249:, or the mother of the latter goddess, with Ninimma skipped. According to Dina Katz it remains uncertain why any of the goddesses who appear in this section of the myth were selected by its compilers for their respective roles. LluĂs Feliu interprets this version of Ninkurra as a goddess of the mountains based on the literal meaning of her name, and argues she was the same as the craftsman deity, whose role as a divine sculptor according to this theory would point at the origin of the material divine statues were made of. However, Antoine Cavigneaux and Manfred Krebernik consider them to be two separate deities.
468:, a goddess presumed to be Dagan's usual spouse. LluĂs Feliu simply renders it as Ninkur or Ninkurra, but he also notes that a goddess named Baâalta-mÄtim appears in texts from Mari in association with Emar, and might be one and the same as NIN.KUR. He also concludes that she was a spouse of Dagan, and that she can be identified as Shalash based on the presumed continuity of traditions pertaining to the latter. He points out that the use of NIN.KUR to represent her might be related to the logogram KUR being used to write the name of Dagan in the areas located around the middle of the
261:
Ninkurra, in this case male, appears as the husband of Uttu. According to
Cavigneaux and Krebernik this version corresponds to the divine craftsman. Josephine Fechner and Michel Tanret suggest that this Ninkurra might be the same as the deity Nin-NAM.RI, possibly to be read as Ninbirre, explained in
367:
seems to treat she was a separate figure from
Ereshkigal. She tentatively proposes that she might have been a goddess of similar character originally worshiped further to the north than Ereshkigal, and closely linked to Nergal, possibly as his spouse, though ultimately lack of evidence makes
139:. It is assumed that more than one deity bearing this name existed. According to Dina Katz all of them were female, though in a more recent publication Josephine Fechner and Michel Tanret point out a reference to a male Ninkurra in the god list
437:, it has been proposed that it commemorated the descent and subsequent return of a deity from the land of the dead. However, since much of the evidence is ambiguous, more cautious proposals are also present in scholarship, for example that the
424:
festival dedicated to Dagan, which apparently took place in the nearby settlement Ć atappi, involved NIN.KUR as well. The nature of this celebration is difficult to ascertain, though since the rites dedicated to NIN.KUR involved a
313:. In this context, the name would designate her as the "lady of the underworld", as the sign KUR could serve as a designation of the land of the dead. The name might appear in this context in the so-called
420:), a treasury, and additionally a gate and a street named in honor of this deity. This theonym appears in a number of offering lists too. A month named after NIN.KUR is attested in the local calendar. A
145:. The character of the deities designated by this name shows a high degree of fluidity, which is likely to reflect the geographic scope of the individual attestations.
464:
Antoine
Cavigneaux and Manfred Krebernik suggest that in both Mariote and Emariote texts the theonym NIN.KUR(.RA) should be read as BÄlet-mÄtim, and that it refers to
403:. However, it is possible that in the Old Babylonian Mari god list, where this name occurs in the end of the section focused on theonyms starting with the sign
368:
determining the nature of the relations between these three deities impossible. Support for this interpretation has been voiced by Grégoire
Nicolet as well.
340:, to ask them to care for his father in the land of the dead. An identical enumeration of deities is attested independently in three more sources.
1241:
487:
namesake. He suggests that
Ugaritic scribes might have added her to the list due to her importance in the traditions of a nearby area.
78:. There is no agreement among researchers if this Ninkurra corresponds to the identically named goddess appearing in the myth
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Another goddess with the same name, Ninkur, occurs alongside a male deity named Enkur in lists of the so-called "
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a goddess named
Ninkurra is a daughter of the eponymous god born from an incestuous encounter between him and
479:
Grégoire
Nicolet proposes that the entry Ninkur in a variant of the Weidner god list known exclusively from
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1261:
241:. Subsequently, she also becomes his victim, and depending on the version, she is either the mother of
429:, sometimes translated as "mourning woman," as well as laying down her statue and making offerings to
1197:
962:
Silva
Anatolica: Anatolian studies presented to Maciej Popko on the occasion of his 65th birthday
449:
of the deities involved. Another
Emariote ritual dedicated to NIN.KUR involved specialists named
343:
Dina Katz notes that while this version of
Ninkurra would plausibly have a similar character to
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1044:
461:"), though neither the details of its performance nor the role of these women in it is known.
320:, in which a man named Ludingira invokes Ninkurra alongside various underworld deities, after
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It has been argued that a further deity named Ninkur or Ninkurra was associated with the
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The name NIN.KUR or NIN.KUR.RA is additionally well attested in texts from
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states that various artisan deities, including Ninkurra, were created by
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A further deity represented by the logogram NIN.KUR is also attested in
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deity, associated with other similar figures, such as
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The Image of the Netherworld in the Sumerian Sources
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92:in god lists. This theonym was also employed as a
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297:itself, and in a god list known from a copy from
96:to represent the name of a goddess worshipped in
1248:
987:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998),
135:) is sparsely attested in sources from southern
1202:Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale
257:In a late tradition documented in the god list
1242:Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
1024:
565:
371:
1025:Fechner, Josephine; Tanret, Michel (2014),
286:. The pair Enkur-Ninkur is attested in the
108:, possibly to be identified as the wife of
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414:. They attest the existence of a temple (
153:Ninkurra (alternatively: Ninkur) appears
407:, the male craftmanship deity is meant.
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16:Name of multiple Mesopotamian deities
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1117:(3). Peeters Publishers: 320â342.
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1046:The God Dagan in Bronze Age Syria
209:precious and semi-precious stones
673:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998a
388:. This entry directly precedes "
177:. Sometimes the collective term
120:Ninkurra in southern Mesopotamia
1107:"Enki and Ninhursaga, Part Two"
949:
519:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998
453:(the feminine form of Akkadian
207:incantation connects her with
1:
490:
197:. Ninkurra was regarded as a
1138:Lambert, Wilfred G. (2013).
1031:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1012:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
993:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
7:
1082:. Bethesda, MD: CDL Press.
10:
1283:
1165:Nicolet, Grégoire (2022).
211:, while an inscription of
1173:(99). OpenEdition: 9â78.
1140:Babylonian creation myths
1123:10.2143/bior.65.3.2033365
566:Fechner & Tanret 2014
38:
33:
26:
21:
372:NIN.KUR in Mari and Emar
245:and thus grandmother of
359:which places her after
66:was a name of multiple
1257:Mesopotamian goddesses
1196:Simons, Frank (2018).
1111:Bibliotheca Orientalis
958:"The Pantheon of Emar"
956:Beckman, Gary (2002).
161:and ritual texts as a
124:The theonym Ninkurra (
74:, presumably a female
1214:10.3917/assy.112.0123
1208:(1). CAIRN: 123â148.
1043:Feliu, LluĂs (2003).
989:"Nin-kur(a), NIN-KUR"
70:, including a divine
282:," the ancestors of
68:Mesopotamian deities
1180:10.4000/syria.14285
1105:Katz, Dina (2008).
1078:Katz, Dina (2003).
930:, pp. 246â247.
918:, pp. 247â249.
879:, pp. 221â222.
762:, pp. 378â379.
687:, pp. 405â417.
315:First Elegy of the
1267:Mountain goddesses
1262:Handicraft deities
1237:Enki and Ninhursag
1198:"The Goddess Kusu"
485:lower Mesopotamian
351:; additionally an
280:Enki-Ninki deities
270:cutter (BUR.GUL).
51:Enki and Ninhursag
1149:978-1-57506-861-9
1049:. Boston: Brill.
964:. Warsaw: Agade.
711:, pp. 29â30.
441:commemorated the
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179:ilÄ« mÄrÄ ummĂąni
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49:(in the myth
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1068:. Retrieved
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1016:, retrieved
1011:
1008:"Nin-NAM.RI"
997:, retrieved
992:
961:
950:Bibliography
935:
923:
911:
884:
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860:
838:Beckman 2002
823:Beckman 2002
818:
811:Nicolet 2022
806:
794:
787:Nicolet 2022
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755:
743:
736:Nicolet 2022
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709:Nicolet 2022
704:
697:Lambert 2013
692:
685:Lambert 2013
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634:Lambert 2013
629:
605:Lambert 2013
600:
588:
581:Nicolet 2022
478:
463:
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447:enthronement
445:or symbolic
438:
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409:
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342:
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266:as a divine
263:
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227:In the myth
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152:
140:
132:
125:
123:
79:
63:
59:
58:
50:
1014:(in German)
995:(in German)
593:Simons 2018
474:NIN.HUR.SAG
363:and before
326:Ningishzida
324:and before
213:Sennacherib
187:incantation
137:Mesopotamia
1251:Categories
1089:1883053773
1070:2022-08-22
1065:1288215998
1036:2022-08-22
1018:2022-08-22
999:2022-08-22
940:Feliu 2003
928:Feliu 2003
916:Feliu 2003
904:Feliu 2003
889:Feliu 2003
877:Feliu 2003
865:Feliu 2003
853:Feliu 2003
799:Feliu 2003
622:Feliu 2003
534:Feliu 2003
491:References
431:underworld
345:Ereshkigal
311:underworld
1222:0373-6032
1189:0039-7946
1158:861537250
1131:0006-1913
772:Katz 2003
760:Katz 2003
748:Katz 2003
724:Katz 2003
661:Katz 2008
649:Katz 2008
549:Katz 2008
470:Euphrates
401:Zimri-Lim
330:Gilgamesh
295:An = Anum
291:An = Anum
264:An = Anum
259:An = Anum
234:Ninhursag
217:limestone
163:craftsman
159:An = Anum
142:An = Anum
106:Euphrates
85:Ninhursag
34:Genealogy
1098:51770219
980:51004996
443:marriage
239:Ninnisig
199:sculptor
183:Akkadian
175:Ninagala
94:logogram
76:sculptor
60:Ninkurra
39:Children
22:Ninkurra
1240:in the
466:Shalash
451:nagīrtu
435:Shuwala
427:nugagtu
243:Ninimma
133:nin-kur
129:-kur-ra
114:Shalash
104:on the
100:and in
72:artisan
43:Ninimma
1220:
1187:
1156:
1146:
1129:
1096:
1086:
1063:
1053:
1027:"Uttu"
978:
968:
481:Ugarit
459:herald
455:nagīru
349:Namtar
322:Nergal
204:MĂźs-pĂź
171:Ninmug
64:Ninkur
1171:Syria
439:kissu
422:kissu
397:Dagan
393:Terqa
390:Lugal
365:Lisin
361:Ninti
338:Etana
284:Enlil
193:from
167:Kulla
110:Dagan
90:Enlil
1218:ISSN
1185:ISSN
1154:OCLC
1144:ISBN
1127:ISSN
1094:OCLC
1084:ISBN
1061:OCLC
1051:ISBN
976:OCLC
966:ISBN
412:Emar
378:Mari
357:Uruk
336:and
334:Bitu
299:Mari
268:seal
247:Uttu
232:and
230:Enki
195:clay
102:Emar
98:Mari
83:and
81:Enki
47:Uttu
1210:doi
1206:112
1175:doi
1119:doi
457:, "
405:NIN
384:or
173:or
127:nin
62:or
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