12657:
12094:
11234:
9866:
10829:
14321:
10538:
1347:
13951:
436:
12487:
981:
91:
63:
10501:
9926:
1228:
1058:
11080:
14673:
12714:
84:
780:
1536:
1674:
56:
663:
11408:
671:
9398:
10276:
14663:
9901:
11679:
10486:
1409:
1293:
13535:
13426:
567:
10109:
9100:
871:
11748:
12742:
8354:
9073:
1432:
reflect a clear Syrian origin. The society was a tribal one, it consisted mostly of farmers and nomads (Haneans), and in contrast to
Mesopotamia, the temple had a minor role in everyday life as the power was mostly invested in the palace. Women enjoyed a relative equality to men, queen Shibtu ruled in her husband's name while he was away, and had an extensive administrative role and authority over her husband's highest officials.
13768:
534:
10760:
39:
11856:
10673:
10496:
11851:
11403:
11075:
10668:
10481:
11968:
10930:
9913:
364:). The governors became independent with the disintegration of the Akkadian Empire, and rebuilt the city as a regional center of the Euphrates valley. The Shakkanakkus ruled Mari until the second half of the 19th century BC, when the dynasty collapsed for unknown reasons. A short time later, Mari became the capital of the
563:(earlier than 2500 BC) Mari was rebuilt and populated again. The new city kept many of the first city's exterior features, including the internal rampart and gate. Also kept was the outer circular embankment measuring 1.9 km in diameter, which was topped by a wall two meters thick capable of protecting archers.
1628:. Archaeologists have tried to determine how many layers the site descends, according to French archaeologist André Parrot, "each time a vertical probe was commenced in order to trace the site's history down to virgin soil, such important discoveries were made that horizontal digging had to be resumed."
1661:
and have not restarted. The site came under the control of armed gangs and suffered large scale looting. A 2014 official report revealed that robbers were focusing on the royal palace, the public baths, the temple of Ishtar, and the temple of Dagan. Based on satellite imagery, looting continued until
1494:
The second kingdom's economy was based on both agriculture and trade. It was centralized and directed through a communal organization, with grain stored in communal granaries and distributed according to social status. The organization also controlled the animal herds in the kingdom. Some groups were
1498:
The
Amorite Mari maintained the older aspects of the economy, still largely based on irrigated agriculture along the Euphrates valley. The city remained a trading center for merchants from Babylonia and other kingdoms, with goods from the south and east transported on riverboats bound for the north,
546:
6.7 m thick and 8 to 10 meters high, strengthened by defensive towers. Other findings include one of the city gates, a street beginning at the center and ending at the gate, and residential houses. Mari had a central mound, but no temple or palace has been unearthed there. A large building was
1081:
the daughter of Yarim-Lim I a short time after his enthronement in c. 1776 BC. Zimri-Lim's ascension to the throne with the help of Yarim-Lim I affected Mari's status, Zimri-Lim referred to Yarim-Lim as his father, and the
Yamhadite king was able to order Mari as the mediator between Yamhad's main
1037:
on the throne of Mari, the new king married Yahdun-Lim's daughter, while the rest of the Lim family took refuge in Yamhad, and the annexation was officially justified by what
Shamshi-Adad considered sinful acts on the side of the Lim family. To strengthen his position against his new enemy Yamhad,
1636:
Over 25,000 tablets were found in the burnt library of Zimri-Lim written in
Akkadian from a period of 50 years between circa 1800 – 1750 BC. They give information about the kingdom, its customs, and the names of people who lived during that time. More than 3000 are letters, the remainder includes
896:
of the old royal palace was replaced by a new palace for the
Shakkanakku. Another smaller palace was built in the eastern part of the city, and contained royal burials that date to the former periods. The ramparts were rebuilt and strengthened while the embankment was turned into a defensive wall
1431:
Mesopotamian influence continued to affect Mari's culture during the
Amorite period, which is evident in the Babylonian scribal style used in the city. However, it was less influential than the former periods and a distinct Syrian style prevailed, which is noticeable in the seals of kings, which
6388:
Proceedings of the 6th
International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East: Near Eastern archaeology in the past, present and future: heritage and identity, ethnoarchaeological and interdisciplinary approach, results and perspectives; visual expression and craft production in the
6505:
Riehl, Simone; Pustovoytov, Konstantin; Dornauer, Aron; Sallaberger, Walther (2013). "Mid-to-Late
Holocene Agricultural System Transformations in the Northern Fertile Crescent: A Review of the Archaeobotanical, Geoarchaeological, and Philological Evidence". In Giosan, Liviu; Fuller, Dorian Q.;
411:, due to the discovery of more than 25,000 tablets explicating the state administration in the 2nd millennium BC and the nature of diplomatic relations among the political powers of the region. They also revealed the wide trading networks of the 18th century BC, which connected areas as far as
1495:
direct beneficiaries of the palace instead of the communal organization, including the metal and textile producers and military officials. Ebla was an important trading partner and rival, Mari's position made it an important trading center astride the road linking the Levant and
Mesopotamia.
1175:
Mari survived the destruction and rebelled against Babylon in c. 1759 BC, causing Hammurabi to destroy the whole city. However, by an act of mercy Hammurabi may have allowed Mari to survive as a small village under Babylonian administration (according to Marc Van De Mieroop).
928:
in their votive inscriptions, while using the title of Shakkanakku in their correspondence with the Ur's court. The dynasty ended for unknown reasons not long before the establishment of the next dynasty, which took place in the second half of the 19th century BC.
988:
Yahdun-Lim started his reign by subduing seven of his rebelling tribal leaders, and rebuilding the walls of Mari and Terqa in addition to building a new fort which he named Dur-Yahdun-Lim. He then expanded west and claimed to have reached the
387:
and established their city as a major trading center. Although the pre-Amorite periods were characterized by heavy Sumerian cultural influence, Mari was not a city of Sumerian immigrants but a Semitic-speaking nation with a dialect similar to
1566:
in Paris. The location of the fragment was excavated, revealing the temple of Ishtar, which led to the commencing of the full scale excavations. Mari was classified by the archaeologists as the "most westerly outpost of Sumerian culture".
3675:
5089:
Bretschneider, Joachim; Van Vyve, Anne-Sophie; Leuven, Greta Jans (2009). "War of the lords, The Battle of Chronology: Trying to Recognize Historical Iconography in the 3rd Millennium Glyptic Art in seals of Ishqi-Mari and from Beydar".
897:
that reached 10 meters in width. The former sacred inclosure was maintained, so was the temple of Ninhursag. However, the temples of Ninni-Zaza and Ishtarat disappeared, while a new temple called the "temple of lions" (dedicated to
1139:, whom Zimri-Lim defeated, securing the Mariote control over the region in c. 1771 BC, and the kingdom prospered as a trading center and entered a period of relative peace. Zimri-Lim's greatest heritage was the renovation of the
577:
However, the internal urban structure was completely changed and the new city was carefully planned. First to be built were the streets that descended from the elevated center into the gates, ensuring the drainage of rain water.
541:
The city is difficult to excavate as it is buried deep under later layers of habitation. A circular flood embankment was unearthed, containing an area 300 meters in length for gardens and craftsmen's quarters, and a defensive
547:
however excavated (with dimensions of 32 m x 25 m), seemingly with an administrative function. It had stone foundations and rooms up to 12 meters long and 6 meters wide. The city was abandoned c. 2550 BC at the end of the
6385:
Otto, Adelheid; Biga, Maria Giovanna (2010). "Thoughts About the Identification of Tall Bazi with Armi of the Ebla Texts". In Matthiae, Paolo; Pinnock, Frances; Nigro, Lorenzo; Marchetti, Nicolò; Romano, Licia (eds.).
1163:
involved both kingdoms in c. 1765 BC. Finally, the kingdom was invaded by Hammurabi who defeated Zimri-Lim in battle in c. 1761 BC and ended the Lim dynasty, while Terqa became the capital of a rump state named the
2212:
1738:
In old readings, it was thought that Enna-Dagan was a general of Ebla. However, the deciphering of Ebla's tablets showed him in Mari and receiving gifts from Ebla during the reigns of his Mariote predecessors.
1637:
administrative, economic, and judicial texts. Almost all the tablets found were dated to the last 50 years of Mari's independence, and most have now been published. The language of the texts is official
12656:
631:. All the temples were located in the center of the city except for the Ishtar temple; the area between the Enceinte Sacrée and the Massif Rouge is considered to have been the administrative center of the
1862:
Jean-Marie Durand, although not speculating the fate of the East-Semitic population, believe that the Akkadians during the Lim dynasty are not descended from the East-Semites of the Shakkanakku period.
654:,. In it, the Mariote king mentions his predecessors and their military achievements. However, the reading of this letter is still uncertain and many interpretations have been presented by scholars.
5426:
Dolce, Rita (2008). "Ebla before the Achievement of Palace G Culture: An Evaluation of the Early Syrian Archaic Period". In Kühne, Hartmut; Czichon, Rainer Maria; Kreppner, Florian Janoscha (eds.).
3799:
1554:
tribe was digging through a mound called Tell Hariri for a gravestone that would be used for a recently deceased tribesman, when they came across a headless statue. After the news reached the
9230:
5388:
14877:
9650:
14872:
9695:
2222:
1046:. However, Yasmah-Adad neglected his bride causing a crisis with Qatna, and he proved to be an unable leader causing the rage of his father who died in c. 1776 BC, while the armies of
7010:
4878:
Campbell, Dennis R. M., and Sebastian Fischer, "A HURRIAN RITUAL AGAINST TOOTHACHE: A REANALYSIS OF MARI 5", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 112, pp. 31–48, 2018
5883:
Kupper, Jean Robert (1973). "Northern Mesopotamia and Syria". In Edwards, Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen; Gadd, Cyril John; Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière; Sollberger, Edmond (eds.).
6151:
5849:. Travaux du Groupe de Recherches et d'Études Sémitiques Anciennes (G.R.E.S.A.), Université des Sciences Humaines de Strasbourg (in French). Vol. 3. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
5251:
977:
and according to a tablet found in Mari, Yaggid-Lim who survived Ila-kabkabu was killed by his servants. However, in c. 1820 BC Yahdun-Lim was firmly in control as king of Mari.
1319:
At its height, the second city was the home of about 40,000 people. This population was East-Semitic speaking one, and used a dialect much similar to the language of Ebla (the
14907:
4370:
1400:
and Tuttul. Each province had its own bureaucracy, the government supplied the villagers with ploughs and agricultural equipments, in return for a share in the harvest.
1392:
who played the role of administrators. During the Lim era, Mari was divided into four provinces in addition to the capital, the provincial seats were located at Terqa,
2694:
9742:
331:. It flourished as a trade center and hegemonic state between 2900 BC and 1759 BC. The city was built in the middle of the Euphrates trade routes between
14892:
1610:
950:, which culminated with them dominating and ruling most of the region, including Mari which in c. 1830 BC, became the seat of the Amorite Lim dynasty under king
11189:
9645:
7003:
1248:
771:
whose royal seal was discovered. It depicts battle scenes, causing Archi to suggest that he was responsible for the destruction of Ebla while still a general.
685:, who is mentioned as attacking Ebla, the traditional rival of Mari with whom it had a long war, and conquering many of Ebla's cities, including the land of
740:'s term, causing the blockage of trade routes between Ebla and southern Mesopotamia via upper Mesopotamia. The war reached a climax when the Eblaite vizier
585:
was built that also served as a temple. Four successive architectural levels from the second kingdom's palace have been unearthed (the oldest is designated
9294:
1236:
3813:
1447:, the Sun god who was regarded among the city most important deities, and believed to be all-knowing and all-seeing. Sumerian deities included Ninhursag,
9247:
9213:
6614:
Smith, Mark S. (1995). "The God Athtar in the Ancient Near East and His Place in KTU 1.6 I". In Zevit, Ziony; Gitin, Seymour; Sokoloff, Michael (eds.).
5635:
Gadd, Cyril John (1971). "The Cities of Babylonia". In Edwards, Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen; Gadd, Cyril John; Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (eds.).
11318:
11194:
9685:
9670:
9446:
9252:
1621:
924:, and Mari was nominally under Ur hegemony. However, the vassalage did not impede the independence of Mari, and some Shakkanakkus used the royal title
2616:
526:
south. The city was built about 1 to 2 kilometers from the Euphrates river to protect it from floods, and was connected to the river by an artificial
9378:
9329:
9324:
9304:
9198:
9061:
8646:
6996:
2497:
889:, who was appointed in c. 2266 BC. According to the lists, Ididish ruled for 60 years and was succeeded by his son=, making the position hereditary.
83:
6595:
1077:(Zimri-Lim's tribe) overthrew Yasmah-Adad, opening the road for Zimri-Lim who arrived a few months after Yasmah-Adad's escape, and married princess
11611:
9700:
9620:
9615:
9373:
9344:
9156:
9131:
2193:
Parrot, André, "Les Temples d’Ishtarat et de Ninni-zaza", Mission Archéologique de Mari, vol. 3, Librairie Orientaliste. Paris: Paul Geuthner, 1967
13950:
11233:
11049:
9547:
9383:
9368:
9262:
9146:
9141:
5349:
Daniels, Brian I.; Hanson, Katryn (2015). "Archaeological Site Looting in Syria and Iraq: A Review of the Evidence". In Desmarais, France (ed.).
4911:
Casana J, Laugier EJ (2017) Satellite imagery-based monitoring of archaeological site damage in the Syrian civil war. PLoS ONE 12(11): e0188589.
1316:, which was a cultural entity of East Semitic speaking populations, that stretched from the center of Mesopotamia to Ebla in the western Levant.
757:
55:
9542:
9530:
9334:
9289:
9267:
9218:
9183:
1217:
686:
1439:
was Mari's head of the Pantheon, while Mer was the patron deity. Other deities included the Semitic deities; Ishtar the goddess of fertility,
11989:
11710:
11621:
11310:
11025:
10967:
10963:
9735:
9640:
9451:
9257:
9242:
1201:
604:
Six smaller temples were discovered in the city, including the temple called the Massif Rouge (unknown dedication), and temples dedicated to
5428:
Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 29 March - 3 April 2004, Freie Universität Berlin
1467:
had an important role for the society, temples included prophets, who gave council to the king and participated in the religious festivals.
14922:
11267:
11263:
10971:
9690:
9635:
9284:
8971:
5289:
Cooper, Jerrold S (1999). "Sumerian and Semitic Writing in Most Ancient Syro-Mesopotamia". In van Lerberghe, Karel; Voet, Gabriela (eds.).
1393:
1343:
valleys. Amorite names started to be observed in the city toward the end of the Shakkanakku period, even among the ruling dynasty members.
1022:
643:
605:
6190:
Michalowski, Piotr (1993). "Memory and Deed: The Historiography of the Political Expansion of the Akkad State". In Liverani, Mario (ed.).
6155:
14676:
11714:
11521:
11092:
11055:
11021:
10596:
10592:
9925:
9705:
9610:
9500:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9203:
9178:
9173:
9168:
8622:
6946:
Challenging Climate Change: Competition and Cooperation Among Pastoralists and Agriculturalists in Northern Mesopotamia (c. 3000–1600 BC)
1021:, the son of the late Ila-kabkabu. The war ended in a defeat for Mari, and Yahdun-Lim was assassinated in c. 1798 BC by his possible son
4818:
Sasson, Jack M.. From the Mari Archives: An Anthology of Old Babylonian Letters, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2015
1255:, making it unlikely that the Usur family actually controlled it, and suggesting that the title was employed out of historical reasons.
14320:
10879:
10723:
10588:
10584:
9865:
9630:
9363:
9299:
9039:
8642:
1121:
1106:
694:
560:
548:
511:
14887:
11607:
11603:
11517:
11314:
10071:
9473:
9151:
6782:
6318:
Ochterbeek, Cynthia (1996). "Dan". In Berney, Kathryn Ann; Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Hudson, Christopher; La Boda, Sharon (eds.).
973:, but the relations between the two monarchs changed to an open war. The conflict ended with Ila-kabkabu capturing Yaggid-Lim's heir
886:
396:
who began to settle the area before the 21st century BC; by the Lim dynasty (c. 1830 BC), they became the dominant population in the
11718:
10975:
9728:
9625:
9208:
5521:
Fleming, Daniel E. (2004). "Prophets and Temple Personnel in the Mari Archives". In Grabbe, Lester L.; Bellis, Alice Ogden (eds.).
5389:"Face aux patrimoines culturels détruits du Proche-Orient ancien : défis de la reconstitution et de la restitution numériques"
3836:
1559:
962:
6249:
Nadali, Davide (2007). "Monuments of War, War of Monuments: Some Considerations on Commemorating War in the Third Millennium BC".
6047:
Margueron, Jean-Claude (1992). "The 1979–1982 Excavations at Mari: New Perspectives and Results". In Young, Gordon Douglas (ed.).
1013:. Yahdun-Lim defeated the Yamina but an open war with Yamhad was avoided, as the Mariote king became occupied by his rivalry with
14912:
9675:
8662:
6805:
Van De Mieroop, Marc (2002). "Foreign Contacts and the Rise of an Elite in Early Dynastic Babylonia". In Ehrenberg, Erica (ed.).
5291:
Languages and Cultures in Contact: At the Crossroads of Civilizations in the Syro-Mesopotamian realm. Proceedings of the 42th RAI
698:
142:
11121:
10875:
10855:
7966:
5034:
Astour, Michael C. (2002). "A Reconstruction of the History of Ebla (Part 2)". In Gordon, Cyrus Herzl; Rendsburg, Gary (eds.).
1252:
10828:
10537:
492:
noted that the name of the city was spelled identically to that of the storm god and concluded that Mari was named after him.
14830:
14783:
14753:
9515:
9054:
8732:
8610:
6953:
6934:
6915:
6888:
6852:
6833:
6814:
6771:
6752:
6725:
6678:
6642:
6623:
6584:
6565:
6546:
6515:
6495:
6476:
6457:
6438:
6396:
6375:
6327:
6308:
6281:
6239:
6216:
6180:
6140:
6117:
6098:
6079:
6056:
6029:
6010:
5991:
5972:
5953:
5934:
5915:
5892:
5873:
5854:
5823:
5804:
5785:
5766:
5730:
5703:
5684:
5665:
5646:
5625:
5606:
5597:
Frayne, Douglas (2001). "In Abraham's Footsteps". In Daviau, Paulette Maria Michèle; Wevers, John W.; Weigl, Michael (eds.).
5587:
5568:
5549:
5530:
5511:
5492:
5473:
5454:
5435:
5416:
5377:
5358:
5339:
5320:
5298:
5279:
5240:
5217:
5198:
5179:
5170:
Charpin, Dominique (2011). "Patron and Client: Zimri-Lim and Asqudum the Diviner". In Radner, Karen; Robson, Eleanor (eds.).
5160:
5141:
5122:
5103:
5062:
5043:
5024:
5001:
4937:
2667:
2591:
2564:
1909:
8832:
6927:
Ancient Israelite Literature in Its Cultural Context: A Survey of Parallels Between Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Texts
1835:
The transition of the Lim family from Suprum to Mari could have been the work of Yahdun-Lim after the war with Ila-kabkabu.
1562:
of Syria, the report was investigated, and digging on the site was started on December 14, 1933 by archaeologists from the
1357:
During the Lim era, the population became predominantly Amorite but also included Akkadian named people, and although the
601:) dedicated to an unknown deity, a pillared throne room, and a hall with three double wood pillars leading to the temple.
13077:
10572:
10424:
10281:
7656:
6406:
Pardee, Dennis; Glass, Jonathan T. (1984). "Literary Sources for the History of Palestine and Syria: The Mari Archives".
752:. Ebla itself suffered its first destruction a few years after Terqa in c. 2300 BC, during the reign of the Mariote king
4489:
4317:
2068:
1813:
It is not certain that Yaggid-Lim controlled Mari, however he is traditionally considered the first king of the dynasty.
14897:
13747:
11426:
9510:
8727:
8655:
8629:
7933:
5677:
The Priests in the Prophets: The Portrayal of Priests, Prophets, and Other Religious Specialists in the Latter Prophets
5523:
The Priests in the Prophets: The Portrayal of Priests, Prophets, and Other Religious Specialists in the Latter Prophets
2307:
2029:
5927:
Piety and Politics: The Dynamics of Royal Authority in Homeric Greece, Biblical Israel, and Old Babylonian Mesopotamia
4768:
3876:
8327:
3499:
2196:
1361:
became the dominant tongue, Akkadian remained the language of writing. The pastoral Amorites in Mari were called the
12093:
3715:
3659:
3643:
346:
Mari was first abandoned in the middle of the 26th century BC but was rebuilt and became the capital of a hegemonic
9047:
8893:
8552:
5074:
Rivers and Steppes: Cultural Heritage and Environment of the Syrian Jezireh: Catalogue to the Museum of Deir ez-Zor
3991:
3846:
3284:
5293:. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. Vol. 92. Peeters Publishers & Department of Oriental Studies, Leuven.
4796:
2415:
2244:
1025:, who himself got assassinated two years after ascending the throne while Shamshi-Adad advanced and annexed Mari.
510:
It is believed that Mari did not grow from a small settlement, but was founded c. 2900 BC during the Mesopotamian
13741:
9019:
8778:
7979:
6762:
Thompson, Thomas L. (2007). "A Testimony of the Good King: Reading the Mesha Stela". In Grabbe, Lester L. (ed.).
6066:
Margueron, Jean-Claude (2003). "Mari and the Syro-Mesopotamian World". In Aruz, Joan; Wallenfels, Ronald (eds.).
4521:
4134:
4032:
3268:
2380:
1692:
1101:, and sent his armies to aid the Babylonians. The new king directed his expansion policy toward the north in the
9099:
8810:
4740:
4669:
4553:
4537:
4422:
4253:
4178:
4099:
4048:
3959:
3455:
2862:
2809:
2793:
2481:
2166:
2141:
2125:
2106:
1424:
divided into twelve months, and was the same calendar used in Ebla "the old Eblaite calendar". Scribes wrote in
912:'s reign, and Mari gained its independence, but the use of the Shakkanakku title continued during the following
638:
The second kingdom appears to have been a powerful and prosperous political center, its kings held the title of
13814:
13361:
13285:
8583:
8313:
5984:
The Emergence of Civilisation: From Hunting and Gathering to Agriculture, Cities and the State of the Near East
5887:. The Cambridge Ancient History (Second Revised Series). Vol. 2 (3 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
5641:. The Cambridge Ancient History (Second Revised Series). Vol. 1 (3 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
4269:
4118:
3908:
3699:
2462:
2323:
2087:
2052:
2008:
1969:
1786:, this Shakkanakku was appointed by Manishtushu, other opinions consider Naram-Sin as the appointer of Ididish.
787:
Just a decade after Ebla's destruction (c. 2300 BC middle chronology), Mari itself was destroyed and burned by
9397:
6448:
Pitard, Wayne T. (2001) . "Before Israel: Syria-Palestine in the Bronze Age". In Coogan, Michael David (ed.).
6127:
Matthiae, Paolo (2003). "Ebla and the Early Urbanization of Syria". In Aruz, Joan; Wallenfels, Ronald (eds.).
4505:
4150:
3860:
3439:
958:
and archaeological evidences showed a high degree of continuity between the Shakkanakku and the Amorite eras.
14666:
14646:
13928:
13835:
13820:
13658:
13528:
13329:
13028:
12713:
10097:
8302:
8176:
7020:
4821:
4685:
4653:
4621:
4569:
4473:
4438:
4406:
4285:
4234:
4083:
4067:
3975:
3924:
3775:
3734:
3595:
3547:
3531:
3483:
3400:
3344:
3300:
3198:
3182:
3135:
3042:
3026:
2998:
2982:
2434:
2364:
2228:
1926:
1416:
The first and second kingdoms were heavily influenced by the Sumerian south. The society was led by an urban
6616:
Solving Riddles and Untying Knots: Biblical, Epigraphic, and Semitic Studies in Honor of Jonas C. Greenfield
4585:
4333:
4218:
3627:
3579:
3416:
3384:
3365:
3096:
3077:
2963:
2910:
2834:
2777:
2626:
2510:
14902:
14467:
14276:
14252:
13652:
12632:
8791:
8617:
8542:
6720:. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis- Series Archaeologica. Vol. 11. University Press Fribourg Switzerland.
4856:
4840:
4457:
4390:
4349:
3611:
3563:
3249:
3217:
3112:
3061:
2931:
2894:
2878:
2714:
2600:
2348:
2291:
2260:
1942:
1388:
Mari was an absolute monarchy, with the king controlling every aspect of the administration, helped by the
384:
354:
and is known for its strong affinity with Sumerian culture. It was destroyed in the 23rd century BC by the
6988:
6633:
Stieglitz, Robert R. (2002). "The Deified Kings of Ebla". In Gordon, Cyrus Herzl; Rendsburg, Gary (eds.).
6226:
Michalowski, Piotr (2003). "The Earliest Scholastic Tradition". In Aruz, Joan; Wallenfels, Ronald (eds.).
5902:
Larsen, Mogens Trolle (2008). "The Middle Bronze Age". In Aruz, Joan; Benzel, Kim; Evans, Jean M. (eds.).
5409:
Cities of the Biblical World: An Introduction to the Archaeology, Geography, and History of Biblical Sites
4637:
4301:
3943:
3892:
3515:
3316:
3233:
3166:
2947:
2761:
2745:
2396:
13889:
12928:
12727:
12274:
12268:
10515:
9871:
8822:
8815:
8670:
8530:
7877:
7651:
5675:
Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). "Introduction and Overview". In Grabbe, Lester L.; Bellis, Alice Ogden (eds.).
3809:
1583:
9069:
14917:
14516:
14372:
14135:
13826:
13636:
12982:
12644:
12612:
12606:
10813:
8768:
8566:
8403:
7999:
7959:
7032:
6001:
Malamat, Abraham (1980). "A Mari Prophecy and Nathan's Dynastic Oracle". In Emerton, John Adney (ed.).
1853:
An ancient designation for the land that include the confluence of the Khabur and the Euphrates rivers.
8576:
6881:
Family Religion in Babylonia, Ugarit and Israel: Continuity and Changes in the Forms of Religious Life
5725:. Biblical and Judaic studies from the University of California, San Diego. Vol. 8. Eisenbrauns.
1475:
The first Mari provided the oldest wheel workshop yet discovered in Syria, and was a center of bronze
1346:
14653:
14261:
14147:
14129:
13979:
13641:
13505:
13206:
13021:
11918:
8846:
8378:
8319:
6171:
McMahon, Augusta (2013). "North Mesopotamia in the Third Millennium BC". In Crawford, Harriet (ed.).
5351:
Countering Illicit Traffic in Cultural Goods: The Global Challenge of Protecting the World's Heritage
1697:
1579:
1351:
1185:
6708:
6005:. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. Vol. CL. Walter de Gruyter.
1795:
This ruled out the former theory that there was an abandonment of Mari during the transition period.
1624:(starting in 2005). A journal devoted to the site, released in 8 volumes between 1982 and 1997, was
1420:, and the citizens were well known for elaborate hair styles and dress. The calendar was based on a
14927:
14639:
14284:
14281:
14204:
14174:
14117:
14103:
13509:
12493:
12231:
11648:
11432:
10275:
8936:
8908:
8715:
5816:
Letters to the King of Mari: A New Translation, with Historical Introduction, Notes, and Commentary
1615:
1239:, an autonomous governor ruling parts of the upper middle Euphrates under the nominal authority of
1061:
594:
12486:
6807:
Leaving No Stones Unturned: Essays on the Ancient Near East and Egypt in Honor of Donald P. Hansen
4930:
The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (c.16,000-300 BC)
435:
14937:
14882:
14299:
14227:
14201:
14177:
14171:
14156:
14068:
14004:
13969:
13913:
13862:
13435:
11912:
11693:
11438:
10746:
10204:
9655:
9077:
8547:
8537:
8398:
8383:
8283:
8237:
7135:
5658:
Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome
5620:. The Royal inscriptions of Mesopotamia Early Periods. Vol. 1. University of Toronto Press.
5582:. The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Early Periods. Vol. 4. University of Toronto Press.
2659:
The Amorite Dynasty of Ugarit: Historical Implications of Linguistic and Archaeological Parallels
1591:
721:
of Mari, who is mentioned in the letter, conquering many of Ebla's cities and campaigning in the
126:
8571:
6194:. History of the Ancient Near East Studies. Vol. 5. Padua: S.a.r.g.o.n. Editrice Libreria.
14462:
14452:
14242:
14237:
14232:
14192:
14183:
14126:
14106:
14100:
14094:
14091:
14082:
14010:
14007:
13998:
13898:
13877:
13491:
13265:
13197:
13107:
12851:
12845:
12326:
11781:
11640:
11205:
10986:
10526:
10500:
10460:
10103:
9876:
8424:
8419:
8333:
8088:
8004:
5449:. Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East (2 ed.). Scarecrow Press.
1641:, but proper names and hints in syntax show that the common language of Mari's inhabitants was
1328:
1301:
393:
372:
in c. 1761 BC, but it survived as a small settlement under the rule of the Babylonians and the
347:
14773:
11079:
10108:
4806:
4695:
4631:
4579:
4563:
4547:
4531:
4515:
4483:
4451:
4432:
4416:
4384:
4380:
4327:
4279:
4247:
4188:
4144:
4128:
4112:
4093:
4061:
4001:
3969:
3918:
3886:
3785:
3757:
3709:
3693:
3689:
3637:
3605:
3557:
3541:
3509:
3465:
3449:
3410:
3378:
3359:
3310:
3294:
3211:
3192:
3145:
3106:
3055:
3036:
3008:
2992:
2976:
2872:
2828:
2803:
2787:
2657:
2581:
2491:
2475:
2444:
2428:
2390:
2374:
2342:
2317:
2254:
2238:
2206:
2181:
2160:
2135:
2119:
2100:
2081:
2062:
2046:
2023:
2002:
1192:(reigned 1243–1207 BC). Afterward, Mari constantly changed hands between Assyria and Babylon.
1057:
1009:, whose interests were threatened by the recently established alliance between Yahdun-Lim and
14822:
Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History
14743:
14706:
14628:
14505:
14165:
14141:
14097:
14085:
14079:
14076:
14031:
14025:
14001:
13966:
13922:
13910:
13907:
13904:
13892:
13886:
13874:
13868:
13687:
13597:
13594:
13585:
13148:
11225:
8941:
8863:
8763:
8605:
8588:
8515:
8393:
8291:
8133:
7952:
7681:
7629:
7278:
4866:
4850:
4834:
4778:
4750:
4679:
4663:
4647:
4499:
4467:
4400:
4364:
4343:
4295:
4228:
4160:
4077:
4042:
3985:
3937:
3902:
3728:
3685:
3669:
3653:
3621:
3589:
3573:
3493:
3394:
3326:
3278:
3262:
3243:
3227:
3176:
3129:
3090:
3071:
2957:
2941:
2925:
2904:
2888:
2844:
2771:
2755:
2727:
2708:
2704:
2610:
2554:
2409:
2358:
2301:
2273:
1963:
1936:
1899:
1570:
Since the beginning of excavations, over 25,000 clay tablets in Akkadian language written in
1555:
1435:
The Pantheon included both Sumerian and Semitic deities, and throughout most of its history,
1287:
1227:
980:
14820:
14672:
10485:
7244:
6488:
Mobile Pastoralism and the Formation of Near Eastern Civilizations: Weaving Together Society
4598:
4311:
3953:
3870:
3525:
3433:
403:
Mari's discovery in 1933 provided an important insight into the geopolitical map of ancient
14932:
14867:
14073:
14022:
13931:
13925:
13895:
13497:
13450:
13438:
13262:
13203:
12827:
12721:
12544:
12071:
11219:
10740:
10157:
9111:
8956:
8758:
8593:
8297:
7753:
7747:
7293:
6299:
Nissinen, Martti; Seow, Choon Leong; Ritner, Robert Kriech (2003). Machinist, Peter (ed.).
5542:
The Legacy of Israel in Judah's Bible: History, Politics, and the Reinscribing of Tradition
5506:. The History of Government from the Earliest Times. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
4263:
1599:
1275:
1140:
905:
and attached to it, was a rectangular terrace that measured 40 x 20 meters for sacrifices.
582:
13534:
6790:
6303:. Writings from the Ancient World. Vol. 12. Society of Biblical Literature. Atlanta.
1332:
8:
14578:
14433:
14138:
14088:
14013:
13963:
13916:
13901:
13880:
13579:
13565:
13453:
13386:
13209:
13100:
13042:
12806:
12479:
12319:
12038:
11843:
11660:
11473:
10789:
10000:
8976:
8966:
8858:
8520:
8128:
8123:
7816:
7778:
7624:
6985:
Suggestion to have Mari (Tell Hariri) recognized as a UNESCO world heritage site, in 1999
6976:
4947:
Archi, Alfonso; Biga, Maria Giovanna (2003). "A Victory over Mari and the Fall of Ebla".
3804:
1747:
Irkab-Damu is not named in the letter but it is almost certain that he was the recipient.
1702:
1213:
913:
597:. The first two levels were excavated; the findings include a temple (Enceinte Sacrée or
454:
424:
6207:
Michalowski, Piotr (2000). "Amorites". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.).
1535:
642:, and many are attested in the city, the most important source being the letter of king
14804:
14618:
14495:
14056:
13995:
13989:
13517:
13481:
13394:
13375:
13271:
13268:
13221:
13187:
13184:
13139:
12830:
12815:
12800:
12476:
12473:
12464:
12223:
11398:
11126:
10399:
10252:
10169:
9972:
9411:
8918:
8868:
8827:
8687:
8675:
8600:
8561:
8525:
8388:
8362:
8020:
7867:
6696:
6228:
6129:
6068:
5904:
5636:
5229:
5013:
4980:
4972:
1587:
1488:
1340:
1259:
1102:
859:
377:
316:
13274:
7185:
6671:
The Politics of Dead Kings: Dynastic Ancestors in the Book of Kings and Ancient Israel
6230:
Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus
6131:
Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus
6070:
Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus
5231:
The Recurring Dark Ages: Ecological Stress, Climate Changes, and System Transformation
5208:
Chavalas, Mark (2005). "The Age of Empires, 3100–900 BCE". In Snell, Daniel C. (ed.).
5015:
Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus
4022:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4010:
733:
14826:
14779:
14749:
14042:
14016:
13992:
13974:
13774:
13695:
13603:
13472:
13444:
13259:
13227:
13218:
13160:
13157:
13154:
13142:
13130:
13045:
12966:
12818:
12812:
12779:
12773:
12344:
12217:
12081:
11903:
11629:
11228:
11222:
11030:
10998:
10543:
9752:
9441:
8988:
8773:
8697:
8503:
8307:
8242:
8197:
8050:
7882:
7857:
7565:
7040:
6949:
6930:
6911:
6894:
6884:
6867:
6848:
6847:. Blackwell History of the Ancient World. Vol. 6 (2 ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
6829:
6810:
6767:
6748:
6731:
6721:
6684:
6674:
6657:
6638:
6619:
6580:
6561:
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6521:
6511:
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6428:
6415:
6392:
6371:
6350:
6342:
6323:
6304:
6287:
6277:
6271:
6258:
6235:
6212:
6195:
6176:
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6113:
6094:
6075:
6052:
6035:
6025:
6006:
5987:
5968:
5949:
5930:
5911:
5888:
5869:
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5819:
5800:
5781:
5762:
5745:
5726:
5709:
5699:
5680:
5661:
5642:
5621:
5602:
5583:
5564:
5545:
5526:
5507:
5488:
5469:
5450:
5431:
5412:
5373:
5354:
5335:
5316:
5294:
5275:
5236:
5213:
5194:
5175:
5156:
5137:
5118:
5099:
5077:
5058:
5039:
5020:
4997:
4984:
4964:
4933:
2663:
2587:
2560:
2535:
1915:
1905:
1783:
1726:
1642:
1638:
1605:
Mari has been excavated in annual campaigns in 1933–1939, 1951–1956, and since 1960.
1550:
Mari was discovered in 1933, on the eastern flank of Syria, near the Iraqi border. A
1428:
and the art was indistinguishable from Sumerian art, so was the architectural style.
1425:
1324:
1313:
1189:
990:
779:
570:
224:
12206:
6970:
6024:. Studies in the History and Culture of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 12. Brill.
1331:
names started to be attested in Mari from the second kingdom era, and by the middle
14702:
14614:
14560:
14491:
14478:
14457:
14422:
14271:
14059:
14028:
13883:
13859:
13627:
13624:
13618:
13573:
13466:
13447:
13441:
13397:
13380:
13224:
13215:
13212:
13136:
13133:
12971:
12856:
12443:
11533:
11467:
11455:
11148:
10695:
9985:
9566:
9012:
8993:
8928:
8746:
8710:
8480:
8339:
8232:
8212:
8207:
8153:
8025:
7987:
7892:
7862:
7836:
7666:
7444:
7407:
5308:
4956:
4007:
1687:
1658:
1646:
1571:
1358:
1320:
1165:
943:
909:
800:
762:
732:
of Ebla, who managed to defeat Mari and end the tribute. Mari defeated Ebla's ally
706:
705:
of Ebla defeated Mari in the middle of the 25th century BC. The war continued with
662:
598:
543:
397:
389:
9720:
6089:
Margueron, Jean-Claude (2013). "The Kingdom of Mari". In Crawford, Harriet (ed.).
1844:
Although officially a son of Yahdun-Lim, in reality he was a grandchild or nephew.
1212:(r. 1074-1056 BC) to attack the city. Mari came firmly under the authority of the
858:(military governor). Akkad kept direct control over the city, which is evident by
368:
Lim dynasty. The Amorite Mari lasted only a short time before it was destroyed by
14623:
14609:
14584:
14537:
14500:
14486:
14310:
14159:
14112:
14019:
13984:
13856:
13851:
13779:
13753:
13609:
13484:
13478:
13463:
13456:
13410:
13400:
13233:
13178:
13172:
13169:
13115:
13063:
12899:
12833:
12821:
12809:
12797:
12782:
12761:
12680:
12584:
12581:
12555:
12470:
12449:
12437:
12404:
12398:
12368:
12290:
12100:
11452:
11407:
11361:
11355:
11345:
11135:
10235:
10213:
9980:
9431:
8913:
8888:
8878:
8873:
8635:
8227:
8192:
8158:
8073:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7847:
7207:
7098:
6982:
5076:. Damascus: Ministry of Culture, Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums.
2556:
The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State
1673:
1500:
1221:
850:
Mari was deserted for two generations before being restored by the Akkadian king
812:
808:
788:
297:
14662:
9900:
6718:
Egyptian Iconography on Syro-Palestinian Cylinder Seals of the Middle Bronze Age
6535:
5778:
Gender and Aging in Mesopotamia: The Gilgamesh Epic and Other Ancient Literature
1606:
1540:
1487:, and pottery manufacture, using charcoal brought by river boats from the upper
243:
14521:
14065:
13958:
13847:
13800:
13761:
13704:
13606:
13542:
13460:
13419:
13413:
13403:
13391:
13175:
13163:
13151:
13071:
12960:
12914:
12824:
12794:
12758:
12622:
12467:
12446:
12440:
12431:
12383:
12353:
12335:
12310:
12298:
12210:
12067:
11938:
11789:
11651:
11645:
11548:
11540:
11476:
11449:
11413:
11246:
11013:
11010:
10911:
10319:
10084:
9990:
9967:
9859:
9188:
9028:
8983:
8946:
8901:
8680:
8475:
8470:
8222:
8202:
8168:
8143:
7928:
7828:
7661:
7418:
7328:
7288:
7268:
7120:
7060:
6367:
4912:
1476:
1448:
1209:
1143:, which was expanded greatly to contain 275 rooms, exquisite artifacts such as
1014:
796:
670:
489:
485:
408:
305:
6469:
Brotherhood of Kings: How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East
1919:
1339:
tribes became the majority of the pastoral groups in the middle Euphrates and
1200:
In the middle of the eleventh century BC, Mari became part of Hana whose king
728:
Enna-Dagan also received tribute; his reign fell entirely within the reign of
14861:
14816:
14739:
14724:
14596:
14528:
14408:
14053:
14050:
13803:
13797:
13757:
13713:
13621:
13582:
13416:
13355:
13256:
13253:
13181:
13166:
13127:
13124:
13067:
13006:
12888:
12594:
12587:
12564:
12458:
12452:
12416:
12338:
12294:
12251:
12043:
11941:
11935:
11893:
11792:
11595:
11557:
11330:
11216:
11130:
10940:
10891:
10646:
10630:
10323:
10249:
10210:
10184:
10178:
10139:
10080:
10051:
9776:
9660:
9495:
9478:
8961:
8454:
8449:
8434:
8272:
8249:
8217:
8182:
8118:
8060:
8030:
7733:
7577:
7343:
7202:
6898:
6781:
Tinney, Steve; Novotny, Jamie; Robson, Eleanor; Veldhuis, Niek, eds. (2020).
6745:
Women, Crime and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society: The Ancient Near East
6735:
6688:
6525:
6419:
6346:
6291:
6262:
6039:
5833:
5713:
4968:
1804:
Suprum is 12 kilometers upstream from Mari, perhaps the modern Tel Abu Hasan.
1520:
1421:
1408:
1278:. It was one of the first archaeological sites to be occupied by this group.
1240:
892:
The third Mari followed the second city in terms of general structure, phase
610:
473:
157:
144:
11678:
7333:
6866:. Documenta et Monumenta Orientis Antiqui. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). Brill.
6510:. Geophysical Monograph Series. Vol. IICC. American Geophysical Union.
6199:
5466:
The Lives of Sumerian Sculpture: An Archaeology of the Early Dynastic Temple
5081:
1365:, a term that indicate nomads in general, those Haneans were split into the
1292:
350:
state before 2500 BC. This second Mari engaged in a long war with its rival
14769:
14566:
14444:
14378:
14296:
14287:
14218:
14144:
14047:
13791:
13692:
13615:
13469:
13425:
13305:
13230:
13190:
13121:
13118:
13112:
13051:
13003:
12991:
12905:
12882:
12875:
12791:
12785:
12755:
12567:
12539:
12521:
12512:
12461:
12254:
12248:
12242:
12147:
12117:
11923:
11835:
11732:
11669:
11617:
11446:
11171:
11106:
11096:
11007:
10958:
10843:
10823:
10819:
10604:
10468:
10328:
10308:
10261:
10220:
10007:
9962:
9811:
9796:
9490:
8783:
8444:
8255:
7832:
7824:
7545:
7539:
7413:
7396:
7372:
7303:
7239:
7050:
7018:
6910:. IAHR Monographs. Vol. 7. Translated by Holly, Forrest M. CRC Press.
6871:
5797:
Sargonic Akkadian: A Historical and Comparative Study of the Syllabic Texts
5749:
5698:. Records of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 1. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
3841:
1018:
874:
745:
714:
6661:
6341:. Dissertationes ad Historiam Religionum Pertinentes. Vol. 3. Brill.
5599:
The World of the Aramaeans: Biblical Studies in Honour of Paul-Eugène Dion
2502:
2500:
1131:, forcing them into vassalage. The expansion was met by the resistance of
566:
14581:
14572:
14427:
14381:
14366:
14357:
14351:
14293:
14195:
14153:
14123:
14120:
14062:
13919:
13871:
13782:
13701:
13698:
13681:
13591:
13406:
13349:
13346:
13343:
13318:
13308:
13296:
13145:
13086:
13039:
13015:
13009:
13000:
12994:
12939:
12902:
12885:
12869:
12803:
12788:
12776:
12764:
12735:
12702:
12699:
12561:
12536:
12533:
12527:
12434:
12395:
12392:
12380:
12365:
12362:
12350:
12257:
12245:
12236:
12185:
12179:
12129:
12126:
12114:
12111:
12047:
12024:
11993:
11984:
11754:
11683:
11673:
11525:
11510:
11488:
11485:
11388:
11367:
11240:
11163:
11004:
10794:
10719:
10714:
10707:
10677:
10663:
10626:
10476:
10385:
10270:
10256:
10025:
10011:
9956:
9891:
9821:
9162:
9136:
9124:
9089:
8950:
8722:
8705:
8148:
8040:
8035:
7696:
7607:
7597:
7382:
7313:
7308:
7140:
6354:
5842:
5252:"The Destruction of the Idols: Syria's Patrimony at Risk From Extremists"
4992:
Armstrong, James A. (1996). "Sumer and Akkad". In Fagan, Brian M. (ed.).
1823:
1679:
1544:
1524:
1440:
1126:
1111:
1047:
1034:
966:
902:
878:
870:
855:
851:
741:
632:
481:
477:
412:
404:
360:
328:
11747:
5235:. Trilogy on world ecological degradation. Vol. 2. Altamira Press.
5115:
The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia
2450:
1300:
The founders of the first city may have been Sumerians or more probably
1216:, and was assigned in the first half of the 8th century BC to a certain
862:'s appointment of two of his daughters to priestly offices in the city.
358:, who allowed the city to be rebuilt and appointed a military governor (
14590:
14587:
14569:
14546:
14531:
14525:
14405:
14402:
14360:
14348:
14342:
14327:
14198:
14189:
14186:
14180:
14162:
14132:
13940:
13865:
13806:
13672:
13612:
13475:
13369:
13340:
13337:
13334:
13322:
13314:
13302:
13290:
13036:
13012:
12997:
12933:
12895:
12872:
12866:
12770:
12509:
12341:
12239:
12198:
12188:
12182:
12144:
12141:
12138:
12132:
12120:
12108:
12105:
12075:
12021:
12018:
11831:
11810:
11786:
11762:
11591:
11482:
11479:
11470:
11461:
11380:
11271:
11157:
11112:
11100:
10944:
10782:
10778:
10727:
10548:
10456:
10382:
10378:
10122:
9995:
9945:
9939:
9665:
9593:
9587:
9525:
9339:
9278:
8083:
8045:
7852:
7784:
7765:
7582:
7350:
7258:
7180:
7090:
7045:
6883:. Studies in the History of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 7. Brill.
5906:
Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C.
4976:
1309:
1251:. However, by that time, Mari was known to be located in the so-called
974:
951:
804:
768:
729:
674:
647:
416:
308:
214:
12741:
6003:
Prophecy: Essays presented to Georg Fohrer on his Sixty-Fifth Birthday
1879:
1523:, olive oil, wine, and textiles, and even precious stones from modern
14599:
14542:
14399:
14369:
14363:
14354:
14339:
14333:
14315:
14290:
14168:
14150:
13937:
13934:
13794:
13721:
13707:
13678:
13666:
13588:
13559:
13299:
13293:
13058:
12988:
12945:
12942:
12891:
12674:
12591:
12577:
12574:
12530:
12524:
12506:
12428:
12419:
12389:
12386:
12377:
12359:
12356:
12194:
12191:
12055:
12051:
12027:
11975:
11962:
11932:
11827:
11823:
11701:
11561:
11298:
11293:
11289:
11258:
11175:
11152:
11116:
11001:
10924:
10847:
10839:
10806:
10703:
10687:
10659:
10622:
10491:
10449:
10266:
10145:
10031:
9520:
9461:
9436:
9424:
9272:
9224:
8429:
8138:
7912:
7842:
7770:
7708:
7701:
7676:
7612:
7592:
7587:
7458:
7429:
7323:
7283:
7145:
5696:
Assyrian Royal Inscriptions: From the Beginning to Ashur-Resha-Ishi I
1417:
1116:, where he subjugated the local petty kingdoms in the region such as
1094:
1051:
1039:
1006:
970:
955:
831:. He (Dagan) gave to him (Sargon) the Upper Land: Mari, Iarmuti, and
624:
515:
462:
440:
369:
355:
324:
320:
279:
122:
7501:
7477:
6110:
Old Testament Parallels: Laws and Stories from the Ancient Near East
5445:
Dougherty, Beth K.; Ghareeb, Edmund A. (2013). Woronoff, Jon (ed.).
5387:
Deschaumes, Ghislaine Glasson; Butterlin, Pascal (12 October 2017).
4960:
2685:
2640:
1188:
and was listed among the territories conquered by the Assyrian king
1159:
that consumed much time in negotiations, during which a war against
1155:
The relations with Babylon worsened with a dispute over the city of
690:
14549:
14375:
14336:
14330:
14207:
13788:
13785:
13730:
13727:
13669:
13600:
13550:
13513:
13366:
12908:
12767:
12749:
12732:
12670:
12597:
12571:
12518:
12500:
12410:
12285:
12176:
12167:
12155:
12123:
12087:
12063:
12013:
11981:
11957:
11929:
11899:
11887:
11880:
11866:
11860:
11795:
11705:
11687:
11599:
11577:
11573:
11458:
11384:
11213:
11167:
11144:
11139:
11070:
11065:
11034:
10851:
10775:
10771:
10764:
10642:
10563:
10408:
10240:
10230:
10225:
10216:
10152:
10135:
9906:
9853:
9680:
9536:
9505:
9484:
9456:
9357:
9350:
8078:
8068:
7799:
7759:
7571:
7557:
7401:
7361:
7355:
7109:
7103:
7055:
6973:
Mari passage on the Syrian ministry of culture website (in Arabic).
6504:
6320:
Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places
4026:
1512:
1480:
1464:
1397:
1010:
947:
917:
718:
702:
616:
228:
14778:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables).
13767:
6908:
Water Engineering in Ancient Civilizations: 5,000 Years of History
2580:Álvarez-Mon, Javier; Basello, Gian Pietro; Wicks, Yasmina (2018).
14602:
14430:
14411:
14396:
14390:
14384:
13718:
13663:
13556:
13553:
13501:
13352:
13094:
13033:
12954:
12948:
12689:
12683:
12455:
12425:
12280:
12170:
12135:
11926:
11869:
11770:
11739:
11443:
10992:
10935:
10864:
10759:
10751:
10616:
10551:
10358:
10355:
10340:
10336:
10148:
10142:
10126:
10004:
9579:
9236:
8883:
7944:
7887:
7686:
7518:
7487:
7425:
7377:
7298:
7234:
7170:
7165:
7125:
7115:
4701:
1770:
1574:
were discovered. Finds from the excavation are on display in the
1551:
1516:
1444:
1378:
1336:
1147:
statue, and a royal archive that contained thousands of tablets.
1136:
1132:
1098:
965:
before establishing himself in Mari, he entered an alliance with
854:. A governor was appointed to govern the city who held the title
722:
628:
533:
373:
365:
11855:
6556:
Shaw, Ian (1999). "Mari". In Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert (eds.).
2073:
2071:
1274:
devastated and looted systematically the site and specially the
14393:
14387:
14345:
14256:
13724:
13675:
13250:
Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")
13048:
12951:
12936:
12920:
12665:
12650:
12515:
12422:
12413:
12347:
12304:
12173:
12164:
12161:
12158:
12059:
12031:
11972:
11863:
11758:
11585:
11464:
11376:
11364:
10995:
10952:
10917:
10898:
10870:
10767:
10699:
10637:
10580:
10532:
10441:
10412:
10368:
10365:
10315:
10245:
10163:
10116:
10066:
10041:
10036:
10015:
9832:
9806:
9781:
9598:
8485:
8439:
8113:
8098:
7872:
7804:
7794:
7789:
7728:
7723:
7635:
7602:
7528:
7482:
7463:
7391:
7318:
7263:
7253:
7249:
7219:
7213:
7190:
7080:
7075:
7065:
7024:
6828:. Blackwell Ancient Lives. Vol. 19. Blackwell Publishing.
4718:
4716:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
1707:
1609:
conducted the first 21 seasons up to 1974, and was followed by
1575:
1563:
1508:
1499:
northwest and west. The main trade was metals and tin from the
1484:
1389:
1117:
1078:
1002:
998:
828:
807:
was probably the last king of Mari before the conquests by the
737:
713:
at a time of Eblaite weakness in the mid-24th century BC. King
620:
530:
7 to 10 kilometers long whose route is hard to identify today.
519:
340:
38:
11850:
11402:
11074:
10672:
10667:
10495:
10480:
6192:
Akkad: the First World Empire: Structure, Ideology, Traditions
3720:
3718:
1822:
The credibility of the tablet is doubted as it was written by
1156:
14593:
14575:
13090:
12696:
12677:
11743:
11654:
11625:
11552:
11284:
10948:
10835:
10754:
10682:
10559:
10555:
10437:
10375:
10371:
10332:
10119:
10061:
10056:
10046:
10019:
9801:
9604:
9467:
9193:
9072:
8353:
8103:
7975:
7738:
7718:
7713:
7691:
7641:
7617:
7523:
7511:
7506:
7471:
7448:
7367:
7338:
7273:
7229:
7175:
7155:
5885:
Part 1: The Middle East and the Aegean Region, c.1800–1380 BC
3332:
1757:
1504:
1460:
1436:
1382:
1305:
1169:
1083:
1043:
925:
898:
824:
753:
749:
682:
639:
527:
523:
420:
332:
312:
130:
14878:
States and territories disestablished in the 18th century BC
11967:
10929:
6596:"Damaged by War, Syria's Cultural Sites Rise Anew in France"
4713:
1038:
Shamshi-Adad married Yasmah-Adad to Betlum, the daughter of
885:
The first member of the Shakkanakku dynasty on the lists is
14873:
States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC
13547:
13311:
13238:
13082:
12838:
11949:
11804:
11726:
11567:
11495:
11324:
11210:
11041:
11016:
10904:
10885:
10654:
10612:
10567:
10507:
10445:
10392:
10361:
10290:
10190:
10132:
10129:
10076:
9920:
9912:
9882:
9842:
9826:
9816:
9786:
8093:
7671:
7646:
7495:
7439:
7434:
7224:
7197:
7150:
7130:
7070:
6780:
6635:
Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language
5744:. Monographs on the ancient Near East. Vol. 1. Brill.
5088:
5036:
Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language
3800:"Here Are the Ancient Sites ISIS Has Damaged and Destroyed"
2622:
2506:
2456:
1885:
1452:
1373:(sons of the left), with the ruling house belonging to the
1271:
1244:
1160:
832:
816:
710:
651:
351:
336:
6506:
Nicoll, Kathleen; Flad, Rowan K.; Clift, Peter D. (eds.).
5057:. Translated by Turton, Mary. Cambridge University Press.
4166:
2850:
2516:
2420:
2418:
1028:
681:
The earliest attested king in the letter of Enna-Dagan is
11544:
7533:
5818:. Mesopotamian civilizations. Vol. 12. Eisenbrauns.
5561:
Before and After Muhammad: The First Millennium Refocused
4728:
4194:
2733:
1456:
774:
14713:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.
6049:
Mari in Retrospect: Fifty Years of Mari and Mari Studies
5847:
Bibliographie de Mari: Archéologie et Textes (1933–1988)
5072:
Bonatz, Dominik; Kühne, Hartmut; Mahmoud, Asʻad (1998).
4611:
4609:
4607:
4590:
4588:
4104:
4102:
4053:
4051:
3014:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2111:
2109:
1994:
1992:
1208:
and rebelled against Assyria, causing the Assyrian king
1089:
Zimri-Lim started his reign with a campaign against the
1086:
and Zimri-Lim, who declared himself a servant of Hadad.
11181:
9837:
6339:
The Conflict between El and Ba'al in Canaanite Religion
4826:
4824:
3929:
3927:
2579:
2467:
2465:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2092:
2090:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
921:
14692:
Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.
6364:
Textos Para Una Historia Política de Siria-Palestina I
4928:
Akkermans, Peter M. M. G.; Schwartz, Glenn M. (2003).
3763:
3471:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3156:
3154:
3082:
3080:
2917:
2915:
2913:
1602:
has been reconstructed, including the wall paintings.
1543:
in 1936. Discovery of the statue of military Governor
465:
445:
284:
14908:
Populated places established in the 3rd millennium BC
12213:
Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu
6764:
Ahab Agonistes: The Rise and Fall of the Omri Dynasty
6656:. Translated by Haglund, Christina. Harry N. Abrams.
4893:
4784:
4604:
4443:
4441:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4239:
4237:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3254:
3252:
3203:
3201:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3047:
3045:
2719:
2717:
2265:
2263:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
835:, as far as the Cedar Forest and the Silver Mountains
11281:
Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter
6845:
A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000 - 323 BC
5866:
The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character
4756:
4206:
3370:
3368:
2968:
2966:
2401:
2399:
1669:
1323:), while the Shakkanakku period had an East-Semitic
1296:
A Mariote from the second kingdom. (25th century BC)
327:
western bank, some 120 kilometers southeast of
9750:
6108:Matthews, Victor Harold; Benjamin, Don C. (2006) .
5965:
The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy
5386:
4955:. The American Schools of Oriental Research: 1–44.
4881:
3151:
2279:
1897:
1258:The city continued as a small settlement until the
916:period. A princess of Mari married the son of king
677:, king of the Second Kingdom of Mari, circa 2300 BC
11084:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
6534:
6298:
6227:
6128:
6067:
5903:
5228:
5071:
5055:Commerce and Colonization in the Ancient Near East
5012:
4707:
4495:
3837:"Destruction at the ancient site of Mari in Syria"
1281:
1093:, he also established alliances with Eshnunna and
993:, however he later had to face a rebellion by the
6430:The archives of Ebla: an empire inscribed in clay
5618:Pre-Sargonic Period: Early Periods (2700–2350 BC)
4927:
2077:
2042:
1657:Excavations stopped from 2011 as a result of the
1377:branch. The kingdom was also a home to tribes of
1033:Shamshi-Adad (r. 1809-1775 BC) appointed his son
14859:
6864:The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt
6414:(2). The American Schools of Oriental Research.
6107:
5840:
5444:
4774:
4323:
2313:
1769:Located in the Euphrates middle valley close to
376:before being abandoned and forgotten during the
14893:Archaeological sites in Deir ez-Zor Governorate
6276:. Daily Life Through History. Greenwood Press.
5274:. CDL Press: The University Press of Maryland.
1626:Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires
1479:. The city also contained districts devoted to
6842:
6823:
6804:
6787:Oracc (Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus)
6301:Prophets and Prophecy in the Ancient Near East
6154:. Popular Archaeology Magazine. Archived from
6093:. Translated by Crawford, Harriet. Routledge.
5010:
3882:
3724:
3681:
3665:
3649:
3338:
2559:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 92–93.
2202:
1243:, styled himself the governor of the lands of
514:as a new city to control the waterways of the
9736:
9055:
7960:
7004:
6878:
6452:(revised ed.). Oxford University Press.
6152:"Ancient Mesopotamian City in Need of Rescue"
5348:
5272:The Cultic Calendars of the Ancient Near East
5011:Aruz, Joan; Wallenfels, Ronald, eds. (2003).
4722:
3505:
573:, a superintendent in Mari. (25th century BC)
14727:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.
14701:
12205:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk
10798:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk
6861:
5924:
5134:Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History
4913:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188589
3290:
3274:
14737:
13954:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
6651:
6405:
6269:
6225:
6206:
6189:
5759:Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC
5487:. Translated by Watson, Wilfred GE. Brill.
4172:
4038:
3997:
2856:
2739:
2424:
2250:
689:. The next king mentioned in the letter is
9743:
9729:
9062:
9048:
7967:
7953:
7011:
6997:
6789:. Oracc Steering Committee. Archived from
6317:
5794:
5332:Mari and Karana, Two Old Babylonian Cities
4802:
3866:
3834:
1539:Excavations by the archaeological team of
1530:
984:Goddess of the vase, Mari, 18th century BC
946:was characterized by the expansion of the
881:(Military Governor) of Mari, circa 2050 BC
37:
14654:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
11250:"King of the four quarters of the world"
6632:
6426:
6391:. Vol. 1. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
6389:definition of social relations and status
6336:
6088:
6065:
6046:
5601:. Vol. 1. Sheffield Academic Press.
5430:. Vol. 2. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
4991:
4946:
4734:
4527:
4200:
4140:
2868:
2824:
2799:
2682:See also Inscription of Sargon. E2.1.1.1
2623:Bretschneider, Van Vyve & Leuven 2009
2522:
2507:Bretschneider, Van Vyve & Leuven 2009
2487:
2457:Bretschneider, Van Vyve & Leuven 2009
2177:
2156:
2131:
2115:
2058:
2019:
1998:
1932:
472:), the name of the city can be traced to
14825:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5.
9110:
6761:
6715:
6450:The Oxford History of the Biblical World
6384:
6149:
6126:
5962:
5721:Green, Alberto Ravinell Whitney (2003).
5638:Part 2: Early History of the Middle East
5353:. The International Council of Museums.
5307:
5249:
5207:
5172:The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture
4899:
4790:
4746:
4594:
4559:
4543:
4428:
4184:
4156:
4108:
4057:
3965:
3461:
2632:
2471:
2338:
2096:
1898:Paul-Alain Beaulieu (20 November 2017).
1534:
1407:
1345:
1291:
1226:
1056:
979:
869:
778:
669:
661:
593:). The last two levels are dated to the
565:
532:
434:
14799:
14797:
14795:
14670:
8663:Popular Front for Change and Liberation
6943:
6905:
6668:
6508:Climates, Landscapes, and Civilizations
6170:
6019:
6000:
5981:
5813:
5756:
5693:
5539:
5520:
5406:
5250:Cockburn, Patrick (February 11, 2014).
5188:
5169:
4830:
4659:
4291:
4275:
4124:
4073:
3981:
3933:
3914:
3705:
3585:
3489:
3445:
3429:
3390:
3086:
2921:
2840:
1959:
1645:. Six of the tablets found were in the
1403:
1073:As Zimri-Lim advanced, a leader of the
1050:of Yamhad were advancing in support of
1029:Shamshi-Adad of Assyria and Yasmah-Adad
14860:
14535:
13765:
13563:
11343:
11334:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)
11238:
10162:
9410:
7160:
6924:
6826:King Hammurabi of Babylon: A Biography
6742:
6593:
6574:
6485:
6466:
6447:
6257:(4). Pontificium Institutum Biblicum.
6248:
5901:
5882:
5863:
5775:
5739:
5723:The Storm-god in the Ancient Near East
5674:
5615:
5596:
5577:
5558:
5329:
5288:
5033:
4887:
4762:
4675:
4615:
4511:
4339:
4307:
4259:
4224:
3949:
3769:
3521:
3477:
3406:
3355:
3306:
3258:
3223:
3207:
3188:
3141:
3125:
3067:
3051:
3032:
3004:
2988:
2937:
2900:
2723:
2700:
2606:
2440:
2386:
2370:
2354:
2297:
2269:
2234:
2218:
1904:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 106.
1220:to govern under the authority of king
865:
791:, as shown by one of his year names ("
775:Destruction of Mari by Sargon of Akkad
14815:
14660:
14627:
14622:
14613:
14565:
14504:
14499:
14490:
14485:
14476:
14466:
14461:
14456:
14451:
14442:
14308:
14280:
14275:
14270:
14260:
14251:
14241:
14236:
14225:
14216:
14110:
13845:
13752:
13650:
13640:
13526:
13374:
13283:
13105:
13098:
13056:
12980:
12958:
12926:
12912:
12881:
12865:
12739:
12711:
12687:
12642:
12603:
12548:
12484:
12317:
12302:
12279:
12266:
12229:
12079:
12036:
11910:
11886:
11878:
11841:
11779:
11768:
11738:
11722:
11691:
11658:
11638:
11616:
11583:
11492:
11424:
11412:
11371:
11283:
11275:
11203:
10984:
10738:
10731:
10693:
10620:
10602:
10571:
10524:
10490:
10475:
10467:
10454:
10435:
10423:
10406:
10390:
10353:
10306:
10280:
10202:
10167:
10095:
9919:
9888:
9881:
9870:
9851:
9724:
9564:
9409:
9109:
9043:
8671:Political status of the Golan Heights
7948:
6992:
6613:
6594:Simons, Marlise (December 31, 2016).
6361:
5943:
5720:
5655:
5501:
5482:
5463:
5425:
5367:
5269:
5150:
5131:
5112:
5052:
4862:
4846:
4691:
4627:
4575:
4479:
4463:
4447:
4412:
4396:
4376:
4360:
4243:
4212:
4089:
3797:
3781:
3753:
3617:
3601:
3569:
3553:
3537:
3374:
3322:
3239:
3172:
3102:
2972:
2953:
2884:
2783:
2767:
2751:
2552:
2405:
1901:A History of Babylon, 2200 BC - AD 75
1725:Dates are estimated according to the
14792:
14768:
9565:
6654:5000 Years of the Art of Mesopotamia
6555:
6532:
6150:McLerran, Dan (September 13, 2011).
5634:
5580:Old Babylonian Period (2003–1595 BC)
5226:
5210:A Companion to the Ancient Near East
4643:
3898:
3633:
3160:
3020:
2655:
2285:
1652:
1150:
1068:
932:
736:in year seven of the Eblaite vizier
14923:Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)
5372:(2 ed.). Bradt Travel Guides.
4994:The Oxford Companion to Archaeology
2546:
1507:. Other goods included copper from
1312:relates Mari's foundation with the
1001:, and the rebels were supported by
500:
301:
90:
62:
13:
14748:. Getty Publications. p. 14.
14667:Chronology of the Neolithic period
14319:
13949:
13766:
13748:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt
13533:
13424:
12740:
12712:
12655:
12485:
12092:
11746:
10107:
7974:
7934:Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions
7019:Ancient states and regions in the
5946:Who's Who in the Ancient Near East
5929:. William B. Eerdmans Publishing.
3835:Shepperson, Mary (19 April 2018).
3798:Curry, Andrew (1 September 2015).
2683:
2638:
1412:A Mariote woman. (25th century BC)
1262:before disappearing from records.
1179:
484:and Syria, who was considered the
14:
14949:
14324:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
12660:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos
10471:("made the land of Elam submit")
6964:
6273:Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia
5485:The God Dagan in Bronze Age Syria
3847:Guardian News & Media Limited
1265:
799:proposed the date as c. 2265 BC (
554:
319:11 kilometers north-west of
16:Ancient Sumerian and Amorite city
14888:Former populated places in Syria
14809:
14762:
14745:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins
14731:
14717:
14695:
14686:
14671:
14661:
11966:
11854:
11849:
11677:
11406:
11401:
11232:
11078:
11073:
10928:
10827:
10758:
10671:
10666:
10536:
10499:
10494:
10484:
10479:
10274:
9924:
9911:
9899:
9864:
9396:
9098:
9071:
8352:
6743:Tetlow, Elisabeth Meier (2004).
6270:Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea (1998).
6209:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
5982:Maisels, Charles Keith (2005) .
5780:. University of Oklahoma Press.
5155:(revised ed.). I.B.Tauris.
4905:
4872:
4812:
4708:Bonatz, Kühne & Mahmoud 1998
4496:Nissinen, Seow & Ritner 2003
3828:
3791:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1672:
942:The second millennium BC in the
901:), was built by the Shakkanakku
845:
815:collected tribute from Mari and
793:Year in which Mari was destroyed
748:to defeat Mari in a battle near
744:made an alliance with Nagar and
666:Helmetted warrior with axe, Mari
657:
505:
225:East-Semitic (Kish civilization)
89:
82:
61:
54:
13742:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt
6906:Viollet, Pierre-Louis (2007) .
6766:. T&T Clark International.
5868:. University of Chicago Press.
5679:. T&T Clark International.
5525:. T&T Clark International.
2676:
2649:
2573:
2528:
2187:
1829:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1789:
1776:
1763:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1693:Cities of the Ancient Near East
1631:
1282:People, language and government
1054:, the heir of the Lim dynasty.
14913:29th-century BC establishments
14677:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia
13815:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt
13362:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt
13286:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt
11848:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"
6929:. Zondervan Publishing House.
6862:Van Der Meer, Petrus (1955) .
6843:Van De Mieroop, Marc (2011) .
6824:Van De Mieroop, Marc (2007) .
6673:. Vol. 48. Mohr Siebeck.
6541:(3 ed.). Penguin Putnam.
6490:. Cambridge University Press.
6234:. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
6135:. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
6074:. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
5910:. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
5563:. Princeton University Press.
5544:. Cambridge University Press.
5504:Ancient monarchies and empires
5468:. Cambridge University Press.
5019:. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
4932:. Cambridge University Press.
4775:Heintz, Bodi & Millot 1990
1891:
1719:
1590:. In the latter, the southern
1231:Shamash-Risha-Usur (c. 760 BC)
1172:became a Babylonian province.
1168:. In the south, the region of
937:
823:Sargon the King bowed down to
717:of Ebla had to pay tribute to
646:c. 2350 BC, which was sent to
1:
14647:Muslim conquest of the Levant
13893:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
13836:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
13821:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt
13659:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
13529:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
13330:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt
13029:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt
6879:Van Der Toorn, Karel (1996).
6112:(3 ed.). Paulist Press.
5864:Kramer, Samuel Noah (2010) .
5694:Grayson, Albert Kirk (1972).
5502:Finer, Samuel Edward (1997).
5447:Historical Dictionary of Iraq
5411:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
5334:(2 ed.). Gorgias Press.
5053:Aubet, Maria Eugenia (2013).
2078:Akkermans & Schwartz 2003
2043:Akkermans & Schwartz 2003
1868:
1826:who was Ila-kabkabu grandson.
1381:who lived in the district of
693:, who conquered the lands of
13196:Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("
9930:(Uruk influence or control)
8811:Energy and mineral resources
8611:Supreme Constitutional Court
7186:Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia
6716:Teissier, Beatrice (1996) .
6669:Suriano, Matthew J. (2010).
6637:. Vol. 4. Eisenbrauns.
6427:Pettinato, Giovanni (1981).
5799:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
5795:Hasselbach, Rebecca (2005).
5757:Hamblin, William J. (2006).
5407:DeVries, LaMoine F. (2006).
5189:Charpin, Dominique (2012) .
5038:. Vol. 4. Eisenbrauns.
4949:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
4324:Dougherty & Ghareeb 2013
2314:Matthews & Benjamin 2006
1873:
997:nomads who were centered at
961:Yaggid-Lim was the ruler of
840:Nippur inscription of Sargon
581:At the heart of the city, a
518:trade routes connecting the
385:Semitic and Sumerian deities
383:The Mariotes worshiped both
7:
13890:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
12929:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
12728:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
12275:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt
12269:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
11529:(Vassals of the Akkadians)
10516:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
9917:(Anonymous "King-priests")
9872:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
8833:Water supply and sanitation
8733:Weapons of mass destruction
8636:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
6577:The Pre-Islamic Middle East
6558:A Dictionary of Archaeology
6471:. Oxford University Press.
5925:Launderville, Dale (2003).
5540:Fleming, Daniel E. (2012).
5330:Dalley, Stephanie (2002) .
5174:. Oxford University Press.
5153:Monuments of Syria: A Guide
5136:. Oxford University Press.
4996:. Oxford University Press.
3810:National Geographic Society
2687:Sargonic and Gutian Periods
2642:Sargonic and Gutian Periods
1665:
1584:National Museum of Damascus
1195:
1184:Later, Mari became part of
908:Akkad disintegrated during
783:Soldiers, shell inlay. Mari
10:
14954:
14682:
14517:Sasanian conquest of Egypt
13944:
13827:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
13711:
13685:
13637:Assyrian conquest of Egypt
12983:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt
12748:Third Babylonian dynasty (
12645:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt
12607:Second Intermediate Period
11417:(vassal of the Akkadians)
10805:
9950:Early or legendary kings:
8728:Chief of the General Staff
8656:National Progressive Front
8328:independent First Republic
6747:. Vol. 1. Continuum.
6652:Strommenger, Eva (1964) .
6467:Podany, Amanda H. (2010).
6408:The Biblical Archaeologist
6322:. Vol. 4. Routledge.
5814:Heimpel, Wolfgang (2003).
4920:
2586:. Routledge. p. 247.
2203:Aruz & Wallenfels 2003
1470:
1285:
495:
14898:Bronze Age sites in Syria
14651:
14644:
14637:
14608:
14558:
14555:
14514:
14473:
14439:
14420:
14262:Parthamaspates of Parthia
14248:
14213:
14072:
14040:
13833:
13812:
13739:
13736:
13642:Assyrian conquest of Elam
13635:
13523:
13489:
13423:
13384:
13248:
13237:
13194:
13022:Third Intermediate Period
12837:
12708:
12552:Second Babylonian dynasty
12497:("Old Babylonian Period")
12263:
12215:
11979:
11947:
11919:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt
11891:
11875:
11822:
11819:
11802:
11724:
11709:
11668:
11635:
11581:
11565:
11539:
11531:
11502:
11427:First Intermediate Period
11421:
11397:
11353:
11338:
11322:
11297:
11288:
11262:
11257:
11069:
11048:
11029:
11020:
10981:
10956:
10939:
10915:
10902:
10897:
10883:
10868:
10859:
10811:
10787:
10712:
10652:
10635:
10600:
10579:
10573:Early Dynastic Period III
10521:
10505:
10433:
10431:
10420:
10347:
10298:
10288:
10199:
10176:
10092:
10023:
9954:
9937:
9934:
9875:
9848:
9775:
9759:
9573:
9560:
9418:
9405:
9394:
9118:
9105:
9096:
9084:
9006:
8927:
8854:
8845:
8803:
8754:
8745:
8696:
8511:
8502:
8463:
8412:
8374:
8370:
8361:
8350:
8282:
8265:
8167:
8059:
8013:
7995:
7986:
7921:
7815:
7556:
7089:
7031:
6925:Walton, John H. (1990) .
6560:. John Wiley & Sons.
6020:Malamat, Abraham (1998).
5944:Leick, Gwendolyn (2002).
4723:Daniels & Hanson 2015
1698:Short chronology timeline
1580:National Museum of Aleppo
1558:authorities currently in
1352:National Museum of Aleppo
1350:Statues from Mari in the
1247:and Mari, so did his son
767:, Hidar was succeeded by
561:Early Dynastic period III
544:circular internal rampart
265:
257:
249:
239:
234:
220:
210:
202:
194:
189:
181:
173:
136:
118:
110:
48:
36:
26:
14640:Muslim conquest of Egypt
14104:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
13935:Cleopatra VII Philopator
13432:Eight Babylonian Dynasty
12494:First Babylonian dynasty
12232:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
11736:(vassal of the Gutians)
11433:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt
10425:Early Dynastic Period II
6979:Mari page on Britannica.
5963:Liverani, Mario (2013).
5845:; Millot, Lison (1990).
5776:Harris, Rivkah (2003) .
5616:Frayne, Douglas (2008).
5578:Frayne, Douglas (1990).
5212:. Blackwell Publishing.
1729:unless otherwise stated.
1713:
1503:exported west as far as
1369:(sons of the right) and
1105:region, which was named
1062:Investiture of Zimri-Lim
559:Around the beginning of
549:Early Dynastic period II
14725:"Rulers of Mesopotamia"
14468:Province of Mesopotamia
14277:Province of Mesopotamia
14253:Province of Mesopotamia
14228:Roman conquest of Egypt
14069:Antigonus II Mattathias
13863:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
13436:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II
11913:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
11439:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt
10747:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
10282:Early Dynastic Period I
10205:Second Dynasty of Egypt
9078:Deir ez-Zor Governorate
8238:Principality of Antioch
6783:"Mari [1] (SN)"
6575:Sicker, Martin (2000).
6533:Roux, Georges (1992) .
6337:Oldenburg, Ulf (1969).
6211:. Eerdmans Publishing.
5740:Haldar, Alfred (1971).
5656:Gates, Charles (2003).
5464:Evans, Jean M. (2012).
5270:Cohen, Mark E. (1993).
4173:Pardee & Glass 1984
1531:Excavations and archive
1145:The Goddess of the Vase
551:, for unknown reasons.
512:Early Dynastic period I
430:
185:60 hectares (150 acres)
127:Deir ez-Zor Governorate
14325:
14107:Philip II Philoromaeus
14101:Antiochus XII Dionysus
14095:Demetrius III Eucaerus
14092:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
14083:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
13955:
13923:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
13878:Arsinoe III Philopator
13771:
13539:
13429:
13266:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I
13198:Second Dynasty of Isin
12745:
12718:
12661:
12490:
12373:(Non-dynastic usurpers
12097:
11782:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt
11751:
11641:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt
11206:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt
10987:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
10814:Second kingdom of Mari
10527:Third Dynasty of Egypt
10461:Dumuzid, the Fisherman
10113:
10104:First Dynasty of Egypt
8779:International rankings
8425:Anti-Lebanon Mountains
8089:Middle Assyrian Empire
7779:Luwian-Aramaean states
6944:Wossink, Arne (2009).
5841:Heintz, Jean Georges;
5742:Who Were the Amorites?
5559:Fowden, Garth (2014).
5368:Darke, Diana (2010) .
5227:Chew, Sing C. (2007).
5132:Bryce, Trevor (2014).
5113:Bryce, Trevor (2009).
2662:. BRILL. p. 169.
2656:Buck, Mary E. (2019).
2536:"Year Names of Sargon"
1756:Located 26 km west of
1547:
1413:
1354:
1297:
1232:
1065:
985:
882:
843:
784:
709:of Mari's conquest of
678:
667:
589:, while the latest is
574:
538:
458:
70:Shown within Near East
14711:The Ancient Near East
14629:Byzantine Mesopotamia
14543:Province of Asoristan
14506:Byzantine Mesopotamia
14323:
14316:Province of Asoristan
14098:Philip I Philadelphus
14086:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
14080:Antiochus VIII Grypus
14077:Seleucus V Philometor
14032:Antiochus VII Sidetes
14026:Antiochus VI Dionysus
13953:
13926:Berenice IV Epiphanea
13887:Ptolemy VI Philometor
13875:Ptolemy IV Philopator
13872:Berenice II Euergetis
13869:Ptolemy III Euergetes
13770:
13688:Neo-Babylonian Empire
13598:Marduk-apla-iddina II
13595:Marduk-zakir-shumi II
13586:Marduk-apla-iddina II
13537:
13492:Humban-Tahrid dynasty
13428:
13149:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur
12839:Middle Elamite period
12744:
12716:
12659:
12489:
12096:
11750:
11505:Third kingdom of Mari
11226:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
10301:First kingdom of Mari
10111:
10098:Early Dynastic Period
9940:Proto-Dynastic period
8584:Government ministries
8134:Neo-Babylonian Empire
7630:Neo-Babylonian Empire
7214:Canaanite city-states
6486:Porter, Anne (2012).
5483:Feliu, Lluís (2003).
5151:Burns, Ross (2009) .
2553:Potts, D. T. (2016).
2523:Archi & Biga 2003
1611:Jean-Claude Margueron
1538:
1411:
1349:
1327:speaking population.
1304:speaking people from
1295:
1288:List of kings of Mari
1286:Further information:
1230:
1060:
983:
873:
821:
782:
673:
665:
569:
536:
438:
335:in the south and the
315:. Its remains form a
158:34.54944°N 40.89000°E
111:Alternative name
73:Show map of Near East
14074:Alexander II Zabinas
13938:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
13914:Ptolemy XI Alexander
13896:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
13451:Marduk-zakir-shumi I
13439:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina
13263:Eulmash-shakin-shumi
13204:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu
12828:Marduk-apla-iddina I
12722:New Kingdom of Egypt
12545:Early Kassite rulers
11839:(Vassals of Ur III)
11820:(Vassals of UR III)
11220:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
11190:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II
10741:Old Kingdom of Egypt
9646:al-Jurthah al-Sharqi
9112:Deir ez-Zor District
8896:(2011–present)
8792:Securities Exchange
8543:Council of Ministers
8298:Haj Fadel Government
7913:Tanukhid confederacy
7748:New Kingdom of Egypt
6362:Oliva, Juan (2008).
5191:Hammurabi of Babylon
4544:Otto & Biga 2010
3816:on February 22, 2021
1491:and Euphrates area.
1404:Culture and religion
1249:Ninurta-Kudurri-Usur
392:. The Amorites were
14903:Tells (archaeology)
14579:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
14089:Antiochus X Eusebes
13917:Ptolemy XII Auletes
13908:Ptolemy X Alexander
13902:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
13881:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
13566:Neo-Assyrian Empire
13454:Marduk-balassu-iqbi
13387:Neo-Assyrian Empire
13210:Ninurta-nadin-shumi
13101:Syro-Hittite states
12807:Shagarakti-Shuriash
12480:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
11474:Neferkare Pepiseneb
11373:Akkadian Governors:
9877:Pre-Dynastic period
8572:Golan Heights claim
8129:Neo-Assyrian Empire
8124:Syro-Hittite states
8014:Prehistorical Syria
7625:Neo-Assyrian Empire
7408:Paleo-Syrian states
6948:. Sidestone Press.
6158:on November 5, 2016
3883:Van De Mieroop 2002
3805:National Geographic
3725:Van De Mieroop 2007
3682:Van De Mieroop 2007
3666:Van De Mieroop 2007
3650:Van De Mieroop 2007
3339:Van De Mieroop 2011
3023:, p. 188, 189.
1703:Statue of Iddi-Ilum
1335:, the west Semitic
1214:Neo-Assyrian Empire
914:Third Dynasty of Ur
866:Shakkanakku dynasty
455:statue of Iddi-Ilum
154: /
98:Mari, Syria (Syria)
23:
14805:Sumerian King List
14619:Palaestina Secunda
14496:Palaestina Secunda
14326:
14057:Alexander Jannaeus
13956:
13946:Hellenistic Period
13772:
13540:
13518:Humban-haltash III
13482:Nabu-shuma-ukin II
13430:
13395:Tukulti-Ninurta II
13376:Kingdom of Samaria
13272:Mar-biti-apla-usur
13269:Shirikti-shuqamuna
13239:Neo-Elamite period
13222:Marduk-shapik-zeri
13207:Itti-Marduk-balatu
13188:Tiglath-Pileser II
13185:Ashur-resh-ishi II
13140:Enlil-kudurri-usur
12831:Zababa-shuma-iddin
12816:Kadashman-Harbe II
12801:Kadashman-Enlil II
12746:
12719:
12662:
12491:
12477:Ashur-rim-nisheshu
12474:Ashur-bel-nisheshu
12465:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I
12224:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
12098:
11752:
11127:Lugal-kinishe-dudu
10508:Old Elamite period
10400:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher
10253:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
10170:Jemdet Nasr period
10114:
9412:Abu Kamal District
8823:Telecommunications
8816:Petroleum industry
8320:Mandatory Republic
8266:Early modern Syria
8021:Levantine corridor
7868:Herodian Tetrarchy
6983:Mari (Tell Hariri)
6600:The New York Times
6173:The Sumerian World
6091:The Sumerian World
6022:Mari and the Bible
5313:The Sumerian World
5092:Ugarit-Forschungen
3506:Van Der Toorn 1996
1886:Tinney et al. 2020
1600:Zimri-Lim's palace
1596:Court of the Palms
1588:Deir ez-Zor Museum
1548:
1414:
1355:
1298:
1260:Hellenistic period
1237:Shamash-Risha-Usur
1233:
1224:(r. 810–783 BC).
1066:
986:
883:
860:Naram-Sin of Akkad
785:
679:
668:
575:
539:
459:
439:The name of Mari (
378:Hellenistic period
266:Public access
163:34.54944; 40.89000
21:
14918:Kish civilization
14855:
14854:
14849:
14848:
14845:
14844:
14832:978-1-62564-606-4
14817:Unger, Merrill F.
14785:978-0-14-193825-7
14755:978-1-60606-649-2
14522:Province of Egypt
14453:Province of Egypt
14233:Province of Egypt
13975:Antigonid dynasty
13775:Achaemenid Empire
13696:Nebuchadnezzar II
13604:Ashur-nadin-shumi
13473:Nabu-shuma-ishkun
13445:Nabu-shuma-ukin I
13260:Kashshu-nadin-ahi
13228:Marduk-ahhe-eriba
13219:Marduk-nadin-ahhe
13161:Asharid-apal-Ekur
13158:Tiglath-Pileser I
13155:Ashur-resh-ishi I
13143:Ninurta-apal-Ekur
13131:Tukulti-Ninurta I
13078:Kingdom of Israel
13046:Osorkon the Elder
12967:Shutrukid dynasty
12852:Igehalkid dynasty
12819:Adad-shuma-iddina
12813:Enlil-nadin-shumi
12780:Kadashman-Enlil I
12774:Kadashman-harbe I
12218:Sukkalmah dynasty
12082:Isin-Larsa period
11904:Shimashki Dynasty
11630:Puzur-Inshushinak
11229:Netjerkare Siptah
10999:Neferirkare Kakai
10544:Egyptian pyramids
9753:Ancient Near East
9718:
9717:
9714:
9713:
9556:
9555:
9442:al-Baghuz Fawqani
9392:
9391:
9248:Judaydat Bakkarah
9214:Jazrat al-Buhamid
9037:
9036:
9002:
9001:
8841:
8840:
8741:
8740:
8630:Political parties
8567:Foreign relations
8498:
8497:
8494:
8493:
8348:
8347:
8308:Syrian Federation
8243:County of Tripoli
8198:Ikhshidid dynasty
8051:Yarmukian culture
7942:
7941:
7883:Nabataean Kingdom
7858:Hasmonean dynasty
7853:Ghassanid Kingdom
7566:Achaemenid Empire
7402:Ib'al Confederacy
7041:Kish civilization
6955:978-90-8890-031-0
6936:978-0-310-36591-4
6917:978-90-78046-05-9
6890:978-90-04-10410-5
6854:978-1-4443-2709-0
6835:978-0-470-69534-0
6816:978-1-57506-055-2
6773:978-0-567-04540-9
6754:978-0-8264-1628-5
6727:978-3-525-53892-0
6680:978-3-16-150473-0
6644:978-1-57506-060-6
6625:978-0-931464-93-5
6586:978-0-275-96890-8
6567:978-0-470-75196-1
6548:978-0-14-012523-8
6517:978-0-87590-488-7
6497:978-0-521-76443-8
6478:978-0-19-979875-9
6459:978-0-19-513937-2
6440:978-0-385-13152-0
6398:978-3-447-06175-9
6377:978-84-460-1949-7
6329:978-1-134-25993-9
6310:978-1-58983-027-1
6283:978-0-313-29497-6
6241:978-1-58839-043-1
6218:978-90-5356-503-2
6182:978-1-136-21912-2
6142:978-1-58839-043-1
6119:978-0-8091-4435-8
6100:978-1-136-21912-2
6081:978-1-58839-043-1
6058:978-0-931464-28-7
6031:978-90-04-10863-9
6012:978-3-11-083741-4
5993:978-1-134-86328-0
5974:978-1-134-75084-9
5955:978-1-134-78796-8
5936:978-0-8028-3994-7
5917:978-1-58839-295-4
5894:978-1-139-05426-3
5875:978-0-226-45232-6
5856:978-3-447-03009-0
5825:978-1-57506-080-4
5806:978-3-447-05172-9
5787:978-0-8061-3539-7
5768:978-1-134-52062-6
5732:978-1-57506-069-9
5705:978-3-447-01382-6
5686:978-0-567-40187-8
5667:978-1-134-67662-0
5648:978-0-521-07791-0
5627:978-1-4426-9047-9
5608:978-0-567-20049-5
5589:978-0-8020-5873-7
5570:978-1-4008-4816-4
5551:978-1-139-53687-5
5532:978-0-567-40187-8
5513:978-0-19-820664-4
5494:978-90-04-13158-3
5475:978-1-139-78942-4
5456:978-0-8108-7942-3
5437:978-3-447-05757-8
5418:978-1-55635-120-4
5379:978-1-84162-314-6
5360:978-92-9012-415-3
5341:978-1-931956-02-4
5322:978-1-136-21912-2
5309:Crawford, Harriet
5300:978-90-429-0719-5
5281:978-1-883053-00-0
5242:978-0-7591-0452-5
5219:978-1-4051-3739-3
5200:978-1-84885-752-0
5181:978-0-19-955730-1
5162:978-0-85771-489-3
5143:978-0-19-100292-2
5124:978-1-134-15908-6
5105:978-3-86835-042-5
5098:. Ugarit-Verlag.
5064:978-0-521-51417-0
5045:978-1-57506-060-6
5026:978-1-58839-043-1
5003:978-0-19-507618-9
4939:978-0-521-79666-8
4027:Riehl et al. 2013
3291:Launderville 2003
3275:Van Der Meer 1955
2690:. pp. 10–12.
2684:Frayne, Douglas.
2669:978-90-04-41511-9
2645:. pp. 10–12.
2639:Frayne, Douglas.
2593:978-1-317-32983-1
2583:The Elamite World
2566:978-1-107-09469-7
1911:978-1-119-45907-1
1784:Jean-Marie Durand
1727:Middle chronology
1653:Current situation
1643:Northwest Semitic
1620:(1979–2004), and
1426:Sumerian language
1314:Kish civilization
1190:Tukulti-Ninurta I
1151:Babylonian period
1069:Zimri-Lim of Mari
1064:(18th century BC)
933:Middle Bronze Age
571:Statue of Ebih-Il
448:
304:) was an ancient
287:
273:
272:
101:Show map of Syria
14945:
14837:
14836:
14813:
14807:
14801:
14790:
14789:
14766:
14760:
14759:
14738:Thomas, Ariane;
14735:
14729:
14728:
14721:
14715:
14714:
14699:
14693:
14690:
14675:
14665:
14615:Palaestina Prima
14561:Byzantine Empire
14492:Palaestina Prima
14479:Byzantine Empire
14458:Syria Palaestina
14423:Palmyrene Empire
14409:Bahram VI Chobin
14272:Syria Palaestina
14060:Salome Alexandra
14043:Kingdom of Judea
14029:Diodotus Tryphon
13884:Cleopatra I Syra
13860:Ptolemy Keraunos
13628:Ashur-uballit II
13625:Sin-shumu-lishir
13619:Ashur-etil-ilani
13574:Sargonid dynasty
13467:Marduk-apla-usur
13448:Nabu-apla-iddina
13442:Shamash-mudammiq
13398:Ashurnasirpal II
13381:Kingdom of Judah
13225:Adad-apla-iddina
13216:Enlil-nadin-apli
13213:Nebuchadnezzar I
13137:Ashur-nirari III
13134:Ashur-nadin-apli
12972:Shutruk-Nakhunte
12857:Untash-Napirisha
12846:Kidinuid dynasty
12444:Shamshi-Adad III
12152:Dynasty of Larsa
11970:
11858:
11853:
11681:
11534:Shar-Kali-Sharri
11468:Neferkare Tereru
11456:Neferkare Khendu
11410:
11405:
11236:
11195:Kiku-siwe-tempti
11082:
11077:
10932:
10861:Kish III dynasty
10831:
10762:
10675:
10670:
10575:(2600–2340 BCE)
10540:
10503:
10498:
10488:
10483:
10427:(2700–2600 BCE)
10284:(2900–2700 BCE)
10278:
10195:(3100–2700 BCE)
10174:(3100–2900 BCE)
9928:
9915:
9903:
9879:(4000–2900 BCE)
9868:
9767:
9766:
9763:
9762:
9745:
9738:
9731:
9722:
9721:
9686:Suwaydan Jazirah
9567:Mayadin District
9562:
9561:
9407:
9406:
9400:
9253:Judaydat Akaidat
9107:
9106:
9102:
9076:
9075:
9064:
9057:
9050:
9041:
9040:
9022:
9015:
8897:
8852:
8851:
8795:
8794:(stock exchange)
8787:
8752:
8751:
8665:
8658:
8649:
8647:regional command
8638:
8509:
8508:
8481:Fertile Crescent
8372:
8371:
8368:
8367:
8356:
8233:County of Edessa
8213:Mirdasid dynasty
8208:Hamdanid dynasty
8187:
8154:Palmyrene Empire
8139:Achaemenid Syria
8026:Natufian culture
7993:
7992:
7969:
7962:
7955:
7946:
7945:
7893:Palmyrene Empire
7863:Herodian kingdom
7837:Byzantine Empire
7652:Israel (Samaria)
7013:
7006:
6999:
6990:
6989:
6959:
6940:
6921:
6902:
6875:
6858:
6839:
6820:
6801:
6799:
6798:
6777:
6758:
6739:
6712:
6706:
6702:
6700:
6692:
6665:
6648:
6629:
6610:
6608:
6606:
6590:
6571:
6552:
6540:
6529:
6501:
6482:
6463:
6444:
6423:
6402:
6381:
6358:
6333:
6314:
6295:
6266:
6245:
6233:
6222:
6203:
6186:
6167:
6165:
6163:
6146:
6134:
6123:
6104:
6085:
6073:
6062:
6043:
6016:
5997:
5978:
5959:
5940:
5921:
5909:
5898:
5879:
5860:
5837:
5810:
5791:
5772:
5753:
5736:
5717:
5690:
5671:
5652:
5631:
5612:
5593:
5574:
5555:
5536:
5517:
5498:
5479:
5460:
5441:
5422:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5393:The Conversation
5383:
5364:
5345:
5326:
5304:
5285:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5246:
5234:
5223:
5204:
5185:
5166:
5147:
5128:
5109:
5085:
5068:
5049:
5030:
5018:
5007:
4988:
4943:
4915:
4909:
4903:
4897:
4891:
4885:
4879:
4876:
4870:
4860:
4854:
4844:
4838:
4828:
4819:
4816:
4810:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4772:
4766:
4760:
4754:
4744:
4738:
4732:
4726:
4720:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4689:
4683:
4673:
4667:
4657:
4651:
4641:
4635:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4602:
4592:
4583:
4573:
4567:
4557:
4551:
4541:
4535:
4525:
4519:
4509:
4503:
4493:
4487:
4477:
4471:
4461:
4455:
4445:
4436:
4426:
4420:
4410:
4404:
4394:
4388:
4374:
4368:
4358:
4347:
4337:
4331:
4321:
4315:
4305:
4299:
4289:
4283:
4273:
4267:
4257:
4251:
4241:
4232:
4222:
4216:
4210:
4204:
4198:
4192:
4182:
4176:
4170:
4164:
4154:
4148:
4138:
4132:
4122:
4116:
4106:
4097:
4087:
4081:
4071:
4065:
4055:
4046:
4039:Michalowski 2000
4036:
4030:
4024:
4005:
3998:Nemet-Nejat 1998
3995:
3989:
3979:
3973:
3963:
3957:
3947:
3941:
3931:
3922:
3912:
3906:
3896:
3890:
3880:
3874:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3812:. Archived from
3795:
3789:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3751:
3732:
3722:
3713:
3703:
3697:
3679:
3673:
3663:
3657:
3647:
3641:
3631:
3625:
3615:
3609:
3599:
3593:
3583:
3577:
3567:
3561:
3551:
3545:
3535:
3529:
3519:
3513:
3503:
3497:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3459:
3453:
3443:
3437:
3427:
3414:
3404:
3398:
3388:
3382:
3372:
3363:
3353:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3320:
3314:
3304:
3298:
3288:
3282:
3272:
3266:
3256:
3247:
3237:
3231:
3221:
3215:
3205:
3196:
3186:
3180:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3149:
3139:
3133:
3123:
3110:
3100:
3094:
3084:
3075:
3065:
3059:
3049:
3040:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3002:
2996:
2986:
2980:
2970:
2961:
2951:
2945:
2935:
2929:
2919:
2908:
2898:
2892:
2882:
2876:
2866:
2860:
2857:Strommenger 1964
2854:
2848:
2838:
2832:
2822:
2807:
2797:
2791:
2781:
2775:
2765:
2759:
2749:
2743:
2740:Michalowski 1993
2737:
2731:
2721:
2712:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2636:
2630:
2620:
2614:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2532:
2526:
2525:, p. 33–35.
2520:
2514:
2504:
2495:
2485:
2479:
2469:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2438:
2432:
2425:Michalowski 2003
2422:
2413:
2403:
2394:
2384:
2378:
2368:
2362:
2352:
2346:
2336:
2321:
2311:
2305:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2267:
2258:
2251:Michalowski 2003
2248:
2242:
2232:
2226:
2216:
2210:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2185:
2175:
2164:
2154:
2139:
2129:
2123:
2113:
2104:
2094:
2085:
2075:
2066:
2056:
2050:
2040:
2027:
2017:
2006:
1996:
1967:
1957:
1940:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1827:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1780:
1774:
1767:
1761:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1723:
1688:Tourism in Syria
1682:
1677:
1676:
1659:Syrian Civil War
1647:Hurrian language
1622:Pascal Butterlin
1619:
1359:Amorite language
1321:Eblaite language
1130:
1115:
944:Fertile Crescent
910:Shar-Kali-Sharri
841:
801:short chronology
766:
614:
599:sacred enclosure
537:Mari's landmarks
501:Early Bronze Age
467:
447:
444:
398:Fertile Crescent
303:
286:
283:
169:
168:
166:
165:
164:
159:
155:
152:
151:
150:
147:
102:
93:
92:
86:
74:
65:
64:
58:
41:
31:
24:
20:
14953:
14952:
14948:
14947:
14946:
14944:
14943:
14942:
14928:Former kingdoms
14858:
14857:
14856:
14851:
14850:
14841:
14840:
14833:
14814:
14810:
14802:
14793:
14786:
14767:
14763:
14756:
14736:
14732:
14723:
14722:
14718:
14700:
14696:
14691:
14687:
14624:Byzantine Syria
14610:Byzantine Egypt
14585:Farrukh Hormizd
14545:
14541:
14538:Sasanian Empire
14524:
14520:
14501:Byzantine Syria
14487:Byzantine Egypt
14426:
14318:
14314:
14311:Sasanian Empire
14231:
14136:Mithridates III
14116:
14113:Parthian Empire
14046:
13985:Seleucid Empire
13982:
13972:
13948:
13857:Ptolemy I Soter
13855:
13852:Ptolemaic Egypt
13824:
13818:
13778:
13760:
13756:
13754:Kings of Byblos
13745:
13717:
13691:
13662:
13656:
13630:
13610:Mushezib-Marduk
13580:Tiglath-Pileser
13578:
13569:
13546:
13532:
13516:
13512:
13508:
13504:
13500:
13496:
13495:
13487:
13485:Nabu-mukin-zeri
13479:Nabu-nadin-zeri
13464:Marduk-bel-zeri
13457:Baba-aha-iddina
13434:
13411:Adad-nirari III
13401:Shalmaneser III
13390:
13379:
13378:
13365:
13359:
13358:
13356:Menkheperre Ini
13333:
13326:
13325:
13289:
13275:Nabû-mukin-apli
13252:
13241:(1100–540 BCE)
13234:Nabu-shum-libur
13202:
13179:Ashur-nirari IV
13173:Ashurnasirpal I
13170:Shamshi-Adad IV
13116:Ashur-uballit I
13111:
13093:
13089:
13085:
13081:
13075:
13074:
13070:
13066:
13064:Kings of Byblos
13062:
13032:
13025:
13019:
13018:
12987:
12986:
12970:
12964:
12932:
12919:
12918:
12900:Neferneferuaten
12860:
12859:
12855:
12849:
12843:
12842:(1500–1100 BCE)
12834:Enlil-nadin-ahi
12822:Adad-shuma-usur
12810:Kashtiliashu IV
12798:Kadashman-Turgu
12783:Burnaburiash II
12762:Kashtiliash III
12754:
12731:
12725:
12695:
12694:(1600–1260 BCE)
12693:
12663:
12654:
12648:
12636:
12630:
12626:
12620:
12616:
12610:
12590:
12585:Peshgaldaramesh
12580:
12570:
12560:
12556:Sealand Dynasty
12553:
12550:
12549:
12543:
12542:
12505:
12498:
12496:
12471:Ashur-nirari II
12450:Puzur-Ashur III
12438:Shamshi-Adad II
12409:
12407:
12405:Adaside dynasty
12402:
12401:
12376:
12374:
12372:
12371:
12334:
12332:
12330:
12323:
12314:
12308:
12297:
12293:
12291:Kings of Byblos
12289:
12283:
12272:
12235:
12222:
12221:
12203:Uruk VI dynasty
12201:
12150:
12101:Dynasty of Isin
12091:
12085:
12074:
12070:
12066:
12062:
12058:
12054:
12050:
12046:
12042:
12017:
12011:
12004:
12000:
11999:
11998:
11996:
11992:
11988:
11971:
11965:
11961:
11955:
11952:
11922:
11916:
11898:
11859:
11847:
11838:
11834:
11830:
11826:
11809:
11799:
11785:
11769:
11761:
11757:
11753:
11742:
11735:
11731:
11717:
11713:
11704:
11700:
11699:
11697:
11686:
11682:
11676:
11672:
11663:(2150–2000 BCE)
11644:
11628:
11624:
11620:
11614:
11610:
11606:
11602:
11598:
11594:
11590:
11576:
11572:
11560:
11556:
11532:
11528:
11524:
11520:
11516:
11515:
11513:
11508:
11498:
11453:Djedkare Shemai
11442:
11436:
11430:
11416:
11387:
11383:
11379:
11375:
11362:Sargon of Akkad
11360:
11359:
11356:Akkadian Empire
11348:(2340–2150 BCE)
11346:Akkadian Period
11333:
11329:
11317:
11313:
11292:
11280:
11270:
11266:
11249:
11245:
11231:
11209:
11188:
11186:
11174:
11170:
11166:
11155:
11151:
11147:
11138:
11129:
11115:
11111:
11099:
11095:
11083:
11054:
11051:
11045:
11033:
11024:
10991:
10990:
10974:
10970:
10966:
10962:
10951:
10947:
10943:
10934:
10933:
10927:
10923:
10922:
10910:
10909:
10893:
10890:
10878:
10874:
10863:
10854:
10850:
10846:
10842:
10838:
10834:
10833:
10832:
10826:
10822:
10818:
10817:
10809:(2500-539 BCE)
10797:
10793:
10763:
10757:
10750:
10744:
10726:
10722:
10718:
10706:
10702:
10698:
10686:
10680:
10676:
10662:
10658:
10648:
10645:
10641:
10629:
10625:
10615:
10611:
10609:
10595:
10591:
10587:
10583:
10547:
10541:
10535:
10531:
10530:
10514:
10513:
10512:(2700–1500 BCE)
10511:
10459:
10448:
10411:("conqueror of
10397:
10381:
10374:
10364:
10350:
10331:
10327:
10322:
10313:
10304:
10296:
10293:
10273:
10209:
10208:
10194:
10188:
10182:
10173:
10115:
10101:
10088:
10029:
9960:
9949:
9943:
9929:
9923:
9916:
9910:
9904:
9898:
9897:
9896:(4000–3100 BCE)
9895:
9889:
9863:
9857:
9829:
9810:
9800:
9773:
9771:
9755:
9749:
9719:
9710:
9569:
9552:
9414:
9401:
9388:
9379:Zaghir Shamiyah
9330:Safirah Tahtani
9325:Safirah Fawqani
9305:Qitaat al-Bulil
9199:Hawayij Bumasaa
9114:
9103:
9092:
9080:
9070:
9068:
9038:
9033:
9025:
9018:
9011:
8998:
8923:
8909:Public holidays
8895:
8837:
8799:
8793:
8785:
8737:
8692:
8661:
8654:
8641:
8634:
8490:
8459:
8408:
8357:
8344:
8334:Second Republic
8278:
8261:
8228:Crusader states
8193:Tulunid dynasty
8186:(Bilad al-Sham)
8185:
8183:Caliphal Syria
8177:Muslim conquest
8163:
8159:Byzantine Syria
8074:Akkadian Empire
8055:
8009:
7982:
7973:
7943:
7938:
7917:
7908:Sasanian Empire
7903:Seleucid Empire
7898:Parthian Empire
7848:Emesene Dynasty
7811:
7657:Israel (united)
7572:Aramaean states
7552:
7099:Akkadian Empire
7085:
7027:
7017:
6967:
6962:
6956:
6937:
6918:
6891:
6855:
6836:
6817:
6809:. Eisenbrauns.
6796:
6794:
6774:
6755:
6728:
6704:
6703:
6694:
6693:
6681:
6645:
6626:
6618:. Eisenbrauns.
6604:
6602:
6587:
6568:
6549:
6518:
6498:
6479:
6460:
6441:
6399:
6378:
6330:
6311:
6284:
6242:
6219:
6183:
6161:
6159:
6143:
6120:
6101:
6082:
6059:
6051:. Eisenbrauns.
6032:
6013:
5994:
5975:
5956:
5937:
5918:
5895:
5876:
5857:
5826:
5807:
5788:
5769:
5733:
5706:
5687:
5668:
5649:
5628:
5609:
5590:
5571:
5552:
5533:
5514:
5495:
5476:
5457:
5438:
5419:
5398:
5396:
5380:
5361:
5342:
5323:
5301:
5282:
5260:
5258:
5256:The Independent
5243:
5220:
5201:
5182:
5163:
5144:
5125:
5106:
5065:
5046:
5027:
5004:
4961:10.2307/3515951
4940:
4923:
4918:
4910:
4906:
4898:
4894:
4886:
4882:
4877:
4873:
4861:
4857:
4845:
4841:
4829:
4822:
4817:
4813:
4803:Ochterbeek 1996
4801:
4797:
4789:
4785:
4773:
4769:
4761:
4757:
4745:
4741:
4733:
4729:
4721:
4714:
4706:
4702:
4690:
4686:
4674:
4670:
4658:
4654:
4642:
4638:
4626:
4622:
4614:
4605:
4593:
4586:
4574:
4570:
4558:
4554:
4542:
4538:
4526:
4522:
4510:
4506:
4494:
4490:
4478:
4474:
4462:
4458:
4446:
4439:
4427:
4423:
4411:
4407:
4395:
4391:
4375:
4371:
4359:
4350:
4338:
4334:
4322:
4318:
4306:
4302:
4290:
4286:
4274:
4270:
4258:
4254:
4242:
4235:
4223:
4219:
4211:
4207:
4199:
4195:
4183:
4179:
4171:
4167:
4155:
4151:
4139:
4135:
4123:
4119:
4107:
4100:
4088:
4084:
4072:
4068:
4056:
4049:
4037:
4033:
4025:
4008:
3996:
3992:
3980:
3976:
3964:
3960:
3948:
3944:
3932:
3925:
3913:
3909:
3897:
3893:
3881:
3877:
3867:Hasselbach 2005
3865:
3861:
3851:
3849:
3833:
3829:
3819:
3817:
3796:
3792:
3780:
3776:
3768:
3764:
3752:
3735:
3723:
3716:
3704:
3700:
3680:
3676:
3664:
3660:
3648:
3644:
3632:
3628:
3616:
3612:
3600:
3596:
3584:
3580:
3568:
3564:
3552:
3548:
3536:
3532:
3520:
3516:
3504:
3500:
3488:
3484:
3476:
3472:
3460:
3456:
3444:
3440:
3428:
3417:
3405:
3401:
3389:
3385:
3373:
3366:
3354:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3321:
3317:
3305:
3301:
3289:
3285:
3273:
3269:
3257:
3250:
3238:
3234:
3222:
3218:
3206:
3199:
3187:
3183:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3152:
3140:
3136:
3124:
3113:
3101:
3097:
3085:
3078:
3066:
3062:
3050:
3043:
3031:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3003:
2999:
2987:
2983:
2971:
2964:
2952:
2948:
2936:
2932:
2920:
2911:
2899:
2895:
2883:
2879:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2839:
2835:
2823:
2810:
2798:
2794:
2782:
2778:
2766:
2762:
2750:
2746:
2738:
2734:
2722:
2715:
2699:
2695:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2654:
2650:
2637:
2633:
2621:
2617:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2551:
2547:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2505:
2498:
2486:
2482:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2439:
2435:
2423:
2416:
2404:
2397:
2385:
2381:
2369:
2365:
2353:
2349:
2337:
2324:
2312:
2308:
2296:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2268:
2261:
2249:
2245:
2233:
2229:
2217:
2213:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2176:
2167:
2155:
2142:
2130:
2126:
2114:
2107:
2095:
2088:
2076:
2069:
2057:
2053:
2041:
2030:
2018:
2009:
1997:
1970:
1958:
1943:
1931:
1927:
1912:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1781:
1777:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1662:at least 2017.
1655:
1634:
1613:
1533:
1501:Iranian Plateau
1473:
1406:
1290:
1284:
1268:
1222:Adad-Nirari III
1204:took the title
1198:
1182:
1180:Late Bronze Age
1166:Kingdom of Hana
1153:
1124:
1109:
1071:
1031:
954:. However, the
940:
935:
868:
848:
842:
839:
813:Sargon of Akkad
809:Akkadian Empire
789:Sargon of Akkad
777:
760:
756:. According to
660:
615:(INANA.ZA.ZA),
608:
595:Akkadian period
557:
508:
503:
498:
433:
337:Eblaite kingdom
325:Euphrates River
198:c. 2900 BC
162:
160:
156:
153:
148:
145:
143:
141:
140:
106:
105:
104:
103:
100:
99:
96:
95:
94:
77:
76:
75:
72:
71:
68:
67:
66:
44:
32:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
14951:
14941:
14940:
14938:Ancient Levant
14935:
14930:
14925:
14920:
14915:
14910:
14905:
14900:
14895:
14890:
14885:
14883:Amorite cities
14880:
14875:
14870:
14853:
14852:
14847:
14846:
14843:
14842:
14839:
14838:
14831:
14808:
14791:
14784:
14761:
14754:
14740:Potts, Timothy
14730:
14716:
14694:
14684:
14683:
14680:
14679:
14669:
14658:
14657:
14650:
14643:
14636:
14632:
14631:
14626:
14621:
14612:
14606:
14605:
14564:
14557:
14553:
14552:
14534:
14513:
14509:
14508:
14503:
14498:
14489:
14483:
14482:
14475:
14471:
14470:
14465:
14460:
14455:
14449:
14448:
14441:
14437:
14436:
14419:
14415:
14414:
14307:
14303:
14302:
14279:
14274:
14269:
14265:
14264:
14259:
14250:
14246:
14245:
14240:
14235:
14223:
14222:
14215:
14214:30 BCE–116 CE
14211:
14210:
14148:Mithridates IV
14130:Mithridates II
14109:
14071:
14066:Aristobulus II
14039:
14035:
14034:
13959:Argead dynasty
13943:
13848:Argead dynasty
13844:
13840:
13839:
13831:
13830:
13810:
13809:
13801:Artaxerxes III
13764:
13762:Kings of Sidon
13751:
13738:
13734:
13733:
13710:
13705:Labashi-Marduk
13684:
13649:
13645:
13644:
13639:
13633:
13632:
13607:Nergal-ushezib
13562:
13543:Black Pharaohs
13525:
13521:
13520:
13488:
13461:Ninurta-apla-X
13422:
13420:Ashur-nirari V
13414:Shalmaneser IV
13404:Shamshi-Adad V
13392:Adad-nirari II
13383:
13373:
13282:
13278:
13277:
13247:
13243:
13242:
13236:
13193:
13176:Shalmaneser II
13164:Ashur-bel-kala
13152:Mutakkil-Nusku
13108:Middle Assyria
13104:
13097:
13072:Kings of Sidon
13055:
12979:
12978:1155–1025 BCE
12975:
12974:
12961:Elamite Empire
12957:
12924:
12923:
12915:Hittite Empire
12911:
12879:
12878:
12863:
12862:
12836:
12825:Meli-Shipak II
12795:Nazi-Maruttash
12759:Burnaburiash I
12738:
12710:
12709:1531–1155 BCE
12706:
12705:
12686:
12641:
12601:
12600:
12547:
12483:
12468:Enlil-Nasir II
12447:Ashur-nirari I
12441:Ishme-Dagan II
12432:Sharma-Adad II
12384:Ashur-apla-idi
12375:1735–1701 BCE)
12354:Ashur-apla-idi
12336:Shamshi-Adad I
12331:1808–1736 BCE)
12316:
12311:Yamhad dynasty
12301:
12299:Kings of Sidon
12278:
12265:
12264:1800–1595 BCE
12261:
12260:
12227:
12226:
12214:
12078:
12068:Puzur-Ashur II
12035:
11978:
11945:
11944:
11939:Mentuhotep III
11908:
11907:
11890:
11885:
11877:
11876:2025-1763 BCE
11873:
11872:
11844:Ur III dynasty
11840:
11821:
11818:
11814:
11813:
11801:
11790:Neferkare VIII
11778:
11774:
11773:
11766:
11765:
11737:
11723:
11721:
11708:
11694:Gutian dynasty
11690:
11666:
11665:
11657:
11652:Nebkaure Khety
11646:Meryibre Khety
11637:
11633:
11632:
11615:
11582:
11580:
11564:
11537:
11536:
11530:
11501:
11491:
11477:Neferkamin Anu
11450:Neferkare Neby
11423:
11419:
11418:
11414:Lugal-ushumgal
11411:
11396:
11392:
11391:
11370:
11351:
11350:
11342:
11340:
11336:
11335:
11321:
11308:
11306:
11302:
11301:
11296:
11287:
11282:
11274:
11261:
11256:
11252:
11251:
11247:Lugalannemundu
11237:
11202:
11198:
11197:
11192:
11178:
11161:
11142:
11133:
11124:
11119:
11103:
11090:
11086:
11085:
11068:
11063:
11059:
11058:
11047:
11038:
11037:
11028:
11019:
11014:Djedkare Isesi
11011:Menkauhor Kaiu
10983:
10979:
10978:
10955:
10938:
10914:
10912:Pabilgagaltuku
10901:
10896:
10882:
10871:Akshak dynasty
10867:
10858:
10810:
10804:
10800:
10799:
10786:
10737:
10733:
10732:
10730:
10711:
10696:Enun-dara-anna
10691:
10690:
10651:
10634:
10619:
10601:
10599:
10577:
10576:
10570:
10523:
10519:
10518:
10504:
10489:
10473:
10472:
10465:
10464:
10453:
10434:
10432:
10429:
10428:
10422:
10418:
10417:
10404:
10403:
10389:
10352:
10345:
10344:
10320:Kullassina-bel
10305:
10297:
10286:
10285:
10279:
10201:
10197:
10196:
10175:
10166:
10161:
10112:Narmer Palette
10094:
10093:3100–2900 BCE
10090:
10089:
10022:
9952:
9951:
9936:
9935:3200–3100 BCE
9932:
9931:
9918:
9886:
9885:
9880:
9874:
9869:
9850:
9849:4000–3200 BCE
9846:
9845:
9840:
9835:
9830:
9824:
9819:
9814:
9804:
9794:
9789:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9761:
9760:
9757:
9756:
9751:Rulers of the
9748:
9747:
9740:
9733:
9725:
9716:
9715:
9712:
9711:
9709:
9708:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9658:
9653:
9648:
9643:
9638:
9633:
9628:
9623:
9621:Baqras Tahtani
9618:
9616:Baqras Fawqani
9613:
9608:
9601:
9596:
9591:
9584:
9574:
9571:
9570:
9558:
9557:
9554:
9553:
9551:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9533:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9481:
9476:
9471:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9419:
9416:
9415:
9403:
9402:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9389:
9387:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9374:Zaghir Jazirah
9371:
9366:
9361:
9354:
9347:
9345:al-Shumaytiyah
9342:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9282:
9275:
9270:
9265:
9260:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9233:
9228:
9221:
9216:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9189:al-Harmushiyah
9186:
9181:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9159:
9157:al-Bughayliyah
9154:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9119:
9116:
9115:
9104:
9097:
9094:
9093:
9085:
9082:
9081:
9067:
9066:
9059:
9052:
9044:
9035:
9034:
9032:
9031:
9024:
9023:
9016:
9008:
9007:
9004:
9003:
9000:
8999:
8997:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8980:
8979:
8974:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8944:
8939:
8933:
8931:
8925:
8924:
8922:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8905:
8904:
8899:
8891:
8881:
8876:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8855:
8849:
8843:
8842:
8839:
8838:
8836:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8819:
8818:
8807:
8805:
8804:Infrastructure
8801:
8800:
8798:
8797:
8789:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8755:
8749:
8743:
8742:
8739:
8738:
8736:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8719:
8718:
8708:
8702:
8700:
8694:
8693:
8691:
8690:
8685:
8684:
8683:
8681:Syria (region)
8673:
8668:
8667:
8666:
8659:
8652:
8651:
8650:
8627:
8626:
8625:
8615:
8614:
8613:
8608:
8598:
8597:
8596:
8586:
8581:
8580:
8579:
8574:
8564:
8559:
8558:
8557:
8556:
8555:
8548:Prime Minister
8540:
8538:Vice President
8535:
8534:
8533:
8523:
8518:
8512:
8506:
8500:
8499:
8496:
8495:
8492:
8491:
8489:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8476:Southern Syria
8473:
8471:Syria (region)
8467:
8465:
8461:
8460:
8458:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8416:
8414:
8410:
8409:
8407:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8375:
8365:
8359:
8358:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8345:
8343:
8342:
8337:
8331:
8325:
8324:
8323:
8317:
8314:State of Syria
8311:
8303:French Mandate
8300:
8295:
8288:
8286:
8280:
8279:
8277:
8276:
8269:
8267:
8263:
8262:
8260:
8259:
8253:
8247:
8246:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8225:
8223:Saljuqid Syria
8220:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8203:Zangid dynasty
8200:
8195:
8190:
8180:
8173:
8171:
8169:Medieval Syria
8165:
8164:
8162:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8144:Seleucid Syria
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8065:
8063:
8057:
8056:
8054:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8017:
8015:
8011:
8010:
8008:
8007:
8005:Years in Syria
8002:
7996:
7990:
7984:
7983:
7972:
7971:
7964:
7957:
7949:
7940:
7939:
7937:
7936:
7931:
7929:Amarna letters
7925:
7923:
7919:
7918:
7916:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7829:Roman Republic
7821:
7819:
7813:
7812:
7810:
7809:
7808:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7775:
7774:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7750:
7745:
7744:
7743:
7742:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7706:
7705:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7621:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7568:
7562:
7560:
7554:
7553:
7551:
7550:
7549:
7548:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7515:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7492:
7491:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7468:
7467:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7423:
7422:
7421:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7388:
7387:
7386:
7385:
7375:
7370:
7358:
7356:Hittite Empire
7353:
7348:
7347:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7194:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7110:Amorite states
7106:
7101:
7095:
7093:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7037:
7035:
7029:
7028:
7016:
7015:
7008:
7001:
6993:
6987:
6986:
6980:
6974:
6966:
6965:External links
6963:
6961:
6960:
6954:
6941:
6935:
6922:
6916:
6903:
6889:
6876:
6859:
6853:
6840:
6834:
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6815:
6802:
6778:
6772:
6759:
6753:
6740:
6726:
6713:
6705:|journal=
6679:
6666:
6649:
6643:
6630:
6624:
6611:
6591:
6585:
6572:
6566:
6553:
6547:
6530:
6516:
6502:
6496:
6483:
6477:
6464:
6458:
6445:
6439:
6424:
6403:
6397:
6382:
6376:
6368:Ediciones Akal
6366:(in Spanish).
6359:
6334:
6328:
6315:
6309:
6296:
6282:
6267:
6246:
6240:
6223:
6217:
6204:
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6124:
6118:
6105:
6099:
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6063:
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6044:
6030:
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6011:
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5992:
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5973:
5960:
5954:
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5874:
5861:
5855:
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5704:
5691:
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5607:
5594:
5588:
5575:
5569:
5556:
5550:
5537:
5531:
5518:
5512:
5499:
5493:
5480:
5474:
5461:
5455:
5442:
5436:
5423:
5417:
5404:
5384:
5378:
5365:
5359:
5346:
5340:
5327:
5321:
5311:, ed. (2013).
5305:
5299:
5286:
5280:
5267:
5247:
5241:
5224:
5218:
5205:
5199:
5193:. I.B.Tauris.
5186:
5180:
5167:
5161:
5148:
5142:
5129:
5123:
5110:
5104:
5086:
5069:
5063:
5050:
5044:
5031:
5025:
5008:
5002:
4989:
4944:
4938:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4904:
4892:
4880:
4871:
4855:
4839:
4820:
4811:
4795:
4783:
4767:
4755:
4739:
4737:, p. 217.
4735:Margueron 1992
4727:
4712:
4700:
4684:
4668:
4652:
4636:
4620:
4603:
4584:
4568:
4552:
4536:
4528:Margueron 2013
4520:
4504:
4488:
4472:
4456:
4437:
4421:
4405:
4389:
4369:
4348:
4332:
4316:
4300:
4284:
4268:
4252:
4233:
4217:
4205:
4203:, p. 147.
4201:Pettinato 1981
4193:
4177:
4165:
4149:
4141:Armstrong 1996
4133:
4117:
4098:
4082:
4066:
4047:
4031:
4029:, p. 117.
4006:
3990:
3974:
3958:
3942:
3923:
3907:
3891:
3875:
3859:
3827:
3790:
3774:
3772:, p. 201.
3762:
3733:
3714:
3698:
3674:
3658:
3642:
3626:
3610:
3594:
3578:
3562:
3546:
3530:
3514:
3498:
3482:
3480:, p. 143.
3470:
3454:
3438:
3415:
3399:
3383:
3364:
3343:
3341:, p. 109.
3331:
3315:
3299:
3283:
3267:
3248:
3232:
3216:
3197:
3181:
3165:
3163:, p. 189.
3150:
3134:
3111:
3095:
3076:
3060:
3041:
3025:
3013:
2997:
2981:
2962:
2946:
2930:
2909:
2893:
2877:
2869:Margueron 2013
2861:
2859:, p. 167.
2849:
2833:
2825:Margueron 2013
2808:
2800:Margueron 2003
2792:
2776:
2760:
2744:
2732:
2713:
2693:
2675:
2668:
2648:
2631:
2615:
2599:
2592:
2572:
2565:
2545:
2527:
2515:
2496:
2488:Stieglitz 2002
2480:
2461:
2449:
2433:
2414:
2395:
2379:
2363:
2347:
2322:
2306:
2290:
2288:, p. 142.
2278:
2259:
2243:
2227:
2211:
2195:
2186:
2178:Margueron 2013
2165:
2157:Margueron 2003
2140:
2132:Margueron 2013
2124:
2116:Margueron 2013
2105:
2086:
2067:
2059:Margueron 2013
2051:
2028:
2020:Margueron 2013
2007:
1999:Margueron 2003
1968:
1941:
1933:Oldenburg 1969
1925:
1910:
1890:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1775:
1762:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1667:
1664:
1654:
1651:
1633:
1630:
1532:
1529:
1511:, silver from
1472:
1469:
1405:
1402:
1308:in the north.
1283:
1280:
1267:
1266:Modern history
1264:
1235:In c. 760 BC,
1210:Ashur-bel-kala
1197:
1194:
1181:
1178:
1152:
1149:
1135:, the king of
1070:
1067:
1030:
1027:
1015:Shamshi-Adad I
939:
936:
934:
931:
867:
864:
847:
844:
837:
797:Michael Astour
776:
773:
659:
656:
556:
555:Second kingdom
553:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
490:Georges Dossin
486:tutelary deity
432:
429:
311:in modern-day
271:
270:
267:
263:
262:
259:
255:
254:
251:
247:
246:
241:
240:Archaeologists
237:
236:
232:
231:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
207:
206:3rd century BC
204:
200:
199:
196:
192:
191:
187:
186:
183:
179:
178:
175:
171:
170:
138:
134:
133:
120:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
97:
88:
87:
81:
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79:
78:
69:
60:
59:
53:
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51:
50:
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46:
45:
42:
34:
33:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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14906:
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14896:
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14879:
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14874:
14871:
14869:
14866:
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14834:
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14824:
14823:
14818:
14812:
14806:
14800:
14798:
14796:
14787:
14781:
14777:
14776:
14771:
14770:Roux, Georges
14765:
14757:
14751:
14747:
14746:
14741:
14734:
14726:
14720:
14712:
14708:
14704:
14698:
14689:
14685:
14681:
14678:
14674:
14668:
14664:
14659:
14656:
14655:
14649:
14648:
14642:
14641:
14634:
14633:
14630:
14625:
14620:
14616:
14611:
14607:
14604:
14601:
14598:
14597:Yazdegerd III
14595:
14592:
14589:
14586:
14583:
14580:
14577:
14574:
14571:
14568:
14563:
14562:
14554:
14551:
14548:
14544:
14540:
14539:
14533:
14530:
14529:Sahralanyozan
14527:
14523:
14518:
14511:
14510:
14507:
14502:
14497:
14493:
14488:
14484:
14481:
14480:
14472:
14469:
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14446:
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14425:
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14410:
14407:
14404:
14401:
14398:
14395:
14392:
14389:
14386:
14383:
14380:
14377:
14374:
14371:
14368:
14365:
14362:
14359:
14356:
14353:
14350:
14347:
14344:
14341:
14338:
14335:
14332:
14329:
14322:
14317:
14313:
14312:
14305:
14304:
14301:
14298:
14295:
14292:
14289:
14286:
14285:Mithridates V
14283:
14282:Sinatruces II
14278:
14273:
14267:
14266:
14263:
14258:
14254:
14247:
14244:
14239:
14234:
14229:
14224:
14221:
14220:
14212:
14209:
14206:
14205:Artabanus III
14203:
14200:
14197:
14194:
14191:
14188:
14185:
14182:
14179:
14176:
14175:Tiridates III
14173:
14170:
14167:
14164:
14161:
14158:
14155:
14152:
14149:
14146:
14143:
14140:
14137:
14134:
14131:
14128:
14125:
14122:
14119:
14118:Mithridates I
14115:
14114:
14108:
14105:
14102:
14099:
14096:
14093:
14090:
14087:
14084:
14081:
14078:
14075:
14070:
14067:
14064:
14061:
14058:
14055:
14054:Aristobulus I
14052:
14051:John Hyrcanus
14049:
14045:
14044:
14037:
14036:
14033:
14030:
14027:
14024:
14021:
14020:Alexander III
14018:
14015:
14012:
14009:
14006:
14005:Antiochus III
14003:
14000:
13997:
13994:
13991:
13987:
13986:
13981:
13977:
13976:
13971:
13968:
13965:
13964:Alexander III
13961:
13960:
13952:
13947:
13942:
13939:
13936:
13933:
13930:
13927:
13924:
13921:
13918:
13915:
13912:
13909:
13906:
13903:
13900:
13899:Cleopatra III
13897:
13894:
13891:
13888:
13885:
13882:
13879:
13876:
13873:
13870:
13867:
13864:
13861:
13858:
13854:
13853:
13849:
13842:
13841:
13838:
13837:
13832:
13829:
13828:
13823:
13822:
13817:
13816:
13811:
13808:
13805:
13804:Artaxerxes IV
13802:
13799:
13798:Artaxerxes II
13796:
13793:
13790:
13787:
13784:
13781:
13777:
13776:
13769:
13763:
13759:
13758:Kings of Tyre
13755:
13749:
13744:
13743:
13735:
13732:
13729:
13726:
13723:
13720:
13716:
13715:
13714:Median Empire
13709:
13706:
13703:
13700:
13697:
13694:
13690:
13689:
13683:
13680:
13677:
13674:
13671:
13668:
13665:
13661:
13660:
13655:
13654:
13647:
13646:
13643:
13638:
13634:
13631:
13629:
13626:
13623:
13622:Sinsharishkun
13620:
13617:
13614:
13611:
13608:
13605:
13602:
13599:
13596:
13593:
13590:
13587:
13584:
13581:
13577:
13575:
13568:
13567:
13561:
13558:
13555:
13552:
13549:
13544:
13536:
13531:
13530:
13522:
13519:
13515:
13511:
13507:
13503:
13499:
13494:
13493:
13486:
13483:
13480:
13477:
13474:
13471:
13468:
13465:
13462:
13459:(five kings)
13458:
13455:
13452:
13449:
13446:
13443:
13440:
13437:
13433:
13427:
13421:
13418:
13417:Ashur-Dan III
13415:
13412:
13408:
13405:
13402:
13399:
13396:
13393:
13389:
13388:
13382:
13377:
13372:
13371:
13368:
13364:
13363:
13357:
13354:
13351:
13348:
13345:
13342:
13339:
13336:
13332:
13331:
13324:
13321:
13320:
13316:
13313:
13310:
13307:
13304:
13301:
13298:
13295:
13292:
13288:
13287:
13280:
13279:
13276:
13273:
13270:
13267:
13264:
13261:
13258:
13257:Ea-mukin-zeri
13255:
13254:Simbar-shipak
13251:
13246:1025–934 BCE
13245:
13244:
13240:
13235:
13232:
13229:
13226:
13223:
13220:
13217:
13214:
13211:
13208:
13205:
13201:
13199:
13192:
13189:
13186:
13183:
13182:Ashur-rabi II
13180:
13177:
13174:
13171:
13168:
13167:Eriba-Adad II
13165:
13162:
13159:
13156:
13153:
13150:
13147:
13144:
13141:
13138:
13135:
13132:
13129:
13128:Shalmaneser I
13126:
13125:Adad-nirari I
13123:
13120:
13117:
13114:
13110:
13109:
13103:
13102:
13096:
13092:
13088:
13084:
13080:
13079:
13073:
13069:
13068:Kings of Tyre
13065:
13061:
13060:
13054:
13053:
13050:
13047:
13044:
13041:
13038:
13035:
13031:
13030:
13024:
13023:
13017:
13014:
13011:
13008:
13007:Ramesses VIII
13005:
13002:
12999:
12996:
12993:
12990:
12985:
12984:
12977:
12976:
12973:
12969:
12968:
12963:
12962:
12956:
12953:
12950:
12947:
12944:
12941:
12938:
12935:
12931:
12930:
12925:
12922:
12917:
12916:
12910:
12907:
12904:
12901:
12898:
12897:
12893:
12890:
12889:Amenhotep III
12887:
12884:
12880:
12877:
12874:
12871:
12868:
12864:
12861:
12858:
12854:
12853:
12848:
12847:
12840:
12835:
12832:
12829:
12826:
12823:
12820:
12817:
12814:
12811:
12808:
12805:
12802:
12799:
12796:
12793:
12790:
12787:
12784:
12781:
12778:
12775:
12772:
12769:
12766:
12763:
12760:
12757:
12753:
12751:
12743:
12737:
12734:
12730:
12729:
12724:
12723:
12715:
12707:
12704:
12701:
12698:
12692:
12691:
12685:
12682:
12679:
12676:
12673:
12672:
12668:
12667:
12658:
12652:
12647:
12646:
12640:
12639:
12635:
12634:
12629:
12625:
12624:
12619:
12615:
12614:
12609:
12608:
12602:
12599:
12596:
12595:Melamkurkurra
12593:
12589:
12588:Ayadaragalama
12586:
12583:
12579:
12576:
12573:
12569:
12566:
12565:Itti-ili-nibi
12563:
12559:
12557:
12546:
12541:
12538:
12535:
12532:
12529:
12526:
12523:
12520:
12517:
12514:
12511:
12508:
12504:
12502:
12495:
12488:
12482:
12481:
12478:
12475:
12472:
12469:
12466:
12463:
12460:
12459:Ashur-shaduni
12457:
12454:
12453:Enlil-nasir I
12451:
12448:
12445:
12442:
12439:
12436:
12433:
12430:
12427:
12424:
12421:
12418:
12417:Sharma-Adad I
12415:
12412:
12408:1700–722 BCE)
12406:
12400:
12397:
12394:
12391:
12388:
12385:
12382:
12379:
12370:
12367:
12364:
12361:
12358:
12355:
12352:
12349:
12346:
12343:
12340:
12339:Ishme-Dagan I
12337:
12328:
12322:
12321:
12312:
12307:
12306:
12300:
12296:
12295:Kings of Tyre
12292:
12287:
12282:
12277:
12276:
12271:
12270:
12262:
12259:
12256:
12253:
12252:Amenemhat III
12250:
12247:
12244:
12241:
12238:
12234:
12233:
12228:
12225:
12220:
12219:
12212:
12208:
12204:
12200:
12196:
12193:
12190:
12187:
12184:
12181:
12178:
12175:
12172:
12169:
12166:
12163:
12160:
12157:
12153:
12149:
12146:
12143:
12140:
12137:
12134:
12131:
12128:
12125:
12122:
12119:
12116:
12113:
12110:
12107:
12103:
12102:
12095:
12089:
12084:
12083:
12077:
12073:
12069:
12065:
12061:
12057:
12053:
12049:
12045:
12044:Puzur-Ashur I
12041:
12040:
12033:
12029:
12026:
12023:
12020:
12015:
12010:
12009:
12003:
11995:
11991:
11986:
11983:
11977:
11974:
11969:
11964:
11959:
11954:
11951:
11950:Third Eblaite
11946:
11943:
11942:Mentuhotep IV
11940:
11937:
11936:Mentuhotep II
11934:
11931:
11928:
11925:
11921:
11920:
11915:
11914:
11909:
11905:
11901:
11897:
11895:
11889:
11884:
11882:
11874:
11871:
11868:
11865:
11862:
11857:
11852:
11846:
11845:
11837:
11833:
11829:
11825:
11816:
11815:
11812:
11808:
11806:
11800:
11797:
11794:
11793:Wahkare Khety
11791:
11788:
11784:
11783:
11776:
11775:
11772:
11767:
11764:
11760:
11756:
11749:
11745:
11741:
11734:
11730:
11728:
11720:
11716:
11712:
11707:
11703:
11696:
11695:
11689:
11685:
11680:
11675:
11671:
11667:
11664:
11662:
11661:Ur III period
11656:
11653:
11650:
11649:Neferkare VII
11647:
11643:
11642:
11634:
11631:
11627:
11623:
11619:
11613:
11609:
11605:
11601:
11597:
11596:Ur-Ningirsu I
11593:
11589:
11587:
11579:
11575:
11571:
11569:
11563:
11559:
11554:
11550:
11546:
11542:
11538:
11535:
11527:
11523:
11519:
11512:
11507:
11506:
11500:
11497:
11490:
11487:
11484:
11481:
11478:
11475:
11472:
11469:
11466:
11463:
11460:
11457:
11454:
11451:
11448:
11445:
11441:
11440:
11435:
11434:
11429:
11428:
11420:
11415:
11409:
11404:
11400:
11394:
11393:
11390:
11386:
11382:
11378:
11374:
11369:
11366:
11363:
11358:
11357:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11341:
11337:
11332:
11328:
11326:
11320:
11316:
11312:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11303:
11300:
11295:
11291:
11286:
11279:
11273:
11269:
11265:
11260:
11254:
11253:
11248:
11244:
11242:
11235:
11230:
11227:
11224:
11221:
11218:
11215:
11212:
11208:
11207:
11200:
11199:
11196:
11193:
11191:
11185:
11183:
11179:
11177:
11173:
11169:
11165:
11162:
11159:
11154:
11150:
11146:
11143:
11141:
11137:
11134:
11132:
11131:Lugal-kisalsi
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11114:
11110:
11108:
11104:
11102:
11098:
11094:
11091:
11088:
11087:
11081:
11076:
11072:
11067:
11064:
11061:
11060:
11057:
11053:
11043:
11040:
11039:
11036:
11032:
11027:
11023:
11018:
11015:
11012:
11009:
11006:
11003:
11000:
10997:
10994:
10989:
10988:
10980:
10977:
10973:
10969:
10965:
10961:
10960:
10954:
10950:
10946:
10942:
10937:
10931:
10926:
10921:
10919:
10913:
10908:
10906:
10900:
10895:
10889:
10887:
10881:
10877:
10873:
10872:
10866:
10862:
10857:
10853:
10849:
10845:
10841:
10837:
10830:
10825:
10821:
10816:
10815:
10808:
10802:
10801:
10796:
10792:
10791:
10785:
10784:
10780:
10777:
10774:
10773:
10769:
10766:
10761:
10756:
10753:
10749:
10748:
10743:
10742:
10735:
10734:
10729:
10725:
10721:
10717:
10716:
10710:
10709:
10705:
10701:
10697:
10692:
10689:
10684:
10679:
10674:
10669:
10665:
10661:
10657:
10656:
10650:
10644:
10640:
10639:
10633:
10632:
10628:
10624:
10618:
10614:
10608:
10606:
10598:
10594:
10590:
10586:
10582:
10578:
10574:
10569:
10566:
10565:
10561:
10558:
10557:
10553:
10550:
10545:
10539:
10534:
10529:
10528:
10520:
10517:
10510:
10509:
10502:
10497:
10493:
10487:
10482:
10478:
10474:
10470:
10466:
10463:
10462:
10458:
10452:
10451:
10447:
10443:
10439:
10430:
10426:
10419:
10416:
10414:
10410:
10405:
10402:
10401:
10396:
10394:
10388:
10387:
10384:
10380:
10377:
10373:
10370:
10367:
10363:
10360:
10357:
10351:
10346:
10343:
10342:
10338:
10334:
10330:
10325:
10324:Nangishlishma
10321:
10317:
10312:
10310:
10303:
10302:
10295:
10292:
10291:First Eblaite
10287:
10283:
10277:
10272:
10269:
10268:
10264:
10263:
10259:
10258:
10254:
10251:
10250:Seth-Peribsen
10248:
10247:
10243:
10242:
10238:
10237:
10233:
10232:
10228:
10227:
10223:
10222:
10218:
10215:
10212:
10211:Hotepsekhemwy
10207:
10206:
10198:
10192:
10187:
10186:
10181:
10180:
10179:Proto-Elamite
10172:
10171:
10165:
10160:
10159:
10155:
10154:
10150:
10147:
10144:
10141:
10137:
10134:
10131:
10128:
10124:
10121:
10118:
10110:
10106:
10105:
10100:
10099:
10091:
10087:
10086:
10082:
10081:Double Falcon
10079:
10078:
10074:
10073:
10069:
10068:
10064:
10063:
10059:
10058:
10054:
10053:
10049:
10048:
10044:
10043:
10039:
10038:
10034:
10033:
10028:
10027:
10021:
10017:
10014:
10013:
10009:
10006:
10003:
10002:
9998:
9997:
9993:
9992:
9988:
9987:
9983:
9982:
9978:
9975:
9974:
9970:
9969:
9965:
9964:
9959:
9958:
9953:
9947:
9942:
9941:
9933:
9927:
9922:
9914:
9908:
9902:
9894:
9893:
9887:
9884:
9878:
9873:
9867:
9862:
9861:
9856:
9855:
9847:
9844:
9841:
9839:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9813:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9798:
9795:
9793:
9790:
9788:
9785:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9769:
9768:
9765:
9764:
9758:
9754:
9746:
9741:
9739:
9734:
9732:
9727:
9726:
9723:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9642:
9639:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9606:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9589:
9585:
9583:
9582:
9581:
9576:
9575:
9572:
9568:
9563:
9559:
9549:
9548:al-Tawtahiyah
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9538:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9496:al-Marashidah
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9486:
9482:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9469:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9427:
9426:
9421:
9420:
9417:
9413:
9408:
9404:
9399:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9359:
9355:
9353:
9352:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9280:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9263:al-Maaishiyah
9261:
9259:
9256:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9238:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9226:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9164:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9127:
9126:
9121:
9120:
9117:
9113:
9108:
9101:
9095:
9091:
9088:
9083:
9079:
9074:
9065:
9060:
9058:
9053:
9051:
9046:
9045:
9042:
9030:
9027:
9026:
9021:
9017:
9014:
9010:
9009:
9005:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8969:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8952:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8930:
8926:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8886:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8856:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8844:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8817:
8814:
8813:
8812:
8809:
8808:
8806:
8802:
8796:
8790:
8788:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8756:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8744:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8717:
8714:
8713:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8703:
8701:
8699:
8695:
8689:
8686:
8682:
8679:
8678:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8664:
8660:
8657:
8653:
8648:
8644:
8640:
8639:
8637:
8633:
8632:
8631:
8628:
8624:
8621:
8620:
8619:
8616:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8603:
8602:
8599:
8595:
8592:
8591:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8569:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8554:
8551:
8550:
8549:
8546:
8545:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8532:
8529:
8528:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8513:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8501:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8468:
8466:
8462:
8456:
8455:Syrian Desert
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8435:Golan Heights
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8417:
8415:
8411:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8376:
8373:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8360:
8355:
8341:
8338:
8335:
8332:
8329:
8326:
8321:
8318:
8315:
8312:
8309:
8306:
8305:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8293:
8290:
8289:
8287:
8285:
8281:
8274:
8273:Ottoman Syria
8271:
8270:
8268:
8264:
8257:
8254:
8251:
8250:Ayyubid Syria
8248:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8230:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8218:Fatimid Syria
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8188:
8181:
8178:
8175:
8174:
8172:
8170:
8166:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8119:Aram-Damascus
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8066:
8064:
8062:
8061:Ancient Syria
8058:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8031:Halaf culture
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8018:
8016:
8012:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7997:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7970:
7965:
7963:
7958:
7956:
7951:
7950:
7947:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7926:
7924:
7920:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7818:
7817:Classical Age
7814:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7782:
7781:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7761:
7758:
7757:
7756:
7755:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7711:
7710:
7707:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7639:
7638:
7637:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7578:Aram-Damascus
7576:
7575:
7574:
7573:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7563:
7561:
7559:
7555:
7547:
7544:
7543:
7542:
7541:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7499:
7498:
7497:
7493:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7475:
7474:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7427:
7424:
7420:
7417:
7416:
7415:
7412:
7411:
7410:
7409:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7384:
7381:
7380:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7365:
7364:
7363:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7216:
7215:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7136:First Babylon
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7112:
7111:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7092:
7088:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7038:
7036:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7022:
7014:
7009:
7007:
7002:
7000:
6995:
6994:
6991:
6984:
6981:
6978:
6975:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6957:
6951:
6947:
6942:
6938:
6932:
6928:
6923:
6919:
6913:
6909:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6886:
6882:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6860:
6856:
6850:
6846:
6841:
6837:
6831:
6827:
6822:
6818:
6812:
6808:
6803:
6793:on 2020-12-01
6792:
6788:
6784:
6779:
6775:
6769:
6765:
6760:
6756:
6750:
6746:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6723:
6719:
6714:
6710:
6698:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6676:
6672:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6650:
6646:
6640:
6636:
6631:
6627:
6621:
6617:
6612:
6601:
6597:
6592:
6588:
6582:
6578:
6573:
6569:
6563:
6559:
6554:
6550:
6544:
6539:
6538:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6513:
6509:
6503:
6499:
6493:
6489:
6484:
6480:
6474:
6470:
6465:
6461:
6455:
6451:
6446:
6442:
6436:
6433:. Doubleday.
6432:
6431:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6404:
6400:
6394:
6390:
6383:
6379:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6335:
6331:
6325:
6321:
6316:
6312:
6306:
6302:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6279:
6275:
6274:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6247:
6243:
6237:
6232:
6231:
6224:
6220:
6214:
6210:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6188:
6184:
6178:
6175:. Routledge.
6174:
6169:
6157:
6153:
6148:
6144:
6138:
6133:
6132:
6125:
6121:
6115:
6111:
6106:
6102:
6096:
6092:
6087:
6083:
6077:
6072:
6071:
6064:
6060:
6054:
6050:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6027:
6023:
6018:
6014:
6008:
6004:
5999:
5995:
5989:
5986:. Routledge.
5985:
5980:
5976:
5970:
5967:. Routledge.
5966:
5961:
5957:
5951:
5948:. Routledge.
5947:
5942:
5938:
5932:
5928:
5923:
5919:
5913:
5908:
5907:
5900:
5896:
5890:
5886:
5881:
5877:
5871:
5867:
5862:
5858:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5821:
5817:
5812:
5808:
5802:
5798:
5793:
5789:
5783:
5779:
5774:
5770:
5764:
5761:. Routledge.
5760:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5738:
5734:
5728:
5724:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5701:
5697:
5692:
5688:
5682:
5678:
5673:
5669:
5663:
5660:. Routledge.
5659:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5640:
5639:
5633:
5629:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5610:
5604:
5600:
5595:
5591:
5585:
5581:
5576:
5572:
5566:
5562:
5557:
5553:
5547:
5543:
5538:
5534:
5528:
5524:
5519:
5515:
5509:
5505:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5486:
5481:
5477:
5471:
5467:
5462:
5458:
5452:
5448:
5443:
5439:
5433:
5429:
5424:
5420:
5414:
5410:
5405:
5394:
5390:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5371:
5366:
5362:
5356:
5352:
5347:
5343:
5337:
5333:
5328:
5324:
5318:
5315:. Routledge.
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5296:
5292:
5287:
5283:
5277:
5273:
5268:
5257:
5253:
5248:
5244:
5238:
5233:
5232:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5211:
5206:
5202:
5196:
5192:
5187:
5183:
5177:
5173:
5168:
5164:
5158:
5154:
5149:
5145:
5139:
5135:
5130:
5126:
5120:
5117:. Routledge.
5116:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5056:
5051:
5047:
5041:
5037:
5032:
5028:
5022:
5017:
5016:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4995:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4931:
4926:
4925:
4914:
4908:
4901:
4900:Cockburn 2014
4896:
4889:
4884:
4875:
4868:
4864:
4859:
4852:
4848:
4843:
4836:
4832:
4827:
4825:
4815:
4808:
4804:
4799:
4792:
4791:McLerran 2011
4787:
4780:
4776:
4771:
4764:
4759:
4752:
4748:
4747:Crawford 2013
4743:
4736:
4731:
4725:, p. 87.
4724:
4719:
4717:
4710:, p. 93.
4709:
4704:
4697:
4693:
4688:
4681:
4677:
4672:
4665:
4661:
4656:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4633:
4629:
4624:
4618:, p. 10.
4617:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4600:
4596:
4595:Teissier 1996
4591:
4589:
4581:
4577:
4572:
4565:
4561:
4560:Liverani 2013
4556:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4501:
4497:
4492:
4485:
4481:
4476:
4469:
4465:
4460:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4442:
4434:
4430:
4429:Thompson 2007
4425:
4418:
4414:
4409:
4402:
4398:
4393:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4329:
4325:
4320:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4281:
4277:
4272:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4238:
4230:
4226:
4221:
4215:, p. 23.
4214:
4209:
4202:
4197:
4190:
4186:
4185:Matthiae 2003
4181:
4175:, p. 95.
4174:
4169:
4162:
4158:
4157:Chavalas 2005
4153:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4114:
4110:
4109:Liverani 2013
4105:
4103:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4063:
4059:
4058:Liverani 2013
4054:
4052:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4028:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3987:
3983:
3978:
3971:
3967:
3966:Liverani 2013
3962:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3928:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3831:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3771:
3766:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3719:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3479:
3474:
3467:
3463:
3462:Liverani 2013
3458:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3369:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3340:
3335:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3022:
3017:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2967:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2858:
2853:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2742:, p. 83.
2741:
2736:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2689:
2688:
2679:
2671:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2635:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2595:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2576:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2541:
2540:cdli.ox.ac.uk
2537:
2531:
2524:
2519:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2477:
2473:
2472:Liverani 2013
2468:
2466:
2458:
2453:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2344:
2340:
2339:Liverani 2013
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2287:
2282:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2190:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2097:Liverani 2013
2093:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1825:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1785:
1782:According to
1779:
1772:
1766:
1759:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1670:
1663:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1294:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1241:Ashur-dan III
1238:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
991:Mediterranean
982:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
930:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
895:
890:
888:
880:
876:
872:
863:
861:
857:
853:
846:Third kingdom
836:
834:
830:
826:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
781:
772:
770:
764:
759:
758:Alfonso Archi
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
676:
672:
664:
658:Mari–Ebla war
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
612:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
579:
572:
568:
564:
562:
552:
550:
545:
535:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
506:First kingdom
493:
491:
488:of the city,
487:
483:
479:
476:, an ancient
475:
471:
464:
456:
452:
442:
437:
428:
426:
425:Mediterranean
422:
418:
417:Southern Asia
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:
357:
353:
349:
344:
343:in the west.
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
307:
299:
295:
291:
281:
277:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
245:
242:
238:
233:
230:
226:
223:
219:
216:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:
121:
117:
113:
109:
85:
57:
47:
43:Ruins of Mari
40:
35:
25:
19:
14821:
14811:
14775:Ancient Iraq
14774:
14764:
14744:
14733:
14719:
14710:
14697:
14688:
14652:
14645:
14638:
14567:Ardashir III
14559:
14536:
14477:
14445:Roman Empire
14443:
14421:
14379:Yazdegerd II
14309:
14300:Artabanus IV
14297:Vologases VI
14288:Vologases IV
14219:Roman Empire
14217:
14202:Vologases II
14178:Artabanus II
14172:Artabanus II
14157:Tiridates II
14145:Phraates III
14111:
14048:Simon Thassi
14041:
14023:Demetrius II
14011:Antiochus IV
14002:Seleucus III
13996:Antiochus II
13983:
13973:
13970:Alexander IV
13957:
13945:
13929:Ptolemy XIII
13911:Berenice III
13905:Cleopatra IV
13846:
13843:331–141 BCE
13834:
13825:
13819:
13813:
13792:Artaxerxes I
13773:
13740:
13737:539–331 BCE
13712:
13693:Nabopolassar
13686:
13657:
13651:
13648:626–539 BCE
13616:Ashurbanipal
13571:
13570:
13564:
13527:
13524:745–609 BCE
13490:
13470:Eriba-Marduk
13431:
13385:
13360:
13328:
13327:
13317:
13306:Shoshenq III
13284:
13281:911–745 BCE
13249:
13231:Marduk-zer-X
13195:
13191:Ashur-dan II
13122:Arik-den-ili
13119:Enlil-nirari
13113:Eriba-Adad I
13106:
13099:
13076:
13057:
13052:Psusennes II
13027:
13026:
13020:
13004:Ramesses VII
12992:Ramesses III
12981:
12965:
12959:
12927:
12913:
12894:
12883:Amenhotep II
12876:Thutmose III
12850:
12844:
12841:
12792:Kurigalzu II
12786:Kara-hardash
12756:Agum-Kakrime
12747:
12726:
12720:
12688:
12671:'Aper-'Anati
12669:
12664:
12643:
12637:
12631:
12627:
12621:
12617:
12611:
12605:
12604:
12568:Damqi-ilishu
12551:
12540:Samsu-Ditana
12522:Sin-muballit
12513:Sin-muballit
12492:
12462:Ashur-rabi I
12327:Shamshi-Adad
12324:
12318:
12303:
12273:
12267:
12255:Amenemhat IV
12249:Senusret III
12243:Amenemhat II
12230:
12216:
12202:
12151:
12148:Damiq-ilishu
12118:Lipit-Eshtar
12099:
12080:
12037:
12007:
12005:
12001:
11985:Shakkanakkus
11948:
11924:Mentuhotep I
11917:
11911:
11892:
11879:
11842:
11836:Puzur-Ishtar
11803:
11798:
11780:
11733:Lugalannatum
11725:
11692:
11659:
11639:
11618:Hishep-Ratep
11584:
11566:
11504:
11503:
11493:
11447:Neferkare II
11437:
11431:
11425:
11372:
11354:
11344:
11323:
11277:
11276:Invasion by
11239:
11204:
11180:
11172:Enannatum II
11136:E-iginimpa'e
11105:
11097:Igrish-Halam
11008:Nyuserre Ini
10985:
10959:Awan dynasty
10957:
10916:
10903:
10884:
10869:
10860:
10844:Ishtup-Ishar
10824:Iku-Shamagan
10820:Ikun-Shamash
10812:
10790:Ur I dynasty
10788:
10781:
10770:
10745:
10739:
10713:
10694:
10653:
10636:
10621:
10603:
10562:
10554:
10525:
10506:
10469:Enmebaragesi
10455:
10436:
10407:
10398:
10391:
10354:
10349:
10329:En-tarah-ana
10314:
10307:
10300:
10299:
10289:
10265:
10262:Neferkasokar
10260:
10255:
10244:
10239:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10203:
10183:
10177:
10168:
10156:
10151:
10102:
10096:
10083:
10075:
10070:
10065:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10045:
10040:
10035:
10030:
10024:
10010:
9999:
9994:
9989:
9984:
9979:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9963:Finger Snail
9961:
9955:
9938:
9907:Anu Ziggurat
9890:
9858:
9852:
9791:
9770:Territories/
9603:
9586:
9578:
9577:
9543:al-Suwayiyah
9535:
9531:al-Sukkariya
9516:al-Salihiyah
9491:al-Kishkiyah
9483:
9466:
9423:
9422:
9356:
9349:
9290:al-Murayiyah
9277:
9235:
9223:
9219:Jazrat Milaj
9184:al-Harijiyah
9161:
9123:
9122:
9086:
8942:Coat of arms
8864:Demographics
8764:Central Bank
8645: /
8606:High council
8589:Human rights
8516:Constitution
8394:Governorates
8292:Arab kingdom
8284:Modern Syria
8256:Mamluk Syria
8184:
8108:
7833:Roman Empire
7825:Ancient Rome
7777:
7752:
7634:
7570:
7538:
7494:
7470:
7453:
7406:
7360:
7212:
7108:
7051:Chagar Bazar
6977:Syrie - Mari
6945:
6926:
6907:
6880:
6863:
6844:
6825:
6806:
6795:. Retrieved
6791:the original
6786:
6763:
6744:
6717:
6670:
6653:
6634:
6615:
6603:. Retrieved
6599:
6576:
6557:
6537:Ancient Iraq
6536:
6507:
6487:
6468:
6449:
6429:
6411:
6407:
6387:
6363:
6338:
6319:
6300:
6272:
6254:
6250:
6229:
6208:
6191:
6172:
6160:. Retrieved
6156:the original
6130:
6109:
6090:
6069:
6048:
6021:
6002:
5983:
5964:
5945:
5926:
5905:
5884:
5865:
5846:
5843:Bodi, Daniel
5815:
5796:
5777:
5758:
5741:
5722:
5695:
5676:
5657:
5637:
5617:
5598:
5579:
5560:
5541:
5522:
5503:
5484:
5465:
5446:
5427:
5408:
5397:. Retrieved
5392:
5369:
5350:
5331:
5312:
5290:
5271:
5259:. Retrieved
5255:
5230:
5209:
5190:
5171:
5152:
5133:
5114:
5095:
5091:
5073:
5054:
5035:
5014:
4993:
4952:
4948:
4929:
4907:
4895:
4883:
4874:
4858:
4842:
4831:Fleming 2004
4814:
4798:
4786:
4770:
4765:, p. 2.
4758:
4742:
4730:
4703:
4687:
4671:
4660:Malamat 1998
4655:
4639:
4623:
4571:
4555:
4539:
4523:
4507:
4491:
4475:
4459:
4424:
4408:
4392:
4372:
4335:
4319:
4303:
4292:Heimpel 2003
4287:
4276:Wossink 2009
4271:
4255:
4220:
4208:
4196:
4180:
4168:
4152:
4136:
4125:Maisels 2005
4120:
4085:
4074:Heimpel 2003
4069:
4034:
3993:
3982:Heimpel 2003
3977:
3961:
3945:
3934:Heimpel 2003
3915:McMahon 2013
3910:
3894:
3878:
3862:
3850:. Retrieved
3842:The Guardian
3840:
3830:
3818:. Retrieved
3814:the original
3803:
3793:
3777:
3765:
3706:Fleming 2012
3701:
3677:
3661:
3645:
3629:
3613:
3597:
3586:Charpin 2012
3581:
3565:
3549:
3533:
3517:
3501:
3490:Malamat 1980
3485:
3473:
3457:
3446:Charpin 2011
3441:
3430:Hamblin 2006
3402:
3391:Grayson 1972
3386:
3334:
3318:
3302:
3286:
3270:
3235:
3219:
3184:
3168:
3137:
3098:
3087:DeVries 2006
3063:
3028:
3016:
3000:
2984:
2949:
2933:
2922:Wossink 2009
2896:
2880:
2864:
2852:
2841:Suriano 2010
2836:
2795:
2779:
2763:
2747:
2735:
2696:
2686:
2678:
2658:
2651:
2641:
2634:
2618:
2602:
2582:
2575:
2555:
2548:
2539:
2530:
2518:
2483:
2459:, p. 5.
2452:
2436:
2382:
2366:
2350:
2309:
2293:
2281:
2246:
2230:
2214:
2198:
2189:
2127:
2054:
1960:Viollet 2007
1928:
1900:
1893:
1881:
1858:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1778:
1765:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1721:
1656:
1635:
1632:Mari tablets
1625:
1607:André Parrot
1604:
1595:
1569:
1549:
1541:André Parrot
1519:, gold from
1515:, wood from
1497:
1493:
1474:
1434:
1430:
1415:
1387:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1329:West Semitic
1318:
1302:East Semitic
1299:
1276:royal palace
1269:
1257:
1253:Land of Laqe
1234:
1218:Nergal-Erish
1206:king of Mari
1205:
1199:
1183:
1174:
1154:
1144:
1141:Royal Palace
1103:Upper Khabur
1090:
1088:
1074:
1072:
1032:
1019:Shubat-Enlil
994:
987:
960:
956:epigraphical
941:
907:
893:
891:
884:
875:Puzur-Ishtar
849:
822:
792:
786:
727:
715:Igrish-Halam
680:
637:
603:
590:
586:
583:royal palace
580:
576:
558:
540:
509:
480:of northern
469:
460:
457:, c. 2090 BC
450:
402:
394:West Semites
382:
359:
348:East Semitic
345:
293:
289:
275:
274:
244:André Parrot
18:
14933:City-states
14868:Mari, Syria
14707:Simpson, W.
14635:639–651 CE
14582:Azarmidokht
14573:Khosrow III
14556:628–641 CE
14512:618–628 CE
14474:395–618 CE
14440:273–395 CE
14428:Vaballathus
14418:270–273 CE
14382:Hormizd III
14367:Yazdegerd I
14358:Ardashir II
14352:Adur Narseh
14306:224–270 CE
14294:Vologases V
14268:117–224 CE
14249:116–117 CE
14196:Vardanes II
14193:Vologases I
14184:Gotarzes II
14154:Phraates IV
14124:Hyspaosines
14063:Hyrcanus II
14038:141–30 BCE
14017:Demetrius I
14014:Antiochus V
14008:Seleucus IV
13999:Seleucus II
13993:Antiochus I
13980:Antigonus I
13932:Ptolemy XIV
13920:Cleopatra V
13702:Neriglissar
13699:Amel-Marduk
13682:Psamtik III
13653:Late Period
13592:Sennacherib
13583:Shalmaneser
13510:Tammaritu I
13407:Shammuramat
13350:Takelot III
13347:Osorkon III
13344:Shoshenq VI
13319:Pedubast II
13309:Shoshenq IV
13297:Shoshenq II
13146:Ashur-dan I
13087:Ish-bosheth
13040:Psusennes I
13016:Ramesses XI
13010:Ramesses IX
13001:Ramesses VI
12995:Ramesses IV
12940:Ramesses II
12903:Tutankhamun
12886:Thutmose IV
12870:Thutmose II
12804:Kudur-Enlil
12789:Nazi-Bugash
12777:Kurigalzu I
12765:Ulamburiash
12736:Amenhotep I
12717:Tutankhamun
12703:Parshatatar
12700:Shuttarna I
12633:Seventeenth
12562:Ilum-ma-ili
12537:Ammi-saduqa
12534:Ammi-ditana
12528:Samsu-iluna
12435:Erishum III
12396:Adad-salulu
12393:Ipqi-Ishtar
12381:Ashur-dugul
12366:Adad-salulu
12363:Ipqi-Ishtar
12351:Ashur-dugul
12320:Old Assyria
12315:(Amorites)
12258:Sobekneferu
12246:Senusret II
12237:Amenemhat I
12209:Sîn-iribam
12186:Sin-Iqisham
12180:Sin-Iddinam
12130:Erra-imitti
12127:Lipit-Enlil
12115:Ishme-Dagan
12112:Iddin-Dagan
12048:Shalim-ahum
12039:Old Assyria
12025:Yasmah-Adad
12002:Lim Dynasty
11994:Hanun-Dagan
11990:Hitial-Erra
11755:Ur-Ningirsu
11711:Kuda (Uruk)
11684:Ishgum-Addu
11674:Ishtup-Ilum
11526:Ishma-Dagan
11511:Shakkanakku
11489:Neferirkare
11486:Neferkauhor
11389:Ili-ishmani
11368:Manishtushu
11331:Lugalzagesi
11327:III dynasty
11311:Puzur-Nirah
11026:Ishar-Malik
11005:Shepseskare
10795:Mesannepada
10720:Nin-kisalsi
10708:Lugal-kitun
10678:Meskalamdug
10664:Ur-Pabilsag
10477:Aga of Kish
10386:Barsal-nuna
10271:Khasekhemwy
10257:Neferkara I
10236:Weneg-Nebty
10214:Nebra/Raneb
10026:Lower Egypt
10012:Scorpion II
9957:Upper Egypt
9909:, 4000 BCE)
9892:Uruk period
9641:Hawi Thiban
9452:al-Bubadran
9295:al-Muwaylih
9258:Maadan Atiq
9231:al-Kharitah
9163:al-Busayrah
9137:Abu Khashab
9125:Deir ez-Zor
9090:Deir ez-Zor
8759:Agriculture
8716:air defense
8676:Nationalism
8336:(1950–1963)
8275:(1516–1918)
8258:(1260–1516)
8252:(1174–1260)
8149:Roman Syria
8041:Abu Hureyra
8036:Uruk period
7598:Bit Bahiani
7383:Tell Hadidi
6579:. Praeger.
5395:(in French)
4888:Simons 2016
4763:Dalley 2002
4676:Frayne 1990
4616:Dalley 2002
4512:Walton 1990
4340:Tetlow 2004
4308:Grabbe 2004
4260:Larsen 2008
4225:Kramer 2010
3950:Haldar 1971
3770:Dalley 2002
3522:Kupper 1973
3478:Dalley 2002
3407:Harris 2003
3356:Tetlow 2004
3307:Frayne 1990
3259:Pitard 2001
3224:Fowden 2014
3208:Frayne 1990
3189:Frayne 1990
3142:Frayne 1990
3126:Porter 2012
3068:Sicker 2000
3052:Astour 2002
3033:Frayne 1990
3005:Astour 2002
2989:Astour 2002
2938:Tetlow 2004
2901:Cooper 1999
2724:Astour 2002
2701:Astour 2002
2607:Astour 2002
2441:Podany 2010
2387:Frayne 2008
2371:Frayne 2001
2355:Astour 2002
2298:Astour 2002
2270:Podany 2010
2235:Frayne 2008
2219:Nadali 2007
1824:Yasmah-Adad
1680:Asia portal
1614: [
1545:Ishtup-Ilum
1525:Afghanistan
1375:Banu-Simaal
1371:Banu-Simaal
1367:Banu-Yamina
1202:Tukulti-Mer
1125: [
1110: [
1091:Banu-Yamina
1075:Banu-Simaal
1048:Yarim-Lim I
1035:Yasmah-Adad
995:Banu-Yamina
967:Ila-kabkabu
938:Lim dynasty
903:Ishtup-Ilum
879:Shakkanakku
856:Shakkanakku
852:Manishtushu
761: [
742:Ibbi-Sipish
707:Išhtup-Išar
633:high priest
609: [
482:Mesopotamia
478:storm deity
461:Written in
413:Afghanistan
405:Mesopotamia
361:Shakkanakku
329:Deir ez-Zor
294:Tell Hariri
161: /
137:Coordinates
114:Tell Hariri
30:(in Arabic)
14862:Categories
14591:Khosrow IV
14588:Hormizd VI
14570:Shahrbaraz
14547:Khosrow II
14532:Shahrbaraz
14526:Shahrbaraz
14406:Khosrow II
14403:Hormizd IV
14361:Shapur III
14349:Hormizd II
14343:Bahram III
14328:Ardashir I
14199:Pacorus II
14190:Vonones II
14187:Meherdates
14181:Vardanes I
14166:Orodes III
14163:Phraates V
14142:Sinatruces
13990:Seleucus I
13967:Philip III
13941:Arsinoe IV
13866:Arsinoe II
13807:Darius III
13673:Psamtik II
13613:Esarhaddon
13506:Ummanigash
13476:Nabonassar
13370:Bakenranef
13341:Pedubast I
13338:Takelot II
13335:Harsiese A
13323:Osorkon IV
13315:Shoshenq V
13303:Osorkon II
13291:Shoshenq I
13037:Amenemnisu
13013:Ramesses X
12998:Ramesses V
12946:Amenmesses
12934:Ramesses I
12896:Smenkhkare
12873:Hatshepsut
12867:Thutmose I
12771:Karaindash
12510:Sumu-la-El
12342:Mut-Ashkur
12333:(Amorites)
12240:Senusret I
12199:Rim-Sin II
12189:Silli-Adad
12183:Sin-Eribam
12145:Suen-magir
12142:Ur-du-kuga
12139:Iter-pisha
12133:Enlil-bani
12121:Ur-Ninurta
12109:Shu-Ilishu
12106:Ishbi-Erra
12076:Erishum II
12022:Yahdun-Lim
12019:Yaggid-Lim
11832:Tura-Dagan
11811:Utu-hengal
11787:Meryhathor
11763:Nam-mahani
11729:II dynasty
11698:(21 kings)
11592:Puzer-Mama
11588:II dynasty
11570:IV dynasty
11483:Neferkaure
11480:Qakare Ibi
11471:Neferkahor
11462:Neferkamin
11381:Ilshu-rabi
11272:Ishqi-Mari
11268:Ikun-Ishar
11264:Enna-Dagan
11184:II dynasty
11158:Bara-irnun
11113:Puzur-Suen
11109:IV dynasty
11101:Irkab-Damu
11046:(3 kings)
10972:Ukkutahesh
10945:Meskiagnun
10941:A'annepada
10888:II dynasty
10783:Thamphthis
10779:Shepseskaf
10728:Lugal-dalu
10627:Udulkalama
10607:II dynasty
10549:Sekhemkhet
10457:Lugalbanda
10383:Melem-Kish
10379:En-me-nuna
10164:Canaanites
10158:Horus Bird
10123:Neithhotep
9996:Scorpion I
9946:Naqada III
9691:al-Tayanah
9666:al-Quriyah
9656:al-Kishmah
9651:al-Karamah
9636:al-Hawayij
9594:Abu Hardub
9588:al-Asharah
9526:al-Shaafah
9340:al-Shuhayl
9285:Muhaymidah
9279:al-Muhasan
8977:television
8859:Censorship
8786:(currency)
8618:Parliament
8577:Iskandaron
8521:Corruption
8084:Canaanites
7785:Carchemish
7766:Nabataeans
7583:Aram Rehob
7351:Carchemish
7161:Third Mari
7141:Third Ebla
7091:Bronze Age
7046:Tell Halaf
7033:Copper Age
6797:2020-04-08
6605:January 6,
6251:Orientalia
6162:January 6,
5399:2021-08-07
5261:January 6,
4865:, p.
4863:Gates 2003
4849:, p.
4847:Feliu 2003
4833:, p.
4805:, p.
4777:, p.
4749:, p.
4694:, p.
4692:Gates 2003
4678:, p.
4662:, p.
4646:, p.
4630:, p.
4628:Evans 2012
4597:, p.
4578:, p.
4576:Aubet 2013
4562:, p.
4546:, p.
4530:, p.
4514:, p.
4498:, p.
4482:, p.
4480:Feliu 2003
4466:, p.
4464:Feliu 2003
4450:, p.
4448:Darke 2010
4431:, p.
4415:, p.
4413:Smith 1995
4399:, p.
4397:Green 2003
4379:, p.
4377:Feliu 2003
4363:, p.
4361:Feliu 2003
4342:, p.
4326:, p.
4310:, p.
4294:, p.
4278:, p.
4262:, p.
4246:, p.
4244:Green 2003
4227:, p.
4213:Cohen 1993
4187:, p.
4159:, p.
4143:, p.
4127:, p.
4111:, p.
4092:, p.
4090:Finer 1997
4076:, p.
4060:, p.
4041:, p.
4000:, p.
3984:, p.
3968:, p.
3952:, p.
3936:, p.
3917:, p.
3901:, p.
3885:, p.
3869:, p.
3852:24 October
3820:24 October
3784:, p.
3782:Bryce 2009
3756:, p.
3754:Bryce 2009
3727:, p.
3708:, p.
3684:, p.
3668:, p.
3652:, p.
3636:, p.
3620:, p.
3618:Gates 2003
3604:, p.
3602:Burns 2009
3588:, p.
3572:, p.
3570:Bryce 2009
3556:, p.
3554:Bryce 2009
3540:, p.
3538:Bryce 2009
3524:, p.
3508:, p.
3492:, p.
3464:, p.
3448:, p.
3432:, p.
3409:, p.
3393:, p.
3377:, p.
3375:Bryce 2009
3358:, p.
3325:, p.
3323:Bryce 2014
3309:, p.
3293:, p.
3277:, p.
3261:, p.
3242:, p.
3240:Bryce 2014
3226:, p.
3210:, p.
3191:, p.
3175:, p.
3173:Feliu 2003
3144:, p.
3128:, p.
3105:, p.
3103:Bryce 2009
3089:, p.
3070:, p.
3054:, p.
3035:, p.
3007:, p.
2991:, p.
2975:, p.
2973:Bryce 2009
2956:, p.
2954:Bryce 2014
2940:, p.
2924:, p.
2903:, p.
2887:, p.
2885:Bryce 2009
2871:, p.
2843:, p.
2827:, p.
2802:, p.
2786:, p.
2784:Leick 2002
2770:, p.
2768:Oliva 2008
2754:, p.
2752:Leick 2002
2726:, p.
2703:, p.
2625:, p.
2609:, p.
2509:, p.
2490:, p.
2474:, p.
2443:, p.
2427:, p.
2408:, p.
2406:Dolce 2008
2389:, p.
2373:, p.
2357:, p.
2341:, p.
2316:, p.
2300:, p.
2272:, p.
2253:, p.
2237:, p.
2221:, p.
2205:, p.
2180:, p.
2159:, p.
2134:, p.
2118:, p.
2099:, p.
2080:, p.
2061:, p.
2045:, p.
2022:, p.
2001:, p.
1962:, p.
1935:, p.
1920:1010542283
1869:References
1598:room from
1586:, and the
1477:metallurgy
1422:solar year
1394:Saggaratum
1333:Bronze-Age
1310:I. J. Gelb
1023:Sumu-Yamam
975:Yahdun-Lim
952:Yaggid-Lim
805:Ishqi-Mari
769:Ishqi-Mari
730:Irkab-Damu
675:Ishqi-Mari
648:Irkab-Damu
644:Enna-Dagan
606:Ninni-Zaza
453:), on the
309:city-state
235:Site notes
215:Bronze Age
177:Settlement
149:40°53′24″E
146:34°32′58″N
14703:Hallo, W.
14600:Peroz III
14434:Antiochus
14400:Khosrow I
14370:Shapur IV
14364:Bahram IV
14355:Shapur II
14340:Bahram II
14334:Hormizd I
14291:Osroes II
14169:Vonones I
14151:Orodes II
14127:Artabanus
13795:Darius II
13722:Phraortes
13708:Nabonidus
13679:Ahmose II
13667:Psamtik I
13560:Tanutamun
13409:(regent)
13300:Takelot I
13294:Osorkon I
13059:Phoenicia
13043:Amenemope
12989:Setnakhte
12943:Merneptah
12892:Akhenaten
12675:Sakir-Har
12613:Sixteenth
12592:Akurduana
12578:Gulkishar
12575:Shushushi
12531:Abi-eshuh
12525:Hammurabi
12507:Sumu-abum
12429:Shu-Ninua
12420:Iptar-Sin
12390:Sin-namir
12387:Nasir-Sin
12378:Puzur-Sin
12360:Sin-namir
12357:Nasir-Sin
12211:Sîn-gāmil
12207:Sîn-kāšid
12195:Rim-Sin I
12192:Warad-Sin
12072:Naram-Sin
12056:Erishum I
12052:Ilu-shuma
12028:Zimri-Lim
11976:Indilimma
11963:Ibbit-Lim
11933:Intef III
11896:invasions
11883:invasions
11828:Ili-Ishar
11824:Iddi-ilum
11817:2100 BCE
11807:V dynasty
11777:2125 BCE
11715:Puzur-ili
11702:La-erabum
11636:2150 BCE
11562:Shu-turul
11555:(3 years)
11522:Shu-Dagan
11422:2200 BCE
11399:Naram-Sin
11395:2250 BCE
11339:2340 BCE
11305:2350 BCE
11299:Luh-ishan
11294:Urukagina
11290:Lugalanda
11259:Isar-Damu
11255:2370 BCE
11201:2380 BCE
11176:Enentarzi
11164:Enannatum
11153:Gishakidu
11117:Ur-Zababa
11093:Adub-Damu
11089:2400 BCE
11062:2425 BCE
11056:Napilhush
11044:invasions
11022:Enar-Damu
11002:Neferefre
10982:2450 BCE
10925:Ur-Nanshe
10920:I dynasty
10907:I dynasty
10848:Ikun-Mari
10807:Phoenicia
10803:2500 BCE
10736:2575 BCE
10704:Melamanna
10688:Akalamdug
10660:A-Imdugud
10623:Ur-Nungal
10610:(5 kings)
10597:Baba-Damu
10593:Ibbi-Damu
10522:2600 BCE
10492:Gilgamesh
10450:Iltasadum
10421:2700 BCE
10395:I dynasty
10348:2800 BCE
10311:I dynasty
10267:Hudjefa I
10200:2900 BCE
10146:Semerkhet
10138:(regent)
10125:(regent)
10032:Hedju Hor
9860:Naqada II
9706:al-Zabara
9696:al-Taybah
9671:al-Raghib
9611:al-Duwayr
9521:al-Sayyal
9511:al-Ramadi
9501:Muaiyzila
9462:al-Ghbrah
9447:al-Bahrah
9437:Abu Hamam
9425:Abu Kamal
9335:al-Shate'
9320:al-Sabhah
9315:al-Saawah
9310:Ruwayshid
9273:al-Masrab
9225:al-Kasrah
9204:al-Jafrah
9179:al-Hariji
9174:al-Hajnah
9169:al-Dahlah
8919:Squatting
8894:refugees
8869:Education
8828:Transport
8769:Companies
8711:Air force
8688:Terrorism
8601:Judiciary
8562:Elections
8526:President
8430:Euphrates
8420:Al-Jazira
8404:Volcanoes
8389:Districts
8363:Geography
8340:Civil war
8330:(1946–50)
8322:(1930–46)
8316:(1925–30)
8310:(1922–25)
7878:Macedonia
7843:Commagene
7771:Qedarites
7709:Phoenicia
7677:Philistia
7593:Bit Agusi
7588:Bit-Adini
7430:Tall Bazi
7324:Phoenicia
7294:Jerusalem
7146:Ekallatum
6899:0169-9024
6736:1422-4399
6707:ignored (
6697:cite book
6689:1611-4914
6526:0065-8448
6420:2325-534X
6347:0419-4233
6292:1080-4749
6263:557711946
6040:0169-9024
5834:1059-7867
5714:0340-8450
4985:164002885
4969:2325-6737
4644:Gadd 1971
3899:Chew 2007
3634:Shaw 1999
3161:Roux 1992
3021:Roux 1992
2286:Roux 1992
1874:Citations
1572:cuneiform
1418:oligarchy
1270:By 2015,
1133:Qarni-Lim
1095:Hammurabi
1052:Zimri-Lim
1040:Ishi-Addu
1007:Sumu-Epuh
971:Ekallatum
625:Ninhursag
522:with the
516:Euphrates
463:Cuneiform
441:Cuneiform
374:Assyrians
370:Babylonia
356:Akkadians
321:Abu Kamal
292:, modern
280:Cuneiform
258:Ownership
250:Condition
203:Abandoned
123:Abu Kamal
28:تل حريري
14819:(2014).
14772:(1992).
14742:(2020).
14709:(1971).
14550:Kavad II
14376:Bahram V
14337:Bahram I
14331:Shapur I
14208:Osroes I
14139:Orodes I
14133:Gotarzes
14121:Phraates
13786:Darius I
13783:Cambyses
13731:Astyages
13728:Cyaxares
13670:Necho II
13601:Bel-ibni
13551:Shebitku
13514:Indabibi
13367:Tefnakht
12909:Horemheb
12768:Agum III
12750:Kassites
12733:Ahmose I
12598:Ea-gamil
12582:DIŠ+U-EN
12572:Ishkibal
12519:Apil-Sin
12501:Amorites
12411:Bel-bani
12286:Biblical
12177:Nur-Adad
12168:Gungunum
12156:Naplanum
12124:Bur-Suen
12088:Amorites
12064:Sargon I
12014:Amorites
11958:Amorites
11930:Intef II
11900:Kindattu
11888:Ibbi-Sin
11867:Amar-Sin
11861:Ur-Nammu
11796:Merykare
11688:Apil-kin
11600:Pirig-me
11578:Ur-gigir
11574:Ur-nigin
11514:dynasty)
11459:Merenhor
11385:Epirmupi
11214:Userkare
11168:Entemena
11145:Ur-Lumma
11140:Meskigal
11071:Eannatum
11066:Kun-Damu
11050:Shushun-
11035:Enakalle
10894:kushanna
10880:Undalulu
10852:Iblul-Il
10776:Menkaure
10772:Bikheris
10765:Djedefre
10724:Me-durba
10649:shaengur
10643:En-hegal
10631:Labashum
10589:Agur-lim
10585:Abur-lim
10564:Qahedjet
10409:Enmerkar
10241:Wadjenes
10231:Horus Sa
10226:Nubnefer
10217:Nynetjer
10191:Susa III
10153:Sneferka
10136:Merneith
9854:Naqada I
9681:Sabikhan
9631:Gharibah
9537:al-Susah
9506:al-Qitaa
9485:al-Jalaa
9457:Gharanij
9432:al-Abbas
9364:al-Tarif
9358:al-Tabni
9351:al-Suwar
9300:al-Qasbi
9243:al-Ji'ah
9087:Capital:
9029:Category
8989:Religion
8914:Scouting
8889:diaspora
8774:Industry
8698:Military
8643:national
8623:Speakers
8504:Politics
8413:Features
8079:Arameans
8069:Amorites
8000:Timeline
7980:articles
7800:Palistin
7760:Itureans
7558:Iron Age
7362:Hurrians
7104:Alashiya
7056:Hamoukar
6200:32011634
5082:41317024
1666:See also
1639:Akkadian
1513:Anatolia
1481:smelting
1465:Prophecy
1398:Qattunan
1325:Akkadian
1196:Iron Age
1122:Talhayum
1107:Idamaraz
1011:Eshnunna
1005:'s king
948:Amorites
918:Ur-Nammu
838:—
725:region.
719:Iblul-Il
703:Kun-Damu
617:Ishtarat
524:Sumerian
474:Itūr-Mēr
339:and the
302:تل حريري
221:Cultures
119:Location
14603:Narsieh
14431:Zenobia
14412:Vistahm
14397:Kavad I
14391:Kavad I
14385:Peroz I
14373:Khosrow
13719:Deioces
13676:Wahibre
13664:Necho I
13557:Taharqa
13554:Shabaka
13538:Taharqa
13502:Teumman
13353:Rudamun
13095:Solomon
13034:Smendes
12955:Twosret
12949:Seti II
12690:Mitanni
12684:Khamudi
12638:Dynasty
12628:Dynasty
12618:Dynasty
12456:Nur-ili
12426:Lullaya
12329:dynasty
12281:Abraham
12171:Abisare
12136:Zambiya
12030:(Queen
11982:Amorite
11953:Kingdom
11927:Intef I
11894:Elamite
11881:Amorite
11870:Shu-Sin
11771:Tirigan
11740:Ur-Baba
11670:Nûr-Mêr
11608:Lu-gula
11604:Lu-Baba
11518:Ididish
11499:Kingdom
11496:Eblaite
11494:Second
11444:Menkare
11319:Shu-Sin
11315:Ishu-Il
11243:dynasty
11223:Pepi II
11156:(Queen
11042:Elamite
10993:Userkaf
10936:Akurgal
10865:Ku-Baba
10681:(Queen
10617:Mesilim
10552:Sanakht
10542:(First
10359:Zuqaqip
10356:Kalumum
10341:Kalibum
10337:Puannum
10294:Kingdom
10143:Anedjib
10127:Hor-Aha
10072:Nat-Hor
10005:Iry-Hor
10001:Shendjw
9973:Pen-Abu
9921:Susa II
9701:Tishrin
9580:Mayadin
9474:al-Hara
9237:Khasham
9152:Barihah
9132:al-Abed
9013:Outline
8994:Smoking
8947:Cuisine
8929:Culture
8847:Society
8747:Economy
8464:Related
8450:Orontes
8379:Borders
7988:History
7922:Sources
7888:Osroene
7687:Ascalon
7662:Jericho
7540:Nuhašše
7488:Suteans
7426:Armanum
7378:Mitanni
7373:Nuhašše
7334:Shechem
7314:Megiddo
7309:Lakisha
7299:Kenites
7289:Jericho
7269:Dimasqu
7240:Aštartu
7235:Ascalon
7171:Palmyra
7126:Andarig
7116:Alalakh
7061:Jericho
7023:of the
7021:history
6872:4727997
5750:2656977
4977:3515951
4921:Sources
2391:307–310
1771:Sweyhat
1594:of the
1560:control
1552:Bedouin
1517:Lebanon
1471:Economy
1445:Shamash
1390:scribes
1379:Suteans
1363:Haneans
1337:Amorite
1186:Assyria
1137:Andarig
1099:Babylon
887:Ididish
701:. King
629:Shamash
496:History
423:in the
390:Eblaite
366:Amorite
323:on the
306:Semitic
229:Amorite
211:Periods
195:Founded
190:History
14829:
14782:
14752:
14394:Jamasp
14388:Balash
14346:Narseh
14257:Trajan
14255:under
13789:Xerxes
13725:Madyes
13589:Sargon
13049:Siamun
12952:Siptah
12937:Seti I
12921:Ugarit
12666:Semqen
12651:Hyksos
12623:Abydos
12516:Sabium
12423:Bazaya
12414:Libaya
12348:Asinum
12345:Rimush
12305:Yamhad
12197:(...)
12174:Sumuel
12165:Zabaia
12162:Samium
12159:Emisum
12060:Ikunum
12032:Shibtu
11973:Immeya
11864:Shulgi
11759:Ur-gar
11719:Ur-Utu
11586:Lagash
11465:Nikare
11377:Eshpum
11365:Rimush
11217:Pepi I
11052:tarana
10996:Sahure
10976:Hishur
10953:Balulu
10918:Lagash
10899:Mug-si
10892:Ensha-
10840:Sa'umu
10768:Khafre
10752:Snefru
10700:Mes-he
10647:Lugal-
10638:Lagash
10581:Sagisu
10533:Djoser
10442:Tizqar
10413:Aratta
10369:Arwium
10366:Mashda
10316:Jushur
10246:Senedj
10185:period
10117:Narmer
10067:Wazner
10042:Hsekiu
10037:Ny-Hor
10016:Narmer
9986:Canide
9977:Animal
9883:Susa I
9833:Lagash
9807:Akshak
9782:Canaan
9661:Mahkan
9626:Darnaj
9599:Dablan
9479:Hasrat
9384:al-Zir
9369:al-Tub
9209:Jarwan
9147:Ayyash
9142:al-Ali
8937:Anthem
8884:People
8879:Hunger
8874:Health
8784:Pound
8486:Levant
8445:Hermon
8440:Hauran
8399:Rivers
8384:Cities
8294:(1920)
8114:Ugarit
8099:Yamhad
7978:
7873:Iturea
7805:Pattin
7795:Luhuti
7790:Kummuh
7729:Tartus
7682:Ashdod
7636:Canaan
7613:Sam'al
7608:Hamath
7603:Geshur
7529:Ugarit
7519:Tadmor
7502:ʿApiru
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