160:
1171:
992:
387:
4659:
934:
4680:
414:
126:. They may work either directly or indirectly to relieve itch, and evidence on their effectiveness varies from one class to another. Some alternative medicines are also used to treat itch. Side effects of abirritants also vary depending on the class of the drug. Even before the emergence of modern
825:
Despite the availability of many forms of treatment, there is only a limited number of case series or small-scale studies examining the efficacy of abirritants. There is a lack of evidence on treatment for chronic pruritus of unknown origin. There is also little to no evidence on the efficacy and
1049:
Systemic side effects are far less prevalent than local ones. Prolonged high potency corticosteroids use on thin skin, especially in children, increases the risk of systemic side effects since thin skin allows for greater absorption. One commonly cited systemic side effect from topical use is
142:
A number of drug classes are available as abirritants for itching relief, but there is no one single specific abirritant to treat all forms of itch. Treatments may vary depending on the cause. Commonly prescribed abirritants can be broadly divided into
1162:, the main side effect of capsaicin is a burning sensation that usually persists for several days. A topical anaesthetic can be used to reduce the sensation. In addition, the topical anaesthetic can also provide anti-itch effect on its own.
905:
Thalidomide is effective in treating chronic refractory pruritus among patients who had failed conventional therapy (corticosteroids or antihistamines), with a 50% or greater reduction in symptoms and a shorter time to improvement.
847:, which are effective in treating inflammatory disorders of the skin, in particular atopic dermatitis. Successful treatment of atopic dermatitis with either corticosteroids or antihistamines would resolve the associated itching.
1078:, where they block the H1 receptor, reducing the neurotransmitter effect of histamine, leading to central nervous system side effects such as drowsiness and confusion. Second generation antihistamines, such as fexofenadine and
838:
Some abirritants work by indirectly treating itch through treating the causative medical conditions, which means that the itching associated with the condition will often subside when it is properly treated. This includes
1090:μ-opioid receptor antagonists are usually well-tolerated and have no abuse potential since they do not cause physical dependence. Side effects are dose-dependent and generally limited to the first two weeks of treatment.
3307:
Bergasa NV, Alling DW, Talbot TL, Swain MG, Yurdaydin C, Turner ML, et al. (August 1995). "Effects of naloxone infusions in patients with the pruritus of cholestasis. A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial".
1132:
Suicide risk: a combined analysis of placebo-controlled trials of various antidepressants including SSRIs in children and adolescents showed a doubled risk of suicide in those taking antidepressants. In response, the
855:
Some abirritants treat pruritus directly without necessarily treating the causative medical condition. Abirritants that directly treat itching and are established to be effective are reported here in the table below:
737:
has asserted that it has little if any scientific evidence. Nevertheless, they subsequently recommended applying topical OTC skin protectants, such as calamine, to relieve the itch caused by poisonous plants such as
410:. It is usually treated with systemic agents instead of topical agents. Corticosteroids and antihistamines mentioned above can also be used to treat generalized itch. Common systemic abirritants are listed below:
1003:
Systemic corticosteroid use has been associated with a wide range of potential adverse effects. In a review article, the following common complications were noted for prolonged use: redistribution of fat tissues
1114:
Serotonin reuptake inhibitors, including both serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are generally well tolerated. Common side effects include:
3272:
Metze D, Reimann S, Beissert S, Luger T (October 1999). "Efficacy and safety of naltrexone, an oral opiate receptor antagonist, in the treatment of pruritus in internal and dermatological diseases".
2983:
Zhang W, Leonard T, Bath-Hextall F, Chambers CA, Lee C, Humphreys R, Williams HC, et al. (The
Cochrane Collaboration) (April 2005). Zhang W (ed.). "Chinese herbal medicine for atopic eczema".
3397:
394:
Generalized itch, or itching across the whole body, can be a symptom of a dermatological disorder or an underlying systemic problem. Some systemic diseases can that cause generalized itch include
1054:. A meta-analysis of topical corticosteroid use in children concluded that low-potency corticosteroid at recommended dosages and duration do not cause clinically significant HPA suppression.
947:
is extensively used in Asia for relief of itch. It is believed that itching is caused by irritations from wind, dampness or blood stasis, and can be relieved by the use of herbs such as
1334:
1150:, resulting in an increased susceptibility to infection. Other side effects include bone marrow suppression, increased risk of cardiovascular disease and increased risk of cancer.
1398:"The Traditional Chinese Medicine and Relevant Treatment for the Efficacy and Safety of Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"
3229:
Dixon R, Gentile J, Hsu HB, Hsiao J, Howes J, Garg D, Weidler D (March 1987). "Nalmefene: safety and kinetics after single and multiple oral doses of a new opioid antagonist".
1506:
Weisshaar E, Grüll V, König A, Schweinfurth D, Diepgen TL, Eckart WU (December 2009). "The symptom of itch in medical history: highlights through the centuries".
3542:"Das "Lorscher Arzneibuch": Ein medizinisches Kompendium des 8. Jahrhunderts (Codex Bambergensis medicinalis 1): Text, Ubersetzung und Fachglossar. Ulrich Stoll"
2688:"British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the investigation and management of generalized pruritus in adults without an underlying dermatosis, 2018"
4611:
3691:
2399:
1224:
3659:
2920:"Butorphanol prevents morphine-induced pruritus without increasing pain and other side effects: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials"
2285:
Long, D.; Ballentine, N. H.; Marks, J. G. (September 1997). "Treatment of poison ivy/oak allergic contact dermatitis with an extract of jewelweed".
2875:
Eusebio-Alpapara KM, Castillo RL, Dofitas BL (April 2020). "Gabapentin for uremic pruritus: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials".
2086:
Schmitt J, Schmitt N, Meurer M (May 2007). "Cyclosporin in the treatment of patients with atopic eczema - a systematic review and meta-analysis".
4668:
3150:"Evaluation of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Suppression following Cutaneous Use of Topical Corticosteroids in Children: A Meta-Analysis"
2505:
1227:
in the 7th century described many preparations of abirritants for both systemic and topical use, such as an ointment prepared from stinging
170:
formulations are preferred for treating localized itch caused by skin damage, inflammation or dryness. Topical antipruritics in the form of
1126:
Gastrointestinal effects such as nausea and vomiting, which depend on the dose and usually resolve within the first two weeks of treatment.
734:
1995:
Phan NQ, Bernhard JD, Luger TA, Ständer S (October 2010). "Antipruritic treatment with systemic μ-opioid receptor antagonists: a review".
3681:
4462:
2727:
Rungsiprakarn P, Laopaiboon M, Sangkomkamhang US, Lumbiganon P, et al. (Cochrane
Pregnancy and Childbirth Group) (February 2016).
4422:
2634:
Andrade A, Kuah CY, Martin-Lopez JE, Chua S, Shpadaruk V, Sanclemente G, Franco JV, et al. (Cochrane Skin Group) (January 2020).
2129:
Matsuda KM, Sharma D, Schonfeld AR, Kwatra SG (September 2016). "Gabapentin and pregabalin for the treatment of chronic pruritus".
1119:
Sexual dysfunction, which is the most common side effect of all serotonin reuptake inhibitors, manifesting as delayed ejaculation,
3456:
Leslie TA, Greaves MW, Yosipovitch G (2015). "Current topical and systemic therapies for itch". In Cowan A, Yosipovitch G (eds.).
4717:
1082:
are less able to move from blood circulation into the brain and are therefore associated with fewer side effects in usual doses.
550:
914:μ-opioid receptor antagonists such as naltrexone and nalmefene demonstrated significant improvement in treating patients with
4035:
3473:
2447:
1733:
1566:
4322:
4315:
649:
and blocks the μ-opioid receptor, inhibiting generalized pruritus due to an imbalance between the μ- and κ-opioid systems
3460:. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 226. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 337–56.
108:
2959:
1716:
Buddenkotte J, Maurer M, Steinhoff M (2010). "Histamine and
Antihistamines in Atopic Dermatitis". In Thurmond RL (ed.).
4065:
3928:
3689:
3497:
Er U, Naderi S (April 2013). "Paulus aegineta: review of spine-related chapters in "Epitomoe medicoe libri septem"".
2729:"Pharmacological interventions for generalised itching (not caused by systemic disease or skin lesions) in pregnancy"
2320:
Gibson, M. R.; Maher, F. T. (May 1950). "Activity of jewelweed and its enzymes in the treatment of Rhus dermatitis".
1895:
466:
Antihistamines have anti-inflammatory properties that can relieve itching by suppressing the underlying inflammation
297:
Antihistamines have anti-inflammatory properties that can relieve itching by suppressing the underlying inflammation
1035:
Both local and systemic side effects can result from topical corticosteroid use, especially in prolonged treatment.
2261:
1137:
issued a warning in 2004 regarding the elevated risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior in children and adolescents.
1027:
There is a lack of data on adverse effects associated with corticosteroid use of a shorter period and lower dose.
4218:
3674:
1017:
1963:
1237:-coated girdles were used in the 17th century as an expensive treatment to alleviate symptoms of itch caused by
3019:
Poetker DM, Reh DD (August 2010). "A comprehensive review of the adverse effects of systemic corticosteroids".
3059:
Hengge UR, Ruzicka T, Schwartz RA, Cork MJ (January 2006). "Adverse effects of topical glucocorticosteroids".
1678:
Norris DA (July 2005). "Mechanisms of action of topical therapies and the rationale for combination therapy".
733:, is a traditional remedy for mild itching, such as that typically associated with chicken pox – although the
122:
Abirritants consist of a large group of drugs belonging to different classes with varying mechanisms to treat
346:
17:
130:, abirritants have already been used in many civilizations, but practices and choice of drugs may differ by
3917:
3699:
1212:, metallic components, and goat droppings which were applied externally. These drugs are common in ancient
1134:
944:
809:
Other unconventional forms of treatment with potential efficacy for treating systemic itch include topical
4710:
4528:
1720:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 709. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 73–80.
1197:
mixed in honey for topical application to the scalp for itching caused by scabby conditions of the head.
1021:
76:
4178:
3667:
2167:
Sharma D, Kwatra SG (February 2016). "Thalidomide for the treatment of chronic refractory pruritus".
1181:
Abirritants have an extensive history in treating itch. The history of abirritants dates back to the
1309:
2468:
Appel, L.M. Ohmart; Sterner, R.F. (1956). "Zinc oxide: A new, pink, refractive microform crystal".
1038:
Local side effects can occur regularly from prolonged use, which include skin atrophy (thinning),
4233:
3911:
3762:
2502:
1075:
541:
127:
80:
3358:
Khawam EA, Laurencic G, Malone DA (April 2006). "Side effects of antidepressants: an overview".
2686:
Millington GW, Collins A, Lovell CR, Leslie TA, Yong AS, Morgan JD, et al. (January 2018).
497:
Blocks the μ-opioid receptor, the stimulation of which causes itch in clinical settings such as
4946:
4703:
4270:
4025:
688:
179:
171:
159:
116:
3955:
3891:
3736:
1063:
3321:
4739:
4030:
4010:
3879:
1186:
1051:
1013:
915:
705:
498:
337:
667:
645:
491:
327:
Prevents the propagation of nerve signals that would otherwise cause an itching sensation
8:
4639:
4375:
4161:
3940:
3767:
2481:
1851:
Kantor GR, Lookingbill DP (September 1983). "Generalized pruritus and systemic disease".
1269:
701:
175:
1208:
physician, described a list of drugs for treatment of itch including plants such as the
544:
acting on histamine receptors can useful in itching that occurs at night. An example is
4673:
4538:
4397:
3851:
3643:
3618:
3522:
3398:"Suicidality in Children and Adolescents Being Treated With Antidepressant Medications"
3333:
3254:
3242:
3125:
3098:
2900:
2852:
2825:
2801:
2789:
2753:
2728:
2660:
2635:
2616:
2565:
2538:
2419:
2380:
2368:
2355:
Guin, J. D.; Reynolds, R. (June 1980). "Jewelweed treatment of poison ivy dermatitis".
2238:
2203:
2111:
2063:
2038:
1944:
1786:
1761:
1657:
1558:
1531:
1478:
1451:
1424:
1397:
1352:
Simonsen E, Komenda P, Lerner B, Askin N, Bohm C, Shaw J, et al. (November 2017).
972:
783:
760:
754:
167:
144:
96:
3619:"Frontiers in pruritus research: scratching the brain for more effective itch therapy"
3285:
1864:
695:
4679:
4634:
4417:
4407:
4310:
4140:
4096:
4080:
3884:
3874:
3817:
3807:
3648:
3596:
3561:
3526:
3514:
3479:
3469:
3438:
3375:
3325:
3289:
3246:
3211:
3171:
3130:
3076:
3036:
2996:
2941:
2904:
2892:
2857:
2793:
2758:
2709:
2665:
2620:
2608:
2570:
2537:
Baswan SM, Klosner AE, Glynn K, Rajgopal A, Malik K, Yim S, Stern N (December 2020).
2485:
2372:
2337:
2302:
2298:
2243:
2225:
2184:
2146:
2103:
2099:
2068:
2012:
1936:
1901:
1891:
1868:
1833:
1825:
1791:
1739:
1729:
1695:
1649:
1644:
1627:
1608:
1603:
1586:
1562:
1523:
1519:
1483:
1429:
1375:
1290:
1241:, but mercury toxins in the blood often caused other troubling symptoms in patients.
1234:
1170:
1099:
1091:
995:
Systemic corticosteroid treatment can cause redistribution of fat tissue, leading to
656:
183:
60:
3337:
3258:
2805:
2423:
2384:
2115:
1661:
1535:
1024:
is suppressed as a response to the increased level of corticosteroids in the blood.
719:
has been shown to be devoid of any anti-itch activity in several controlled studies.
4762:
4644:
4467:
4392:
4380:
4305:
4171:
4050:
3839:
3638:
3630:
3592:
3588:
3553:
3506:
3461:
3428:
3367:
3317:
3281:
3238:
3203:
3161:
3120:
3110:
3068:
3028:
2992:
2988:
2931:
2884:
2847:
2837:
2785:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2699:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2600:
2560:
2550:
2477:
2411:
2364:
2329:
2294:
2233:
2215:
2176:
2138:
2095:
2058:
2050:
2004:
1948:
1928:
1860:
1781:
1773:
1721:
1687:
1639:
1598:
1554:
1515:
1473:
1463:
1419:
1409:
1365:
1182:
1147:
1071:
587:
Mechanism of action is unclear, but is thought to prevent itching by desensitizing
233:
4111:
2443:
553:(SSRIs) are often used in psychiatric patients with itching. Common SSRIs include
4897:
4777:
4684:
4629:
4498:
4493:
4332:
4265:
4260:
4146:
4092:
3933:
3824:
3777:
3510:
3465:
3433:
3416:
2509:
2054:
1095:
1067:
878:
730:
722:
674:
588:
476:
307:
216:
211:
194:
112:
2142:
1919:
Yosipovitch G, Bernhard JD (April 2013). "Clinical practice. Chronic pruritus".
1725:
4891:
4887:
4817:
4757:
4663:
4563:
4558:
4412:
4402:
4352:
4337:
4327:
4228:
4223:
4213:
4151:
4123:
4075:
4070:
3802:
3757:
3753:
3072:
2726:
2180:
2008:
1813:
1691:
1370:
1353:
1245:
1201:
844:
472:
454:
418:
403:
399:
303:
283:
268:
207:
203:
151:
drugs, and may include a combination of one or more drugs, described as below.
3032:
2936:
2919:
2415:
1244:
In the 20th century, many new abirritants for external use emerged, including
4940:
4915:
4856:
4595:
4568:
4427:
4245:
4156:
4136:
4132:
3995:
3923:
3812:
3727:
3565:
3442:
3115:
2842:
2612:
2229:
1829:
1468:
1257:
1213:
1043:
1039:
1009:
948:
840:
814:
449:
407:
292:
278:
190:
148:
1905:
940:
is one of the many herbs used to treat itch in
Traditional Chinese Medicine.
390:
Antihistamines are commonly used to treat itching associated with allergies.
4866:
4812:
4807:
4797:
4782:
4730:
4553:
4472:
4208:
4166:
4000:
3906:
3901:
3652:
3600:
3518:
3483:
3379:
3293:
3215:
3175:
3134:
3080:
3040:
3000:
2945:
2896:
2861:
2797:
2762:
2713:
2669:
2574:
2489:
2341:
2333:
2247:
2188:
2150:
2107:
2072:
2016:
1940:
1837:
1795:
1743:
1699:
1653:
1612:
1527:
1487:
1433:
1414:
1379:
1159:
1129:
Central nervous system disturbances such as anxiety, insomnia and sedation.
791:
747:
678:
482:
386:
313:
3579:
Puza CJ, Suresh V (May 2018). "Scabies and
Pruritus-A Historical Review".
3371:
3329:
3250:
2539:"Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol (CBD) for Skin Health and Disorders"
2376:
2306:
1932:
1872:
570:
Suppresses the immune system to reduce inflammation and hence reduce itch
4925:
4841:
4802:
4792:
4772:
4437:
4347:
4087:
4040:
3985:
3868:
3834:
3207:
2555:
964:
960:
900:
886:
810:
684:
663:
638:
610:
575:
545:
361:
356:
198:
3147:
2918:
Du BX, Song ZM, Wang K, Zhang H, Xu FY, Zou Z, Shi XY (September 2013).
2776:
Wahlgren CF (November 1999). "Itch and atopic dermatitis: an overview".
2588:
2220:
1777:
983:
Each class of abirritants has its own set of potential adverse effects.
163:
Corticosteroid creams can be applied directly on the skin to treat itch.
4871:
4861:
4836:
4827:
4787:
4767:
4615:
4586:
4544:
4513:
4508:
4447:
4442:
4432:
4370:
4356:
4296:
4251:
4199:
4119:
4115:
4056:
4016:
3971:
3967:
3857:
3793:
3743:
3708:
3704:
3395:
2604:
1120:
1079:
872:
799:
743:
739:
726:
619:
601:
596:
558:
554:
510:
332:
322:
245:
104:
72:
42:
4695:
3166:
3149:
2888:
2704:
2687:
1335:"Pruritus and Systemic Disease: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology"
1177:
was used to treat itch and is commonly listed in ancient pharmacopeia.
933:
4851:
4846:
4523:
4503:
4477:
4452:
4387:
4365:
4193:
4106:
3980:
3634:
2397:
1005:
996:
956:
937:
827:
716:
711:
532:
528:
515:
370:
241:
237:
100:
68:
3541:
1587:"Assessment of itch: more to be learned and improvements to be made"
4752:
4624:
4488:
4484:
4457:
3896:
3829:
3748:
3557:
1338:
1249:
952:
892:
877:
Gabapentin was found to be effective in decreasing the severity of
779:
696:
Substances proposed to act antipruritically, but not used medically
505:
395:
84:
51:
1310:"Antipruritic definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary"
538:
Two main classes of antidepressants are utilized to relieve itch:
444:
Suppresses itch originating from immune response and inflammation
273:
Suppresses itch originating from immune response and inflammation
4920:
4909:
4905:
4743:
4600:
4518:
4183:
3950:
3772:
3722:
3417:"Long-term management of patients taking immunosuppressive drugs"
3148:
Wood
Heickman LK, Davallow Ghajar L, Conaway M, Rogol AD (2018).
1265:
1238:
1103:
968:
670:
228:
224:
131:
56:
2982:
4901:
4282:
3945:
2874:
1505:
1261:
1228:
1209:
1205:
1174:
991:
959:. Sometimes these herbal remedies are used in combination with
766:
220:
64:
2400:"The Effect Of Jewel Weed In Preventing Poison Ivy Dermatitis"
2088:
Journal of the
European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
4582:
4292:
3787:
2685:
1273:
1062:
Antihistamines target the molecule histamine by blocking the
919:
413:
3194:
Simons FE (November 2004). "Advances in H1-antihistamines".
2128:
891:
Continuous intravenous butorphanol reduced the incidence of
4286:
2987:(2). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: CD002291.
2633:
2444:"American Topics. An Outdated Notion, That Calamine Lotion"
2398:
Zink, B. J.; Otten, E.J.; Rosenthal, M.; Singal, B (1991).
1285:
1194:
123:
92:
88:
46:
2826:"Side-effects of topical steroids: A long overdue revisit"
2536:
1715:
1351:
1074:
are able to move from the blood into the brain across the
778:
A number of herbs have been used to treat itching such as
3271:
3058:
1253:
1190:
615:
Thalidomide suppresses itching through a number of ways:
3455:
3306:
2823:
1994:
1268:, which were mostly available in the form of ointments.
833:
2824:
Coondoo A, Phiske M, Verma S, Lahiri K (October 2014).
2204:"Nalfurafine hydrochloride to treat pruritus: a review"
1016:, where the body's natural production of hormones like
3396:
Center for Drug
Evaluation and Research (2018-11-03).
2636:"Interventions for chronic pruritus of unknown origin"
2589:"New Histamine H2-Receptor Antagonists Are on the Way"
3692:
3357:
1402:
3228:
2519:
2517:
2085:
1762:"The Itch-Scratch Cycle: A Review of the Mechanisms"
2284:
1918:
1354:"Treatment of Uremic Pruritus: A Systematic Review"
3099:"Systemic side-effects of topical corticosteroids"
2543:Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology
2208:Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology
2514:
1850:
1811:
4938:
2960:"Chinese Herbal Selections for Itchy Conditions"
2036:
1885:
1085:
2917:
1449:
975:supplements may show benefit in reducing itch.
928:
3274:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
3096:
3061:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
2169:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
2131:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
1997:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
1888:Current dermatologic diagnosis & treatment
1853:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
1680:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
1396:Shi ZF, Song TB, Xie J, Yan YQ, Du YP (2017).
4711:
3675:
1395:
3690:Major chemical drug groups – based upon the
3414:
2467:
2354:
2262:"CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21"
2166:
1812:Reamy BV, Bunt CW, Fletcher S (2011-07-15).
1158:Being the main chemical that causes heat in
708:, is shown to soothe and to relieve itching.
3097:Dhar S, Seth J, Parikh D (September 2014).
2985:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2733:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2640:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2319:
1625:
1584:
1548:
986:
4718:
4704:
3682:
3668:
3578:
3018:
1189:, a famous physician, recommended crushed
1135:United States Food and Drug Administration
1030:
757:(baking soda) and water, applied topically
3642:
3432:
3165:
3124:
3114:
2935:
2851:
2841:
2752:
2703:
2659:
2564:
2554:
2237:
2219:
2062:
1785:
1643:
1602:
1477:
1467:
1423:
1413:
1369:
1094:symptoms are rare and may include severe
1012:, infections, delayed wound healing, and
850:
773:
659:. Those more recently described include:
3496:
3021:Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
2775:
2195:
1619:
1591:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
1551:Dermatological Signs of Internal Disease
1169:
990:
932:
412:
385:
351:Suppresses inflammation to relieve itch
158:
4725:
3539:
3322:10.7326/0003-4819-123-3-199508010-00001
1759:
1066:. First-generation antihistamines like
1044:sudden decrease in efficacy of the drug
967:, but their efficacy is still unclear.
551:Selective serotinin reuptake inhibitors
14:
4939:
4669:Pharmacological classification systems
4036:Selective estrogen receptor modulators
3391:
3389:
3193:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3092:
3090:
2162:
2160:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
1807:
1805:
1766:Dermatology Practical & Conceptual
1755:
1753:
1711:
1709:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1450:Tabassum N, Hamdani M (January 2014).
1332:
1042:, infections, lighter skin color, and
763:(household ammonia), applied topically
4699:
4316:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
3663:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3014:
3012:
3010:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2681:
2679:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1445:
1443:
1391:
1389:
1141:
834:Treating itch associated with disease
704:, an astringent aqueous solution of
421:which can also be used to treat itch.
3616:
3360:Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
2877:International Journal of Dermatology
2482:10.1001/archderm.1956.01550040012003
2201:
2037:Patel T, Yosipovitch G (July 2010).
1961:
1580:
1578:
1508:International Journal of Dermatology
1501:
1499:
1497:
1452:"Plants used to treat skin diseases"
375:Desensitizes nerves that cause itch
3929:Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
3449:
3415:Hsu DC, Katelaris CH (2009-06-01).
3408:
3386:
3196:The New England Journal of Medicine
3182:
3141:
3087:
2911:
2157:
2023:
1921:The New England Journal of Medicine
1814:"A Diagnostic Approach to Pruritus"
1802:
1750:
1706:
1668:
1358:American Journal of Kidney Diseases
826:safety of using abirritants during
631:Modulates nerve signal transmission
109:urushiol-induced contact dermatitis
24:
3344:
3243:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1987.tb02191.x
3047:
3007:
2812:
2790:10.1111/j.1346-8138.1999.tb02090.x
2692:The British Journal of Dermatology
2676:
2369:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1980.tb04935.x
1981:
1559:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6111-3.00015-x
1549:Yosipovitch G (2009). "Pruritus".
1440:
1386:
1109:
978:
25:
4958:
3623:Journal of Clinical Investigation
3610:
2830:Indian Dermatology Online Journal
2527:(Falcon Distribution, 2008), 212.
2450:from the original on 19 June 2007
2043:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
1886:Freedberg IM, Sanchez MR (2001).
1575:
1542:
1494:
1345:
1057:
895:-induced pruritus significantly.
735:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
691:used to control pruritus in dogs.
381:
186:usually belong to these classes:
4678:
4658:
4657:
3231:Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
2299:10.1097/01206501-199709000-00005
2100:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.02023.x
1645:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2005.00033.x
1604:10.1111/j.1523-1747.2003.12650.x
1520:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04117.x
820:
27:Medications that inhibit itching
4066:Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones
3572:
3533:
3490:
3300:
3265:
3222:
3154:Hormone Research in Paediatrics
2976:
2952:
2924:Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia
2868:
2769:
2720:
2627:
2581:
2530:
2496:
2461:
2436:
2391:
2348:
2313:
2278:
2254:
2122:
2079:
1955:
1912:
1879:
1844:
1585:Yosipovitch G (December 2003).
1333:Butler, David F. (2020-12-11).
1276:were also commonly prescribed.
1018:corticotropin-releasing hormone
918:pruritus, or itch arising from
655:Oral antipruritics are usually
3593:10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.0147
2993:10.1002/14651858.cd002291.pub3
2745:10.1002/14651858.CD011351.pub2
2652:10.1002/14651858.CD013128.pub2
2503:September 2, 2008 FDA Document
2404:Journal of Wilderness Medicine
1326:
1302:
911:μ-opioid receptor antagonists
628:Modulates immune response; and
347:Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors
13:
1:
3818:Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics
3286:10.1016/S0190-9622(99)80048-6
3103:Indian Journal of Dermatology
2525:Wilderness Camping and Hiking
1865:10.1016/S0190-9622(83)70144-1
1296:
1146:Immunosuppressants may cause
1086:μ-Opioid receptor antagonists
4529:Wakefulness-promoting agents
3511:10.1097/brs.0b013e3182760fa0
3466:10.1007/978-3-662-44605-8_18
3434:10.18773/austprescr.2009.035
2055:10.1517/14656566.2010.484420
1964:"Itch (Itching or Pruritus)"
1553:. Elsevier. pp. 75–79.
1153:
945:Traditional Chinese medicine
929:Traditional Chinese medicine
248:in topical creams or lotions
7:
3310:Annals of Internal Medicine
2143:10.1016/j.jaad.2016.02.1237
1726:10.1007/978-1-4419-8056-4_8
1628:"Topical anti-itch therapy"
1279:
1121:inability to achieve orgasm
1022:adrenocorticotropic hormone
115:. It can also be caused by
10:
4963:
4179:Intravenous immunoglobulin
3073:10.1016/j.jaad.2005.01.010
2778:The Journal of Dermatology
2181:10.1016/j.jaad.2015.09.039
2009:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.08.052
1962:Stöppler, Melissa Conrad.
1692:10.1016/j.jaad.2005.04.027
1371:10.1053/j.ajkd.2017.05.018
1165:
643:Butorphanol activates the
527:Reduces itch by mediating
499:itch due to liver diseases
154:
4880:
4826:
4738:
4653:
4609:
4581:
4537:
4346:
4281:
4244:
4192:
4105:
4049:
4009:
3966:
3850:
3786:
3698:
3033:10.1016/j.otc.2010.04.003
2937:10.1007/s12630-013-9989-4
2416:10.1580/0953-9859-2.3.178
1818:American Family Physician
1718:Histamine in Inflammation
1314:www.collinsdictionary.com
642:
614:
374:
103:caused by plants such as
4234:Topoisomerase inhibitors
3918:renin–angiotensin system
3912:Calcium channel blockers
3540:Brevart FB (June 1994).
3116:10.4103/0019-5154.139874
2843:10.4103/2229-5178.142483
1760:Rinaldi G (April 2019).
1469:10.4103/0973-7847.125531
1200:During the 7th century,
987:Systemic corticosteroids
542:Atypical antidepressants
137:
119:and related conditions.
55:) often associated with
2599:(1): 3–4. August 1980.
1031:Topical corticosteroids
922:and atopic dermatitis.
128:evidence-based medicine
81:insect bites and stings
4026:Hormonal contraception
3956:Bile acid sequestrants
3737:Proton-pump inhibitors
3700:gastrointestinal tract
3067:(1): 1–15, quiz 16–8.
2508:July 16, 2010, at the
2334:10.1002/jps.3030390516
2287:Am. J. Contact. Dermat
2266:www.accessdata.fda.gov
2202:Inui, Shigeki (2015).
1178:
1000:
941:
851:Treating itch directly
774:Alternative treatments
769:-based topical creams.
689:janus kinase inhibitor
422:
391:
164:
117:chronic kidney disease
3421:Australian Prescriber
3372:10.3949/ccjm.73.4.351
2039:"Therapy of pruritus"
1933:10.1056/NEJMcp1208814
1686:(1 Suppl 1): S17-25.
1456:Pharmacognosy Reviews
1187:Alexander of Tralleis
1173:
1123:and decreased libido.
1064:histamine H1 receptor
994:
936:
881:compared to placebo.
666:, a centrally-acting
625:Reduces inflammation;
416:
389:
162:
4635:Radiopharmaceuticals
4423:Antiparkinson agents
3458:Pharmacology of Itch
3366:(4): 351–3, 356–61.
3208:10.1056/NEJMra033121
2556:10.2147/CCID.S286411
1890:. Current Medicine.
1632:Dermatologic Therapy
1626:Hercogová J (2005).
1415:10.1155/2017/6026434
1052:HPA axis suppression
1014:HPA axis suppression
706:aluminium triacetate
535:levels in the body.
433:Mechanism of Action
338:Lidocaine/prilocaine
260:Mechanism of Action
178:are often available
4418:Antimigraine agents
4408:Antidementia agents
4311:Anti-inflammatories
4001:Medicated dressings
3941:Antihyperlipidemics
3768:Diabetes medication
2322:J. Am. Pharm. Assoc
2221:10.2147/CCID.S55942
1778:10.5826/dpc.0902a03
1225:monastery of Lorsch
1076:blood–brain barrier
860:
788:Portulaca oleracaea
681:of other prurituses
567:Immunosuppressants
481:Second generation:
426:
312:Second generation:
253:
210:topical cream, see
4271:Immunosuppressants
4141:Antimycobacterials
4097:Antithyroid agents
4081:Mineralocorticoids
3885:Cardiac stimulants
3875:Cardiac glycosides
3867:cardiac therapy /
3763:Anti-obesity drugs
2605:10.1007/bf03317207
2357:Contact Dermatitis
1221:Lorscher Azneibuch
1179:
1142:Immunosuppressants
1001:
973:omega-3 fatty acid
942:
859:
761:Ammonium hydroxide
755:sodium bicarbonate
657:prescription drugs
620:central depressant
471:First generation:
425:
423:
392:
302:First generation:
252:
184:active ingredients
165:
97:contact dermatitis
61:allergic reactions
4934:
4933:
4693:
4692:
4596:Ophthalmologicals
4306:Anabolic steroids
4209:Anticancer agents
4172:Ectoparasiticides
3892:Antihypertensives
3840:Antifibrinolytics
3617:Paus, R. (2006).
3475:978-3-662-44604-1
3167:10.1159/000489125
2964:www.shen-nong.com
2889:10.1111/ijd.14708
2705:10.1111/bjd.16117
2470:AMA Arch Dermatol
2137:(3): 619–625.e6.
1735:978-1-4419-8055-7
1568:978-1-4160-6111-3
1291:Atopic dermatitis
1100:depersonalization
1092:Opioid withdrawal
926:
925:
677:and effective in
668:κ-opioid receptor
653:
652:
646:κ-opioid receptor
492:μ-opioid receptor
417:Gabapentin is an
379:
378:
234:Local anesthetics
77:fungal infections
45:that inhibit the
16:(Redirected from
4954:
4898:Counterirritants
4763:Chlorphenoxamine
4720:
4713:
4706:
4697:
4696:
4682:
4661:
4660:
4645:Senotherapeutics
4499:Neuroprotectives
4494:Mood stabilizers
4393:Anti-ADHD agents
4333:Muscle relaxants
4266:Immunostimulants
4261:Immunomodulators
4093:Thyroid hormones
4031:Fertility agents
3934:Renin inhibitors
3825:Antihemorrhagics
3792:forming organs (
3778:Dietary minerals
3684:
3677:
3670:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3646:
3635:10.1172/JCI28553
3629:(5): 1174–1185.
3605:
3604:
3581:JAMA Dermatology
3576:
3570:
3569:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3436:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3393:
3384:
3383:
3355:
3342:
3341:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3191:
3180:
3179:
3169:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3128:
3118:
3094:
3085:
3084:
3056:
3045:
3044:
3016:
3005:
3004:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2939:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2855:
2845:
2821:
2810:
2809:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2707:
2683:
2674:
2673:
2663:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2568:
2558:
2534:
2528:
2521:
2512:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2241:
2223:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2066:
2034:
2021:
2020:
1992:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1647:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1503:
1492:
1491:
1481:
1471:
1447:
1438:
1437:
1427:
1417:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1306:
1148:immunodeficiency
1072:chlorpheniramine
1010:high blood sugar
861:
858:
702:Burow's solution
589:calcium channels
584:Anticonvulsants
524:Antidepressants
441:Corticosteroids
427:
424:
254:
251:
217:Counterirritants
180:over the counter
83:like those from
21:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4888:Corticosteroids
4876:
4830:for topical use
4822:
4778:Diphenhydramine
4734:
4724:
4694:
4689:
4685:Medicine portal
4649:
4605:
4577:
4572:
4564:Cough medicines
4559:Bronchodilators
4540:
4533:
4413:Antidepressants
4403:Anticonvulsants
4351:
4342:
4338:Bisphosphonates
4328:Corticosteroids
4290:
4277:
4249:
4240:
4224:Spindle poisons
4214:Antimetabolites
4197:
4188:
4110:
4101:
4076:Glucocorticoids
4071:Corticosteroids
4052:
4045:
4012:
4005:
3962:
3880:Antiarrhythmics
3853:
3846:
3803:Antithrombotics
3791:
3782:
3758:Antipropulsives
3754:Antidiarrhoeals
3731:
3702:
3694:
3688:
3613:
3608:
3577:
3573:
3538:
3534:
3495:
3491:
3476:
3454:
3450:
3413:
3409:
3394:
3387:
3356:
3345:
3305:
3301:
3270:
3266:
3227:
3223:
3202:(21): 2203–17.
3192:
3183:
3146:
3142:
3095:
3088:
3057:
3048:
3017:
3008:
2981:
2977:
2968:
2966:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2916:
2912:
2873:
2869:
2822:
2813:
2774:
2770:
2739:(2): CD011351.
2725:
2721:
2684:
2677:
2646:(1): CD013128.
2632:
2628:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2535:
2531:
2522:
2515:
2510:Wayback Machine
2501:
2497:
2466:
2462:
2453:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2428:
2426:
2396:
2392:
2353:
2349:
2318:
2314:
2283:
2279:
2270:
2268:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2200:
2196:
2165:
2158:
2127:
2123:
2084:
2080:
2049:(10): 1673–82.
2035:
2024:
1993:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1960:
1956:
1927:(17): 1625–34.
1917:
1913:
1898:
1884:
1880:
1849:
1845:
1810:
1803:
1758:
1751:
1736:
1714:
1707:
1676:
1669:
1624:
1620:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1547:
1543:
1514:(12): 1385–94.
1504:
1495:
1448:
1441:
1394:
1387:
1350:
1346:
1331:
1327:
1318:
1316:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1282:
1246:salicylic acids
1223:written in the
1168:
1156:
1144:
1112:
1110:Antidepressants
1096:lightheadedness
1088:
1068:diphenhydramine
1060:
1033:
989:
981:
979:Adverse effects
971:cream and oral
931:
879:uremic pruritus
853:
845:corticosteroids
836:
823:
776:
731:iron(III) oxide
723:Calamine lotion
698:
675:uremic pruritus
477:diphenhydramine
463:Antihistamines
404:kidney diseases
384:
308:diphenhydramine
269:Corticosteroids
212:topical steroid
204:Corticosteroids
197:(Benadryl) and
195:diphenhydramine
157:
140:
113:stinging nettle
39:anti-itch drugs
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4960:
4950:
4949:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4895:
4892:hydrocortisone
4884:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4833:
4831:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4818:Tripelennamine
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4758:Chloropyramine
4755:
4749:
4747:
4740:Antihistamines
4736:
4735:
4723:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4700:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4630:Contrast media
4627:
4621:
4619:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4592:
4590:
4583:sensory organs
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4550:
4548:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4428:Antipsychotics
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4398:Antiaddictives
4395:
4390:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4368:
4362:
4360:
4353:nervous system
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4323:Antirheumatics
4320:
4319:
4318:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4257:
4255:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4229:Antineoplastic
4226:
4221:
4216:
4205:
4203:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4162:Antiprotozoals
4157:Antiparasitics
4154:
4149:
4144:
4137:Antibacterials
4133:Antimicrobials
4129:
4127:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4090:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4068:
4062:
4060:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4022:
4020:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3996:Antipsoriatics
3993:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3924:ACE inhibitors
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3863:
3861:
3852:cardiovascular
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3813:Anticoagulants
3810:
3799:
3797:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3714:
3712:
3696:
3695:
3687:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3612:
3611:External links
3609:
3607:
3606:
3571:
3558:10.1086/356835
3552:(2): 314–315.
3532:
3489:
3474:
3448:
3407:
3385:
3343:
3299:
3264:
3221:
3181:
3160:(6): 389–396.
3140:
3086:
3046:
3006:
2975:
2951:
2910:
2883:(4): 412–422.
2867:
2811:
2768:
2719:
2675:
2626:
2580:
2529:
2523:Paul Tawrell,
2513:
2495:
2476:(4): 316–324.
2460:
2435:
2410:(3): 178–182.
2390:
2347:
2312:
2277:
2253:
2194:
2156:
2121:
2078:
2022:
1980:
1954:
1911:
1896:
1878:
1843:
1824:(2): 195–202.
1801:
1749:
1734:
1705:
1667:
1618:
1574:
1567:
1541:
1493:
1439:
1385:
1364:(5): 638–655.
1344:
1325:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1202:Paul of Aegina
1167:
1164:
1155:
1152:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1111:
1108:
1087:
1084:
1059:
1058:Antihistamines
1056:
1032:
1029:
988:
985:
980:
977:
953:gardenia fruit
930:
927:
924:
923:
912:
908:
907:
903:
897:
896:
889:
883:
882:
875:
869:
868:
867:Effectiveness
865:
852:
849:
841:antihistamines
835:
832:
822:
819:
815:antihistamines
775:
772:
771:
770:
764:
758:
751:
720:
714:
709:
697:
694:
693:
692:
682:
651:
650:
641:
635:
634:
633:
632:
629:
626:
623:
613:
607:
606:
605:
604:
599:
592:
585:
581:
580:
579:
578:
571:
568:
564:
563:
562:
561:
548:
536:
525:
521:
520:
519:
518:
513:
508:
501:
495:
488:
487:
486:
485:
479:
473:Chlorphenamine
467:
464:
460:
459:
458:
457:
455:Hydrocortisone
452:
445:
442:
438:
437:
434:
431:
419:anticonvulsant
408:liver diseases
400:hypothyroidism
383:
382:Systemic drugs
380:
377:
376:
373:
367:
366:
365:
364:
359:
352:
349:
343:
342:
341:
340:
335:
328:
325:
319:
318:
317:
316:
310:
304:Chlorphenamine
298:
295:
293:Antihistamines
289:
288:
287:
286:
284:Hydrocortisone
281:
274:
271:
265:
264:
261:
258:
250:
249:
231:
214:
208:hydrocortisone
201:
191:Antihistamines
156:
153:
139:
136:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4959:
4948:
4947:Antipruritics
4945:
4944:
4942:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4916:Difelikefalin
4914:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4857:Oxybuprocaine
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4825:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4732:
4728:
4727:Antipruritics
4721:
4716:
4714:
4709:
4707:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4686:
4681:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4656:
4655:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4613:
4608:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4574:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4554:Decongestants
4552:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4473:Dissociatives
4471:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4463:Hallucinogens
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4247:
4243:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4167:Anthelmintics
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:genitourinary
4008:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3991:Antipruritics
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3907:Beta blockers
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3808:Antiplatelets
3806:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3685:
3680:
3678:
3673:
3671:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3614:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3390:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3091:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3027:(4): 753–68.
3026:
3022:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2930:(9): 907–17.
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2836:(4): 416–25.
2835:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2784:(11): 770–9.
2783:
2779:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2680:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2161:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2094:(5): 606–19.
2093:
2089:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1897:1-57340-172-2
1893:
1889:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1859:(3): 375–82.
1858:
1854:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1806:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1754:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1672:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1597:(6): xiv–xv.
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1579:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1462:(15): 52–60.
1461:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1444:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:carbolic acid
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1185:period, when
1184:
1176:
1172:
1163:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1040:stretch marks
1036:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
998:
993:
984:
976:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
949:chrysanthemum
946:
939:
935:
921:
917:
913:
910:
909:
904:
902:
899:
898:
894:
890:
888:
885:
884:
880:
876:
874:
871:
870:
866:
863:
862:
857:
848:
846:
842:
831:
829:
821:Effectiveness
818:
816:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
752:
749:
745:
741:
736:
732:
728:
725:, containing
724:
721:
718:
715:
713:
710:
707:
703:
700:
699:
690:
686:
683:
680:
679:animal models
676:
673:approved for
672:
669:
665:
662:
661:
660:
658:
648:
647:
640:
637:
636:
630:
627:
624:
621:
617:
616:
612:
609:
608:
603:
600:
598:
595:
594:
593:
590:
586:
583:
582:
577:
574:
573:
572:
569:
566:
565:
560:
556:
552:
549:
547:
543:
540:
539:
537:
534:
530:
526:
523:
522:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
502:
500:
496:
493:
490:
489:
484:
480:
478:
474:
470:
469:
468:
465:
462:
461:
456:
453:
451:
450:Betamethasone
448:
447:
446:
443:
440:
439:
435:
432:
429:
428:
420:
415:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
388:
372:
369:
368:
363:
360:
358:
355:
354:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
339:
336:
334:
331:
330:
329:
326:
324:
321:
320:
315:
311:
309:
305:
301:
300:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
285:
282:
280:
279:Betamethasone
277:
276:
275:
272:
270:
267:
266:
262:
259:
256:
255:
247:
243:
239:
235:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
215:
213:
209:
205:
202:
200:
196:
192:
189:
188:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
161:
152:
150:
146:
135:
133:
129:
125:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
53:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:Antipruritics
19:
18:Antipruritics
4867:Quinisocaine
4813:Tolpropamine
4808:Thonzylamine
4798:Promethazine
4783:Isothipendyl
4726:
4468:Psychedelics
4438:Aphrodisiacs
4112:infestations
4088:Sex hormones
4041:Sex hormones
3990:
3986:Cicatrizants
3916:
3902:Vasodilators
3869:antianginals
3866:
3718:stomach acid
3717:
3626:
3622:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3505:(8): 692–5.
3502:
3498:
3492:
3457:
3451:
3427:(3): 68–71.
3424:
3420:
3410:
3401:
3363:
3359:
3316:(3): 161–7.
3313:
3309:
3302:
3280:(4): 533–9.
3277:
3273:
3267:
3237:(3): 233–9.
3234:
3230:
3224:
3199:
3195:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3109:(5): 460–4.
3106:
3102:
3064:
3060:
3024:
3020:
2984:
2978:
2967:. Retrieved
2963:
2954:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2833:
2829:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2698:(1): 34–60.
2695:
2691:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2596:
2592:
2583:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2524:
2498:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2452:. Retrieved
2438:
2427:. Retrieved
2407:
2403:
2393:
2363:(4): 287–8.
2360:
2356:
2350:
2328:(5): 294–6.
2325:
2321:
2315:
2293:(3): 150–3.
2290:
2286:
2280:
2269:. Retrieved
2265:
2256:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2175:(2): 363–9.
2172:
2168:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2046:
2042:
2003:(4): 680–8.
2000:
1996:
1971:. Retrieved
1967:
1957:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1887:
1881:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1821:
1817:
1772:(2): 90–97.
1769:
1765:
1717:
1683:
1679:
1638:(4): 341–3.
1635:
1631:
1621:
1594:
1590:
1550:
1544:
1511:
1507:
1459:
1455:
1405:
1401:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1328:
1317:. Retrieved
1313:
1304:
1243:
1233:
1229:nettle seeds
1220:
1218:
1214:pharmacopeia
1199:
1180:
1160:chili pepper
1157:
1145:
1113:
1089:
1061:
1048:
1037:
1034:
1026:
1002:
982:
943:
854:
837:
824:
811:cannabinoids
808:
804:Ficus carica
803:
796:Saraca asoca
795:
787:
777:
748:poison sumac
654:
644:
494:antagonists
483:Fexofenadine
393:
314:Fexofenadine
166:
141:
121:
50:
38:
34:
30:
29:
4926:Nalfurafine
4842:Cinchocaine
4828:Anesthetics
4803:Thenalidine
4793:Pheniramine
4773:Dimetindene
4601:Otologicals
4573:antagonists
4539:respiratory
4514:Orexigenics
4509:Neurotoxins
4458:Euphoriants
4448:Entactogens
4443:Depressants
4433:Anxiolytics
4371:Anesthetics
4147:Antifungals
3744:Antiemetics
3732:antagonists
2549:: 927–942.
1968:MedicineNet
1408:: 6026434.
1204:, a famous
965:moxibustion
961:acupuncture
916:cholestatic
901:Thalidomide
887:Butorphanol
864:Medication
685:Oclacitinib
664:Nalfurafine
639:Butorphanol
611:Thalidomide
576:Cyclosporin
546:mirtazapine
430:Medication
362:Crisaborole
357:Roflumilast
323:Anesthetics
257:Medication
199:hydroxyzine
43:medications
35:abirritants
4872:Tetracaine
4862:Pramocaine
4837:Benzocaine
4788:Mepyramine
4768:Clemastine
4524:Stimulants
4504:Nootropics
4478:Deliriants
4453:Entheogens
4388:Anorectics
4366:Analgesics
4219:Alkylating
4152:Antivirals
4107:infections
3981:Emollients
3835:Coagulants
3705:metabolism
3587:(5): 536.
2969:2021-03-25
2454:2007-07-19
2429:2008-01-16
2271:2022-07-28
2214:: 249–55.
1319:2021-03-25
1297:References
1080:cetirizine
873:Gabapentin
744:poison oak
740:poison ivy
727:zinc oxide
618:Acts as a
602:Pregabalin
597:Gabapentin
591:in nerves
559:sertraline
555:fluoxetine
511:Naltrexone
246:benzocaine
219:, such as
105:poison ivy
85:mosquitoes
73:chickenpox
4852:Lidocaine
4847:Dibucaine
4674:ATC codes
4640:Dressings
4625:Antidotes
4489:Sedatives
4485:Hypnotics
4194:malignant
4051:endocrine
3897:Diuretics
3830:Platelets
3790:and blood
3749:Laxatives
3566:0021-1753
3527:205518726
3443:0312-8008
2905:208335862
2621:198228678
2613:0156-2703
2230:1178-7015
1830:0002-838X
1183:Byzantine
1154:Capsaicin
1006:moon face
997:moon face
957:mung bean
938:Dictamnus
920:urticaria
828:pregnancy
753:Paste of
717:Jewelweed
712:Olive oil
533:histamine
529:serotonin
516:Nalmefene
436:Examples
371:Capsaicin
333:Pramoxine
263:Examples
242:pramoxine
238:lidocaine
101:urticaria
69:psoriasis
4941:Category
4902:mint oil
4753:Bamipine
4519:Serenics
4184:Vaccines
3951:Fibrates
3773:Vitamins
3723:Antacids
3653:16670758
3601:29801071
3519:23026871
3484:25861788
3380:16610395
3338:36396897
3294:10495371
3259:25620439
3216:15548781
3176:29898449
3135:25284850
3081:16384751
3041:20599080
3001:15846635
2946:23813290
2897:31777066
2862:25396122
2806:20259978
2798:10635621
2763:26891962
2714:29357600
2670:31981369
2593:InPharma
2575:33335413
2506:Archived
2490:13301048
2448:Archived
2424:57162394
2385:46551170
2342:15421925
2248:26005355
2189:26577510
2151:27206757
2116:34610971
2108:17447974
2073:20426711
2017:20462660
1941:23614588
1906:45129566
1838:21766769
1796:31106010
1744:21618889
1700:15968260
1662:31573591
1654:16297007
1613:14675224
1536:28909284
1528:20415680
1488:24600196
1434:28713436
1380:28720208
1339:Medscape
1280:See also
1250:naphthol
893:morphine
780:cannabis
506:Naloxone
396:diabetes
236:such as
221:mint oil
206:such as
193:such as
149:systemic
57:sunburns
52:pruritus
49:(Latin:
4921:Doxepin
4910:camphor
4906:menthol
4900:(e.g.,
4890:(e.g.,
4744:topical
4376:General
4283:muscles
4252:L03–L04
4248:disease
4200:L01–L02
4196:disease
3946:Statins
3644:1451220
3330:7598296
3251:3680580
3126:4171913
2853:4228634
2754:8665832
2661:6984650
2566:7736837
2377:6447037
2307:9249283
2239:4433050
2064:2885583
1949:1912215
1873:6630598
1787:6502296
1479:3931201
1425:5497608
1286:Itching
1270:Alcohol
1266:menthol
1239:scabies
1235:Mercury
1166:History
1104:anxiety
969:Sericin
813:and H4
798:), and
784:pigweed
671:agonist
229:camphor
225:menthol
168:Topical
155:Topical
145:topical
132:culture
47:itching
4881:Others
4683:
4662:
4610:other
4541:system
4293:joints
4246:immune
4053:system
4013:system
3854:system
3651:
3641:
3599:
3564:
3525:
3517:
3482:
3472:
3441:
3378:
3336:
3328:
3292:
3257:
3249:
3214:
3174:
3133:
3123:
3079:
3039:
2999:
2944:
2903:
2895:
2860:
2850:
2804:
2796:
2761:
2751:
2712:
2668:
2658:
2619:
2611:
2573:
2563:
2488:
2422:
2383:
2375:
2340:
2305:
2246:
2236:
2228:
2187:
2149:
2114:
2106:
2071:
2061:
2015:
1973:3 June
1947:
1939:
1904:
1894:
1871:
1836:
1828:
1794:
1784:
1742:
1732:
1698:
1660:
1652:
1611:
1565:
1534:
1526:
1486:
1476:
1432:
1422:
1378:
1264:, and
1262:thymol
1210:squill
1175:Squill
792:ashoka
767:Papain
746:, and
182:. The
176:sprays
172:creams
95:, and
91:, and
65:eczema
41:, are
4664:Drugs
4381:Local
4348:brain
4287:bones
3788:blood
3523:S2CID
3499:Spine
3334:S2CID
3255:S2CID
2901:S2CID
2802:S2CID
2617:S2CID
2420:S2CID
2381:S2CID
2112:S2CID
1945:S2CID
1658:S2CID
1532:S2CID
1274:opium
1206:Greek
244:, or
227:, or
138:Types
111:) or
93:mites
89:fleas
37:, or
4742:for
4291:and
3968:skin
3649:PMID
3597:PMID
3562:ISSN
3546:Isis
3515:PMID
3480:PMID
3470:ISBN
3439:ISSN
3376:PMID
3326:PMID
3290:PMID
3247:PMID
3212:PMID
3172:PMID
3131:PMID
3077:PMID
3037:PMID
2997:PMID
2942:PMID
2893:PMID
2858:PMID
2794:PMID
2759:PMID
2737:2016
2710:PMID
2666:PMID
2609:ISSN
2571:PMID
2486:PMID
2373:PMID
2338:PMID
2303:PMID
2244:PMID
2226:ISSN
2185:PMID
2147:PMID
2104:PMID
2069:PMID
2013:PMID
1975:2019
1937:PMID
1902:OCLC
1892:ISBN
1869:PMID
1834:PMID
1826:ISSN
1792:PMID
1740:PMID
1730:ISBN
1696:PMID
1650:PMID
1609:PMID
1563:ISBN
1524:PMID
1484:PMID
1430:PMID
1406:2017
1376:PMID
1272:and
1219:The
1195:alum
1193:and
1102:and
1070:and
1020:and
963:and
843:and
729:and
687:, a
557:and
531:and
475:and
406:and
306:and
174:and
147:and
124:itch
99:and
4746:use
4731:D04
4612:ATC
4350:and
4109:and
3639:PMC
3631:doi
3627:116
3589:doi
3585:154
3554:doi
3507:doi
3462:doi
3429:doi
3402:FDA
3368:doi
3318:doi
3314:123
3282:doi
3239:doi
3204:doi
3200:351
3162:doi
3121:PMC
3111:doi
3069:doi
3029:doi
2989:doi
2932:doi
2885:doi
2848:PMC
2838:doi
2786:doi
2749:PMC
2741:doi
2700:doi
2696:178
2656:PMC
2648:doi
2601:doi
2597:251
2561:PMC
2551:doi
2478:doi
2412:doi
2365:doi
2330:doi
2295:doi
2234:PMC
2216:doi
2177:doi
2139:doi
2096:doi
2059:PMC
2051:doi
2005:doi
1929:doi
1925:368
1861:doi
1782:PMC
1774:doi
1722:doi
1688:doi
1640:doi
1599:doi
1595:121
1555:doi
1516:doi
1474:PMC
1464:doi
1420:PMC
1410:doi
1366:doi
1254:tar
1191:rue
1008:),
955:or
806:).
800:fig
790:),
4943::
4908:,
4904:,
4487:/
4285:,
4135::
4124:QI
4122:,
4118:,
4095:/
3756:/
3703:/
3647:.
3637:.
3625:.
3621:.
3595:.
3583:.
3560:.
3550:85
3548:.
3544:.
3521:.
3513:.
3503:38
3501:.
3478:.
3468:.
3437:.
3425:32
3423:.
3419:.
3400:.
3388:^
3374:.
3364:73
3362:.
3346:^
3332:.
3324:.
3312:.
3288:.
3278:41
3276:.
3253:.
3245:.
3235:27
3233:.
3210:.
3198:.
3184:^
3170:.
3158:89
3156:.
3152:.
3129:.
3119:.
3107:59
3105:.
3101:.
3089:^
3075:.
3065:54
3063:.
3049:^
3035:.
3025:43
3023:.
3009:^
2995:.
2962:.
2940:.
2928:60
2926:.
2922:.
2899:.
2891:.
2881:59
2879:.
2856:.
2846:.
2832:.
2828:.
2814:^
2800:.
2792:.
2782:26
2780:.
2757:.
2747:.
2735:.
2731:.
2708:.
2694:.
2690:.
2678:^
2664:.
2654:.
2642:.
2638:.
2615:.
2607:.
2595:.
2591:.
2569:.
2559:.
2547:13
2545:.
2541:.
2516:^
2484:.
2474:73
2472:.
2446:.
2418:.
2406:.
2402:.
2379:.
2371:.
2359:.
2336:.
2326:39
2324:.
2301:.
2289:.
2264:.
2242:.
2232:.
2224:.
2210:.
2206:.
2183:.
2173:74
2171:.
2159:^
2145:.
2135:75
2133:.
2110:.
2102:.
2092:21
2090:.
2067:.
2057:.
2047:11
2045:.
2041:.
2025:^
2011:.
2001:63
1999:.
1983:^
1966:.
1943:.
1935:.
1923:.
1900:.
1867:.
1855:.
1832:.
1822:84
1820:.
1816:.
1804:^
1790:.
1780:.
1768:.
1764:.
1752:^
1738:.
1728:.
1708:^
1694:.
1684:53
1682:.
1670:^
1656:.
1648:.
1636:18
1634:.
1630:.
1607:.
1593:.
1589:.
1577:^
1561:.
1530:.
1522:.
1512:48
1510:.
1496:^
1482:.
1472:.
1458:.
1454:.
1442:^
1428:.
1418:.
1404:.
1400:.
1388:^
1374:.
1362:70
1360:.
1356:.
1337:.
1312:.
1260:,
1256:,
1252:,
1248:,
1231:.
1216:.
1106:.
1098:,
1046:.
951:,
830:.
817:.
782:,
742:,
402:,
398:,
240:,
223:,
134:.
87:,
79:,
75:,
71:,
67:,
63:,
59:,
33:,
4912:)
4894:)
4733:)
4729:(
4719:e
4712:t
4705:v
4618:)
4616:V
4614:(
4589:)
4587:S
4585:(
4571:1
4569:H
4547:)
4545:R
4543:(
4359:)
4357:N
4355:(
4299:)
4297:M
4295:(
4289:,
4254:)
4250:(
4202:)
4198:(
4143:)
4139:(
4126:)
4120:P
4116:J
4114:(
4059:)
4057:H
4055:(
4019:)
4017:G
4015:(
3974:)
3972:D
3970:(
3860:)
3858:C
3856:(
3796:)
3794:B
3730:2
3728:H
3711:)
3709:A
3707:(
3683:e
3676:t
3669:v
3655:.
3633::
3603:.
3591::
3568:.
3556::
3529:.
3509::
3486:.
3464::
3445:.
3431::
3404:.
3382:.
3370::
3340:.
3320::
3296:.
3284::
3261:.
3241::
3218:.
3206::
3178:.
3164::
3137:.
3113::
3083:.
3071::
3043:.
3031::
3003:.
2991::
2972:.
2948:.
2934::
2907:.
2887::
2864:.
2840::
2834:5
2808:.
2788::
2765:.
2743::
2716:.
2702::
2672:.
2650::
2644:1
2623:.
2603::
2577:.
2553::
2492:.
2480::
2457:.
2432:.
2414::
2408:2
2387:.
2367::
2361:6
2344:.
2332::
2309:.
2297::
2291:8
2274:.
2250:.
2218::
2212:8
2191:.
2179::
2153:.
2141::
2118:.
2098::
2075:.
2053::
2019:.
2007::
1977:.
1951:.
1931::
1908:.
1875:.
1863::
1857:9
1840:.
1798:.
1776::
1770:9
1746:.
1724::
1702:.
1690::
1664:.
1642::
1615:.
1601::
1571:.
1557::
1538:.
1518::
1490:.
1466::
1460:8
1436:.
1412::
1382:.
1368::
1341:.
1322:.
1004:(
999:.
802:(
794:(
786:(
750:.
622:;
107:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_02.jpg)