mouth, his hip, his throat, his limbs, his side and his rib. The gods are at a loss to know what to do; chagrined they "sit in the dust". As Enki lacks a birth canal through which to give birth, he seems to be dying with swellings. The fox then asks 2060:, the gardener, set by Enki to care for the date palm he had created, finds Inanna sleeping under the palm tree and rapes the goddess in her sleep. Awaking, she discovers that she has been violated and seeks to punish the miscreant. Shukaletuda seeks protection from Enki, whom Bottéro believes to be his father. In classic Enkian fashion, the father advises Shukaletuda to hide in the city where Inanna will not be able to find him. Enki, as the protector of whoever comes to seek his help, and as the empowerer of Inanna, here challenges the young impetuous goddess to control her anger so as to be better able to function as a great judge. 3856: 1333: 1324:), taking the role of divine consort or high priest, later taking priority. The Enki temple had at its entrance a pool of fresh water, and excavation has found numerous carp bones, suggesting collective feasts. Carp are shown in the twin water flows running into the later God Enki, suggesting continuity of these features over a very long period. These features were found at all subsequent Sumerian temples, suggesting that this temple established the pattern for all subsequent Sumerian temples. "All rules laid down at Eridu were faithfully observed". 213: 2259:(life), referring to Enki's waters as life-giving. Enki/Ea is essentially a god of civilization, wisdom, and culture. He was also the creator and protector of man, and of the world in general. Traces of this version of Ea appear in the Marduk epic celebrating the achievements of this god and the close connection between the Ea cult at Eridu and that of Marduk. The correlation between the two rises from two other important connections: (1) that the name of Marduk's sanctuary at Babylon bears the same name, 1930:, Enlil, the King of the Gods, sets out to eliminate humanity, whose noise is disturbing his rest. He successively sends drought, famine and plague to eliminate humanity, but Enki thwarts his half-brother's plans by teaching Atrahasis how to counter these threats. Each time, Atrahasis asks the population to abandon worship of all gods except the one responsible for the calamity, and this seems to shame them into relenting. Humans, however, proliferate a fourth time. Enraged, 1703:. After dispatching Tiamat with the "arrows of his winds" down her throat and constructing the heavens with the arch of her ribs, Enlil places her tail in the sky as the Milky Way, and her crying eyes become the source of the Tigris and Euphrates. But there is still the problem of "who will keep the cosmos working". Enki, who might have otherwise come to their aid, is lying in a deep sleep and fails to hear their cries. His mother 1276:, and the divine battle between the younger Igigi divinities and Abzu, saw the Abzu, the underground waters of the Aquifer, becoming the place in which the foundations of the temple were built. With some Sumerian deity names as Enlil there are variations like Elil. En means "Lord" and E means "temple". It is likely that E-A is the Sumerian short form for "Lord of Water", as Enki is a god of water. Ab in Abzu also means water. 1939:

swallow, a raven and a dove in an effort to find if the flood waters have receded. Upon landing, a sacrifice is made to the gods. Enlil is angry his will has been thwarted yet again, and Enki is named as the culprit. Enki explains that Enlil is unfair to punish the guiltless, and the gods institute measures to ensure that humanity does not become too populous in the future. This is one of the oldest of the surviving

1015: 1320:, more than 6,500 years ago. Over the following 4,500 years, the temple was expanded 18 times, until it was abandoned during the Persian period. On this basis Thorkild Jacobsen has hypothesized that the original deity of the temple was Abzu, with his attributes later being taken by Enki over time. P. Steinkeller believes that, during the earliest period, Enki had a subordinate position to a goddess (possibly 2073: 1804:, an introductory spell appears, recounting Enki having had mankind communicate in one language (following Jay Crisostomo 2019); or, in other accounts, it is a hymn imploring Enki to do so. In either case, Enki "facilitated the debates between by allowing the world to speak one language," the presumed superior language of the tablet, i.e. Sumerian. 1395:, Abzu, the "begetter of the gods", is inert and sleepy but finds his peace disturbed by the younger gods, so sets out to destroy them. His grandson Enki, chosen to represent the younger gods, puts a spell on Abzu "casting him into a deep sleep", thereby confining him deep underground. Enki subsequently sets up his home " 1624:(Lady Rib), is also a pun on Lady Life, a title of Ninhursag herself. The story thus symbolically reflects the way in which life is brought forth through the addition of water to the land, and once it grows, water is required to bring plants to fruit. It also counsels balance and responsibility, nothing to excess. 2263:, as that of a temple in Eridu, and (2) that Marduk is generally termed the son of Ea, who derives his powers from the voluntary abdication of the father in favour of his son. Accordingly, the incantations originally composed for the Ea cult were re-edited by the priests of Babylon and adapted to the worship of 1260:

in origin while others claim that his name 'Ea' is possibly of Semitic origin and may be a derivation from the West-Semitic root *hyy meaning "life" in this case used for "spring", "running water". In Sumerian E-A means "the house of water", and it has been suggested that this was originally the name

2202:

Whether Eridu at one time also played an important political role in Sumerian affairs is not certain, though not improbable. At all events the prominence of "Ea" led, as in the case of Nippur, to the survival of Eridu as a sacred city, long after it had ceased to have any significance as a political

1365:

On the Adda Seal, Enki is depicted with two streams of water flowing into each of his shoulders: one the Tigris, the other the Euphrates. Alongside him are two trees, symbolizing the male and female aspects of nature. He is shown wearing a flounced skirt and a cone-shaped hat. An eagle descends from

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Enki then advises that they create a servant of the gods, humankind, out of clay and blood. Against Enki's wish, the gods decide to slay Kingu, and Enki finally consents to use Kingu's blood to make the first human, with whom Enki always later has a close relationship, the first of the seven sages,

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Despite being a place where "the raven uttered no cries" and "the lion killed not, the wolf snatched not the lamb, unknown was the kid-killing dog, unknown was the grain devouring boar", Dilmun had no water and Enki heard the cries of its goddess, Ninsikil, and orders the sun-god Utu to bring fresh

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or Enki if she does not return in three days. After Inanna has not come back, Ninshubur approaches Anu, only to be told that he knows the goddess's strength and her ability to take care of herself. While Enlil tells Ninshubur he is busy running the cosmos, Enki immediately expresses concern and

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that he plans their total annihilation. Enki does not tell Atrahasis directly, but speaks to him in secret via a reed wall. He instructs Atrahasis to build a boat in order to rescue his family and other living creatures from the coming deluge. After the seven-day deluge, the flood hero frees a

1576:

A third time Enki succumbs to temptation, and attempts seduction of Uttu. Upset about Enki's reputation, Uttu consults Ninhursag, who, upset at the promiscuous wayward nature of her spouse, advises Uttu to avoid the riverbanks, the places likely to be affected by flooding, the home of Enki. In

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Eventually, after cooling her anger, she too seeks the help of Enki, as spokesperson of the "assembly of the gods", the Igigi and the Anunnaki. After she presents her case, Enki sees that justice needs to be done and promises help, delivering knowledge of where the miscreant is hiding.

61: 2320:, and the numerous epithets given to him, as well as the various forms under which the god appears, alike bear witness to the popularity which he enjoyed from the earliest to the latest period of Babylonian-Assyrian history. The consort of Ea, known as Ninhursag, Ki, Uriash 2088:

Enki and later Ea were apparently depicted, sometimes, as a man covered with the skin of a fish, and this representation, as likewise the name of his temple E-apsu, "house of the watery deep", points decidedly to his original character as a god of the waters (see

1919:, the causes of the flood and the reasons for the hero's survival are unknown due to the fact that the beginning of the tablet describing the story has been destroyed. Nonetheless, Kramer has stated that it can probably be reasonably inferred that the hero 1565:, (Lady Greenery)". When Ninhursag left him, as Water-Lord he came upon Ninsar (Lady Greenery). Not knowing her to be his daughter, and because she reminds him of his absent consort, Enki then seduces and has intercourse with her. Ninsar then gave birth to 1671:, god of fresh water, co-creator of the cosmos, threatens to destroy the world with his waters, and the gods gather in terror. Enki promises to help and puts Abzu to sleep, confining him in irrigation canals and places him in the Kur, beneath his city of 1552:

The subsequent tale, with similarities to the Biblical story of the forbidden fruit, repeats the story of how fresh water brings life to a barren land. Enki, the Water-Lord then "caused to flow the 'water of the heart" and having fertilised his consort

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bones were found, consumed possibly in feasts to the god. Of his cult at Eridu, which goes back to the oldest period of Mesopotamian history, nothing definite is known except that his temple was also associated with Ninhursag's temple which was called

2285:; i.e. king of the Apsu or "the abyss". The Apsu was figured as the abyss of water beneath the earth, and since the gathering place of the dead, known as Aralu, was situated near the confines of the Apsu, he was also designated as 2336:

times plays a part merely in association with her lord. Generally, however, Enki seems to be a reflection of pre-patriarchal times, in which relations between the sexes were characterised by a situation of greater

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was the mother of Enki, and as the watery creative force, was said to preexist Ea-Enki. Benito states "With Enki it is an interesting change of gender symbolism, the fertilising agent is also water, Sumerian

2037:

dispatches his Galla (Galaturra or Kurgarra, sexless beings created from the dirt from beneath the god's finger-nails) to recover the young goddess. These beings may be the origin of the Greco-Roman

2136:, hill)), and that incantations, involving ceremonial rites in which water as a sacred element played a prominent part, formed a feature of his worship. This seems also implicated in the 1453: 2579: 1786:

The Atrahasis-Epos has it that Enlil requested from Nammu the creation of humans. And Nammu told him that with the help of Enki (her son) she can create humans in the image of gods.

1189:). Beginning around the second millennium BCE, he was sometimes referred to in writing by the numeric ideogram for "40", occasionally referred to as his "sacred number". The planet 1577:

another version of this myth, Ninhursag takes Enki's semen from Uttu's womb and plants it in the earth where eight plants rapidly germinate. With his two-faced servant and steward

1414:

were an important local building material, used for baskets and containers, and collected outside the city walls, where the dead or sick were often carried. This links Enki to the

1986:

to recover them. Inanna sails away in the boat of heaven and arrives safely back at the quay of Uruk. Eventually, Enki admits his defeat and accepts a peace treaty with Uruk.

1569:(Lady Fruitfulness or Lady Pasture), and leaves Enki alone again. A second time, Enki, in his loneliness finds and seduces Ninkurra, and from the union Ninkurra gave birth to 2546:

In the larger narrative Enmerkar is the king of Uruk (Sumer) and Aratta is a mythical eastern land. This episode is one of the most-argued in Assyriological literature.

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or Earth, after "Nine days being her nine months, the months of 'womanhood'... like good butter, Nintu, the mother of the land, ...like good butter, gave birth to

2184:, and were themselves the children of An (sky, heaven) and Ki (earth). The pool of the Abzu at the front of his temple was adopted also at the temple to Nanna ( 1989:

Politically, this myth would seem to indicate events of an early period when political authority passed from Enki's city of Eridu to Inanna's city of Uruk.

3130: 2292:; i.e. "lord of that which is below", in contrast to Anu, who was the lord of the "above" or the heavens. The cult of Ea extended throughout Babylonia and 1482:, a sacred marriage where divine principles in the form of dualistic opposites came together as male and female to give birth to the cosmos. In the epic 2255:

mythology as a god of contracts, and is particularly favourable to humankind. It has been suggested that etymologically the name Ea comes from the term

2861:

Huffmon, Herbert B. (1965), "Amorite Personal Names in the Mari Texts: A Structural and Lexical Study". (Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins Press)

1645:(חוה), who was made from the rib of Adam, in a strange reflection of the Sumerian myth, in which Adam – not Enki – walks in the Garden of Paradise. 2278:) that Ea acquires his permanent place in the pantheon. To him was assigned the control of the watery element, and in this capacity he becomes the 1218:

coast. He is mentioned in the earliest extant cuneiform inscriptions throughout the region and was prominent from the third millennium down to the

1783:

believes that behind this myth of Enki's confinement of Abzu lies an older one of the struggle between Enki and the Dragon Kur (the underworld).

1966:

feasts with her father Enki. The two deities participate in a drinking competition; then, Enki, thoroughly inebriated, gives Inanna all of the

1461:(c.2200 BC), with central inscription: "The Divine Sharkalisharri Prince of Akkad, Ibni-Sharrum the Scribe his servant". Depiction of Ea with 3512: 2164:

in fact go so far as to suggest that the divine pair, Enki and Ninki, were the progenitors of seven pairs of gods, including Enki as god of

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which also means "semen". In one evocative passage in a Sumerian hymn, Enki stands at the empty riverbeds and fills them with his 'water'".

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Ancient Near Eastern Gods Ea and Enki; Diachronical analysis of texts and images from the earliest sources to the Neo-Sumerian period

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Ninhursag relents and takes Enki's Ab (water, or semen) into her body, and gives birth to gods of healing of each part of the body:

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above to land upon his outstretched right arm. This portrayal reflects Enki's role as the god of water, life, and replenishment.

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Another translation describes 'Hamazi, the many-tongued' and instead calls on Enki to change the languages of mankind into one.

3661: 3622: 3521: 3416: 3357: 3330: 3303: 3217: 3114: 3042: 2891: 2828: 2803: 2774: 2606: 2267:, and, similarly, the hymns to Marduk betray traces of the transfer to Marduk of attributes which originally belonged to Ea. 1771:

Adapa, the first man fashioned, later goes and acts as the advisor to the King of Eridu, when in the Sumerian King-List, the

1683:, decides to take back creation herself. The gods gather again in terror and turn to Enki for help, but Enki – who harnessed 1740:. Enki assembles a team of divinities to help him, creating a host of "good and princely fashioners". He tells his mother: 1399:." Enki thus takes on all of the functions of the Abzu, including his fertilising powers as lord of the waters and lord of 2656:(1963), p. 255, that the name of Poseidon is a direct translation of "calque" of the Sumerian EN.KI, 'lord of the earth'". 2845:"Star-god: Enki/Ea and the biblical god as expressions of a common ancient Near Eastern astral-theological symbol system" 1032: 3651: 2024:, sets out to visit her sister. Inanna tells her servant Ninshubur ('Lady Evening', a reference to Inanna's role as the 226: 3744: 3725: 3706: 3680: 3641: 3495: 3452: 3170: 1687:, Tiamat's consort, for irrigation – refuses to get involved. The gods then seek help elsewhere, and the patriarchal 1923:

survives due to Enki's aid because that is what happens in the later Akkadian and Babylonian versions of the story.

1695:, promises to solve the problem if they make him King of the Gods. In the Babylonian tale, Enlil's role is taken by 1667:

gods, the sons and daughters of Enlil and Ninlil, go on strike and refuse their duties of keeping creation working.

3795: 2665:

Stephanie West. "Prometheus Orientalized" page 147 Museum Helveticum Vol. 51, No. 3 (1994), pp. 129–149 (21 pages)

3085: 2116:, high; or Akkadian goddess = Ila), a name shared with Marduk's temple in Babylon, pointing to a staged tower or 1796: 991: 932: 874: 194: 3438:

Freeman, Tzvi. "Is there evidence of Abraham's revolution? – The Big Picture". Chabad.org. Retrieved 2011-06-06.

1589:, "If I bring Ninhursag before thee, what shall be my reward?" Ninhursag's sacred fox then fetches the goddess. 2354: 1312:. It was the first temple known to have been built in Southern Iraq. Four separate excavations at the site of 1028: 273: 236: 3279:"Inanna: Lady of Love and War, Queen of Heaven and Earth, Morning and Evening Star", consulted 25 August 2007 3228:

Jacob Klein, "The So-called 'Spell of Nudimmud' (ELA 134–155): A Re-examination", in Simonetta Graziani, ed.,

212: 3775: 3770: 3765: 246: 202: 4222: 2913: 1230:

The exact meaning of Enki's name is uncertain: the common translation is "Lord of the Earth". The Sumerian

4227: 4182: 3788: 2424:("Sea"), (also called Judge Nahar, or Judge River) whose earlier name in at least one ancient source was 2195:, and spread from there throughout the Middle East. It is believed to remain today as the sacred pool at 1627:

Ninti, the title of Ninhursag, also means "the mother of all living", and was a title later given to the

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Benito, C.A. (1969) "Enki and Ninmah" and "Enki and the World Order" (dissertation, Uni of Philadelphia)

4232: 4172: 2973: 984: 592: 3067: 2230: 1154: 241: 1836:— the totality of heaven and earth, the well-guarded people, proclaimed Enlil in a single language. 1268:

It has also been suggested that the original non-anthropomorphic divinity at Eridu was not Enki but

1214:

Many myths about Enki have been collected from various sites, stretching from Southern Iraq to the

268: 263: 3737:

Der Gott Ea/Enki in der akkadischen Überlieferung: eine Bestandsaufnahme des vorhandenen Materials

4237: 4217: 4202: 2921:(masters thesis). Tartu University, Faculty of Theology, Chair for Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 1186: 3280: 2512: 2052: 912: 3485: 3161:

Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C.

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myth of the fertilisation of the dry ground by the coming of irrigation water (from Sumerian

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Detail of Enki from the Adda Seal, an ancient Akkadian cylinder seal dating to circa 2,300 BC

17: 2341:. In his character, he prefers persuasion to conflict, which he seeks to avoid if possible. 4177: 3911: 3373: 3372:

Lishtar "The Avenging Maiden and the Predator Gardener: a study of Inanna and Shukaletuda"

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Translation as Scholarship: Language, Writing, and Bilingual Education in Ancient Babylonia

1407: 859: 4100: 8: 4212: 4197: 4187: 3760: 2238: 1432:, the goddess of the primeval creative matter and the mother-goddess portrayed as having 1123: 251: 4085: 2084:

God Ea, seated, holding a cup. From Nasiriyah, southern Iraq, 2004–1595 BCE. Iraq Museum

3590: 3551: 2732: 2696: 2643: 2378: 2362: 2090: 1780: 1707:(creatrix also of Abzu and Tiamat) "brings the tears of the gods" before Enki and says 1374: 1219: 1131: 278: 2270:

It is, however, as the third figure in the triad (the two other members of which were

3811: 3740: 3721: 3702: 3676: 3669: 3657: 3637: 3618: 3582: 3517: 3491: 3448: 3447:

Bottero, Jean. "Religion in Ancient Mesopotamia" (University of Chicago Press, 2004)

3412: 3353: 3326: 3299: 3213: 3166: 3159: 3110: 3038: 2887: 2824: 2799: 2770: 2724: 2688: 2635: 2602: 2460: 2393: 2185: 1943: 1425: 1111: 1097: 1059: 1044: 946: 839: 256: 3855: 2750: 2357:

performed a series of excavations of material from the third-millennium BCE city of

1332: 4242: 3656:. Dissertationes Theologiae Universitatis Tartuensis 19. (Tartu University Press). 3543: 3255: 2922: 2076:

God Ea, a statue from Khorsabad, late 8th century BCE, Iraq, now in the Iraq Museum

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Jay Crisostomo's 2019 translation, based on the recent work of C. Mittermayer is:

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Leick, Gwendolyn (2001), "Mesopotamia: the invention of the city" (Penguin) p. 20

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Hallo, William W. (April–June 1996). "Review: Enki and the Theology of Eridu".

2504: 2350: 2333: 2286: 1968: 1773: 1679:, angry at the imprisonment of Abzu and at the prompting of her son and vizier 1462: 1458: 1354: 1232: 1081: 582: 577: 3349:

Inanna, Lady of Largest Heart: Poems of the Sumerian High Priestess Enheduanna

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The Adda Seal, an ancient Akkadian cylinder seal showing (from left to right)

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Fifty-Third General Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America (1951)

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Her city, behold it has become the house of the banks and quays of the land.

1466: 2328:, "big lady of the waters", originally was fully equal with Ea, but in more 2104: 1830:

the distinctly-tongued, Sumer, the great mountain, the essence of nobility,

3840: 2968: 2361:. Much of the written material found in these digs was later translated by 2204: 2141: 2093:). Around the excavation of the 18 shrines found on the spot, thousands of 2044: 1558: 1542: 1479: 1359: 1317: 1305: 692: 429: 3581:(4). Classical Association of the Middle West and South (CAMWS): 320–327. 3409:

Opening the Tablet Box: Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Benjamin R. Foste

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Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary

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Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary

2687:(4). Classical Association of the Middle West and South (CAMWS): 320–327. 2634:(4). Classical Association of the Middle West and South (CAMWS): 320–327. 1972:. The next morning, when Enki awakes with a hangover, he asks his servant 1501:

The land of Dilmun is a clean place, the land of Dilmun is a bright place;

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the lord of Eridu, placed an alteration of the language in their mouths.

1700: 1382: 1158: 1063: 562: 512: 444: 439: 3510:"Yahweh" in K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst, 3192:, pp. 69–72; Christopher B. Siren (1999) based on John C. Gibson's 2736: 2716: 2365:. Among other conclusions, he found a tendency among the inhabitants of 2221:. As Ea, Enki had a wide influence outside of Sumer, being equated with 1980:, only to be informed that he has given them to Inanna. Upset, he sends 1499:

The land of Dilmun is a pure place, the land of Dilmun is a clean place,

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have demonstrated the existence of a shrine dating back to the earliest

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Boboula, Ida. "The Great Stag: A Sumerian Deity and Its Affiliations",

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Her wells of bitter water, behold they are become wells of good water,

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Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian traditions

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The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

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Oh my son, arise from thy bed, from thy (slumber), work what is wise,

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Studi sul Vicino Oriente Antico dedicati alla memoria di Luigi Cagni

1886:(Then) Enki, the lord of abundance (whose) commands are trustworthy, 1173:. He was associated with the southern band of constellations called 712: 707: 667: 464: 4151: 4131: 3921: 3547: 3483: 3296:

Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer

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convenes a Council of Deities and gets them to promise not to tell

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Harmony-tongued Sumer, the great land of the decrees of princeship,

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Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others

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Jacobsen, Thorkild (1970) "Mesopotamian Gods and Pantheons", p. 22

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in this case is a West Semitic (Canaanite) way of pronouncing the

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Oh my mother, the creature whose name thou has uttered, it exists,

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In 1964, a team of Italian archaeologists under the direction of

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center. Myths in which Ea figures prominently have been found in

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Fashion servants for the Gods, may they produce their (bread?).

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At that time, as there was no snake, as there was no scorpion,

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as there was no dog or wolf, as there was no fear or trembling

4136: 4090: 3971: 3875: 3845: 2437: 2301: 2296:. We find temples and shrines erected in his honour, e.g. at 2289: 2275: 2169: 2165: 2121: 2039: 2033: 2025: 1981: 1931: 1893: 1761: 1737: 1704: 1688: 1680: 1672: 1664: 1634: 1621: 1582: 1546: 1429: 1400: 1386: 1313: 1309: 1262: 1204: 1150: 869: 740: 687: 572: 552: 542: 532: 502: 434: 404: 352: 324: 310: 153: 112: 102: 50: 4105: 4080: 4062: 3825: 3243:

Enmerkara und der Herr von Arata: ein ungleicher Wettstreit

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Once upon a time there was no snake, there was no scorpion,

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or fresh water, is living with his wife in the paradise of

1457:

Impression of a cylinder seal of the time of Akkadian King

1378: 1289: 1269: 1237: 1195: 814: 804: 722: 597: 301: 182: 149: 78: 74: 60: 2410:, while explaining how it might have been misinterpreted. 3895: 3830: 3699:

Treasures of Darkness; A History of Mesopotamian Religion

3232:(Naples: Instituto Universitario Orientale, 2000), 563–84 2499: 2494: 2271: 2072: 2029: 1638: 1416: 1341: 384: 347: 98: 2047:

who played an important part in early religious ritual.

1897:

Changed the speech in their mouths, contention into it,

1537:

means "two seas", where the fresh waters of the Arabian

2305: 2192: 2181: 1899:

Into the speech of man that (until then) had been one.

1362:. He is often shown with the horned crown of divinity. 1240:" and was originally a title given to the High Priest. 3761:

Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses: Enki/Ea (god)

3382: 3380: 2400:. Scholars largely reject the theory identifying this 1758:(Ninhursag, his wife and consort) will work above thee 1751:

The good and princely fashioners will thicken the clay

1505:

The place, after Enki is clean, that place is bright.

1053: 3653:

The God Enki in Sumerian Royal Ideology and Mythology

2948:

Steinkeller P. (1999) "Priests and Officials", p. 129

2652:

p. 324, note 28: "... Leonard Palmer suggests in his

1841:

the lord chosen in wisdom who watches over the land,

1766:

Oh my mother, decree thou its (the new born's) fate.

3671:

The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character

1478:

The cosmogenic myth common in Sumer was that of the

3615:

Mesopotamia : writing, reasoning, and the gods

3377: 1764:?) (goddess of birth) will stand by thy fashioning; 1573:(weaver or spider, the weaver of the web of life). 1545:. This mingling of waters was known in Sumerian as 3668: 3158: 2381:(found in names such as Mikael and Ishmael), with 1996:, Inanna, in order to console her grieving sister 1843:the expert of all the gods, the chosen in wisdom, 1369:Considered the master shaper of the world, god of 2414:has also been compared by William Hallo with the 1653:After six generations of gods, in the Babylonian 1296:, meaning "house of the subterranean waters"), a 4164: 3345: 2875: 1958:tells the story of how the young goddess of the 1699:, Enki's son, and in the Assyrian version it is 1473: 1352:Enki was the keeper of the divine powers called 3293: 3106:Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art 1869:In those days, the lands of Subur (and) Hamazi, 1637:. This is also the title given in the Bible to 1272:. The emergence of Enki as the divine lover of 3739:. Verlag für die Technische Universität Graz. 3484:Watson E. Mills; Roger Aubrey Bullard (1990). 3473:All pertinent information is available online. 3398: 3294:Wolkstein, Diane; Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983). 3256:"Enmerkar and the lord of Aratta: translation" 3152: 3150: 3148: 2599:A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology 2388:Jean Bottéro (1952) and others suggested that 2344: 2148:of Enki and Ninhursag (above), which seems an 1853:S.N. Kramer's 1940 translation is as follows: 1522:Her fields and farms produced crops and grain, 1511:water from the Earth for Dilmun. As a result, 33: 3796: 3513:Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible 2907: 2905: 2903: 2160:, water or semen). The early inscriptions of 1888:The lord of wisdom, who understands the land, 1873:Uri, the land having all that is appropriate, 1814:as there was no hyena, as there was no lion, 1753:Thou, do thou bring the limbs into existence; 1749:Mix the heart of clay that is over the Abyss, 1207:times, identified with Enki, as was the star 992: 3103:Brown, Brian A.; Feldman, Marian H. (2013). 3102: 1549:, and was identified as the mother of Enki. 1503:He who is alone laid himself down in Dilmun, 1377:, Enki was characterized as the lord of the 3715: 3346:Enheduanna; Meador, Betty De Shong (2000). 3145: 2886:. Berlin : Walter de Gruyter. p. 237. 2870: 2798:. Cambridge University Press. p. 174. 2000:, who is mourning the death of her husband 1839:Enki, the lord of abundance and true word, 1675:. But the universe is still threatened, as 1244:means "earth", but there are theories that 3803: 3789: 3524:, p. 911: "his cult at Ebla is a chimera." 3212:(Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2019), 36–39. 2900: 2818: 2769:. University of Texas Press. p. 145. 2762: 1832:Akkad, the land possessing the befitting, 1381:(Apsu in Akkadian), the freshwater sea or 1256:meaning "mound". The name Ea is allegedly 1248:in this name has another origin, possibly 1126:, and is identified by some scholars with 999: 985: 59: 3289: 3287: 2823:, The British Museum Press, p. 133, 2597:Leick, Dr Gwendolyn (11 September 2002). 3696: 3636:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 3536:Journal of the American Oriental Society 3490:. Mercer University Press. p. 226. 2881: 2717:"The Babylonian Conception of the Logos" 2079: 2071: 1881:The whole universe, the people in unison 1452: 1331: 1236:is translated as a title equivalent to " 3631: 3612: 3392: 3386: 3037:. Oxford University Press. p. 50. 2723:. Cambridge University Press: 433–449. 2714: 2654:Interpretation of Mycenaean Greek texts 1834:and the land of Martu, lying in safety 1659:, in the seventh generation, (Akkadian 1516:Her City Drinks the Water of Abundance, 1033:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 45:God of creation, intelligence, crafts, 4165: 3810: 3734: 3666: 3471:, Vol. 56, No. 3 (Jul. 1952) 171–178, 3318: 3284: 3245:(Freiburg: Academic Press, 2009), 363. 3189: 3185: 3156: 3030: 2966: 2957:van Buren, E.D. (1951) OsNs 21, p. 293 2842: 2819:Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992), 2789: 2763:Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992). 2574: 2572: 1860:There was no hyena, there was no lion, 1789: 3784: 3533: 3401:"The God Hay(Y)A (Ea / Enki) At Ebla" 2911: 2596: 1747:Bind upon it the (will?) of the Gods; 1518:Dilmun Drinks the Water of Abundance, 3568: 2674: 2659: 2621: 2324:, "lady of that which is below", or 3165:. New York: Harper & Brothers. 2882:Weninger, Stefan (1 January 2012). 2569: 1541:mingle with the salt waters of the 1428:. In another even older tradition, 1284:The main temple to Enki was called 13: 3716:Kramer, S.N.; Maier, J.R. (1989). 3690: 3109:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 187. 3086:"Site officiel du musée du Louvre" 1949: 1406:Early royal inscriptions from the 1177:, but also with the constellation 227:Religions of the ancient Near East 211: 14: 4259: 3754: 2994: 2451:), the first of the Seven Sages. 1892:Endowed with wisdom, the lord of 1777:of "kingship descends on Eridu". 1153:, but later the influence of his 1035: instead of cuneiform script. 3854: 1648: 1434:"given birth to the great gods," 1013: 4248:Piscine and amphibian humanoids 3675:. University of Chicago Press. 3634:Religion in ancient Mesopotamia 3562: 3527: 3504: 3477: 3469:American Journal of Archaeology 3457: 3441: 3432: 3366: 3339: 3312: 3273: 3248: 3235: 3222: 3202: 3179: 3123: 3096: 3078: 3068:"Cylinder Seal of Ibni-Sharrum" 3060: 3051: 3024: 3015: 2988: 2960: 2951: 2942: 2933: 2864: 2855: 2843:Nugent, Tony (1 January 1993). 2836: 2812: 2796:A Handbook of Ancient Religions 2549: 2540: 1915:In the Sumerian version of the 1862:There was no wild dog, no wolf, 1848:The speech of humanity is one. 1818: — as humans had no rival. 1797:Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta 1389:. In the later Babylonian epic 933:Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta 3606: 3487:Mercer Dictionary of the Bible 2794:. In Hinnells, John R. (ed.). 2783: 2756: 2744: 2708: 2668: 2615: 2590: 2481:devoted to the worship of Enki 2355:University of Rome La Sapienza 1821:It was then that the lands of 1794:In the Sumerian epic entitled 1327: 1: 3718:Myths of Enki, the Crafty God 3411:. Brill. pp. 15–16, 25. 3352:. University of Texas Press. 3322:Inanna: A New English Version 2528: 1904: 1864:There was no fear, no terror, 1620:for the limbs. The last one, 1474:Creation of life and sickness 1410:mention "the reeds of Enki". 1261:for the shrine to the god at 1193:, associated with Babylonian 4208:Characters in the Enūma Eliš 3667:Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963). 3157:Kramer, Samuel Noah (1961). 2790:Foster, Benjamin R. (2007). 2562: 2067: 2043:, androgynous beings of the 1448: 1304:marshlands near the ancient 1225: 1054: 7: 3720:. Oxford University Press. 3697:Jacobsen, Thorkild (1976). 3571:"Ovid's Pyramus and Thisbe" 2677:"Ovid's Pyramus and Thisbe" 2624:"Ovid's Pyramus and Thisbe" 2454: 2404:with the Israelite theonym 2345:Ea and West Semitic deities 1529:Dilmun was identified with 10: 4264: 3031:Dalley, Stephanie (1998). 2974:World History Encyclopedia 2969:"Adda Seal (Illustration)" 2377:, king of the gods of the 2102:, "the lofty head house" ( 1908: 1279: 1101: 1048: 34: 15: 4119: 4071: 3980: 3904: 3863: 3852: 3818: 3701:. Yale University Press. 2601:. Routledge. p. 41. 2373:, to replace the name of 1641:, the Hebrew and Aramaic 1463:long-horned water buffalo 1397:in the depths of the Abzu 216:Chaos Monster and Sun God 178: 164: 159: 129: 118: 108: 94: 89: 70: 58: 43: 30: 23:God in Sumerian mythology 3198:Middle Eastern Mythology 2849:Religion - Dissertations 2533: 2016:'sky/heaven'), slain by 1883:To Enlil in one tongue . 1663:or sabath), the younger 1134:. The name was rendered 1092:. He was later known as 3399:Alfonso Archii (2012). 3325:. Penguin. p. 55. 3003:. University of Alabama 2871:Kramer & Maier 1989 2207:'s library, and in the 2120:(as with the temple of 1926:In the later Legend of 1890:The leader of the gods, 1691:, their father, god of 1252:of unknown meaning, or 1138:in Greek sources (e.g. 3632:Bottéro, Jean (2001). 3613:Bottéro, Jean (1992). 3403:. In Melville, Sarah; 2912:Espak, Peeter (2006). 2513:Mesopotamian mythology 2247:. He is also found in 2085: 2077: 2053:Inanna and Shukaletuda 1902: 1879:, resting in security, 1851: 1769: 1736:= man), also known as 1717: 1527: 1508: 1470: 1465:. Circa 2217–2193 BC. 1349: 1145:He was originally the 1021:This article contains 217: 3735:Galter, H.D. (1983). 3650:Espak, Peeter (2010) 3575:The Classical Journal 3260:etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk 3131:"Enki and Ninhursaja" 2884:The Semitic Languages 2681:The Classical Journal 2628:The Classical Journal 2485:Capricorn (astrology) 2435:Ea was also known as 2369:, after the reign of 2128:, which was known as 2083: 2075: 1855: 1809: 1742: 1709: 1513: 1496: 1456: 1335: 1300:temple surrounded by 337:Seven gods who decree 215: 205:Mesopotamian religion 18:Enki (disambiguation) 3912:Dumuzid the Shepherd 3569:Duke, T. T. (1971). 3319:Echlin, Kim (2015). 3298:. Harper & Row. 3188:, pp. 149–151; 2715:Langdon, S. (1918). 2675:Duke, T. T. (1971). 2622:Duke, T. T. (1971). 1408:third millennium BCE 860:Seven-headed serpent 799:Spirits and monsters 16:For other uses, see 4223:Primordial teachers 3905:Other major deities 3194:Canaanite Mythology 2385:(Mikaia, Ishmaia). 2028:) to get help from 1790:Uniter of languages 1486:, Enki, as lord of 1385:located within the 735:Demigods and heroes 399:Other major deities 179:Egyptian equivalent 4228:Time and fate gods 4183:Sea and river gods 3812:Sumerian mythology 3766:Enki and Ninhursag 3196:and S. H. Hooke's 3090:cartelfr.louvre.fr 2967:Cartwright, Mark. 2379:Canaanite pantheon 2363:Giovanni Pettinato 2086: 2078: 1781:Samuel Noah Kramer 1720:seven wise men or 1484:Enki and Ninhursag 1471: 1426:Sumerian mythology 1350: 1220:Hellenistic period 1157:spread throughout 1132:Canaanite religion 1088:), and one of the 218: 4233:Mercurian deities 4173:Mesopotamian gods 4160: 4159: 3819:Primordial beings 3662:978-9949-19-522-0 3624:978-0-226-06727-8 3522:978-90-04-11119-6 3418:978-90-04-18652-1 3359:978-0-292-75242-9 3332:978-0-14-319458-3 3305:978-0-06-090854-6 3218:978-1-5015-0981-0 3116:978-1-61451-035-2 3044:978-0-19-283589-5 2893:978-3-11-025158-6 2830:978-0-7141-1705-8 2805:978-1-139-46198-6 2776:978-0-292-70794-8 2608:978-1-134-64103-1 2461:Ancient Near East 1866:Man had no rival. 1800:, in a speech of 1187:Square of Pegasus 1029:rendering support 1009: 1008: 947:Epic of Gilgamesh 292:Primordial beings 188: 187: 53:, magic, mischief 4255: 4072:Demons, spirits, 3858: 3805: 3798: 3791: 3782: 3781: 3750: 3731: 3712: 3686: 3674: 3647: 3628: 3600: 3599:p. 324, note 27. 3598: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3531: 3525: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3481: 3475: 3461: 3455: 3445: 3439: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3375: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3291: 3282: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3252: 3246: 3241:C. Mittermayer, 3239: 3233: 3226: 3220: 3206: 3200: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3164: 3154: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3064: 3058: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3028: 3022: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2964: 2958: 2955: 2949: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2920: 2909: 2898: 2897: 2879: 2873: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2740: 2712: 2706: 2705:p. 324, note 27. 2704: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2576: 2556: 2553: 2547: 2544: 2176:, and Su'en (or 1994:Inanna's Descent 1600:for the throat, 1587:King of the Gods 1557:, also known as 1533:, whose name in 1105: 1104: 1057: 1052: 1051: 1023:cuneiform script 1017: 1016: 1001: 994: 987: 840:Kuli-ana/Mermaid 229: 190: 189: 165:Greek equivalent 63: 39: 38: 37: 28: 27: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4253: 4252: 4163: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4115: 4073: 4067: 3976: 3900: 3864:Primary deities 3859: 3850: 3814: 3809: 3776:Enki and Inanna 3771:Creation of Man 3757: 3747: 3728: 3709: 3693: 3691:Further reading 3683: 3644: 3625: 3609: 3604: 3603: 3567: 3563: 3532: 3528: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3482: 3478: 3462: 3458: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3378: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3292: 3285: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3240: 3236: 3227: 3223: 3207: 3203: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3155: 3146: 3136: 3134: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3101: 3097: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3006: 3004: 2993: 2989: 2979: 2977: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2918: 2910: 2901: 2894: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2856: 2841: 2837: 2831: 2817: 2813: 2806: 2792:"4 Mesopotamia" 2788: 2784: 2777: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2713: 2709: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2620: 2616: 2609: 2595: 2591: 2580:"The Adda Seal" 2578: 2577: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2477:-era temple in 2457: 2371:Sargon of Akkad 2347: 2339:gender equality 2229:) and possibly 2191:) the Moon, at 2070: 1992:In the myth of 1956:Enki and Inanna 1952: 1950:Enki and Inanna 1913: 1907: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1820: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1792: 1768: 1765: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1716: 1713: 1651: 1612:for the mouth, 1608:for the tooth, 1526: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1476: 1451: 1358:, the gifts of 1348:(circa 2300 BC) 1330: 1282: 1228: 1149:of the city of 1102: 1049: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1027:Without proper 1018: 1014: 1005: 976: 975: 961: 953: 952: 908: 900: 899: 800: 792: 791: 736: 728: 727: 478: 470: 469: 400: 392: 391: 338: 330: 329: 293: 285: 232: 225: 204: 66: 54: 35: 32: 24: 21: 12: 11: 5: 4261: 4251: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4238:Trickster gods 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4218:Knowledge gods 4215: 4210: 4205: 4203:Fertility gods 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4077: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3815: 3808: 3807: 3800: 3793: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3756: 3755:External links 3753: 3752: 3751: 3745: 3732: 3726: 3713: 3707: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3681: 3664: 3648: 3642: 3629: 3623: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3561: 3548:10.2307/605698 3526: 3503: 3496: 3476: 3456: 3440: 3431: 3417: 3405:Slotsky, Alice 3391: 3376: 3365: 3358: 3338: 3331: 3311: 3304: 3283: 3272: 3247: 3234: 3221: 3201: 3178: 3171: 3144: 3122: 3115: 3095: 3077: 3059: 3050: 3043: 3023: 3014: 2995:Busby, Jesse. 2987: 2959: 2950: 2941: 2932: 2899: 2892: 2874: 2863: 2854: 2835: 2829: 2811: 2804: 2782: 2775: 2755: 2753:by J.H. Rogers 2743: 2707: 2667: 2658: 2614: 2607: 2589: 2584:British Museum 2567: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2548: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2468: 2463: 2456: 2453: 2351:Paolo Matthiae 2346: 2343: 2334:Neo-Babylonian 2069: 2066: 1951: 1948: 1941:Middle Eastern 1909:Main article: 1906: 1903: 1856: 1810: 1791: 1788: 1743: 1710: 1650: 1647: 1616:for the side, 1514: 1497: 1475: 1472: 1459:Sharkalisharri 1450: 1447: 1329: 1326: 1292:temple" (also 1281: 1278: 1227: 1224: 1031:, you may see 1019: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1004: 1003: 996: 989: 981: 978: 977: 974: 973: 968: 962: 959: 958: 955: 954: 951: 950: 943: 936: 929: 922: 915: 909: 906: 905: 902: 901: 898: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 801: 798: 797: 794: 793: 790: 789: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 737: 734: 733: 730: 729: 726: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 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4130: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4120:Mortal heroes 4118: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3981:Minor deities 3979: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3801: 3799: 3794: 3792: 3787: 3786: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3748: 3746:3-7041-9018-7 3742: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3727:0-19-505502-0 3723: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3708:0-300-02291-3 3704: 3700: 3695: 3694: 3684: 3682:0-226-45238-7 3678: 3673: 3672: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3643:0-226-06718-1 3639: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3610: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3507: 3499: 3497:9780865543737 3493: 3489: 3488: 3480: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3453:0-226-06718-1 3450: 3444: 3435: 3420: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3388: 3383: 3381: 3374: 3369: 3361: 3355: 3351: 3350: 3342: 3334: 3328: 3324: 3323: 3315: 3307: 3301: 3297: 3290: 3288: 3281: 3276: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3244: 3238: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3174: 3172:0-8122-1047-6 3168: 3163: 3162: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3132: 3126: 3118: 3112: 3108: 3107: 3099: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3073: 3072:Louvre Museum 3069: 3063: 3054: 3046: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3027: 3018: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2976: 2975: 2970: 2963: 2954: 2945: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2916: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2895: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2872: 2867: 2858: 2850: 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2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2082: 2074: 2065: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2054: 2050:In the story 2048: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1912: 1911:Eridu Genesis 1900: 1895: 1878: 1854: 1849: 1827: 1824: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1776: 1775: 1767: 1763: 1757: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1715: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1649:Making of man 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1604:for the hip, 1603: 1599: 1596:for the jaw, 1595: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1525: 1512: 1506: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1468: 1467:Louvre Museum 1464: 1460: 1455: 1446: 1444: 1440: 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810:Lamassu/Shedu 808: 806: 803: 802: 796: 795: 788:(seven sages) 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 738: 732: 731: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 480: 477:Minor deities 474: 473: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 402: 396: 395: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 375:Inanna/Ishtar 373: 372: 371: 368: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 345: 344: 341: 340: 334: 333: 326: 323: 321: 317: 314: 312: 308: 305: 303: 299: 296: 295: 289: 288: 280: 277: 275: 272: 271: 270: 267: 265: 262: 258: 255: 253: 250: 249: 248: 245: 243: 242:Ancient Egypt 240: 238: 235: 234: 228: 224: 223: 222: 221: 214: 210: 209: 206: 201: 200: 196: 192: 191: 184: 181: 177: 174: 170: 167: 163: 158: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 132: 128: 124: 121: 117: 114: 111: 107: 104: 100: 97: 93: 88: 84: 80: 76: 73: 69: 62: 57: 52: 48: 42: 29: 26: 19: 4193:Creator gods 4074:and monsters 3870: 3736: 3717: 3698: 3670: 3652: 3633: 3614: 3578: 3574: 3564: 3542:(2): 231–4. 3539: 3535: 3529: 3511: 3506: 3486: 3479: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3443: 3434: 3422:. 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1199:(the son of 1194: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1144: 1135: 1127: 1107: 1093: 1085: 1077: 1067: 1060:Sumerian god 1040: 1039: 1020: 945: 938: 931: 924: 917: 693:Paniĝinĝarra 369: 357: 343:Four primary 342: 25: 4178:Wisdom gods 3998:Geshtinanna 3952:Ningishzida 3607:Works cited 3190:Kramer 1961 3186:Kramer 1963 3001:Ancient Art 2518:Ahura Mazda 2508:(mythology) 2490:Capricornus 2330:patriarchal 2326:Damgalnunna 2150:etiological 2058:Shukaletuda 1383:groundwater 1373:and of all 1328:Iconography 1288:, meaning " 1175:stars of Ea 1161:and to the 1159:Mesopotamia 835:Ušum/Dragon 578:Lugala'abba 513:Dumuzi-abzu 440:Geshtinanna 385:Utu/Shamash 247:Mesopotamia 160:Equivalents 4213:Magic gods 4198:Earth gods 4188:Water gods 4167:Categories 4147:Lugalbanda 4038:Nimintabba 4008:Hushbishag 3917:Ereshkigal 3836:Enmesharra 3137:5 November 2529:References 2523:El (deity) 2447:(Grecised 2144:or sacred 1998:Ereshkigal 1962:temple of 1917:flood myth 1905:The deluge 1661:"shapattu" 1656:Enûma Eliš 1422:underworld 1392:Enûma Eliš 1302:Euphratean 1294:E-en-gur-a 1203:) was, in 1163:Canaanites 1147:patron god 1120:Babylonian 940:Enūma Eliš 926:Atra-Hasis 776:Atra-Hasis 761:Lugalbanda 703:Shul-utula 583:Mami/Nintu 538:Hendursaga 425:Ereshkigal 420:Enmesharra 173:Prometheus 4142:Gilgamesh 4033:Ninsianna 4003:Gugalanna 3962:Ninshubur 3891:Ninhursag 3587:0009-8353 2927:10062/958 2729:0009-8353 2693:0009-8353 2640:0009-8353 2563:Citations 2239:Canaanite 2237:) in the 2162:Urukagina 2108:, house, 2068:Influence 2045:third sex 2018:Gilgamesh 1954:The myth 1936:humankind 1928:Atrahasis 1875:The land 1732:= great, 1728:= water, 1722:"Abgallu" 1555:Ninhursag 1449:Mythology 1322:Ninhursag 1274:Ninhursag 1226:Etymology 1216:Levantine 1183:the Field 1140:Damascius 1058:) is the 919:An = Anum 913:Mythology 855:Ušumgallu 756:Gilgamesh 673:Ninsikila 643:Ningirima 638:Ningirida 493:Asaruludu 380:Nanna/Sin 363:Ninhursag 252:Babylonia 125:, Damkina 123:Ninhursag 90:Genealogy 85:, chimera 83:goat-fish 47:fertility 4152:Ziusudra 4132:Enmerkar 4101:Mušḫuššu 3922:Ishtaran 3516:(1999), 3407:(eds.). 3007:25 March 2980:25 March 2737:25209408 2455:See also 2416:Ugaritic 2394:Akkadian 2261:Esaggila 2245:pantheon 2219:Anatolia 2209:Hattusas 2186:Akkadian 2146:marriage 2118:ziggurat 2112:, head, 2100:Esaggila 2008:'bull', 2002:Gugalana 1976:for the 1921:Ziusudra 1802:Enmerkar 1618:Enshagag 1567:Ninkurra 1298:ziggurat 1205:Sumerian 1171:Hurrians 1167:Hittites 1124:religion 1116:Assyrian 1112:Akkadian 1098:Akkadian 1090:Anunnaki 1086:nudimmud 1082:creation 1045:Sumerian 880:Lamashtu 850:Mušmaḫḫū 781:Ziusudra 751:Enmerkar 698:Sarpanit 678:Ninšubur 653:Ninkilim 618:Ninmarki 593:Maštabba 558:Kajamanu 518:Enbilulu 488:Anunnaki 237:Anatolia 195:a series 193:Part of 169:Poseidon 146:Ninkurra 130:Children 109:Siblings 4243:Scribes 4053:Sherida 4028:Ninkasi 4023:Ninimma 3967:Ninurta 3942:Ninegal 3595:3296569 3424:19 June 2741:p. 434. 2701:3296569 2648:3296569 2479:Bahrain 2353:of the 2322:Damkina 2318:Nineveh 2310:Babylon 2294:Assyria 2253:Hittite 2249:Hurrian 2216:Hittite 2212:archive 2197:Mosques 2140:of the 2012:'big', 1632:goddess 1629:Hurrian 1614:Dazimua 1610:Ninkasi 1606:Ninsutu 1539:aquifer 1531:Bahrain 1280:Worship 1258:Hurrian 1209:Canopus 1191:Mercury 1080:), and 865:Humbaba 786:Apkallu 766:Shamhat 648:Ninkasi 613:Nindara 528:Erragal 483:Agasaya 460:Ninurta 415:Enkimdu 410:Dumuzid 269:Semitic 264:Iranian 203:Ancient 138:Dumuzid 119:Consort 95:Parents 4127:Enkidu 4111:Rabisu 4096:Huwawa 4048:Nungal 4043:Ninsun 4018:Namtar 4013:Isimud 3988:Azimua 3957:Ninlil 3947:Ningal 3937:Ninazu 3932:Nisaba 3927:Nergal 3881:Inanna 3743: 3724: 3705: 3679: 3660: 3640: 3621: 3593: 3585: 3556:605698 3554: 3520: 3494: 3451: 3415: 3356: 3329: 3302: 3216: 3169: 3113: 3041: 2997:"Enki" 2890: 2827: 2802: 2773: 2735: 2727: 2699: 2691: 2646: 2638: 2605: 2475:Dilmun 2466:Azazel 2449:Oannes 2316:, and 2314:Sippar 2298:Nippur 2265:Marduk 2227:Ugarit 2174:Nippur 2126:Nippur 2091:Oannes 2022:Enkidu 1974:Isimud 1960:É-anna 1826:Hamazi 1756:Ninmah 1697:Marduk 1693:Nippur 1677:Tiamat 1643:Ḥawwah 1602:Nintul 1598:Nanshe 1579:Isimud 1563:Ninsar 1535:Arabic 1494:where 1492:Dilmun 1371:wisdom 1346:Isimud 1338:Inanna 1286:E-abzu 1201:Marduk 1179:AŠ-IKU 1103:𒀭𒂍𒀀 1074:crafts 1050:𒀭𒂗𒆠 971:Sukkal 966:Dingir 895:Rabisu 890:Pazuzu 820:Edimmu 771:Siduri 746:Enkidu 718:Tišpak 713:Šulpae 708:Šubula 683:Ninsun 668:Ninšar 663:Ninmug 658:Ninlil 633:Ningal 628:Ninazu 623:Nisaba 608:Nanshe 603:Namtar 588:Mamitu 548:Isimud 498:Ashnan 465:Šulpae 455:Nergal 450:Marduk 320:Anshar 316:Kishar 307:Lahamu 298:Tiamat 279:Canaan 274:Arabia 142:Ninsar 134:Marduk 71:Symbol 36:𒀭𒂗𒆠 4137:Etana 4091:Gallu 3972:Nuska 3886:Nanna 3876:Enlil 3846:Nammu 3591:JSTOR 3552:JSTOR 2919:(PDF) 2733:JSTOR 2697:JSTOR 2644:JSTOR 2534:Notes 2444:Uanna 2438:Dagon 2396:name 2302:Girsu 2276:Enlil 2242:'ilhm 2180:) of 2170:Enlil 2166:Eridu 2130:E-kur 2122:Enlil 2040:Galli 2034:Enlil 1983:Galla 1932:Enlil 1894:Eridu 1877:Martu 1823:Subur 1762:Nintu 1738:Adapa 1705:Nammu 1701:Ashur 1689:Enlil 1681:Kingu 1673:Eridu 1665:Igigi 1635:Kheba 1622:Ninti 1583:Enlil 1547:Nammu 1430:Nammu 1412:Reeds 1401:semen 1387:earth 1375:magic 1314:Eridu 1310:Eridu 1263:Eridu 1151:Eridu 1106:) or 1078:gašam 1069:gestú 1064:water 1055:EN-KI 960:Terms 907:Tales 870:Hanbi 845:Bašmu 825:Siris 741:Adapa 688:Nuska 573:Lisin 563:Lahar 543:Igigi 533:Gibil 503:Ashgi 445:Lahar 435:Kingu 353:Enlil 325:Mummu 311:Lahmu 257:Sumer 154:Ninti 113:Enlil 103:Nammu 51:semen 4106:Udug 4086:Anzû 4081:Asag 4063:Uttu 4058:Ugur 3993:Bitu 3871:Enki 3826:Abzu 3741:ISBN 3722:ISBN 3703:ISBN 3677:ISBN 3658:ISBN 3638:ISBN 3619:ISBN 3583:ISSN 3518:ISBN 3492:ISBN 3449:ISBN 3426:2014 3413:ISBN 3354:ISBN 3327:ISBN 3300:ISBN 3267:2020 3214:ISBN 3167:ISBN 3139:2022 3111:ISBN 3039:ISBN 3009:2017 2982:2017 2888:ISBN 2825:ISBN 2800:ISBN 2771:ISBN 2725:ISSN 2689:ISSN 2636:ISSN 2603:ISBN 2473:, a 2441:and 2430:Ya'a 2421:Yamm 2418:god 2407:YHWH 2367:Ebla 2359:Ebla 2283:apsi 2281:shar 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