305:, who also were solar deities. However, the size of local western pantheons was comparatively smaller, leading to multiple Mesopotamian deities being presented as corresponding to a single Hurrian or Ugaritic one. For the same reason, some of the Hurrian entries appear to be phonetic transcriptions of Mesopotamian names, and might not represent actively worshiped deities. Other entries appear to be innovation of scholars, for example the goddess Ašte Kumurbineve, "wife of
194:, starting with enumerations of signs arranged based on similar shapes of the first wedges or pronunciation, and eventually progressing to similar compilations of various words, arranged thematically, for example based on accompanying determinative, as in the case of lists of names deities. Familiarizing scribes with the composition of the pantheon was most likely one of the aspects of passing down an idealized concept of shared Sumero-Akkadian heritage.
225:, it is difficult to tell if a single principle was followed in the compilers, and multiple originally separate short lists were likely joined to form the Weidner god list. In a more recent assessment Aaron Tugendhaft adopts a similar position and notes that for example, only the beginning of the list follows a clear hierarchical order. The exact contents of the list vary between copies, as new entries could be added with time. For example,
42:. Further examples have been found in many excavated Mesopotamian cities, and come from between the Old Babylonian period and the fourth century BCE. It is agreed the text served as an exercise for novice scribes, but the principles guiding the arrangement of the listed deities remain unknown. In later periods, philological research led to the creation of extended versions providing explanations of the names of individual deities.
236:
While most of the known copies follow the single column standard, the compilers of late versions could add more, for example, three fragments from Assur include explanations of the names of the listed deities in a second column, while one has a total of four additional ones, with information about
241:
signs used to write a given name and explanatory notes. While some such copies equate individual deities with each other, due to their late date they cannot necessarily be treated as a representation of universally followed theology. In the case of some entries, for example, the equation between
189:
curriculum was widespread at least since the Middle
Babylonian period, though it might have already fulfilled such a role in some locations in the Old Babylonian period. It was studied in the beginning of scribal education. Apprentice scribes were expected to copy increasingly complex
106:). However, none are known from between the twenty sixth century BCE and the beginning of the second millennium BCE, and there is no clear indication that the early lists directly influenced the Weidner god list. The oldest known exemplar, VAT 6563, most likely originates in the
337:. This might be the result of either a mistake or scribal wordplay relying on the use of the sign IM as a logogram representing names of weather gods. For these reasons, neither the Hurrian nor Ugaritic columns are treated as an accurate reflections of, respectively,
91:. Weidner prepared a collation of the text in 1924, relying on various fragments originating in different locations and time periods. No standardized edition is presently available. While the incipit of the original text indicates that it was referred to simply as
205:, both well-attested and obscure. The standard Old Babylonian version has 245 entries, but it remains uncertain what principles their arrangement follows. Some deities of similar character, for example birth goddesses or local manifestations of
329:, a local god of similar character, presumably to avoid the implications that the goddess Shapash, the counterpart of Aya's husband, had a wife. A further commonly noted peculiar aspect of the trilingual list is the fact that
926:
290:
one only in the former. As the copies match each other, most likely
Ugaritic scribes worked with preexisting Hurrian editions, presumably meant to facilitate bilingual scribal education.
254:), they depend only on the phonetic or graphic similarity between theonyms. Such variants did not serve as scribal exercises, but instead most likely constitute an ancient example of
229:
appears only in copies postdating the Old
Babylonian period, with the exception of a single tablet from Tell Taban. Other examples of deities only present in later editions include
185:
The character of the
Weidner god list has been described as "pedagogic". A number of copies have been identified as scribal exercises. It is agreed that its use as part of
293:
The goal of the multilingual editions was apparently to show correspondences between deities from the
Mesopotamian, Hurrian and Ugaritic pantheons. For example,
69:, but due to a number of peculiarities characteristic for these texts, it is presumed they do not necessarily accurately reflect contemporary religious beliefs.
142:, the Weidner god list has been described as "chronologically and geographically widespread". Multiple tablets come from the Old Babylonian period from
1030:
Die
Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der Keilschriftkulturen: Materialien und Studien nach den schriftlichen Quellen
81:
857:
1147:
1038:
968:
939:
897:
870:
99:
317:. Some entries might have been reinterpreted for theological reasons, for example while a Hurrian form of the goddess
177:, Nippur and Uruk. It remained in circulation until the Late Babylonian period, as late as in the fourth century BCE.
61:
and
Ugaritic scribes compiled multilingual editions providing information about correspondences between Mesopotamian,
309:", is most likely meant to mirror the etymological connection between the corresponding entries in the first column,
1152:
98:
The
Weidner god list was one of the standard Mesopotamian god lists. The earliest examples of such texts come from
859:
Goddesses in
Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources
114:
is also proposed. While many of the god lists composed later are only known from a single city, with unique
1177:
282:. Versions from the first two of these cities, dating to the thirteenth century BCE, added new columns: a
1058:"A New Join to the Hurro-Akkadian Version of the Weidner God List from Emar (Msk 74.108a + Msk 74.158k)"
1182:
1162:
86:
45:
In the second millennium BCE, the
Weidner god list spread outside Mesopotamia, with copies known from
1172:
155:
1157:
163:
1167:
170:
115:
197:
The Weidner god list has the form of a single-column enumeration of theonyms, starting with
202:
31:
27:
8:
159:
221:, all similarly associated with healing, occur separately from each other. According to
1085:
1015:
321:
is attested, in the Ugaritic list her name is reinterpreted as an uncommon spelling of
222:
1099:"Gods on clay: Ancient Near Eastern scholarly practices and the history of religions"
1089:
1077:
1044:
1034:
1019:
1007:
974:
964:
945:
935:
893:
866:
342:
267:
107:
95:, the modern name is used more commonly to refer to it in Assyriological literature.
39:
1106:
1069:
999:
928:
A reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian god lists, AN:A-nu-um and AN:Anu šá Ameli
885:
338:
326:
283:
66:
1110:
908:
62:
1132:
210:
1003:
77:
The term Weidner god list is derived from the name of its original publisher,
1141:
1081:
1011:
978:
949:
318:
226:
191:
111:
78:
1048:
1073:
960:
God lists from Old Babylonian Nippur in the University Museum, Philadelphia
255:
174:
889:
266:
Through the second millennium BCE, the Weidner god list diffused through
135:
23:
1126:
151:
988:"An Old Babylonian manuscript of the Weidner god-list from Tell Taban"
598:
540:
538:
428:
426:
238:
214:
103:
1098:
1057:
1028:
958:
298:
987:
535:
334:
322:
287:
230:
218:
58:
501:
499:
423:
306:
302:
247:
143:
496:
314:
279:
271:
206:
147:
119:
54:
50:
35:
325:
and therefore equated with Eyan (a Hurrian variant of Ea) and
882:
Elementary Education in Early Second Millennium BCE Babylonia
832:
793:
769:
706:
574:
310:
209:, are listed in sequence, but this rule is not universal, as
186:
166:
810:
808:
389:
387:
385:
383:
381:
330:
275:
131:
127:
123:
46:
805:
781:
757:
745:
733:
694:
682:
622:
586:
562:
294:
198:
474:
472:
459:
457:
455:
453:
378:
333:, the Ugaritic weather god, is equated with the goddess
820:
723:
721:
368:
366:
364:
362:
360:
358:
139:
1105:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 164.
399:
154:) and Nippur. In later times, the list is attested in
855:
634:
604:
550:
544:
523:
511:
469:
450:
432:
30:, originally compiled by ancient scribes in the late
22:
is the conventional name of one of the known ancient
718:
670:
658:
646:
610:
484:
355:
856:Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013).
438:
411:
879:
505:
1139:
880:Gadotti, Alhena; Kleinerman, Alexandra (2021).
1101:. In Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W. (eds.).
270:and beyond, as evidenced by copies found in
998:. Cambridge University Press (CUP): 33–42.
110:, though sometimes origin in the preceding
1096:
838:
814:
799:
787:
775:
763:
751:
739:
712:
700:
688:
592:
580:
568:
393:
34:, with the oldest known copy dated to the
934:. New Haven: Yale Babylonian Collection.
1026:
956:
826:
628:
556:
517:
490:
478:
405:
1103:Canonical Texts and Scholarly Practices
985:
906:
640:
529:
463:
372:
201:and continuing with a variety of other
1140:
1055:
1033:(in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
727:
676:
664:
652:
616:
261:
16:Scholarly list of Mesopotamian deities
924:
444:
417:
345:, but merely as scribal innovations.
118:compositions of this genre found in
13:
14:
1194:
605:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
545:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
433:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
884:. Penn State University Press.
848:
286:one in both cases and a third
1:
506:Gadotti & Kleinerman 2021
348:
1148:3rd-millennium BC literature
1111:10.1017/cbo9781316226728.009
1062:Altorientalische Forschungen
913:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
907:Lambert, Wilfred G. (1971),
237:pronunciation, names of the
7:
1119:
957:Peterson, Jeremiah (2009).
180:
10:
1199:
1097:Tugendhaft, Aaron (2016).
963:. Münster: Ugarit Verlag.
925:Litke, Richard L. (1998).
909:"Götterlisten · God lists"
72:
1027:Schwemer, Daniel (2001).
1004:10.1017/s0021088900000723
986:Shibata, Daisuke (2009).
233:, Magalla and Nin-Eanna.
1153:Mesopotamian literature
1074:10.1515/aofo-2017-0009
1056:Simons, Frank (2017).
890:10.1515/9781646021802
203:Mesopotamian deities
158:Nippur and various "
32:third millennium BCE
1178:Third Dynasty of Ur
841:, pp. 181–182.
802:, pp. 179–180.
778:, pp. 177–178.
715:, pp. 172–173.
583:, pp. 168–169.
262:Outside Mesopotamia
223:Wilfred G. Lambert
1183:Isin-Larsa period
1163:Hurrian mythology
1068:(1). De Gruyter.
1040:978-3-447-04456-1
970:978-3-86835-019-7
941:978-0-9667495-0-2
899:978-1-64602-180-2
872:978-3-7278-1738-0
631:, pp. 48–49.
607:, pp. 79–80.
343:Ugaritic religion
268:Upper Mesopotamia
156:Middle Babylonian
108:Isin-Larsa period
40:Isin-Larsa period
1190:
1173:Lists of deities
1114:
1093:
1052:
1023:
982:
953:
933:
921:
920:
919:
903:
876:
864:
842:
836:
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749:
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476:
467:
461:
448:
442:
436:
430:
421:
415:
409:
403:
397:
391:
376:
370:
339:Hurrian religion
90:
67:Ugaritic deities
20:Weidner god list
1198:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1138:
1137:
1122:
1117:
1041:
971:
942:
931:
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915:
900:
873:
862:
851:
846:
845:
839:Tugendhaft 2016
837:
833:
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821:
815:Tugendhaft 2016
813:
806:
800:Tugendhaft 2016
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794:
788:Tugendhaft 2016
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782:
776:Tugendhaft 2016
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764:Tugendhaft 2016
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758:
752:Tugendhaft 2016
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746:
740:Tugendhaft 2016
738:
734:
726:
719:
713:Tugendhaft 2016
711:
707:
701:Tugendhaft 2016
699:
695:
689:Tugendhaft 2016
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683:
675:
671:
663:
659:
651:
647:
639:
635:
627:
623:
615:
611:
603:
599:
593:Tugendhaft 2016
591:
587:
581:Tugendhaft 2016
579:
575:
569:Tugendhaft 2016
567:
563:
555:
551:
543:
536:
528:
524:
516:
512:
504:
497:
489:
485:
477:
470:
462:
451:
447:, pp. 2–3.
443:
439:
431:
424:
420:, pp. 1–2.
416:
412:
404:
400:
394:Tugendhaft 2016
392:
379:
371:
356:
351:
297:corresponds to
264:
253:
245:
183:
164:Middle Assyrian
84:
75:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1196:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1158:Ugaritic texts
1155:
1150:
1136:
1135:
1133:Ugaritic texts
1130:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1094:
1053:
1039:
1024:
983:
969:
954:
940:
922:
904:
898:
877:
871:
852:
850:
847:
844:
843:
831:
829:, p. 505.
819:
817:, p. 179.
804:
792:
790:, p. 175.
780:
768:
766:, p. 177.
756:
754:, p. 176.
744:
742:, p. 173.
732:
717:
705:
703:, p. 172.
693:
691:, p. 171.
681:
669:
657:
645:
633:
621:
609:
597:
595:, p. 170.
585:
573:
571:, p. 169.
561:
549:
534:
522:
510:
495:
483:
468:
466:, p. 474.
449:
437:
422:
410:
408:, p. 132.
398:
396:, p. 166.
377:
353:
352:
350:
347:
263:
260:
251:
243:
187:scribal school
182:
179:
171:Neo-Babylonian
116:Old Babylonian
100:Early Dynastic
74:
71:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1195:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
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1134:
1131:
1129:
1128:
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1123:
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1108:
1104:
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1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
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1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
984:
980:
976:
972:
966:
962:
961:
955:
951:
947:
943:
937:
930:
929:
923:
914:
910:
905:
901:
895:
891:
887:
883:
878:
874:
868:
861:
860:
854:
853:
840:
835:
828:
827:Schwemer 2001
823:
816:
811:
809:
801:
796:
789:
784:
777:
772:
765:
760:
753:
748:
741:
736:
730:, p. 83.
729:
724:
722:
714:
709:
702:
697:
690:
685:
679:, p. 89.
678:
673:
667:, p. 86.
666:
661:
655:, p. 87.
654:
649:
643:, p. 37.
642:
637:
630:
629:Peterson 2009
625:
619:, p. 84.
618:
613:
606:
601:
594:
589:
582:
577:
570:
565:
558:
557:Peterson 2009
553:
547:, p. 79.
546:
541:
539:
532:, p. 33.
531:
526:
519:
518:Peterson 2009
514:
508:, p. 53.
507:
502:
500:
492:
491:Peterson 2009
487:
481:, p. 81.
480:
479:Peterson 2009
475:
473:
465:
460:
458:
456:
454:
446:
441:
435:, p. 78.
434:
429:
427:
419:
414:
407:
406:Peterson 2009
402:
395:
390:
388:
386:
384:
382:
375:, p. 35.
374:
369:
367:
365:
363:
361:
359:
354:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
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281:
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259:
257:
249:
240:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
192:lexical lists
188:
178:
176:
172:
168:
165:
162:" locations,
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:and possibly
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:Ur III period
109:
105:
101:
96:
94:
88:
83:
82:Ernst Weidner
80:
79:Assyriologist
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1168:Clay tablets
1125:
1102:
1065:
1061:
1029:
995:
991:
959:
927:
916:, retrieved
912:
881:
858:
849:Bibliography
834:
822:
795:
783:
771:
759:
747:
735:
708:
696:
684:
672:
660:
648:
641:Shibata 2009
636:
624:
612:
600:
588:
576:
564:
559:, p. 3.
552:
530:Shibata 2009
525:
520:, p. 2.
513:
493:, p. 1.
486:
464:Lambert 1971
440:
413:
401:
373:Shibata 2009
292:
265:
256:philological
235:
196:
184:
97:
92:
76:
44:
24:Mesopotamian
19:
18:
728:Simons 2017
677:Simons 2017
665:Simons 2017
653:Simons 2017
617:Simons 2017
150:, Ṭābatum (
85: [
1142:Categories
918:2022-12-21
445:Litke 1998
418:Litke 1998
349:References
258:research.
160:peripheral
152:Tell Taban
1127:An = Anum
1090:164771112
1082:2196-6761
1020:192701412
1012:0021-0889
979:460044951
950:470337605
242:Qudma (KU
239:cuneiform
215:Ninkarrak
173:Babylon,
104:Shuruppak
26:lists of
1120:See also
1049:48145544
335:Imzuanna
288:Ugaritic
231:Idlurugu
219:Ninisina
181:Contents
38:or the
307:Kumarbi
303:Shapash
284:Hurrian
248:Mandanu
144:Babylon
73:History
63:Hurrian
59:Hurrian
28:deities
1088:
1080:
1047:
1037:
1018:
1010:
977:
967:
948:
938:
896:
869:
327:Kothar
315:Ninlil
299:Šimige
280:Amarna
272:Ugarit
250:(DI.KU
246:) and
207:Inanna
169:, and
148:Sippar
120:Nippur
102:Fara (
55:Amarna
51:Ugarit
36:Ur III
1086:S2CID
1016:S2CID
932:(PDF)
863:(PDF)
311:Enlil
167:Assur
89:]
1078:ISSN
1045:OCLC
1035:ISBN
1008:ISSN
992:Iraq
975:OCLC
965:ISBN
946:OCLC
936:ISBN
894:ISBN
867:ISBN
341:and
331:Baal
313:and
301:and
278:and
276:Emar
217:and
211:Gula
175:Kish
136:Mari
132:Susa
128:Isin
124:Uruk
65:and
53:and
47:Emar
1107:doi
1070:doi
1000:doi
886:doi
319:Aya
295:Utu
227:Ara
1144::
1084:.
1076:.
1066:44
1064:.
1060:.
1043:.
1014:.
1006:.
996:71
994:.
990:.
973:.
944:.
911:,
892:.
865:.
807:^
720:^
537:^
498:^
471:^
452:^
425:^
380:^
357:^
323:Ea
274:,
213:,
199:An
146:,
140:Ur
134:,
130:,
126:,
122:,
93:An
87:de
57:.
49:,
1113:.
1109::
1092:.
1072::
1051:.
1022:.
1002::
981:.
952:.
902:.
888::
875:.
252:5
244:5
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