805:
as a geopolitical rival of
Mesopotamian states or a personification of famine, illness or sorcery, with the last of these interpretations possibly supported by the fire god's common role as a deity countering it in incantations. Her remains are apparently turned into an object visible in the sky. The
800:
the surviving fragments only represent the seventh part of a longer multi-tablet sequence, which might have originally consisted of a total of around three hundred and fifty lines. The initial lines are not possible to decipher, but the first passage describes Enlil proclaiming the destiny decreed
186:
as NE-GI (variant: GI-NE), though
Jeremiah Peterson notes that it has yet to be fully verified by primary sources. Ryan D. Winters also stresses lack of direct evidence for the reading Gibil, despite its conventional status in Assyriological literature. Peterson suggests that it is not impossible
527:
notes that he could effectively function as an "agent" of Nuska. However, the two could be identified with each other as well, which led to the development of a tradition in which Nuska, normally associated with Enlil, was instead portrayed as a son or attendant of Anu.
764:, in the sky in the evening. He is apparently responsible for providing light during the night alongside him. It is possible that the rest of the text originally described his visits to the cult centers of others gods, as a fragment mentions
343:, documents that it was believed that situations in which houses were set on fire by a lightning strike were considered a display of Gibil's wrath. He could be also blamed for the burning of fields. As indicated by the incantation series
852:, Gibil is mentioned among the causes of destruction described in this composition. He is apparently responsible for setting fire to reeds. As noted by Nili Samet, a direct parallel to the passage describing this is present in the myth
496:, according to which in some rituals, possibly these which took place during the month Abu, the fire god was believed to take the place of the sun god at night. He was commonly described as his "friend" or "companion" (Akkadian
304:
The name Gibil was also used as a designation for a star in the Old
Babylonian period, though its identification remains uncertain and is complicated by late astronomical text treating it as synonymous with the planet
492:(Utu), who according to Piotr Michalowski was the deity he was most commonly linked to in Mesopotamian tradition. Jeremiah Peterson proposes that the connection between the two was related to the belief documented in
555:
Gibil is relatively sparsely attested in
Mesopotamian texts, though he nonetheless is known from sources from various time periods and locations. The oldest references to him occur in texts from
221:
and
Anthony Green treat names Gibil and Girra as referring to the same deity. Johanna Tudeau argues that they were initially separate, but came to be fully merged with each other either in the
688:. Due to its state of preservation much about its plot remains uncertain, though based on the surviving sections it can be established that it described his birth in a place referred to as AB-
275:
texts, Gibil was referred to with the variant name
Mubarra. Additional names or epithets attributed to him include Nunbaranna (or Nunbaruna; translation uncertain), known from the god list
456:) was Nablum (tablet II, line 342), "flame", who might have been linked to him due to being a divine representation of the effects of his activity, similarly to how the weather god
756:. The view that the Irigal associated with Gibil is to be understood as the underworld has originally been formulated by Piotr Michalowski. Another passage of the
562:(Fara), where he might have been a relatively important deity, as in offering lists he occurs alongside the major members of the local pantheon. In sources from
260:
texts. A further attested writing of the theonym Gibil is GIŠ.BAR. Selz argues that originally it referred to a distinct god, Gišbar or Gišbarra, attested in
597:
Only a single house of worship associated with Gibil is known. Under the name Girra, he was worshiped in the Emelamḫuš ("house of awesome radiance"), the
281:(tablet II, line 337), its Old Babylonian forerunner and a number of incantations from the same period; Nunbarḫada ("prince with a burning white body";
234:
708:. This location is also described as his dwelling in other sources. Peterson chooses to render it as Irigal in his translation. He argues that the
355:, a further function of the fire god was warding off malevolent magic and unlucky events foretold by nightmares. He additionally played a role in
1813:
901:. The function attributed to Marduk under this name might be "who makes weapons hard", possibly a reference to the fire god's role in
143:. He is first attested in Early Dynastic texts from Shuruppak, such as offering lists. He was also a member of the pantheon of
2256:
2190:
2169:
2134:
2092:
2057:
1770:
1743:
366:
While textual sources indicate that Gibil's symbol was a torch, no iconographic representations of him have been identified.
661:
clergy. Despite being actively worshiped, he is absent from legal texts, and no theophoric names invoking him are attested.
818:. Christopher Walker notes that parallels can be drawn between the surviving section of this myth and the celebration of
556:
390:
249:
2102:
Michalowski, Piotr (1993). "The Torch and the Censer". In Cohen, Mark E.; Snell, Daniel C.; Weisberg, David B. (eds.).
1753:
Bartelmus, Alexa (2017). "Die Götter der
Kassitenzeit. Eine Analyse ihres Vorkommens in zeitgenössischen Textquellen".
806:
name appears as a designation of an unidentified group of stars in an Old
Babylonian prayer among many better attested
2111:
2038:
1933:
1887:
1789:
519:, and he is explicitly linked to the former of these two deities in a boundary stone inscription from the reign of
293:, tablet II, line 340). Piotr Michalowski notes that the last of these names also appears as a synonym of the term
721:
801:
for Girra after his defeat of
Elamatum ("the Elamite woman"), possibly either a supernatural representation of
649:, his introduction to the local pantheon reflected his role in craftsmanship and his importance in the eyes of
379:
According to Piotr
Michalowski, Beliefs about the origin of Gibil reflected his association with the city of
617:. Two theophoric names invoking him appear in texts from this city from the same period. He also appears in
464:
was Nimgir, "lightning". Furthermore, it assigns him two counselors, the divine representations of a torch (
117:. Textual sources indicate his symbol was a torch, though no representations of him have been identified in
218:
788:
in absence of any references to its original title, is preserved on an Old Babylonian tablet from either
2361:
360:
2267:
244:
describes Gibil and Girra as already analogous to each other in the context of the text corpus from
768:
and his temple Ekur, where Gibil apparently had to purify an oven, while in another references to
848:
2371:
941:
811:
862:, where the eponymous goddess threatens that she will tell Gibil to perform the same action.
797:
682:
638:
405:
322:
222:
916:
mentions Girra in passing as one of the two gods who accompanied this king, the other being
681:
text focused on Gibil has been identified by Jeremiah Peterson on a fragmentary tablet from
872:, Girra is one of the three gods who refuse to fight the eponymous creature to recover the
257:
2007:
321:. He could represent this element in its positive aspect, for example in association with
113:
associated with fire, both in its positive and negative aspects. He also played a role in
8:
544:
450:
could be considered the spouse of Gibil. The same text states that his divine attendant (
425:(tablet II, line 77). The same series of incantations also refers to him as offspring of
356:
285:, tablet II, line 339), and Nunbarḫuš ("prince with a glowing body", present both in the
114:
2366:
2316:
2308:
2229:
1988:
1980:
1807:
953:
873:
239:
207:
2320:
2300:
2252:
2221:
2196:
2186:
2165:
2140:
2130:
2107:
2088:
2063:
2053:
2034:
1992:
1972:
1939:
1929:
1893:
1883:
1795:
1785:
1766:
1739:
769:
594:
offering list and in a number of theophoric names, such as Geme-Gibil and Ur-Gibil.
412:
408:
339:, a type of ritual text focused on warding off the negative consequences of specific
195:
102:
2292:
2157:
2080:
2026:
2022:
The Revival of the Anu Cult and the Nocturnal Fire Ceremony at Late Babylonian Uruk
1964:
1758:
524:
516:
230:
118:
110:
814:. It is to be distinguished from the "Star of Elam" (MUL.ELAM.MA) identified with
1906:
1860:
1841:
1822:
909:
889:
834:
761:
752:
might be used instead, as it could be a designation of many temples, for example
634:
591:
567:
261:
2127:
Studia Mesopotamica: Jahrbuch für altorientalische Geschichte und Kultur. Band 1
642:
614:
532:
520:
148:
140:
2084:
1762:
2355:
2304:
2225:
2144:
2067:
1976:
807:
745:
330:
298:
265:
2200:
2104:
The Tablet and the Scroll: Near Eastern Studies in Honor of William W. Hallo
1943:
1897:
1799:
709:
598:
574:. A connection between him and this city is documented in an Early Dynastic
579:
393:
2161:
2030:
1782:
Gods, demons and symbols of ancient Mesopotamia: an illustrated dictionary
433:
occurs instead in the same passage has been discovered too. References to
877:
793:
587:
318:
2233:
2312:
2209:
2182:
Untersuchungen zur Götterwelt des altsumerischen Stadtstaates von Lagaš
1984:
902:
651:
512:
442:
385:
277:
214:
123:
2280:
1952:
1118:
622:
570:, Ur-Gibil.Julia Krul considers him a member of the local pantheon of
507:. They are attested together in Old Babylonian seal inscriptions from
359:. It has been argued that this was his main function in the sphere of
2274:, Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus, UK Higher Education Academy
2220:. Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)/Institut für Orientalistik: 1–44.
2014:, Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus, UK Higher Education Academy
713:
646:
583:
559:
540:
531:
In late commentaries on religious texts, Gibil was often paired with
447:
202:, "fire". The Akkadian form Girra was derived directly from the term
183:
128:
84:
45:
2296:
2020:
1968:
784:
A fragment of a myth focused on Girra, provisionally referred to as
2180:
2122:
1142:
1130:
858:
335:
2335:
724:, as while the latter location could be referred to with the term
417:
351:
345:
256:
being used as a logogram meant to be read as Girra are known from
233:
indicating they were used interchangeably to refer to one figure.
2123:"Two New Sumerian Texts Involving the Deities Numushda and Gibil"
1061:
1059:
937:
824:
819:
773:
627:
618:
489:
426:
333:. However, he also represented fire as a cause of destruction. A
226:
179:
156:
132:
868:
657:
1171:
1169:
917:
913:
898:
894:
854:
829:
789:
736:, in contrast with the theonym Ninirigal, consistently spelled
685:
606:
582:. Jeremiah Peterson additionally suggests that like his spouse
563:
536:
508:
485:
481:
457:
452:
272:
245:
152:
53:
2185:(in German). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum.
1056:
637:
texts from Uruk, though he was not yet worshiped there in the
329:, and in this context could be treated as a tutelary deity of
121:. Multiple genealogies could be assigned to him. The god list
2336:"The Staff of Ninšubura: Studies in Babylonian Demonology II"
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
765:
602:
571:
504:
434:
430:
401:
380:
144:
136:
49:
1166:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1522:
1498:
989:
881:
815:
802:
753:
717:
586:, he might have been associated with Uruk and Kullaba. In
397:
340:
326:
306:
160:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1394:
1330:
1328:
1217:
1154:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
213:, "to burn" or "to scorch", similarly as another theonym,
1587:
1575:
1071:
979:
977:
975:
973:
422:
131:. He was also frequently associated with deities such as
1953:"Another Old Babylonian Prayer to the Gods of the Night"
1565:
1563:
1561:
1447:
1369:
1367:
1296:
626:
texts as a member of a group of deities associated with
1628:
1626:
1546:
1534:
1510:
1459:
1418:
1325:
1284:
1236:
1001:
1686:
1674:
1662:
1384:
1382:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1106:
970:
893:, Gibil is the forty sixth of the names bestowed upon
566:
from the same period, he is only attested in a single
1880:
Before the muses: an anthology of Akkadian literature
1710:
1698:
1650:
1638:
1599:
1558:
1476:
1474:
1364:
1340:
1260:
1248:
1205:
1025:
1023:
956:
renders the name as Girra instead in his translation.
194:, which would presumably reflect derivation from the
1858:
1839:
1623:
1352:
1148:
1136:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
748:
onward. As an alternative he proposes that the term
1926:
House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia
1820:
1611:
1435:
1406:
1379:
1308:
1193:
1181:
1124:
936:This designation might be the source of later term
1486:
1471:
1094:
1020:
539:. Both of them could be grouped into a triad with
369:
1950:
1859:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998b),
1840:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998a),
1272:
1065:
1035:
633:Late attestations of the fire god are known from
446:(tablet II, line 341) indicates that the goddess
400:". According to another tradition his father was
163:. He also appears in a number of literary texts.
2353:
1963:. American Schools of Oriental Research: 57–60.
1821:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998),
225:or shortly after it, with later sources such as
2210:"Untersuchungen zum Pantheon von Adab im 3. Jt"
2207:
2075:Lambert, Wilfred G.; Winters, Ryan D. (2023).
2074:
1175:
995:
206:. These terms are ultimately derived from the
178:) is considered the conventional reading of a
96:
810:, but it is absent from later compendiums of
543:, a deity who also belonged to the sphere of
396:, and he could be considered "the son of the
383:known from early sources, such as one of the
2101:
1951:Horowitz, Wayne; Wasserman, Nathan (1996).
1400:
1230:
1160:
1088:
511:. He also appears after Nuska and his wife
429:(tablet II, line 137), though a copy where
2333:
2154:The Lamentation over the Destruction of Ur
1812:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1779:
1302:
1014:
641:. Most likely similarly as in the case of
1780:Black, Jeremy A.; Green, Anthony (1992).
1752:
1453:
728:, it was typically written as AB✕GAL, AB-
2291:. British Institute at Ankara: 145–152.
2120:
1904:
1552:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1465:
1429:
1334:
1290:
1242:
1112:
983:
155:. Later attestations are available from
2272:Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses
2047:
2012:Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses
1755:Karduniaš. Babylonia under the Kassites
1692:
1680:
1668:
841:
535:, a purification deity associated with
503:Gibil was also closely associated with
488:, Gibil was connected with the sun god
2354:
2278:
2265:
2246:
1923:
1877:
1733:
1716:
1704:
1656:
1644:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1441:
1373:
1358:
1346:
1266:
1254:
1211:
1050:
760:describes Gibil joining the moon god,
2151:
2052:. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
2005:
1632:
1617:
1278:
779:
475:
2178:
2018:
1492:
1480:
1412:
1388:
1319:
1199:
1187:
1100:
1029:
415:literary text from the same period.
411:source (BM 29383) and possibly in a
822:'s victory in compositions such as
669:
374:
13:
264:such as Ur-Gišbar-izipae from the
14:
2383:
940:, which is first attested in the
437:as his father are known as well.
2334:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1987).
2281:"The Myth of Girra and Elamatum"
1757:. De Gruyter. pp. 245–312.
1149:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998b
1137:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998a
796:(BM 78962), though based on the
268:and later conflated with Gibil.
2208:Such-Gutiérrez, Marcos (2005).
2156:. Penn State University Press.
1726:
1125:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998
947:
930:
421:instead calls him a "scion" of
370:Associations with other deities
301:from the first millennium BCE.
187:that NE-GI was instead read as
905:, but the passage is unclear.
786:The Myth of Girra and Elamatum
1:
1066:Horowitz & Wasserman 1996
963:
908:A literary text dealing with
732:or IRI-GAL, as opposed to AB-
664:
2279:Walker, Christopher (1983).
2048:Lambert, Wilfred G. (2013).
1957:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
1928:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
1911:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1882:. Bethesda, Md.: CDL Press.
1878:Foster, Benjamin R. (2005).
1865:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1846:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1827:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
312:
7:
2121:Peterson, Jeremiah (2014).
2077:An = Anum and Related Lists
10:
2388:
2214:Archiv für Orientforschung
2129:. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.
1924:George, Andrew R. (1993).
1736:The Magical Ceremony Maqlû
996:Lambert & Winters 2023
720:is meant, rather than the
550:
480:As already attested in an
97:
2179:Selz, Gebhard J. (1995).
2085:10.1628/978-3-16-161383-8
2050:Babylonian creation myths
1905:Frankena, Rintje (1971),
1763:10.1515/9781501503566-011
127:indicates his spouse was
80:
75:
67:
59:
41:
33:
26:
21:
2266:Tudeau, Johanna (2013),
923:
590:, he occurs in a single
166:
101:), also known under the
16:Mesopotamian god of fire
2247:Tanret, Michel (2010).
849:Lament for Sumer and Ur
692:, to be read as either
1015:Black & Green 1992
942:Middle Assyrian period
876:, the other two being
812:Mesopotamian astronomy
404:, as documented in an
2249:The Seal of the Sanga
2162:10.1515/9781575068831
2031:10.1163/9789004364943
1734:Abusch, Tzvi (2015).
639:Neo-Babylonian period
611:Canonical Temple List
609:, as attested in the
250:Early Dynastic period
223:Old Babylonian period
2152:Samet, Nili (2014).
2019:Krul, Julia (2018).
2006:Horry, Ruth (2016),
897:after the defeat of
842:Other literary texts
252:. Instances of GIBIL
151:he was worshiped in
2008:"Nuska/Nusku (god)"
1596:, pp. 146–147.
1584:, pp. 145–146.
1531:, pp. 308–309.
1507:, pp. 303–304.
1176:Such-Gutiérrez 2005
1127:, pp. 614–615.
545:ritual purification
357:ritual purification
115:ritual purification
954:Wilfred G. Lambert
874:Tablets of Destiny
780:Girra and Elamatum
712:of Gibil's spouse
476:Other associations
289:forerunner and in
2362:Mesopotamian gods
2285:Anatolian Studies
2258:978-90-04-17958-5
2192:978-0-924171-00-0
2171:978-1-57506-883-1
2136:978-3-86835-076-0
2094:978-3-16-161383-8
2059:978-1-57506-861-9
1907:"Girra und Gibil"
1772:978-1-5015-0356-6
1745:978-90-04-29170-6
90:
89:
42:Major cult center
2379:
2347:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2275:
2262:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2204:
2175:
2148:
2117:
2098:
2079:. Mohr Siebeck.
2071:
2044:
2015:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1947:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1901:
1874:
1873:
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1834:
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1508:
1502:
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1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1401:Michalowski 1993
1398:
1392:
1386:
1377:
1371:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1323:
1317:
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1300:
1294:
1288:
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1264:
1258:
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1246:
1240:
1234:
1231:Michalowski 1993
1228:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1164:
1161:Michalowski 1993
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1089:Michalowski 1993
1086:
1069:
1063:
1054:
1048:
1033:
1027:
1018:
1012:
999:
993:
987:
981:
957:
951:
945:
934:
772:and the city of
525:Andrew R. George
517:Weidner god list
468:) and a censer (
375:Family and court
262:theophoric names
243:
231:Weidner god list
119:Mesopotamian art
111:Mesopotamian god
100:
99:
19:
18:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2325:
2323:
2297:10.2307/3642703
2259:
2238:
2236:
2193:
2172:
2137:
2114:
2095:
2060:
2041:
1997:
1995:
1969:10.2307/1359770
1936:
1916:
1914:
1890:
1870:
1868:
1861:"Nun-barḫuš(a)"
1851:
1849:
1832:
1830:
1823:"Nun-bar-a/una"
1805:
1804:
1792:
1773:
1746:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1703:
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1511:
1503:
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1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1380:
1372:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1326:
1318:
1309:
1303:Wiggermann 1987
1301:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1072:
1064:
1057:
1049:
1036:
1028:
1021:
1013:
1002:
994:
990:
982:
971:
966:
961:
960:
952:
948:
935:
931:
926:
912:'s campaign in
910:Shalmaneser III
844:
782:
705:
697:
675:
667:
613:, dated to the
568:theophoric name
553:
478:
377:
372:
315:
255:
237:
235:Gebhard J. Selz
192:
176:
169:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2385:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2349:
2348:
2340:Ex Oriente Lux
2331:
2276:
2263:
2257:
2244:
2205:
2191:
2176:
2170:
2149:
2135:
2118:
2112:
2099:
2093:
2072:
2058:
2045:
2039:
2016:
2003:
1948:
1934:
1921:
1902:
1888:
1875:
1856:
1837:
1818:
1790:
1777:
1771:
1750:
1744:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:, p. 780.
1709:
1707:, p. 779.
1697:
1695:, p. 491.
1685:
1683:, p. 131.
1673:
1671:, p. 130.
1661:
1659:, p. 482.
1649:
1647:, p. 555.
1637:
1635:, p. 107.
1622:
1610:
1608:, p. 147.
1598:
1586:
1574:
1572:, p. 145.
1557:
1555:, p. 305.
1545:
1543:, p. 304.
1533:
1521:
1519:, p. 306.
1509:
1497:
1485:
1470:
1468:, p. 384.
1458:
1456:, p. 310.
1454:Bartelmus 2017
1446:
1434:
1432:, p. 309.
1417:
1415:, p. 137.
1405:
1403:, p. 159.
1393:
1391:, p. 151.
1378:
1376:, p. 124.
1363:
1351:
1349:, p. 103.
1339:
1337:, p. 303.
1324:
1322:, p. 195.
1307:
1295:
1293:, p. 308.
1283:
1271:
1269:, p. 299.
1259:
1257:, p. 296.
1247:
1245:, p. 311.
1235:
1233:, p. 157.
1216:
1214:, p. 660.
1204:
1202:, p. 201.
1192:
1190:, p. 159.
1180:
1165:
1163:, p. 154.
1153:
1151:, p. 615.
1141:
1139:, p. 615.
1129:
1117:
1115:, p. 383.
1105:
1103:, p. 139.
1093:
1091:, p. 156.
1070:
1055:
1034:
1032:, p. 138.
1019:
1000:
988:
986:, p. 302.
968:
967:
965:
962:
959:
958:
946:
928:
927:
925:
922:
843:
840:
808:constellations
781:
778:
703:
695:
683:Old Babylonian
674:
668:
666:
663:
615:Kassite period
557:Early Dynastic
552:
549:
521:Nazi-Maruttash
477:
474:
406:Old Babylonian
391:Early Dynastic
376:
373:
371:
368:
317:Gibil was the
314:
311:
297:, "torch", in
253:
229:copies of the
190:
174:
168:
165:
149:Kassite period
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
43:
39:
38:
37:Girra, Mubarra
35:
31:
30:
27:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2384:
2373:
2372:Smithing gods
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2268:"Girra (god)"
2264:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2216:(in German).
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2113:0-9620013-9-2
2109:
2106:. CDL Press.
2105:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2040:9789004364936
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1935:0-931464-80-3
1931:
1927:
1922:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1889:1-883053-76-5
1885:
1881:
1876:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1847:
1843:
1842:"Nun-barḫada"
1838:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1791:0-292-70794-0
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1682:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1658:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1620:, p. 65.
1619:
1614:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1590:
1583:
1578:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1553:Peterson 2014
1549:
1542:
1541:Peterson 2014
1537:
1530:
1529:Peterson 2014
1525:
1518:
1517:Peterson 2014
1513:
1506:
1505:Peterson 2014
1501:
1495:, p. 75.
1494:
1489:
1483:, p. 73.
1482:
1477:
1475:
1467:
1466:Frankena 1971
1462:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1430:Peterson 2014
1426:
1424:
1422:
1414:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1361:, p. 24.
1360:
1355:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1335:Peterson 2014
1331:
1329:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1305:, p. 22.
1304:
1299:
1292:
1291:Peterson 2014
1287:
1280:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1243:Peterson 2014
1239:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1178:, p. 17.
1177:
1172:
1170:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1114:
1113:Frankena 1971
1109:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1068:, p. 60.
1067:
1062:
1060:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1017:, p. 88.
1016:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
998:, p. 62.
997:
992:
985:
984:Peterson 2014
980:
978:
976:
974:
969:
955:
950:
943:
939:
933:
929:
921:
919:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
891:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
870:
863:
861:
860:
856:
851:
850:
839:
837:
836:
831:
827:
826:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
799:
795:
791:
787:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
746:Ur III period
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
699:
691:
687:
684:
680:
673:
662:
660:
659:
654:
653:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
558:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
529:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
454:
449:
445:
444:
440:The god list
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:
414:
410:
407:
403:
399:
395:
392:
388:
387:
382:
367:
364:
362:
358:
354:
353:
348:
347:
342:
338:
337:
332:
331:metallurgists
328:
324:
320:
310:
308:
302:
300:
299:lexical lists
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:
274:
269:
267:
266:Ur III period
263:
259:
251:
247:
241:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
185:
181:
177:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
94:
86:
83:
79:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
51:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
2343:
2339:
2324:. Retrieved
2288:
2284:
2271:
2248:
2237:. Retrieved
2217:
2213:
2181:
2153:
2126:
2103:
2076:
2049:
2021:
2011:
1996:. Retrieved
1960:
1956:
1925:
1915:, retrieved
1910:
1879:
1869:, retrieved
1864:
1850:, retrieved
1845:
1831:, retrieved
1826:
1781:
1754:
1735:
1727:Bibliography
1712:
1700:
1693:Lambert 2013
1688:
1681:Lambert 2013
1676:
1669:Lambert 2013
1664:
1652:
1640:
1613:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1548:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1461:
1449:
1444:, p. 6.
1437:
1408:
1396:
1354:
1342:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1238:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1096:
991:
949:
932:
907:
888:
886:
866:
864:
853:
847:
845:
833:
823:
785:
783:
757:
749:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
701:
693:
689:
678:
676:
671:
656:
650:
632:
621:
610:
596:
592:Old Akkadian
580:Abu Salabikh
575:
554:
530:
502:
497:
493:
479:
469:
465:
461:
451:
441:
439:
416:
394:Abu Salabikh
384:
378:
365:
350:
344:
334:
316:
303:
294:
290:
286:
282:
276:
270:
258:astronomical
219:Jeremy Black
210:
203:
199:
188:
172:
170:
122:
106:
92:
91:
1913:(in German)
1867:(in German)
1848:(in German)
1829:(in German)
1717:Foster 2005
1705:Foster 2005
1657:Foster 2005
1645:Foster 2005
1606:Walker 1983
1594:Walker 1983
1582:Walker 1983
1570:Walker 1983
1442:George 1993
1374:George 1993
1359:George 1993
1347:Tanret 2010
1267:Abusch 2015
1255:Abusch 2015
1212:Foster 2005
1051:Tudeau 2013
794:Tell ed-Der
319:god of fire
238: [
182:written in
34:Other names
28:God of fire
2356:Categories
2326:2023-06-24
2239:2023-06-20
1998:2023-06-26
1917:2023-06-27
1871:2023-06-27
1852:2023-06-27
1833:2023-06-27
1784:. Austin.
1633:Samet 2014
1618:Samet 2014
1279:Horry 2016
964:References
903:metallurgy
890:Enūma Eliš
835:Enūma Eliš
792:or nearby
722:underworld
670:The Gibil
665:Literature
578:hymn from
513:Sadarnunna
484:text from
386:Zame Hymns
2367:Fire gods
2321:163433662
2305:0066-1546
2251:. Brill.
2226:0066-6440
2145:952181311
2068:861537250
2025:. Brill.
1993:163268684
1977:0022-0256
1808:cite book
1738:. Brill.
1493:Krul 2018
1481:Krul 2018
1413:Selz 1995
1389:Krul 2018
1320:Krul 2018
1200:Krul 2018
1188:Krul 2018
1101:Selz 1995
1030:Selz 1995
744:from the
714:Ninirigal
647:Kusibanda
584:Ninirigal
560:Shuruppak
541:Ningirima
470:gi.izi.lá
448:Ninirigal
443:An = Anum
313:Character
291:An = Anum
287:An = Anum
283:An = Anum
278:An = Anum
248:from the
184:cuneiform
159:and from
147:. In the
129:Ninirigal
124:An = Anum
85:Ninirigal
76:Genealogy
46:Shuruppak
2346:. Brill.
2234:41670228
2201:33334960
1944:27813103
1898:57123664
1800:26140507
867:Epic of
798:colophon
635:Seleucid
619:Assyrian
413:Sumerian
409:Akkadian
336:namburbi
323:furnaces
227:Assyrian
196:Akkadian
109:, was a
103:Akkadian
2313:3642703
1985:1359770
938:Irkalla
887:In the
865:In the
846:In the
825:Lugal-e
820:Ninurta
776:occur.
774:Zabalam
628:Shamash
623:tākultu
551:Worship
537:censers
515:in the
490:Shamash
427:Shalash
180:theonym
171:Gibil (
157:Assyria
133:Shamash
2319:
2311:
2303:
2255:
2232:
2224:
2199:
2189:
2168:
2143:
2133:
2110:
2091:
2066:
2056:
2037:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1942:
1932:
1896:
1886:
1798:
1788:
1769:
1742:
918:Nergal
914:Urartu
899:Tiamat
895:Marduk
855:Inanna
832:'s in
830:Marduk
790:Sippar
770:Inanna
758:imgida
726:irigal
710:temple
686:Nippur
679:imgida
672:imgida
607:Nippur
599:temple
564:Lagash
509:Sippar
486:Nippur
482:Ur III
466:níg.na
462:sukkal
458:Ishkur
453:sukkal
273:Emesal
246:Lagash
153:Nippur
98:𒀭𒉈𒄀
81:Spouse
68:Symbol
63:Irigal
54:Nippur
2317:S2CID
2309:JSTOR
2230:JSTOR
1989:S2CID
1981:JSTOR
924:Notes
878:Shara
766:Enlil
762:Nanna
750:ešgal
652:āšipu
603:Nuska
572:Eridu
505:Nuska
498:tappû
494:Maqlû
435:Nuska
431:Shala
418:Maqlû
402:Enlil
389:from
381:Eridu
352:Šurpu
346:Maqlû
341:omens
327:kilns
295:ziqtu
242:]
204:girru
200:girru
198:word
173:gibil
167:Names
145:Eridu
137:Nuska
107:Girra
105:name
93:Gibil
71:torch
60:Abode
50:Eridu
22:Gibil
2301:ISSN
2253:ISBN
2222:ISSN
2197:OCLC
2187:ISBN
2166:ISBN
2141:OCLC
2131:ISBN
2108:ISBN
2089:ISBN
2064:OCLC
2054:ISBN
2035:ISBN
1973:ISSN
1940:OCLC
1930:ISBN
1894:OCLC
1884:ISBN
1814:link
1796:OCLC
1786:ISBN
1767:ISBN
1740:ISBN
882:Adad
880:and
869:Anzû
859:Ebiḫ
857:and
816:Mars
803:Elam
754:Ekur
740:-AB-
730:gunû
718:Uruk
706:-gal
698:-gal
658:kalû
655:and
645:and
643:Kusu
588:Adab
576:zami
533:Kusu
398:Abzu
361:cult
349:and
325:and
307:Mars
215:Erra
211:*ḥrr
208:root
189:gira
161:Uruk
141:Kusu
139:and
2293:doi
2158:doi
2081:doi
2027:doi
1965:doi
1759:doi
828:or
742:gal
738:nin
734:gal
716:in
700:or
694:iri
690:gal
677:An
605:in
601:of
500:).
472:).
460:'s
423:Anu
363:.
271:In
2358::
2344:29
2342:.
2338:.
2315:.
2307:.
2299:.
2289:33
2287:.
2283:.
2270:,
2228:.
2218:51
2212:.
2195:.
2164:.
2139:.
2125:.
2087:.
2062:.
2033:.
2010:,
1987:.
1979:.
1971:.
1961:48
1959:.
1955:.
1938:.
1909:,
1892:.
1863:,
1844:,
1825:,
1810:}}
1806:{{
1794:.
1765:.
1625:^
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1327:^
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1967::
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1900:.
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1802:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.