913:(Rapivab). Influenza antiviral resistance often results from changes occurring in neuraminidase and hemagglutinin proteins on the viral surface. Currently, neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are the most frequently prescribed antivirals because they are effective against both influenza A and B. However, antiviral resistance is known to develop if mutations to the neuraminidase proteins prevent NAI binding. This was seen in the H257Y mutation, which was responsible for oseltamivir resistance to H1N1 strains in 2009. The inability of NA inhibitors to bind to the virus allowed this strain of virus with the resistance mutation to spread due to natural selection. Furthermore, a study published in 2009 in
36:
938:
less than 30 kb, which allow them to sustain a high frequency of mutations. DNA viruses, such as HPV and herpesvirus, hijack host cell replication machinery, which gives them proofreading capabilities during replication. DNA viruses are therefore less error prone, are generally less diverse, and are more slowly evolving than RNA viruses. In both cases, the likelihood of mutations is exacerbated by the speed with which viruses reproduce, which provides more opportunities for mutations to occur in successive replications. Billions of viruses are produced every day during the course of an infection, with each replication giving another chance for mutations that encode for resistance to occur.
980:
viral life cycle. This is frequently used in retroviruses like HIV, but a number of studies have demonstrated its effectiveness against influenza A, as well. Viruses can also be screened for resistance to drugs before treatment is started. This minimizes exposure to unnecessary antivirals and ensures that an effective medication is being used. This may improve patient outcomes and could help detect new resistance mutations during routine scanning for known mutants. However, this has not been consistently implemented in treatment facilities at this time.
5144:
5165:
340:" strategies for developing antivirals have tried to attack viruses at every stage of their life cycles. Some species of mushrooms have been found to contain multiple antiviral chemicals with similar synergistic effects. Compounds isolated from fruiting bodies and filtrates of various mushrooms have broad-spectrum antiviral activities, but successful production and availability of such compounds as frontline antiviral is a long way away.
182:
1174:
284:
should also be common across many strains of a virus, or even among different species of virus in the same family, so a single drug will have broad effectiveness. For example, a researcher might target a critical enzyme synthesized by the virus, but not by the patient, that is common across strains, and see what can be done to interfere with its operation.
433:, or the brand name Fuzeonâhas received FDA approval and has been in use for some time. Potentially, one of the benefits from the use of an effective entry-blocking or entry-inhibiting agent is that it potentially may not only prevent the spread of the virus within an infected individual but also the spread from an infected to an uninfected individual.
1116:(LHDs) with access to antivirals, guidelines may be unclear, causing delays in treatment. With time-sensitive therapies, delays could lead to lack of treatment. Overall, national guidelines, regarding infection control and management, standardize care and improve healthcare worker and patient safety. Guidelines, such as those provided by the
862:, protein molecules that can bind to a pathogen and mark it for attack by other elements of the immune system. Once researchers identify a particular target on the pathogen, they can synthesize quantities of identical "monoclonal" antibodies to link up that target. A monoclonal drug is now being sold to help fight
417:, when the virus attaches to and enters the host cell. A number of "entry-inhibiting" or "entry-blocking" drugs are being developed to fight HIV. HIV most heavily targets a specific type of lymphocyte known as "helper T cells", and identifies these target cells through T-cell surface receptors designated "
979:
The most commonly used method for treating resistant viruses is combination therapy, which uses multiple antivirals in one treatment regimen. This is thought to decrease the likelihood that one mutation could cause antiviral resistance, as the antivirals in the cocktail target different stages of the
975:
If a virus is not fully wiped out during a regimen of antivirals, treatment creates a bottleneck in the viral population that selects for resistance, and there is a chance that a resistant strain may repopulate the host. Viral treatment mechanisms must therefore account for the selection of resistant
928:
The genetic makeup of viruses is constantly changing, which can cause a virus to become resistant to currently available treatments. Viruses can become resistant through spontaneous or intermittent mechanisms throughout the course of an antiviral treatment. Immunocompromised patients, more often than
897:
viruses (depending on the vaccination). Comprehensive protection starts by ensuring vaccinations are current and complete. However, vaccines are preventative and are not generally used once a patient has been infected with a virus. Additionally, the availability of these vaccines can be limited based
436:
One possible advantage of the therapeutic approach of blocking viral entry (as opposed to the currently dominant approach of viral enzyme inhibition) is that it may prove more difficult for the virus to develop resistance to this therapy than for the virus to mutate or evolve its enzymatic protocols.
937:
The mechanisms for antiviral resistance development depend on the type of virus in question. RNA viruses such as hepatitis C and influenza A have high error rates during genome replication because RNA polymerases lack proofreading activity. RNA viruses also have small genome sizes that are typically
877:
can be defined by a decreased susceptibility to a drug caused by changes in viral genotypes. In cases of antiviral resistance, drugs have either diminished or no effectiveness against their target virus. The issue inevitably remains a major obstacle to antiviral therapy as it has developed to almost
687:
has been suggested, and ribozyme antivirals are being developed to deal with HIV. An interesting variation of this idea is the use of genetically modified cells that can produce custom-tailored ribozymes. This is part of a broader effort to create genetically modified cells that can be injected into
510:
can cause them too. Rhinoviruses also exacerbate asthma attacks. Although rhinoviruses come in many varieties, they do not drift to the same degree that influenza viruses do. A mixture of 50 inactivated rhinovirus types should be able to stimulate neutralizing antibodies against all of them to some
156:
drug discovery methods. Researchers grew cultures of cells and infected them with the target virus. They then introduced into the cultures chemicals which they thought might inhibit viral activity and observed whether the level of virus in the cultures rose or fell. Chemicals that seemed to have an
1161:
prepare for shortages of antiviral medications in cases of public health emergencies. During the H1N1 pandemic in 2009â2010, guidelines for SNS use by local health departments was unclear, revealing gaps in antiviral planning. For example, local health departments that received antivirals from the
919:
emphasized the urgent need for augmentation of oseltamivir stockpiles with additional antiviral drugs including zanamivir. This finding was based on a performance evaluation of these drugs supposing the 2009 H1N1 'Swine Flu' neuraminidase (NA) were to acquire the oseltamivir-resistance (His274Tyr)
428:
HIV infects a cell through fusion with the cell membrane, which requires two different cellular molecular participants, CD4 and a chemokine receptor (differing depending on the cell type). Approaches to blocking this virus/cell fusion have shown some promise in preventing entry of the virus into a
140:
The emergence of antivirals is the product of a greatly expanded knowledge of the genetic and molecular function of organisms, allowing biomedical researchers to understand the structure and function of viruses, major advances in the techniques for finding new drugs, and the pressure placed on the
283:
The general idea behind modern antiviral drug design is to identify viral proteins, or parts of proteins, that can be disabled. These "targets" should generally be as unlike any proteins or parts of proteins in humans as possible, to reduce the likelihood of side effects and toxicity. The targets
3751:
Yoshida, Eric M.; Sulkowski, Mark S.; Gane, Edward J.; Herring, Robert W.; Ratziu, Vlad; Ding, Xiao; Wang, Jing; Chuang, ShuâMin; Ma, Julie; McNally, John; Stamm, Luisa M.; Brainard, Diana M.; Symonds, William T.; McHutchison, John G.; Beavers, Kimberly L.; Jacobson, Ira M.; Reddy, K. Rajender;
1111:
Guidelines regarding viral diagnoses and treatments change frequently and limit quality care. Even when physicians diagnose older patients with influenza, use of antiviral treatment can be low. Provider knowledge of antiviral therapies can improve patient care, especially in geriatric medicine.
620:
Genomics has not only helped find targets for many antivirals, it has provided the basis for an entirely new type of drug, based on "antisense" molecules. These are segments of DNA or RNA that are designed as complementary molecule to critical sections of viral genomes, and the binding of these
3828:
van der Meer, Adriaan J.; Veldt, Bart J.; Feld, Jordan J.; Wedemeyer, Heiner; Dufour, Jean-François; Lammert, Frank; Duarte-Rojo, Andres; Heathcote, E. Jenny; Manns, Michael P.; Kuske, Lorenz; Zeuzem, Stefan; Hofmann, W. Peter; de Knegt, Robert J.; Hansen, Bettina E.; Janssen, Harry L. A. (26
966:
further recommends in-depth epidemiological investigations to control potential transmission of the resistant virus and prevent future progression. As novel treatments and detection techniques to antiviral resistance are enhanced so can the establishment of strategies to combat the inevitable
488:
Some scientists are making the case that a vaccine against rhinoviruses, the predominant cause of the common cold, is achievable. Vaccines that combine dozens of varieties of rhinovirus at once are effective in stimulating antiviral antibodies in mice and monkeys, researchers reported in
372:" molecule on the surface of the host cell and ending with the virus "uncoating" inside the cell and releasing its contents. Viruses that have a lipid envelope must also fuse their envelope with the target cell, or with a vesicle that transports them into the cell before they can uncoat.
847:
Rather than attacking viruses directly, a second category of tactics for fighting viruses involves encouraging the body's immune system to attack them. Some antivirals of this sort do not focus on a specific pathogen, instead stimulating the immune system to attack a range of pathogens.
136:
Viruses use the host's cells to replicate and this makes it difficult to find targets for the drug that would interfere with the virus without also harming the host organism's cells. Moreover, the major difficulty in developing vaccines and antiviral drugs is due to viral variation.
712:" to attack HIV at that phase of its life cycle. Protease inhibitors became available in the 1990s and have proven effective, though they can have unusual side effects, for example causing fat to build up in unusual places. Improved protease inhibitors are now in development.
855:, which inhibit viral synthesis in infected cells. One form of human interferon named "interferon alpha" is well-established as part of the standard treatment for hepatitis B and C, and other interferons are also being investigated as treatments for various diseases.
793:
selectively in virus-infected mammalian cells, while leaving uninfected cells unharmed. DRACO effects cell death via one of the last steps in the apoptosis pathway in which complexes containing intracellular apoptosis signalling molecules simultaneously bind multiple
945:, results in immense variation in any given sample of virus, and gives the opportunity for natural selection to favor viral strains with the highest fitness every time the virus is spread to a new host. Recombination, the joining of two different viral variants, and
961:
National and international surveillance is performed by the CDC to determine effectiveness of the current FDA-approved antiviral flu drugs. Public health officials use this information to make current recommendations about the use of flu antiviral medications.
1062:
remains undetectable 12â24 weeks after treatment ends. Whether through DAAs or older interferon-based regimens, SVR is associated with improved health outcomes and significantly decreased mortality. For those who already have advanced liver disease (including
680:, which are enzymes that will cut apart viral RNA or DNA at selected sites. In their natural course, ribozymes are used as part of the viral manufacturing sequence, but these synthetic ribozymes are designed to cut RNA and DNA at sites that will disable them.
425:". Attempts to interfere with the binding of HIV with the CD4 receptor have failed to stop HIV from infecting helper T cells, but research continues on trying to interfere with the binding of HIV to the CCR5 receptor in hopes that it will be more effective.
2609:
Suzuki H, Okubo A, Yamazaki S, Suzuki K, Mitsuya H, Toda S (1989). "Inhibition of the infectivity and cytopathic effect of human immunodeficiency virus by water-soluble lignin in an extract of the culture medium of
Lentinus edodes mycelia (LEM)".
565:, has been approved to treat hepatitis B, which uses reverse transcriptase as part of its replication process. Researchers have gone further and developed inhibitors that do not look like nucleosides, but can still block reverse transcriptase.
933:
are at the highest risk of developing oseltamivir resistance during treatment. Subsequent to exposure to someone else with the flu, those who received oseltamivir for "post-exposure prophylaxis" are also at higher risk of resistance.
1612:
Wu, Gaochan; Zhao, Tong; Kang, Dongwei; Zhang, Jian; Song, Yuning; Namasivayam, Vigneshwaran; Kongsted, Jacob; Pannecouque, Christophe; De Clercq, Erik; Poongavanam, Vasanthanathan; Liu, Xinyong; Zhan, Peng (14 November 2019).
3855:
Backus, Lisa I.; Belperio, Pamela S.; Shahoumian, Troy A.; Mole, Larry A. (February 2019). "Impact of
Sustained Virologic Response with DirectâActing Antiviral Treatment on Mortality in Patients with Advanced Liver Disease".
952:
Antiviral resistance has been reported in antivirals for herpes, HIV, hepatitis B and C, and influenza, but antiviral resistance is a possibility for all viruses. Mechanisms of antiviral resistance vary between virus types.
398:
This strategy of designing drugs can be very expensive, and since the process of generating anti-idiotypic antibodies is partly trial and error, it can be a relatively slow process until an adequate molecule is produced.
5649:
302:
or other kinds of cells. The cells are then cultured for mass production of the protein, which can then be exposed to various treatment candidates and evaluated with "rapid screening" technologies.
160:
This was a very time-consuming, hit-or-miss procedure, and in the absence of a good knowledge of how the target virus worked, it was not efficient in discovering effective antivirals which had few
333:
layer (sometimes called an 'envelope'). Viruses cannot reproduce on their own and instead propagate by subjugating a host cell to produce copies of themselves, thus producing the next generation.
3969:
Lindegren, Mary Louise; Griffin, Marie R.; Williams, John V.; Edwards, Kathryn M.; Zhu, Yuwei; Mitchel, Ed; Fry, Alicia M.; Schaffner, William; Talbot, H. Keipp; Pyrc, Krzysztof (25 March 2015).
1070:
Despite its historical roots in hepatitis C research, the term "direct-acting antivirals" is becoming more broadly used to also include other anti-viral drugs with a direct viral target such as
1162:
SNS did not have transparent guidance on the use of the treatments. The gap made it difficult to create plans and policies for their use and future availabilities, causing delays in treatment.
368:
One antiviral strategy is to interfere with the ability of a virus to infiltrate a target cell. The virus must go through a sequence of steps to do this, beginning with binding to a specific "
287:
Once targets are identified, candidate drugs can be selected, either from drugs already known to have appropriate effects or by actually designing the candidate at the molecular level with a
6682:
5623:
3128:
Nijhuis, M; van
Maarseveen, NM; Boucher, CA (2009). "Antiviral Resistance and Impact on Viral Replication Capacity: Evolution of Viruses Under Antiviral Pressure Occurs in Three Phases".
6645:
5541:
3085:
Soundararajan, V; Tharakaraman, K; Raman, R; Raguram, S; Shriver, Z; Sasisekharan, V; Sasisekharan, R (June 2009). "Extrapolating from sequence--the 2009 H1N1 'swine' influenza virus".
1012:) of hepatitis C virus that are causing the infection. Both during and at the end of treatment, blood tests are used to monitor the effectiveness of the treatment and subsequent cure.
821:
The final stage in the life cycle of a virus is the release of completed viruses from the host cell, and this step has also been targeted by antiviral drug developers. Two drugs named
3787:"Long-Term Treatment Outcomes of Patients Infected With Hepatitis C Virus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Survival Benefit of Achieving a Sustained Virological Response"
1149:
initiatives are managed by the CDC via the Office of Public Health
Preparedness and Response. Funds aim to support communities in preparing for public health emergencies, including
708:
that cuts viral protein chains apart so they can be assembled into their final configuration. HIV includes a protease, and so considerable research has been performed to find "
941:
Multiple strains of one virus can be present in the body at one time, and some of these strains may contain mutations that cause antiviral resistance. This effect, called the
3883:
Kleandrova VV, Scotti MT, Speck-Planche A (2021). "Indirect-Acting Pan-Antivirals vs. Respiratory
Viruses: A Fresh Perspective on Computational Multi-Target Drug Discovery".
5643:
168:
of viruses began to be unraveled, did researchers begin to learn how viruses worked in detail, and exactly what chemicals were needed to thwart their reproductive cycle.
5833:
1850:
Pradeep, Prabin; Manju, Vidya; Ahsan, Mohammad Feraz (2019), Agrawal, Dinesh
Chandra; Dhanasekaran, Muralikrishnan (eds.), "Antiviral Potency of Mushroom Constituents",
4080:
5838:
7585:
5784:
1158:
1574:
543:, but deactivate the enzymes that synthesize the RNA or DNA once the analogue is incorporated. This approach is more commonly associated with the inhibition of
5256:
1400:
Schnitzler, P; Schön, K; Reichling, J (2001). "Antiviral activity of
Australian tea tree oil and eucalyptus oil against herpes simplex virus in cell culture".
1198:
93:, which are not medication but deactivate or destroy virus particles, either inside or outside the body. Natural virucides are produced by some plants such as
8469:
6223:
5096:
4176:
5420:
4032:
3169:
2147:
Deas, T. S.; Binduga-Gajewska, I.; Tilgner, M.; Ren, P.; Stein, D. A.; Moulton, H. M.; Iversen, P. L.; Kauffman, E. B.; Kramer, L. D.; Shi, P. -Y. (2005).
2112:
Stein DA, Skilling DE, Iversen PL, Smith AW (2001). "Inhibition of
Vesivirus infections in mammalian tissue culture with antisense morpholino oligomers".
2570:"The inhibitory properties and primary structure of a novel serine proteinase inhibitor from the fruiting body of the basidiomycete, Lentinus edodes"
1132:
guidelines for exposed persons. Roles of pharmacists and pharmacies have also expanded to meet the needs of public during public health emergencies.
4144:
5790:
1008:(indirect acting). The DAA drugs against hepatitis C are taken orally, as tablets, for 8 to 12 weeks. The treatment depends on the type or types (
469:, by blocking a pocket on the surface of the virus that controls the uncoating process. This pocket is similar in most strains of rhinoviruses and
3831:"Association Between Sustained Virological Response and All-Cause Mortality Among Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C and Advanced Hepatic Fibrosis"
3694:
5848:
5768:
5153:
561:
An improved knowledge of the action of reverse transcriptase has led to better nucleoside analogues to treat HIV infections. One of these drugs,
8907:
5853:
6972:
5801:
5202:
1113:
3754:"Concordance of sustained virological response 4, 12, and 24 weeks postâtreatment with sofosbuvirâcontaining regimens for hepatitis C virus"
8461:
7578:
5823:
5807:
1228:
7113:
6176:
6171:
4166:
7036:
5818:
4947:
1573:
Bryan-Marrugo, O. L.; Ramos-JimĂ©nez, J.; Barrera-Saldaña, H.; Rojas-MartĂnez, A.; Vidaltamayo, R.; Rivas-Estilla, A. M. (1 July 2015).
1117:
1094:). In this context it serves to distinguish these drugs from those with an indirect mechanism of action such as immune modulators like
886:
554:, is a nucleoside analogue, and is effective against herpesvirus infections. The first antiviral drug to be approved for treating HIV,
4907:
2071:
1128:, recommend, among other things, antiviral treatment regimens, clinical assessment algorithms for coordination of care, and antiviral
688:
a host to attack pathogens by generating specialized proteins that block viral replication at various phases of the viral life cycle.
5828:
629:, and other antisense antivirals are in development. An antisense structural type that has proven especially valuable in research is
2521:"The Role of Protease Inhibitors in the Pathogenesis of HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy: Cellular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications"
829:(Tamiflu) that have been recently introduced to treat influenza prevent the release of viral particles by blocking a molecule named
6852:
6262:
6095:
3710:"Achieving sustained virologic response in hepatitis C: a systematic review of the clinical, economic and quality of life benefits"
1730:
Bobrowski T, Melo-Filho CC, Korn D, Alves VM, Popov KI, Auerbach S, Schmitt C, Moorman NJ, Muratov EN, Tropsha A (September 2020).
1673:"Newly Emerging Strategies in Antiviral Drug Discovery: Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Erik De Clercq on Occasion of His 80th Anniversary"
898:
on financial or locational reasons which can prevent the effectiveness of herd immunity, making effective antivirals a necessity.
7571:
5739:
9242:
9229:
7843:
7599:
2892:
1779:
1341:
Ko K, Tekoah Y, Rudd PM, Harvey DJ, Dwek RA, Spitsin S, Hanlon CA, Rupprecht C, Dietzschold B, Golovkin M, Koprowski H (2003).
949:, the swapping of viral gene segments among viruses in the same cell, also play a role in resistance, especially in influenza.
1427:
Kausar S, Said Khan F, Ishaq Mujeeb Ur Rehman M, Akram M, Riaz M, Rasool G, Hamid Khan A, Saleem I, Shamim S, Malik A (2021).
8514:
7529:
6796:
6194:
6085:
4520:
3145:
2485:
1991:
1867:
1547:
762:
246:
7856:
2519:
Flint, O. P.; Noor, M. A.; Hruz, P. W.; Hylemon, P. B.; Yarasheski, K.; Kotler, D. P.; Parker, R. A.; Bellamine, A. (2009).
9031:
8489:
4807:
4800:
2294:
Neuman, B. W.; Stein, D. A.; Kroeker, A. D.; Paulino, A. D.; Moulton, H. M.; Iversen, P. L.; Buchmeier, M. J. (June 2004).
2149:"Inhibition of Flavivirus Infections by Antisense Oligomers Specifically Suppressing Viral Translation and RNA Replication"
1146:
621:
antisense segments to these target sections blocks the operation of those genomes. A phosphorothioate antisense drug named
218:
1671:
Xu, Shujing; Ding, Dang; Zhang, Xujie; Sun, Lin; Kang, Dongwei; Huang, Boshi; Liu, Xinyong; Zhan, Peng (27 January 2022).
901:
The three FDA-approved neuraminidase antiviral flu drugs available in the United States, recommended by the CDC, include:
8168:
7174:
5843:
5180:
141:
medical profession to deal with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (
2296:"Antisense Morpholino-Oligomers Directed against the 5' End of the Genome Inhibit Coronavirus Proliferation and Growthâ "
9234:
5858:
4550:
4413:
1233:
8238:
343:
Viral life cycles vary in their precise details depending on the type of virus, but they all share a general pattern:
225:
8664:
8659:
7159:
6322:
5414:
5195:
4174:
2384:
Bai J, Rossi J, Akkina R (March 2001). "Multivalent anti-CCR ribozymes for stem cell-based HIV type 1 gene therapy".
1935:"Inhibitors of poliovirus uncoating efficiently block the early membrane permeabilization induced by virus particles"
709:
696:
Interference with post translational modifications or with targeting of viral proteins in the cell is also possible.
379:
Using agents which mimic the virus-associated protein (VAP) and bind to the cellular receptors. This may include VAP
265:
8269:
3250:"The relationship between mutation frequency and replication strategy in positive sense single-stranded RNA viruses"
9203:
8743:
8150:
7766:
7546:
6813:
6211:
5868:
5752:
608:(mRNA) molecules that direct the synthesis of viral proteins. Production of mRNA is initiated by proteins known as
1575:"History and progress of antiviral drugs: From acyclovir to direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) for Hepatitis C"
8337:
5878:
5863:
5526:
5514:
4703:
4159:
3177:
2196:
Kinney, R. M.; Huang, C. Y.-H.; Rose, B. C.; Kroeker, A. D.; Dreher, T. W.; Iversen, P. L.; Stein, D. A. (2005).
765:. In cell culture, DRACO was reported to have broad-spectrum efficacy against many infectious viruses, including
199:
4039:
2345:"Identification of the most accessible sites to ribozymes on the hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site"
232:
9078:
8676:
8395:
8373:
7804:
5758:
1125:
833:
that is found on the surface of flu viruses, and also seems to be constant across a wide range of flu strains.
203:
9046:
7744:
6830:
6240:
572:âwhich is a component of reverse transcriptase that splits the synthesized DNA from the original viral RNA.
519:
A second approach is to target the processes that synthesize virus components after a virus invades a cell.
35:
9073:
8226:
7989:
7704:
6845:
6255:
5188:
4402:
4184:
3223:
1154:
1141:
1051:
866:
in babies, and antibodies purified from infected individuals are also used as a treatment for hepatitis B.
214:
7898:
2848:
Nokes JD, Cane PA (December 2008). "New strategies for control of respiratory syncytial virus infection".
889:(CDC) inclusively recommends anyone six months and older to get a yearly vaccination to protect them from
584:, which integrate the synthesized DNA into the host cell genome. Examples of integrase inhibitors include
9115:
8986:
8922:
8890:
8838:
8135:
8117:
5013:
863:
499:
27:
3920:"Challenges of the Pandemic Response in Primary Care during Pre-Vaccination Period: A Qualitative Study"
2709:"Assembly of vaccinia virus: effects of rifampin on the intracellular distribution of viral protein p65"
8671:
8084:
7824:
4663:
4152:
612:. Several antivirals are now being designed to block attachment of transcription factors to viral DNA.
20:
3785:
Simmons, Bryony; Saleem, Jawaad; Heath, Katherine; Cooke, Graham S.; Hill, Andrew (1 September 2015).
2421:"Megalomycin C, a macrolide antibiotic that blocks protein glycosylation and shows antiviral activity"
9175:
9165:
8860:
8796:
8519:
8484:
8287:
8264:
8050:
7863:
1530:
Bule, Mohammed; Khan, Fazlullah; Niaz, Kamal (6 June 2019). "Antivirals: Past, Present and Future".
9290:
8993:
8855:
8730:
8584:
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7689:
7149:
6295:
6035:
5945:
5813:
5774:
1064:
874:
59:
9180:
9098:
8964:
8494:
8292:
7999:
7937:
7771:
7739:
7534:
7286:
6838:
6801:
6248:
6199:
5795:
4718:
4396:
4247:
1209:
1098:. This difference is of particular relevance for potential drug resistance mutation development.
1058:
called sustained virological response (SVR). SVR is achieved in a patient when hepatitis C virus
192:
7851:
3918:
Kunin, Marina; Engelhard, Dan; Thomas, Shane; Ashworth, Mark; Piterman, Leon (15 October 2015).
8767:
8552:
8302:
8175:
7781:
7638:
7628:
7398:
7383:
7169:
7164:
6416:
5873:
4755:
4510:
82:. Most antivirals are considered relatively harmless to the host, and therefore can be used to
715:
Protease inhibitors have also been seen in nature. A protease inhibitor was isolated from the
9088:
8720:
8589:
8097:
8004:
7923:
7345:
7340:
7154:
6748:
6697:
6553:
6070:
5883:
5763:
5633:
5232:
4440:
4376:
4221:
2198:"Inhibition of Dengue Virus Serotypes 1 to 4 in Vero Cell Cultures with Morpholino Oligomers"
1193:
1157:(SNS) consists of bulk quantities of medicines and supplies for use during such emergencies.
544:
491:
288:
79:
7868:
3830:
1067:), however, the benefits of achieving SVR may be less pronounced, though still substantial.
294:
The target proteins can be manufactured in the lab for testing with candidate treatments by
239:
9170:
9063:
9009:
8937:
8927:
8619:
8474:
8347:
7954:
7563:
7144:
6692:
6549:
5953:
5779:
5628:
5386:
4515:
4495:
4364:
3982:
2965:
2658:
2075:
1354:
1075:
915:
625:
has been introduced, used to treat opportunistic eye infections in AIDS patients caused by
609:
390:
Using agents which mimic the cellular receptor and bind to the VAP. This includes anti-VAP
337:
149:
5210:
3645:
Falade-Nwulia O, Suarez-Cuervo C, Nelson DR, Fried MW, Segal JB, Sulkowski MS (May 2017).
8:
9257:
9247:
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8256:
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7903:
6678:
6641:
6393:
5888:
5747:
5619:
5537:
5336:
5215:
5124:
4860:
4646:
4425:
4252:
3593:
2247:"A potent and specific morpholino antisense inhibitor of hepatitis C translation in mice"
1204:
1187:
503:
455:
have been introduced to combat influenza. These agents act on penetration and uncoating.
295:
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3594:
Gonzålez-Grande R, Jiménez-Pérez M, Gonzålez Arjona C, Mostazo Torres J (January 2016).
3038:
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1890:
Bishop NE (1998). "Examination of potential inhibitors of hepatitis A virus uncoating".
1614:
1358:
394:, receptor anti-idiotypic antibodies, extraneous receptor and synthetic receptor mimics.
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3647:"Oral Direct-Acting Agent Therapy for Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Systematic Review"
3646:
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2450:
2276:
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2197:
2173:
2148:
2058:"A polyvalent inactivated rhinovirus vaccine is broadly immunogenic in rhesus macaques"
1915:
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2008:
1987:
1964:
1907:
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802:
in the cascade, and cleave a variety of cellular proteins, thereby killing the cell.
723:). The presence of this may explain the Shiitake mushrooms' noted antiviral activity
660:
3114:
3039:"Targeting pandemic influenza: a primer on influenza antivirals and drug resistance"
2928:
2924:
2724:
2454:
2213:
2164:
1950:
1919:
1293:
9262:
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2209:
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2121:
2028:
2020:
1954:
1946:
1899:
1855:
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1814:
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The first experimental antivirals were developed in the 1960s, mostly to deal with
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126:
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4596:
4065:
4033:
Public Health Use and
Distribution of Antivirals: NACCHO Think Tank Meeting Report
3388:"Antiviral resistance: mechanisms, clinical significance, and future implications"
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9125:
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4262:
3995:
3137:
2861:
2671:
2468:
Anderson J, Schiffer C, Lee SK, Swanstrom R (2009). "Viral
Protease Inhibitors".
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2344:
2098:
1859:
1747:
1630:
1539:
1095:
1083:
842:
649:
626:
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Rhinoviruses are the most common cause of the common cold; other viruses such as
408:
153:
83:
51:
7878:
3695:"Table of Surrogate Endpoints That Were the Basis of Drug Approval or Licensure"
2477:
1981:
676:
Yet another antiviral technique inspired by genomics is a set of drugs based on
9160:
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5048:
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4822:
4812:
4713:
4708:
4698:
4608:
4560:
4555:
4287:
4242:
4238:
3971:"Antiviral Treatment among Older Adults Hospitalized with Influenza, 2006â2012"
3195:
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2397:
2125:
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879:
778:
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380:
161:
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3936:
3726:
3545:
3314:
3297:
2057:
1689:
1590:
1494:
1444:
636:
Morpholino oligos have been used to experimentally suppress many viral types:
9284:
9041:
8998:
8957:
8850:
8833:
8791:
8504:
8055:
8024:
7645:
7073:
6725:
6524:
6304:
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4641:
4621:
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4408:
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3005:
2536:
1698:
1638:
1598:
830:
754:
605:
114:
75:
63:
62:
is effective against a wide range of viruses. Antiviral drugs are a class of
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3612:
3354:
2263:
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2006:
1367:
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9190:
8952:
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5313:
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5223:
5038:
4957:
4693:
4651:
4485:
4475:
4391:
4386:
4081:"Antiviral Distribution and Dispensing A Review of Legal and Policy Issues"
4014:
3955:
3904:
3680:
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3563:
3506:
3465:
3404:
3387:
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3323:
3283:
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3064:
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2405:
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2231:
2182:
2133:
2042:
1911:
1836:
1765:
1716:
1646:
1513:
1462:
1413:
1386:
1343:"Function and glycosylation of plant-derived antiviral monoclonal antibody"
1312:
1261:
946:
774:
766:
593:
589:
507:
482:
3413:
3132:. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 189. pp. 299â320.
3023:
2742:
2631:
2446:
2024:
1968:
1818:
1426:
604:
Once a virus genome becomes operational in a host cell, it then generates
9145:
8947:
8870:
8845:
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8574:
8479:
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8363:
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7729:
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7215:
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6050:
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5709:
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5571:
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5346:
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5272:
5240:
4922:
4832:
4572:
4525:
4470:
4353:
4319:
3803:
3497:
3480:
3055:
2645:
Rider TH, Zook CE, Boettcher TL, Wick ST, Pancoast JS, Zusman BD (2011).
2472:. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 189. pp. 85â110.
1801:
Lindequist, Ulrike; Niedermeyer, Timo H. J.; JĂŒlich, Wolf-Dieter (2005).
997:
902:
894:
890:
826:
684:
665:
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585:
470:
466:
452:
430:
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cell. At least one of these entry inhibitorsâa biomimetic peptide called
414:
122:
118:
109:
Most of the antiviral drugs now available are designed to help deal with
3447:
3098:
1732:"Learning from history: do not flatten the curve of antiviral research!"
761:) is a group of experimental antiviral drugs initially developed at the
9083:
9058:
9026:
8803:
8784:
8774:
8762:
8609:
8221:
8193:
8019:
7979:
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6594:
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6462:
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5934:
5904:
5716:
5704:
5699:
5671:
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5561:
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5500:
5495:
5483:
5467:
5457:
5437:
5399:
5309:
5297:
5289:
5100:
5071:
5029:
4998:
4993:
4932:
4927:
4917:
4855:
4841:
4781:
4736:
4684:
4604:
4600:
4541:
4501:
4456:
4452:
4342:
4278:
4228:
4193:
4189:
3708:
Smith-Palmer, Jayne; Cerri, Karin; Valentine, William (December 2015).
3037:
Moss, Ronald; Davey, Richard; Steigbigel, Roy; Fang, Fang (June 2010).
1223:
1087:
1079:
1005:
1000:
infections. These are the more effective than older treatments such as
859:
852:
810:
782:
770:
744:
645:
630:
622:
562:
555:
532:
528:
474:
462:
458:
448:
206: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
94:
71:
67:
47:
4063:
3869:
3770:
3753:
1903:
1476:
Yin H, Jiang N, Shi W, Chi X, Liu S, Chen JL, Wang S (February 2021).
970:
739:
helices during transcription and replication. In contrast, uninfected
9155:
8634:
7667:
7662:
7595:
7465:
7435:
7305:
7300:
7245:
7231:
7088:
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6894:
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6769:
6720:
6670:
6660:
6650:
6561:
6518:
6508:
6483:
6437:
6422:
6346:
6271:
6166:
6146:
6141:
6111:
6040:
6020:
5909:
5666:
5581:
5566:
5489:
5462:
5452:
5447:
5394:
5371:
5284:
5008:
4988:
4962:
4937:
4872:
4850:
4678:
4591:
4465:
3662:
3644:
3084:
1326:
Rick Daniels; Leslie H. Nicoll. "Pharmacology â Nursing Management".
1071:
1001:
930:
910:
906:
822:
790:
740:
581:
551:
86:
3248:
Thebaud, G; Chadeouf, J; Morelli, M; McCauley, J; Haydon, D (2010).
181:
9138:
9053:
8629:
8604:
8557:
8102:
7672:
7615:
7006:
6687:
6580:
6457:
6161:
5546:
5109:
4973:
4969:
4942:
4381:
4314:
4233:
2893:"Hepatitis B immune globulin and HBV-related liver transplantation"
2703:
1986:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1419.
1214:
1037:
1009:
758:
716:
705:
677:
391:
299:
142:
90:
920:
mutation, which is currently widespread in seasonal H1N1 strains.
798:. The procaspases transactivate via cleavage, activate additional
26:"Antiviral Therapy" redirects here. For the academic journal, see
8942:
8813:
8066:
7460:
7098:
7093:
6431:
6402:
6377:
6341:
6060:
5606:
5376:
5085:
5003:
4668:
4435:
4257:
4207:
3530:"Antiviral Drug Resistance: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications"
1043:
1025:
1019:
799:
795:
569:
322:
1852:
Medicinal Mushrooms: Recent Progress in Research and Development
9150:
8715:
8368:
7964:
7445:
7415:
6442:
6010:
6005:
4767:
4430:
3968:
3197:
Molecular Cell Biology: Viruses â Structure, Function, and Uses
2966:"Influenza Antiviral Drug Resistance| Seasonal Influenza (Flu)"
1277:"Nitazoxanide: a first-in-class broad-spectrum antiviral agent"
1031:
655:
384:
350:
Release of viral genes and possibly enzymes into the host cell.
326:
318:
314:
3827:
3247:
2146:
1615:"Overview of Recent Strategic Advances in Medicinal Chemistry"
1268:
375:
This stage of viral replication can be inhibited in two ways:
8379:
5320:
5067:
4777:
4272:
4099:"Funding and Guidance for State and Local Health Departments"
4085:
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO)
3882:
1982:
Beringer, Paul; Troy, David A.; Remington, Joseph P. (2006).
749:
736:
330:
310:
55:
7593:
3917:
3854:
3127:
2467:
2055:
1780:"A History of Antivirals: Mechanisms, Classes, and Subtypes"
1729:
1173:
547:(RNA to DNA) than with "normal" transcriptase (DNA to RNA).
7832:
7056:
6987:
6898:
5834:
Elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
5279:
5267:
4771:
3750:
2245:
McCaffrey AP, Meuse L, Karimi M, Contag CH, Kay MA (2003).
1800:
568:
Another target being considered for HIV antivirals include
422:
356:
Assembly of viral components into complete viral particles.
5839:
Elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil
3707:
3429:
2244:
2099:"Development of polyvalent inactivated rhinovirus vaccine"
353:
Replication of viral components using host-cell machinery.
5304:
5219:
3189:
3187:
2608:
2293:
2111:
2007:
Daniel C. Pevear; Tina M. Tull; Martin E. Seipel (1999).
1433:
International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology
1091:
1059:
963:
785:, and was additionally found effective against influenza
540:
536:
418:
110:
5785:
Darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
3481:"Global transmission of oseltamivir-resistant influenza"
1399:
1325:
3784:
3036:
2418:
992:(DAA) has long been associated with the combination of
743:
cells generally produce dsRNA helices of fewer than 24
305:
3184:
2644:
2195:
1932:
1478:"Development and Effects of Influenza Antiviral Drugs"
1199:
Discovery and development of CCR5 receptor antagonists
4177:
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
3430:
Irwin, K; Renzette, N; Kowalik, T; Jensen, J (2016).
3170:"WHO | Antiviral use and the risk of drug resistance"
1807:
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
445:
Inhibitors of uncoating have also been investigated.
2518:
1169:
956:
359:
Release of viral particles to infect new host cells.
2707:; Griffiths G; Ericsson M; Moss B; Doms RW (1994).
2612:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
2567:
971:
Treatment options for antiviral resistant pathogens
691:
3432:"Antiviral drug resistance as an adaptive process"
3193:
1429:"A review: Mechanism of action of antiviral drugs"
1340:
789:in weanling mice. It was reported to induce rapid
3697:. Food and Drug Administration. 28 February 2022.
3339:"Emerging influenza antiviral resistance threats"
1975:
1849:
923:
851:One of the best-known of this class of drugs are
9282:
5791:Dolutegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
3596:"New approaches in the treatment of hepatitis C"
3521:
3472:
3420:
3385:
3241:
3217:
3215:
535:analogues that look like the building blocks of
19:"Antiviral" redirects here. For other uses, see
5849:Emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir alafenamide
5769:Bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
3425:
3423:
3200:. New York, New York: W. H. Freeman and Company
2976:
1984:Remington, the science and practice of pharmacy
1933:Almela MJ, GonzĂĄlez ME, Carrasco L (May 1991).
1611:
5963:
5854:Emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir disoproxil
5340:(Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI))
2983:
2981:
2979:
2383:
2009:"Activity of Pleconaril against Enteroviruses"
1670:
1475:
7945:
7579:
6846:
6256:
5802:Dolutegravir/lamivudine/tenofovir alafenamide
5196:
4160:
3527:
3336:
3212:
730:
387:of the receptor and anti-receptor antibodies.
5824:Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil
5808:Dolutegravir/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil
4175:Major chemical drug groups â based upon the
4064:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
3876:
3638:
3587:
3583:. National Health Service, UK. 21 June 2018.
3298:"Viruses are models for embracing diversity"
2987:
2561:
2377:
2336:
2287:
2238:
2189:
2140:
2105:
1883:
1803:"The Pharmacological Potential of Mushrooms"
1723:
1529:
1274:
1229:Discovery and development of NS5A inhibitors
929:immunocompetent patients, hospitalized with
869:
836:
3534:Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
2697:
2602:
2419:AlarcĂłn B, GonzĂĄlez ME, Carrasco L (1988).
2072:"Common Cold Causes: Rhinoviruses and More"
1926:
1469:
1420:
1034:(sofosbuvir, velpatasvir, and voxilaprevir)
983:
7586:
7572:
6853:
6839:
6263:
6249:
5819:Doravirine/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil
5203:
5189:
4167:
4153:
4128:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4103:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4078:
3337:Hayden, FG; de Jong, MD (1 January 2011).
3221:
2890:
1118:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
887:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
858:A more specific approach is to synthesize
704:Some viruses include an enzyme known as a
16:Medication used to treat a viral infection
5829:Efavirenz/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil
4026:
4024:
4004:
3994:
3945:
3935:
3850:
3848:
3812:
3802:
3769:
3735:
3725:
3670:
3621:
3611:
3553:
3496:
3455:
3403:
3392:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
3386:Kimberlin, DW; Whitley, RJ (March 1996).
3362:
3313:
3273:
3054:
3013:
2847:
2781:
2755:
2732:
2680:
2670:
2585:
2544:
2495:
2436:
2360:
2319:
2262:
2221:
2172:
2096:
2056:Lee, S.; Nguyen, M.; Currier, M. (2016).
2032:
1958:
1889:
1826:
1755:
1706:
1688:
1557:
1503:
1493:
1452:
1376:
1366:
1302:
1292:
514:
413:A very early stage of viral infection is
298:that synthesizes the target protein into
266:Learn how and when to remove this message
6096:Zinc finger protein transcription factor
5926:
3924:Israel Journal of Health Policy Research
3194:Lodish, H; Berk, A; Zipursky, S (2000).
3030:
1015:The DAA combination drugs used include:
893:viruses (H1N1) and (H3N2) and up to two
671:
615:
522:
171:
34:
8660:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
7833:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
3478:
3224:"The error-prone ways of RNA synthesis"
2804:
2647:"Broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics"
1854:, Springer Singapore, pp. 275â97,
1106:
440:
157:effect were selected for closer study.
9283:
9243:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
9135:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
5154:Pharmacological classification systems
4521:Selective estrogen receptor modulators
4030:
4021:
3845:
3575:
3573:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2568:Odani S, Tominaga K, Kondou S (1999).
2342:
2097:Tang, Roderick; Moore, Martin (2017).
1330:. Cengage Learning, 2011. p. 397.
699:
558:(AZT), is also a nucleoside analogue.
278:
7567:
6834:
6244:
5184:
4801:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
4148:
3885:Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
3043:Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
2013:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
1666:
1664:
1328:Contemporary Medical-Surgical Nursing
763:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
66:, a larger group which also includes
8490:Compartmental models in epidemiology
4124:"Strategic National Stockpile (SNS)"
1525:
1523:
1147:Public Health Emergency Preparedness
527:One way of doing this is to develop
363:
306:Approaches by virus life cycle stage
204:adding citations to reliable sources
175:
89:. They should be distinguished from
7175:Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir
5981:
5844:Emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
4414:Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
3570:
3222:Racaniello, Vincent (10 May 2009).
2943:
967:emergence of antiviral resistance.
164:. Only in the 1980s, when the full
152:, and were found using traditional
78:drugs, or antiviral drugs based on
13:
7290:
5859:Emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil
3343:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
2891:Akay S, Karasu Z (November 2008).
2758:"Antiviral Actions of Interferons"
1661:
1532:Recent Advances in Animal Virology
1234:COVID-19 drug repurposing research
1004:(partially indirectly acting) and
683:A ribozyme antiviral to deal with
402:
54:. Most antivirals target specific
14:
9307:
7160:Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir
3897:10.2174/1568026621666211012110819
3600:World Journal of Gastroenterology
1520:
957:Detection of antiviral resistance
9239:Economics of Infectious Diseases
6232:. Formerly or rarely used agent.
5869:Lamivudine/nevirapine/zidovudine
5753:Abacavir/dolutegravir/lamivudine
5163:
5143:
5142:
2587:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00463.x
2574:European Journal of Biochemistry
2312:10.1128/JVI.78.11.5891-5899.2004
1172:
1101:
1054:approved DAAs on the basis of a
816:
692:Protein processing and targeting
599:
550:The first successful antiviral,
329:), and sometimes covered with a
180:
6036:Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)
5879:Lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil
5864:Lamivudine/nevirapine/stavudine
4551:Hypothalamicâpituitary hormones
4116:
4091:
4072:
4057:
3962:
3911:
3821:
3778:
3744:
3701:
3687:
3485:New England Journal of Medicine
3379:
3330:
3290:
3162:
3121:
3078:
2884:
2841:
2805:Burra P (2009). "Hepatitis C".
2798:
2749:
2725:10.1128/JVI.68.2.1103-1114.1994
2638:
2512:
2461:
2412:
2214:10.1128/JVI.79.8.5116-5128.2005
2165:10.1128/JVI.79.8.4599-4609.2005
2114:Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev
2090:
2064:
2049:
2000:
1951:10.1128/JVI.65.5.2572-2577.1991
1843:
1794:
1772:
1605:
1294:10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.07.014
1153:. Also managed by the CDC, the
191:needs additional citations for
104:
9248:Infectious disease informatics
9079:Transmission-based precautions
5759:Abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine
3528:Strasfeld, L; Chou, S (2010).
1619:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
1566:
1482:Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
1393:
1334:
1319:
1246:
1135:
1046:(glecaprevir and pibrentasvir)
924:Origin of antiviral resistance
882:, including antiviral agents.
1:
8665:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
8440:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
7801:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
6901:protease inhibitors (âprevir)
6589:
4303:Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics
3752:Lawitz, Eric (January 2015).
2988:Pillay, D; Zambon, M (1998).
2774:10.1128/CMR.14.4.778-809.2001
1239:
336:Researchers working on such "
70:(also termed antibacterial),
8227:Aerosol-generating procedure
8005:Silent/Subclinical infection
7705:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
5014:Wakefulness-promoting agents
4079:Hodge, J G; Orenstein, D G.
3996:10.1371/journal.pone.0121952
3791:Clinical Infectious Diseases
3138:10.1007/978-3-540-79086-0_11
2862:10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283184245
2672:10.1371/journal.pone.0022572
2624:10.1016/0006-291X(89)91665-3
2438:10.1016/0014-5793(88)80732-4
2362:10.5483/BMBRep.2003.36.6.538
1860:10.1007/978-981-13-6382-5_10
1748:10.1016/j.drudis.2020.07.008
1631:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00359
1540:10.1007/978-981-13-9073-9_22
1155:Strategic National Stockpile
1142:Strategic National Stockpile
1092:human immunodeficiency virus
1052:Food and Drug Administration
1028:(sofosbuvir and velpatasvir)
813:acts at the assembly phase.
575:
473:, which can cause diarrhea,
321:stored in a capsule made of
39:Antiretroviral drugs for HIV
7:
8891:Vaccine-preventable disease
8839:Monoclonal antibody therapy
5634:Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)
3651:Annals of Internal Medicine
2990:"Antiviral Drug Resistance"
2478:10.1007/978-3-540-79086-0_4
2386:AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses
1165:
1022:(sofosbuvir and ledipasvir)
878:all specific and effective
864:respiratory syncytial virus
805:
500:respiratory syncytial virus
28:Antiviral Therapy (journal)
10:
9312:
9032:Respiratory source control
5629:Tenofovir disoproxil (TDF)
4664:Intravenous immunoglobulin
2909:10.1517/14712598.8.11.1815
2756:Samuel CE (October 2001).
2398:10.1089/088922201750102427
2126:10.1089/108729001753231696
1190:(especially HAART for HIV)
1139:
1040:(elbasvir and grazoprevir)
840:
735:Most viruses produce long
731:Long dsRNA helix targeting
406:
347:Attachment to a host cell.
25:
21:Antiviral (disambiguation)
18:
9222:
9176:Global Health Initiatives
9166:Evolutionary epidemiology
9114:
8906:
8861:Post-exposure prophylaxis
8797:Antimicrobial stewardship
8755:
8742:
8647:
8538:
8520:Multiplicity of infection
8485:Basic reproduction number
8460:
8432:
8418:
8404:
8388:
8356:
8318:
8261:Percutaneous inoculation
8247:
8209:
8202:
8184:
8116:
8083:
8076:
8040:
8033:
7936:
7823:
7745:Hostâpathogen interaction
7720:
7614:
7607:
7524:
7489:
7408:
7354:
7326:
7319:
7229:
7205:
7187:
7137:
7055:
6986:
6893:
6884:
6791:
6757:
6734:
6713:
6706:
6630:
6603:
6579:
6548:
6496:
6476:
6392:
6331:
6321:
6312:
6303:
6294:
6189:
6104:
5998:
5980:
5962:
5944:
5925:
5918:
5897:
5738:
5685:
5659:
5650:Discovery and development
5642:
5525:
5513:
5476:
5430:
5421:Discovery and development
5413:
5385:
5335:
5257:Discovery and development
5249:
5231:
5138:
5094:
5066:
5022:
4831:
4766:
4729:
4677:
4590:
4534:
4494:
4451:
4335:
4271:
4183:
3937:10.1186/s13584-015-0028-5
3727:10.1186/s12879-015-0748-8
3546:10.1016/j.idc.2010.01.001
3315:10.1038/s41564-018-0145-3
1690:10.3390/molecules27030850
1591:10.1016/j.rmu.2015.05.003
1495:10.3390/molecules26040810
1445:10.1177/20587384211002621
870:Antiviral drug resistance
837:Immune system stimulation
8994:Protective sequestration
8856:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
8147:Generational difference
7700:Horizontal gene transfer
7690:Antimicrobial resistance
7287:neuraminidase inhibitors
7150:Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir
5946:Transcription inhibitors
5898:Pharmacokinetic boosters
5814:Dolutegravir/rilpivirine
5775:Cabotegravir/rilpivirine
5415:Protease Inhibitors (PI)
4719:Topoisomerase inhibitors
4403:reninâangiotensin system
4397:Calcium channel blockers
4038:(Report). Archived from
4031:NACCHO (December 2010).
3006:10.1136/bmj.317.7159.660
2899:(Submitted manuscript).
2537:10.1177/0192623308327119
2060:. Nature Communications.
1114:local health departments
1065:hepatocellular carcinoma
990:Direct-acting antivirals
984:Direct-acting antivirals
60:broad-spectrum antiviral
9181:Microbial phylogenetics
9099:Wastewater surveillance
8620:Geographic distribution
8495:Critical community size
8293:Surgical site infection
8141:Iatrogenic/Medical care
8060:Microbial translocation
8056:Endogenous reactivation
8051:Normal flora overgrowth
8000:Opportunistic infection
7772:Opportunistic infection
6714:Nucleic acid inhibitors
6230:initial regimen options
5796:Dolutegravir/lamivudine
5273:Enfuvirtide (ENF, T-20)
5251:Entry/fusion inhibitors
3714:BMC Infectious Diseases
3613:10.3748/wjg.v22.i4.1421
2850:Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis
2343:Ryu KJ, Lee SW (2003).
2264:10.1053/jhep.2003.50330
1368:10.1073/pnas.0832472100
1210:List of antiviral drugs
769:, Amapari and Tacaribe
9253:Microbial bioterrorism
8876:efficacy/effectiveness
8284:Surgical intervention
8176:Breakthrough infection
7798:Genetic predisposition
7782:Susceptible individual
7629:Germ theory of disease
7490:Multiple/Unknown/Other
7259:adamantane derivatives
7170:Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir
7165:Sofosbuvir/daclatasvir
6071:Portmanteau inhibitors
5964:Translation inhibitors
5874:Lamivudine/raltegravir
5644:Non-nucleoside (NNRTI)
5602:Islatravir (EFdA, ISL)
4511:Hormonal contraception
4441:Bile acid sequestrants
4222:Proton-pump inhibitors
4185:gastrointestinal tract
3581:"Overview-Hepatitis C"
3266:10.1098/rspb.2009.1247
2819:10.1055/s-0029-1192055
1579:Medicina Universitaria
747:during transcription.
515:During viral synthesis
40:
9089:Universal precautions
8047:Endogenous overgrowth
7899:Poultry and livestock
7358:inhibitors (âtrelvir)
7346:Peginterferon alfa-2b
7341:Peginterferon alfa-2a
7155:Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir
6749:Peginterferon alfa-2a
6698:Tenofovir alafenamide
6086:Synergistic enhancers
5884:Lamivudine/zidovudine
5764:Atazanavir/cobicistat
5740:Combined formulations
5577:Zidovudine (AZT, ZDV)
5515:Reverse-transcriptase
5387:Maturation inhibitors
3355:10.1093/infdis/jiq012
2897:Expert Opin Biol Ther
2349:J. Biochem. Mol. Biol
2025:10.1128/AAC.43.9.2109
1439:: 20587384211002621.
1275:Rossignol JF (2014).
672:Translation/ribozymes
616:Translation/antisense
610:transcription factors
545:reverse transcriptase
523:Reverse transcription
492:Nature Communications
289:computer-aided design
172:Antiviral drug design
80:monoclonal antibodies
38:
9191:Genomic reassortment
9171:Genetic epidemiology
9010:Health communication
8938:Flattening the curve
8928:Disease surveillance
8711:Systemic/Generalized
8475:Animal disease model
7955:Asymptomatic carrier
7145:Elbasvir/grazoprevir
6693:Tenofovir disoproxil
6679:Nucleotide analogues
6642:Nucleoside analogues
5927:Uncoating inhibitors
5780:Darunavir/cobicistat
5620:Nucleotide analogues
5538:Nucleoside analogues
5337:Integrase inhibitors
5216:antiretroviral drugs
5120:Radiopharmaceuticals
4908:Antiparkinson agents
3498:10.1056/NEJMp0900648
3405:10.1093/jac/37.3.403
3180:on 1 September 2014.
3130:Antiviral Strategies
3087:Nature Biotechnology
2762:Clin. Microbiol. Rev
2470:Antiviral Strategies
1736:Drug Discovery Today
1534:. pp. 425â446.
1159:Antiviral stockpiles
1107:Use and distribution
1076:herpes simplex virus
916:Nature Biotechnology
875:Antiviral resistance
441:Uncoating inhibitors
383:antibodies, natural
338:rational drug design
317:and sometimes a few
200:improve this article
99:Australian tea trees
9258:Pandemic prevention
9214:Viral phylodynamics
9195:Re-emerging disease
9084:Travel restrictions
8288:Postoperative wound
8257:Blood-borne disease
8239:Respiratory droplet
8151:Vertical/Congenital
8136:Nosocomial/Hospital
8093:Spillover infection
7062:inhibitors (âbuvir)
6990:inhibitors (âasvir)
6394:Pyrimidine analogue
5919:Experimental agents
5889:Lopinavir/ritonavir
5748:Abacavir/lamivudine
5722:Elsulfavirine (ESV)
5557:Emtricitabine (FTC)
5443:Fosamprenavir (FPV)
4903:Antimigraine agents
4893:Antidementia agents
4796:Anti-inflammatories
4486:Medicated dressings
4426:Antihyperlipidemics
4253:Diabetes medication
3987:2015PLoSO..1021952L
3479:Moscona, A (2009).
3302:Nature Microbiology
3099:10.1038/nbt0609-510
2663:2011PLoSO...622572R
2153:Journal of Virology
1819:10.1093/ecam/neh107
1359:2003PNAS..100.8013K
1205:Monoclonal antibody
1188:Antiretroviral drug
755:double-stranded RNA
710:protease inhibitors
700:Protease inhibitors
504:parainfluenza virus
279:Antiviral targeting
9204:Selection pressure
8500:Force of infection
8128:Contagious disease
8063:Endogenous seeding
7960:Chain of infection
7884:Injection drug use
7795:Vaccination status
7678:Case fatality rate
7596:infectious disease
7551:Never to phase III
7409:RNA pol inhibitors
7336:Interferon alfa 2b
7241:Baloxavir marboxil
6818:Never to phase III
6744:Interferon alfa 2b
6216:Never to phase III
5362:Elvitegravir (EVG)
5357:Dolutegravir (DTG)
5352:Cabotegravir (CAB)
4756:Immunosuppressants
4626:Antimycobacterials
4582:Antithyroid agents
4566:Mineralocorticoids
4370:Cardiac stimulants
4360:Cardiac glycosides
4352:cardiac therapy /
4248:Anti-obesity drugs
4045:on 22 October 2016
3804:10.1093/cid/civ396
3056:10.1093/jac/dkq100
2972:. 25 October 2018.
1151:pandemic influenza
1056:surrogate endpoint
1050:The United States
943:quasispecies model
757:activated caspase
580:Another target is
465:, which cause the
296:inserting the gene
50:used for treating
41:
9278:
9277:
9268:Tropical medicine
9209:Synthetic biology
9110:
9109:
9069:Social distancing
9022:Outbreak response
8643:
8642:
8470:Agent-based model
8456:
8455:
8452:
8451:
8448:
8447:
7995:Natural reservoir
7985:Infectious period
7975:Incubation period
7932:
7931:
7888:Natural disaster
7857:Tropical diseases
7840:Biodiversity loss
7777:Risk of infection
7767:Microbiome health
7760:Immunosuppression
7561:
7560:
7520:
7519:
7183:
7182:
7138:Combination drugs
6828:
6827:
6787:
6786:
6626:
6625:
6544:
6543:
6492:
6491:
6472:
6471:
6238:
6237:
6185:
6184:
6031:Diarylpyrimidines
5734:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5710:Rilpivirine (RPV)
5694:diarylpyrimidines
5677:Delavirdine (DLV)
5572:Zalcitabine (ddC)
5529:nucleotide (NRTI)
5509:
5508:
5367:Raltegravir (RAL)
5347:Bictegravir (BIC)
5326:Fostemsavir (FTR)
5241:Lenacapavir (LEN)
5233:Capsid inhibitors
5178:
5177:
5081:Ophthalmologicals
4791:Anabolic steroids
4694:Anticancer agents
4657:Ectoparasiticides
4377:Antihypertensives
4325:Antifibrinolytics
3891:(30): 2687â2693.
3870:10.1002/hep.29408
3771:10.1002/hep.27366
3448:10.1093/ve/vew014
3147:978-3-540-79085-3
2931:on 3 October 2021
2487:978-3-540-79085-3
2078:on 8 January 2022
1993:978-0-7817-4673-1
1904:10.1159/000024948
1869:978-981-13-6382-5
1625:(21): 9375â9414.
1549:978-981-13-9072-2
1122:2009 flu pandemic
1120:(CDC) during the
767:dengue flavivirus
364:Before cell entry
276:
275:
268:
250:
166:genetic sequences
9303:
9263:Tropical disease
9199:Reverse zoonosis
9186:One Health Model
9015:Health education
9004:Community health
8923:Cordon sanitaire
8896:Ring vaccination
8866:Repurposed drugs
8753:
8752:
8672:Gastrointestinal
8515:Machine learning
8319:Gastrointestinal
8270:Intravenous line
8207:
8206:
8121:/Cross-infection
8108:Reverse zoonosis
8081:
8080:
8038:
8037:
7943:
7942:
7924:War and conflict
7792:Nutrition status
7755:Immunodeficiency
7612:
7611:
7588:
7581:
7574:
7565:
7564:
7324:
7323:
7320:Multiple/general
6891:
6890:
6855:
6848:
6841:
6832:
6831:
6758:Multiple/unknown
6711:
6710:
6707:Multiple/general
6477:Not TK activated
6329:
6328:
6319:
6318:
6310:
6309:
6301:
6300:
6265:
6258:
6251:
6242:
6241:
6056:Hydroxycarbamide
5923:
5922:
5717:Doravirine (DOR)
5705:Etravirine (ETR)
5700:Dapivirine (DPV)
5672:Nevirapine (NVP)
5657:
5656:
5562:Lamivudine (3TC)
5552:Didanosine (ddI)
5523:
5522:
5496:Tipranavir (TPV)
5484:Atazanavir (ATV)
5468:Saquinavir (SQV)
5458:Nelfinavir (NFV)
5438:Amprenavir (APV)
5428:
5427:
5310:Ibalizumab (IBA)
5205:
5198:
5191:
5182:
5181:
5167:
5146:
5145:
5130:Senotherapeutics
4984:Neuroprotectives
4979:Mood stabilizers
4878:Anti-ADHD agents
4818:Muscle relaxants
4751:Immunostimulants
4746:Immunomodulators
4578:Thyroid hormones
4516:Fertility agents
4419:Renin inhibitors
4310:Antihemorrhagics
4277:forming organs (
4263:Dietary minerals
4169:
4162:
4155:
4146:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4044:
4037:
4028:
4019:
4018:
4008:
3998:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3949:
3939:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3852:
3843:
3842:
3841:(24): 2584â2593.
3829:December 2012).
3825:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3806:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3729:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3674:
3663:10.7326/M16-2575
3642:
3636:
3635:
3625:
3615:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3577:
3568:
3567:
3557:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3500:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3459:
3427:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3366:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3317:
3308:(4): 389. 2018.
3294:
3288:
3287:
3277:
3260:(1682): 809â17.
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3219:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3191:
3182:
3181:
3176:. Archived from
3166:
3160:
3159:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3058:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3017:
3000:(7159): 660â62.
2985:
2974:
2973:
2962:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2927:. Archived from
2888:
2882:
2881:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2807:Semin. Liver Dis
2802:
2796:
2795:
2785:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2736:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2684:
2674:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2589:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2548:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2499:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2440:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2364:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2266:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2176:
2159:(8): 4599â4609.
2144:
2138:
2137:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2074:. Archived from
2068:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2019:(9): 2109â2115.
2004:
1998:
1997:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1962:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1830:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1759:
1742:(9): 1604â1613.
1727:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1692:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1507:
1497:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1456:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1380:
1370:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1306:
1296:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1254:Antiviral Agents
1250:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1130:chemoprophylaxis
1112:Furthermore, in
271:
264:
260:
257:
251:
249:
215:"Antiviral drug"
208:
184:
176:
52:viral infections
9311:
9310:
9306:
9305:
9304:
9302:
9301:
9300:
9291:Antiviral drugs
9281:
9280:
9279:
9274:
9218:
9131:Antigenic shift
9126:Antigenic drift
9117:
9106:
8970:Barrier nursing
8918:Contact tracing
8909:
8902:
8747:
8745:
8738:
8649:
8639:
8540:
8534:
8525:Serial interval
8444:
8428:
8419:Cervico-vaginal
8414:
8405:Trans-placental
8400:
8384:
8352:
8314:
8250:Vascular system
8249:
8243:
8198:
8186:
8180:
8120:
8112:
8072:
8029:
7947:
7928:
7819:
7750:Immune response
7716:
7695:Drug resistance
7639:Infectious dose
7603:
7592:
7562:
7557:
7556:
7541:Clinical trials
7516:
7485:
7404:
7350:
7315:
7225:
7201:
7179:
7133:
7051:
6982:
6880:
6859:
6829:
6824:
6823:
6808:Clinical trials
6783:
6753:
6730:
6702:
6622:
6599:
6575:
6571:Podophyllotoxin
6540:
6488:
6468:
6388:
6333:Purine analogue
6314:
6290:
6269:
6239:
6234:
6233:
6221:
6206:Clinical trials
6181:
6132:Dexelvucitabine
6100:
6091:Tre recombinase
5994:
5976:
5958:
5954:Tat antagonists
5940:
5914:
5893:
5726:
5681:
5667:Efavirenz (EFV)
5646:
5638:
5567:Stavudine (d4T)
5528:
5516:
5505:
5490:Darunavir (DRV)
5472:
5463:Ritonavir (RTV)
5453:Lopinavir (LPV)
5448:Indinavir (IDV)
5417:
5409:
5381:
5339:
5331:
5285:Maraviroc (MVC)
5253:
5245:
5227:
5212:Antiviral drugs
5209:
5179:
5174:
5170:Medicine portal
5134:
5090:
5062:
5057:
5049:Cough medicines
5044:Bronchodilators
5025:
5018:
4898:Antidepressants
4888:Anticonvulsants
4836:
4827:
4823:Bisphosphonates
4813:Corticosteroids
4775:
4762:
4734:
4725:
4709:Spindle poisons
4699:Antimetabolites
4682:
4673:
4595:
4586:
4561:Glucocorticoids
4556:Corticosteroids
4537:
4530:
4497:
4490:
4447:
4365:Antiarrhythmics
4338:
4331:
4288:Antithrombotics
4276:
4267:
4243:Antipropulsives
4239:Antidiarrhoeals
4216:
4187:
4179:
4173:
4143:
4142:
4132:
4130:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4107:
4105:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4077:
4073:
4062:
4058:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4029:
4022:
3981:(3): e0121952.
3967:
3963:
3916:
3912:
3881:
3877:
3853:
3846:
3826:
3822:
3783:
3779:
3749:
3745:
3706:
3702:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3643:
3639:
3592:
3588:
3579:
3578:
3571:
3526:
3522:
3477:
3473:
3436:Virus Evolution
3428:
3421:
3384:
3380:
3335:
3331:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3254:Proc. Biol. Sci
3246:
3242:
3232:
3230:
3220:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3192:
3185:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3148:
3126:
3122:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3035:
3031:
2986:
2977:
2964:
2963:
2944:
2934:
2932:
2903:(11): 1815â22.
2889:
2885:
2846:
2842:
2803:
2799:
2754:
2750:
2702:
2698:
2643:
2639:
2607:
2603:
2566:
2562:
2517:
2513:
2488:
2466:
2462:
2417:
2413:
2382:
2378:
2341:
2337:
2306:(11): 5891â99.
2292:
2288:
2243:
2239:
2194:
2190:
2145:
2141:
2110:
2106:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2054:
2050:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1980:
1976:
1931:
1927:
1888:
1884:
1870:
1848:
1844:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1728:
1724:
1669:
1662:
1610:
1606:
1585:(68): 165â174.
1571:
1567:
1550:
1528:
1521:
1474:
1470:
1425:
1421:
1398:
1394:
1353:(13): 8013â18.
1339:
1335:
1324:
1320:
1273:
1269:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1220:Antiprion drugs
1178:
1171:
1168:
1144:
1138:
1109:
1104:
1096:interferon alfa
1084:cytomegalovirus
994:antiviral drugs
986:
973:
959:
926:
909:(Relenza), and
872:
845:
843:immunostimulant
839:
819:
808:
733:
721:Lentinus edodes
702:
694:
674:
650:West Nile virus
627:cytomegalovirus
618:
602:
578:
525:
517:
443:
411:
409:Entry inhibitor
405:
403:Entry inhibitor
366:
308:
281:
272:
261:
255:
252:
209:
207:
197:
185:
174:
154:trial-and-error
107:
46:are a class of
44:Antiviral drugs
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9309:
9299:
9298:
9293:
9276:
9275:
9273:
9272:
9271:
9270:
9260:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9237:
9232:
9226:
9224:
9220:
9219:
9217:
9216:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9161:Emergent virus
9158:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9142:
9141:
9133:
9128:
9122:
9120:
9112:
9111:
9108:
9107:
9105:
9104:
9101:
9096:
9094:Vector control
9091:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9071:
9066:
9061:
9056:
9051:
9050:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9037:N95 respirator
9029:
9024:
9019:
9018:
9017:
9012:
9007:
8996:
8991:
8990:
8989:
8979:
8974:
8973:
8972:
8962:
8961:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8914:
8912:
8910:pharmaceutical
8904:
8903:
8901:
8900:
8899:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8842:
8841:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8800:
8799:
8789:
8788:
8787:
8777:
8772:
8771:
8770:
8759:
8757:
8756:Pharmaceutical
8750:
8740:
8739:
8737:
8736:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8707:Cardiovascular
8705:
8700:
8695:
8692:
8687:
8686:Nervous system
8684:
8681:
8680:
8679:
8669:
8668:
8667:
8662:
8653:
8651:
8645:
8644:
8641:
8640:
8638:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8571:
8570:
8565:
8555:
8550:
8544:
8542:
8536:
8535:
8533:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8510:Infection rate
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8466:
8464:
8458:
8457:
8454:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8446:
8445:
8443:
8442:
8436:
8434:
8430:
8429:
8427:
8426:
8422:
8420:
8416:
8415:
8413:
8412:
8408:
8406:
8402:
8401:
8399:
8398:
8392:
8390:
8386:
8385:
8383:
8382:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8360:
8358:
8354:
8353:
8351:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8334:
8333:
8322:
8320:
8316:
8315:
8313:
8312:
8311:
8310:
8305:
8297:
8296:
8295:
8290:
8282:
8281:
8280:
8275:
8272:
8267:
8265:Injection site
8259:
8253:
8251:
8245:
8244:
8242:
8241:
8236:
8234:Dental aerosol
8231:
8230:
8229:
8219:
8213:
8211:
8204:
8200:
8199:
8197:
8196:
8190:
8188:
8182:
8181:
8179:
8178:
8173:
8172:
8171:
8166:
8165:
8164:
8159:
8156:
8145:
8144:
8143:
8138:
8130:
8124:
8122:
8118:Human-to-human
8114:
8113:
8111:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8089:
8087:
8078:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8070:
8064:
8061:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8044:
8042:
8035:
8031:
8030:
8028:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8015:Super-spreader
8012:
8010:Superinfection
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7951:
7949:
7940:
7934:
7933:
7930:
7929:
7927:
7926:
7921:
7919:Vector control
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7895:
7894:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7860:
7859:
7854:
7848:Climate zones
7846:
7844:Climate change
7841:
7838:
7835:
7829:
7827:
7821:
7820:
7818:
7817:
7816:
7815:
7812:
7809:
7808:
7807:
7799:
7796:
7793:
7790:
7787:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7763:
7762:
7757:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7726:
7724:
7718:
7717:
7715:
7714:
7709:
7708:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7687:
7686:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7660:
7658:Quorum sensing
7655:
7654:
7653:
7643:
7642:
7641:
7631:
7626:
7620:
7618:
7609:
7605:
7604:
7591:
7590:
7583:
7576:
7568:
7559:
7558:
7555:
7554:
7553:
7552:
7549:
7538:
7532:
7526:
7525:
7522:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7493:
7491:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7483:
7481:Valopicitabine
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7412:
7410:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7402:
7392:
7387:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7361:
7359:
7352:
7351:
7349:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7332:
7330:
7321:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7313:
7303:
7298:
7282:
7281:
7275:
7270:
7254:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7237:
7235:
7227:
7226:
7224:
7223:
7211:
7209:
7203:
7202:
7200:
7199:
7193:
7191:
7185:
7184:
7181:
7180:
7178:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7141:
7139:
7135:
7134:
7132:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7065:
7063:
7060:RNA polymerase
7053:
7052:
7050:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6993:
6991:
6984:
6983:
6981:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6904:
6902:
6888:
6882:
6881:
6858:
6857:
6850:
6843:
6835:
6826:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6819:
6816:
6805:
6799:
6793:
6792:
6789:
6788:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6776:
6767:
6761:
6759:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6751:
6746:
6740:
6738:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6728:
6723:
6717:
6715:
6708:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6674:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6637:
6635:
6628:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6615:
6609:
6607:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6597:
6585:
6583:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6568:
6558:
6556:
6546:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6500:
6498:
6494:
6493:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6486:
6480:
6478:
6474:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6466:
6453:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6427:
6426:
6420:
6410:
6398:
6396:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6386:
6373:
6372:
6362:
6360:Valganciclovir
6353:
6337:
6335:
6326:
6316:
6307:
6298:
6292:
6291:
6268:
6267:
6260:
6253:
6245:
6236:
6235:
6220:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6214:
6203:
6197:
6191:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6108:
6106:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6002:
6000:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5986:
5984:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5968:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5950:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5931:
5929:
5920:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5905:Cobicistat (c)
5901:
5899:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5805:
5799:
5793:
5788:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5750:
5744:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5663:
5661:
5654:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5547:Abacavir (ABC)
5533:
5531:
5527:Nucleoside and
5520:
5511:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5487:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5434:
5432:
5425:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5391:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5343:
5341:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5317:
5301:
5287:
5276:
5263:
5261:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5237:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5208:
5207:
5200:
5193:
5185:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5115:Contrast media
5112:
5106:
5104:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5077:
5075:
5068:sensory organs
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5035:
5033:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4913:Antipsychotics
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4883:Antiaddictives
4880:
4875:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4853:
4847:
4845:
4838:nervous system
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4808:Antirheumatics
4805:
4804:
4803:
4793:
4787:
4785:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4742:
4740:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4714:Antineoplastic
4711:
4706:
4701:
4690:
4688:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4647:Antiprotozoals
4642:Antiparasitics
4639:
4634:
4629:
4622:Antibacterials
4618:Antimicrobials
4614:
4612:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4575:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4553:
4547:
4545:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4507:
4505:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4481:Antipsoriatics
4478:
4473:
4468:
4462:
4460:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4409:ACE inhibitors
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4348:
4346:
4337:cardiovascular
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4298:Anticoagulants
4295:
4284:
4282:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4199:
4197:
4181:
4180:
4172:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4149:
4141:
4140:
4115:
4090:
4071:
4056:
4020:
3961:
3910:
3875:
3864:(2): 487â497.
3844:
3820:
3797:(5): 730â740.
3777:
3743:
3700:
3686:
3657:(9): 637â648.
3637:
3606:(4): 1421â32.
3586:
3569:
3520:
3491:(10): 953â56.
3471:
3419:
3378:
3329:
3289:
3240:
3211:
3183:
3161:
3146:
3120:
3077:
3049:(6): 1086â93.
3029:
2975:
2942:
2883:
2840:
2797:
2768:(4): 778â809.
2748:
2719:(2): 1103â14.
2696:
2637:
2601:
2560:
2525:Toxicol Pathol
2511:
2486:
2460:
2411:
2376:
2335:
2286:
2237:
2208:(8): 5116â28.
2188:
2139:
2104:
2089:
2063:
2048:
1999:
1992:
1974:
1945:(5): 2572â77.
1925:
1882:
1868:
1842:
1793:
1771:
1722:
1660:
1604:
1565:
1548:
1519:
1468:
1419:
1392:
1333:
1318:
1267:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1183:
1180:Viruses portal
1167:
1164:
1140:Main article:
1137:
1134:
1124:caused by the
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
996:used to treat
985:
982:
972:
969:
958:
955:
925:
922:
880:antimicrobials
871:
868:
841:Main article:
838:
835:
825:(Relenza) and
818:
815:
807:
804:
779:H1N1 influenza
732:
729:
701:
698:
693:
690:
673:
670:
669:
668:
663:
658:
653:
643:
617:
614:
601:
598:
577:
574:
524:
521:
516:
513:
479:conjunctivitis
461:works against
442:
439:
407:Main article:
404:
401:
396:
395:
388:
381:anti-idiotypic
365:
362:
361:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
307:
304:
280:
277:
274:
273:
256:September 2022
188:
186:
179:
173:
170:
150:herpes viruses
115:herpes viruses
106:
103:
64:antimicrobials
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9308:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9288:
9286:
9269:
9266:
9265:
9264:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9227:
9225:
9221:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9140:
9137:
9136:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9123:
9121:
9119:
9113:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9074:Sterilization
9072:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9042:Surgical mask
9040:
9038:
9035:
9034:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9005:
9002:
9001:
9000:
8999:Public health
8997:
8995:
8992:
8988:
8985:
8984:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8971:
8968:
8967:
8966:
8963:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8945:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8915:
8913:
8911:
8905:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8873:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8851:Phage therapy
8849:
8847:
8844:
8840:
8837:
8836:
8835:
8834:Immunotherapy
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8798:
8795:
8794:
8793:
8792:Antimicrobial
8790:
8786:
8783:
8782:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8769:
8766:
8765:
8764:
8761:
8760:
8758:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8741:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8685:
8683:Genitourinary
8682:
8678:
8675:
8674:
8673:
8670:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8657:
8655:
8654:
8652:
8646:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8560:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8545:
8543:
8541:in population
8537:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8505:Herd immunity
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8467:
8465:
8463:
8459:
8441:
8438:
8437:
8435:
8431:
8424:
8423:
8421:
8417:
8410:
8409:
8407:
8403:
8397:
8394:
8393:
8391:
8389:Genitourinary
8387:
8381:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8361:
8359:
8355:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8332:
8331:Contamination
8329:
8328:
8327:
8324:
8323:
8321:
8317:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8300:
8299:Vector-borne
8298:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8279:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8262:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8254:
8252:
8246:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8228:
8225:
8224:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8214:
8212:
8208:
8205:
8201:
8195:
8192:
8191:
8189:
8183:
8177:
8174:
8170:
8167:
8163:
8160:
8157:
8154:
8153:
8152:
8149:
8148:
8146:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8133:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8125:
8123:
8119:
8115:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8090:
8088:
8086:
8085:Cross-species
8082:
8079:
8075:
8068:
8065:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8046:
8045:
8043:
8039:
8036:
8032:
8026:
8025:Window period
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7990:Latent period
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7935:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7893:
7890:
7889:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7869:Deforestation
7867:
7865:
7862:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7849:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7830:
7828:
7826:
7822:
7814:Stress levels
7813:
7810:
7806:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7794:
7791:
7788:
7785:
7784:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7752:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7727:
7725:
7723:
7719:
7713:
7710:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7692:
7691:
7688:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7665:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7652:
7649:
7648:
7647:
7646:Pathogenicity
7644:
7640:
7637:
7636:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7621:
7619:
7617:
7613:
7610:
7606:
7601:
7597:
7589:
7584:
7582:
7577:
7575:
7570:
7569:
7566:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7527:
7523:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7494:
7492:
7488:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7407:
7400:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7385:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7353:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7333:
7331:
7329:
7325:
7322:
7318:
7311:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7293:
7292:
7291:release phase
7288:
7284:
7283:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7265:
7264:
7263:M2 inhibitors
7260:
7256:
7255:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7228:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7213:
7212:
7210:
7208:
7204:
7198:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7190:
7186:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7136:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7074:Bemnifosbuvir
7072:
7070:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7058:
7054:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6985:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6883:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6866:
6863:
6856:
6851:
6849:
6844:
6842:
6837:
6836:
6833:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6790:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6762:
6760:
6756:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6737:
6733:
6727:
6726:Brincidofovir
6724:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6712:
6709:
6705:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6675:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6629:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6606:
6602:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6582:
6578:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6537:
6534:
6531:
6527:
6526:
6525:early protein
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6495:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6475:
6464:
6460:
6459:
6455:
6454:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6429:
6428:
6424:
6421:
6418:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6405:
6404:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6391:
6384:
6380:
6379:
6375:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6343:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6327:
6324:
6320:
6317:
6313:DNA-synthesis
6311:
6308:
6306:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6293:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6273:
6266:
6261:
6259:
6254:
6252:
6247:
6246:
6243:
6231:
6228:
6225:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6188:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6105:Failed agents
6103:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6001:
5997:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5983:
5979:
5973:
5972:Trichosanthin
5970:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5961:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5943:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5924:
5921:
5917:
5911:
5910:Ritonavir (r)
5908:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5806:
5803:
5800:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5645:
5641:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5512:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5491:
5488:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5475:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5416:
5412:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5327:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5306:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5252:
5248:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5230:
5225:
5221:
5218:used against
5217:
5213:
5206:
5201:
5199:
5194:
5192:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5171:
5166:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5141:
5140:
5137:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5059:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5039:Decongestants
5037:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4958:Dissociatives
4956:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4948:Hallucinogens
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4839:
4834:
4830:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4732:
4728:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4652:Anthelmintics
4650:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4589:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4499:
4496:genitourinary
4493:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4476:Antipruritics
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4392:Beta blockers
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4334:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4293:Antiplatelets
4291:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4170:
4165:
4163:
4158:
4156:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4086:
4082:
4075:
4067:
4060:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4025:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3851:
3849:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3824:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3747:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3696:
3690:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3641:
3633:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3540:(2): 413â37.
3539:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3442:(1): vew014.
3441:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3424:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3398:(3): 403â21.
3397:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3229:
3228:Virology Blog
3225:
3218:
3216:
3199:
3198:
3190:
3188:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3093:(6): 510â13.
3092:
3088:
3081:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2856:(6): 639â43.
2855:
2851:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2657:(7): e22572.
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2618:(1): 367â73.
2617:
2613:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2580:(3): 915â23.
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2431:(1): 207â11.
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2392:(5): 385â99.
2391:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2355:(6): 538â44.
2354:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2257:(2): 503â08.
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2120:(5): 317â25.
2119:
2115:
2108:
2100:
2093:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1898:(6): 261â71.
1897:
1893:
1892:Intervirology
1886:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1813:(3): 285â99.
1812:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1781:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1665:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1524:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1408:(4): 343â47.
1407:
1403:
1402:Die Pharmazie
1396:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1329:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:Antiviral Res
1278:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1102:Public policy
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
981:
977:
968:
965:
954:
950:
948:
944:
939:
935:
932:
921:
918:
917:
912:
908:
904:
899:
896:
892:
888:
883:
881:
876:
867:
865:
861:
856:
854:
849:
844:
834:
832:
831:neuraminidase
828:
824:
817:Release phase
814:
812:
803:
801:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
751:
746:
742:
738:
728:
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
697:
689:
686:
681:
679:
667:
666:coronaviruses
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
651:
647:
644:
642:
641:caliciviruses
639:
638:
637:
634:
632:
628:
624:
613:
611:
607:
606:messenger RNA
600:Transcription
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
573:
571:
566:
564:
559:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
520:
512:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
493:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:enteroviruses
468:
464:
460:
456:
454:
450:
446:
438:
434:
432:
426:
424:
420:
416:
410:
400:
393:
389:
386:
382:
378:
377:
376:
373:
371:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
345:
344:
341:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
313:consist of a
312:
303:
301:
297:
292:
290:
285:
270:
267:
259:
248:
245:
241:
238:
234:
231:
227:
224:
220:
217: â
216:
212:
211:Find sources:
205:
201:
195:
194:
189:This section
187:
183:
178:
177:
169:
167:
163:
158:
155:
151:
146:
144:
138:
134:
132:
128:
125:viruses, and
124:
120:
116:
112:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
77:
76:antiparasitic
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
33:
29:
22:
8982:Notification
8953:Hand washing
8948:Food hygiene
8933:Disinfection
8829:Immunization
8808:
8780:Anthelmintic
8768:prophylactic
8656:Respiratory
8580:Hyperendemic
8530:WAIFW matrix
8185:Environment-
7938:Transmission
7914:Urbanization
7712:Host tropism
7608:Determinants
7594:Concepts in
7456:Molnupiravir
7451:Mericitabine
7421:Deuremidevir
7395:Simnotrelvir
7380:Nirmatrelvir
7370:Ibuzatrelvir
7356:3CL protease
7285:
7257:
7214:
7207:Picornavirus
7129:Uprifosbuvir
7027:Pibrentasvir
6978:Voxilaprevir
6948:Paritaprevir
6864:
6765:Filociclovir
6677:
6640:
6588:
6536:Tromantadine
6523:
6456:
6430:
6413:Trifluridine
6401:
6376:
6351:Valaciclovir
6340:
6274:
6226:
6026:Cyanovirin-N
6016:Calanolide A
5692:
5686:2 generation
5660:1 generation
5647:
5618:
5597:Elvucitabine
5587:Apricitabine
5536:
5477:2 generation
5431:1 generation
5418:
5405:Fipravirimat
5319:
5314:Semzuvolimab
5303:
5294:Cenicriviroc
5278:
5266:
5254:
5211:
4953:Psychedelics
4923:Aphrodisiacs
4636:
4597:infestations
4573:Sex hormones
4526:Sex hormones
4471:Cicatrizants
4401:
4387:Vasodilators
4354:antianginals
4351:
4203:stomach acid
4202:
4131:. Retrieved
4127:
4118:
4106:. Retrieved
4102:
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4074:
4059:
4047:. Retrieved
4040:the original
3978:
3974:
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3927:
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3888:
3884:
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3861:
3857:
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3834:
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3227:
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3196:
3178:the original
3173:
3164:
3129:
3123:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3068:. Retrieved
3046:
3042:
3032:
2997:
2993:
2969:
2933:. Retrieved
2929:the original
2900:
2896:
2886:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2813:(1): 53â65.
2810:
2806:
2800:
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2303:
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2240:
2205:
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2152:
2142:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2092:
2080:. Retrieved
2076:the original
2066:
2051:
2016:
2012:
2002:
1983:
1977:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1851:
1845:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1784:. Retrieved
1774:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1680:
1676:
1622:
1618:
1607:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1531:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1436:
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1405:
1401:
1395:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1327:
1321:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1253:
1248:
1194:CRISPR-Cas13
1145:
1110:
1069:
1049:
1014:
993:
989:
987:
978:
974:
960:
951:
947:reassortment
940:
936:
927:
914:
900:
884:
873:
857:
850:
846:
820:
809:
786:
759:oligomerizer
748:
734:
724:
720:
714:
703:
695:
682:
675:
646:flaviviruses
635:
619:
603:
594:dolutegravir
590:elvitegravir
579:
567:
560:
549:
526:
518:
508:adenoviruses
497:
490:
487:
483:encephalitis
463:rhinoviruses
457:
447:
444:
435:
427:
412:
397:
374:
367:
342:
335:
309:
293:
286:
282:
262:
253:
243:
236:
229:
222:
210:
198:Please help
193:verification
190:
162:side effects
159:
147:
139:
135:
108:
105:Medical uses
43:
42:
32:
9235:Eradication
9146:Biosecurity
8871:Vaccination
8846:Inoculation
8824:Drug safety
8819:Combination
8746:and Control
8694:Soft tissue
8648:Anatomical
8615:Seasonality
8595:Mesoendemic
8575:Holoendemic
8568:Farr's laws
8480:Attack rate
8278:Animal bite
8274:Insect bite
8210:Respiratory
7837:Air quality
7825:Environment
7735:Comorbidity
7651:Attack rate
7634:Infectivity
7537:from market
7502:Merimepodib
7476:Triazavirin
7471:Taribavirin
7431:Galidesivir
7426:Favipiravir
7390:Rupintrivir
7375:Lufotrelvir
7365:Ensitrelvir
7310:Laninamivir
7296:Oseltamivir
7278:Rimantadine
7216:viral entry
7197:Bulevirtide
7189:Hepatitis D
7047:Velpatasvir
7002:Daclatasvir
6997:Coblopasvir
6973:Vedroprevir
6943:Narlaprevir
6938:Grazoprevir
6933:Glecaprevir
6928:Faldaprevir
6908:Asunaprevir
6886:Hepatitis C
6867:(primarily
6804:from market
6774:Taribavirin
6666:Telbivudine
6632:Hepatitis B
6618:Tecovirimat
6613:Methisazone
6408:Idoxuridine
6369:Famciclovir
6365:Penciclovir
6356:Ganciclovir
6305:Herpesvirus
6296:Baltimore I
6277:(primarily
6227:recommended
6202:from market
6152:Lersivirine
6127:Capravirine
6066:Miltefosine
6051:Griffithsin
6046:Fosdevirine
5592:Censavudine
5222:(primarily
5086:Otologicals
5058:antagonists
5024:respiratory
4999:Orexigenics
4994:Neurotoxins
4943:Euphoriants
4933:Entactogens
4928:Depressants
4918:Anxiolytics
4856:Anesthetics
4632:Antifungals
4229:Antiemetics
4217:antagonists
3349:(1): 6â10.
3174:www.who.int
1136:Stockpiling
998:hepatitis C
905:(Tamiflu),
903:oseltamivir
895:influenza B
891:influenza A
853:interferons
827:oseltamivir
796:procaspases
685:hepatitis C
648:(including
633:antisense.
586:raltegravir
467:common cold
453:rimantadine
431:Enfuvirtide
415:viral entry
127:influenza A
119:hepatitis B
9285:Categories
9118:infections
9059:Sanitation
9027:Quarantine
8886:resistance
8804:Antiseptic
8785:Ascaricide
8775:Antifungal
8763:Antibiotic
8744:Prevention
8677:Intestinal
8610:Prevalence
8590:Inequality
8539:Occurrence
8338:Breastmilk
8222:Bioaerosol
8194:Sapronosis
8169:Horizontal
8041:Endogenous
8020:Viral load
7980:Index case
7512:Presatovir
7507:Moroxydine
7441:Remdesivir
7399:+ritonavir
7384:+ritonavir
7328:Interferon
7273:Amantadine
7268:Adapromine
7251:Umifenovir
7221:Pleconaril
7124:Radalbuvir
7119:TMC-647055
7109:Sofosbuvir
7104:Setrobuvir
7084:Deleobuvir
7069:Beclabuvir
7042:Samatasvir
7032:Ravidasvir
7022:Ombitasvir
7012:Ledipasvir
6968:Vaniprevir
6963:Telaprevir
6958:Sovaprevir
6953:Simeprevir
6923:Danoprevir
6918:Ciluprevir
6913:Boceprevir
6865:antivirals
6779:Moroxydine
6736:Interferon
6656:Lamivudine
6605:Poxviridae
6595:Rifampicin
6566:Resiquimod
6530:Fomivirsen
6514:Letermovir
6504:Amenamevir
6463:Cytarabine
6448:Sorivudine
6417:+tipiracil
6383:Vidarabine
6275:antivirals
6157:Lodenosine
6137:Droxinavir
6122:Brecanavir
6117:Atevirdine
6081:Seliciclib
6076:Scytovirin
5990:Elipovimab
5935:TRIM5alpha
5612:Stampidine
5517:inhibitors
5501:TMC-310911
5400:BMS-955176
5298:Leronlimab
5290:Vicriviroc
5009:Stimulants
4989:Nootropics
4963:Deliriants
4938:Entheogens
4873:Anorectics
4851:Analgesics
4704:Alkylating
4637:Antivirals
4592:infections
4466:Emollients
4320:Coagulants
4190:metabolism
4133:21 October
4108:21 October
4066:"H1N1 Flu"
4049:21 October
3858:Hepatology
3758:Hepatology
3233:1 December
3204:1 December
3070:30 October
2935:31 October
2251:Hepatology
1683:(3): 850.
1488:(4): 810.
1287:: 94â103.
1240:References
1224:Astemizole
1126:H1N1 virus
1080:letermovir
1006:interferon
860:antibodies
811:Rifampicin
783:rhinovirus
775:bunyavirus
771:arenavirus
745:base pairs
719:mushroom (
631:morpholino
623:fomivirsen
563:lamivudine
556:zidovudine
533:nucleoside
529:nucleotide
475:meningitis
459:Pleconaril
449:Amantadine
392:antibodies
325:(called a
226:newspapers
95:eucalyptus
87:infections
72:antifungal
68:antibiotic
58:, while a
48:medication
9230:Discovery
9156:Disease X
9116:Emerging
9064:Screening
8965:Isolation
8809:Antiviral
8635:Twindemic
8585:Incidence
8462:Modelling
8425:Perinatal
8357:Cutaneous
8248:Linked to
8158:Perinatal
8077:Exogenous
8069:formation
7811:Pregnancy
7668:Endotoxin
7663:Virulence
7547:Phase III
7535:Withdrawn
7466:Ribavirin
7436:GS-441524
7306:Peramivir
7301:Zanamivir
7246:Pimodivir
7232:influenza
7114:Tegobuvir
7089:Filibuvir
7079:Dasabuvir
7017:Odalasvir
6862:RNA virus
6814:Phase III
6802:Withdrawn
6770:Ribavirin
6721:Cidofovir
6671:Clevudine
6661:Lobucavir
6651:Entecavir
6562:Imiquimod
6519:Maribavir
6509:Docosanol
6484:Foscarnet
6438:Brivudine
6423:Edoxudine
6347:Aciclovir
6325:activated
6315:inhibitor
6272:DNA virus
6212:Phase III
6200:Withdrawn
6177:Telinavir
6172:Palinavir
6167:Mozenavir
6147:Emivirine
6142:Lasinavir
6112:Aplaviroc
6041:Foscarnet
6021:Ceragenin
5582:Amdoxovir
5395:Bevirimat
5372:BI 224436
5159:ATC codes
5125:Dressings
5110:Antidotes
4974:Sedatives
4970:Hypnotics
4679:malignant
4536:endocrine
4382:Diuretics
4315:Platelets
4275:and blood
4234:Laxatives
3930:(1): 32.
3515:205104988
2835:260319327
2425:FEBS Lett
2082:8 January
1878:181538245
1786:7 January
1699:1420-3049
1677:Molecules
1655:143434120
1639:0022-2623
1599:1665-5796
1201:(for HIV)
1090:(against
1082:(against
1074:(against
1072:aciclovir
1010:genotypes
1002:ribavirin
988:The term
976:viruses.
931:pneumonia
911:peramivir
907:zanamivir
823:zanamivir
791:apoptosis
741:mammalian
678:ribozymes
582:integrase
576:Integrase
552:aciclovir
495:in 2016.
291:program.
133:viruses.
91:virucides
9296:Biocides
9139:EARS-Net
9054:Safe sex
9006:services
8977:Lockdown
8748:measures
8650:location
8630:Syndemic
8625:Sporadic
8605:Pandemic
8600:Outbreak
8558:Epidemic
8411:Prenatal
8303:Mosquito
8187:to-human
8162:Neonatal
8155:Prenatal
8103:Zoonosis
7948:concepts
7879:Humidity
7864:Commerce
7740:Diabetes
7673:Exotoxin
7037:Ruzasvir
7007:Elbasvir
6688:Adefovir
6590:assembly
6581:Vaccinia
6458:cytosine
6162:Loviride
5004:Serenics
4669:Vaccines
4436:Fibrates
4258:Vitamins
4208:Antacids
4015:25807314
3975:PLOS ONE
3956:26473026
3905:34636311
3681:28319996
3632:26819511
3564:20466277
3507:19258250
3466:28694997
3373:21148489
3324:29588540
3284:19906671
3156:19048205
3115:22710439
3107:19513050
3065:20375034
2925:71595650
2917:18847315
2870:18978532
2827:19235659
2792:11585785
2713:J. Virol
2705:Sodeik B
2691:21818340
2651:PLOS ONE
2596:10411656
2555:19171928
2506:19048198
2455:43114821
2406:11282007
2371:14659071
2330:15140987
2300:J. Virol
2273:12883495
2232:15795296
2202:J. Virol
2183:15795246
2134:11763348
2043:10471549
1939:J. Virol
1920:21222121
1912:10325536
1837:16136207
1766:32679173
1717:35164129
1647:31050421
1514:33557246
1463:33726557
1414:11338678
1387:12799460
1313:25108173
1262:31643973
1256:. 2012.
1215:Virucide
1166:See also
1038:Zepatier
806:Assembly
800:caspases
773:, Guama
725:in vitro
717:shiitake
706:protease
511:degree.
370:receptor
300:bacteria
8943:Hygiene
8881:booster
8814:Asepsis
8553:Endemic
8548:Cluster
8132:Source
8067:Biofilm
7904:Poverty
7874:Ecology
7852:El Niño
7805:Smoking
7683:factors
7624:Biofilm
7600:Outline
7461:NITD008
7099:IDX-184
7094:GS-6620
6871:, also
6432:thymine
6403:uridine
6378:adenine
6342:guanine
6281:, also
6061:KP-1461
5607:Racivir
5377:MK-2048
4861:General
4768:muscles
4737:L03âL04
4733:disease
4685:L01âL02
4681:disease
4431:Statins
4006:4373943
3983:Bibcode
3947:4606524
3814:4530725
3737:4299677
3672:5486987
3623:4721977
3555:2871161
3457:5499642
3414:9182098
3364:3086431
3275:2842737
3024:9728000
3015:1113839
2878:3065481
2743:8289340
2682:3144912
2659:Bibcode
2632:2469420
2546:3170409
2497:7120715
2447:2834223
2281:1612244
2223:1069583
2174:1069577
1969:1850030
1828:1193547
1757:7361119
1708:8839652
1559:7120554
1505:7913928
1454:7975490
1355:Bibcode
1304:7113776
1044:Mavyret
1026:Epclusa
1020:Harvoni
787:in vivo
570:RNase H
421:" and "
385:ligands
323:protein
319:enzymes
311:Viruses
240:scholar
56:viruses
9151:CRISPR
9103:Zoning
8958:Gloves
8369:Fomite
8203:Routes
8098:Vector
7965:Fomite
7946:Basic
7909:Travel
7789:Gender
7530:WHO-EM
7446:MK-608
7416:CMX521
7234:agents
6797:WHO-EM
6683:NtRTIs
6646:NARTIs
6443:FV-100
6195:WHO-EM
6011:BIT225
6006:Abzyme
5937:(gene)
5624:NtRTIs
5519:(RTIs)
5168:
5147:
5095:other
5026:system
4778:joints
4731:immune
4538:system
4498:system
4339:system
4013:
4003:
3954:
3944:
3903:
3811:
3734:
3679:
3669:
3630:
3620:
3562:
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2328:
2321:415795
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2171:
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2041:
2031:
1990:
1967:
1960:240614
1957:
1918:
1910:
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1835:
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1782:. 2022
1764:
1754:
1715:
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1637:
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1378:164704
1375:
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1301:
1260:
1086:), or
1032:Vosevi
656:dengue
592:, and
481:, and
327:capsid
315:genome
242:
235:
228:
221:
213:
117:, the
9223:Other
8731:Fetus
8726:Mouth
8721:Tooth
8716:Blood
8703:Joint
8563:Curve
8433:Other
8380:wound
8378:Open
8348:Feces
8343:Water
8034:Modes
7892:Flood
7616:Agent
7497:EICAR
7230:Anti-
6877:D06BB
6873:S01AD
6634:(VII)
6497:Other
6287:D06BB
6283:S01AD
5999:Other
5982:BNAbs
5542:NRTIs
5321:gp120
5149:Drugs
4866:Local
4833:brain
4772:bones
4273:blood
4043:(PDF)
4036:(PDF)
3720:(1).
3511:S2CID
3111:S2CID
2921:S2CID
2874:S2CID
2831:S2CID
2783:89003
2451:S2CID
2277:S2CID
2034:89431
1916:S2CID
1874:S2CID
1651:S2CID
750:DRACO
737:dsRNA
331:lipid
247:JSTOR
233:books
84:treat
8987:list
8908:Non-
8698:Bone
8690:Skin
8374:Soil
8364:Burn
8326:Food
8308:Tick
7970:Host
7730:Burn
7722:Host
7057:NS5B
6988:NS5A
6875:and
6285:and
6224:DHHS
5280:CCR5
5268:gp41
4776:and
4453:skin
4135:2016
4110:2016
4051:2016
4011:PMID
3952:PMID
3901:PMID
3835:JAMA
3677:PMID
3628:PMID
3560:PMID
3503:PMID
3462:PMID
3410:PMID
3369:PMID
3320:PMID
3280:PMID
3235:2018
3206:2018
3152:PMID
3142:ISBN
3103:PMID
3072:2018
3061:PMID
3020:PMID
2937:2018
2913:PMID
2866:PMID
2823:PMID
2788:PMID
2739:PMID
2687:PMID
2628:PMID
2592:PMID
2551:PMID
2502:PMID
2482:ISBN
2443:PMID
2402:PMID
2367:PMID
2326:PMID
2269:PMID
2228:PMID
2179:PMID
2130:PMID
2084:2022
2039:PMID
1988:ISBN
1965:PMID
1908:PMID
1864:ISBN
1833:PMID
1788:2024
1762:PMID
1713:PMID
1695:ISSN
1643:PMID
1635:ISSN
1595:ISSN
1544:ISBN
1510:PMID
1459:PMID
1410:PMID
1383:PMID
1347:PNAS
1309:PMID
1258:PMID
1222:and
885:The
781:and
506:and
451:and
423:CCR5
219:news
143:AIDS
129:and
121:and
97:and
74:and
9047:PPE
8735:Eye
8396:Sex
8217:Air
7786:Age
6895:NS3
6869:J05
6550:HPV
6279:J05
5305:CD4
5224:J05
5220:HIV
5097:ATC
4835:and
4594:and
4001:PMC
3991:doi
3942:PMC
3932:doi
3893:doi
3866:doi
3839:308
3809:PMC
3799:doi
3766:doi
3732:PMC
3722:doi
3667:PMC
3659:doi
3655:166
3618:PMC
3608:doi
3550:PMC
3542:doi
3493:doi
3489:360
3452:PMC
3444:doi
3400:doi
3359:PMC
3351:doi
3347:203
3310:doi
3270:PMC
3262:doi
3258:277
3134:doi
3095:doi
3051:doi
3010:PMC
3002:doi
2998:317
2994:BMJ
2970:CDC
2905:doi
2858:doi
2815:doi
2778:PMC
2770:doi
2729:PMC
2721:doi
2677:PMC
2667:doi
2620:doi
2616:160
2582:doi
2578:262
2541:PMC
2533:doi
2492:PMC
2474:doi
2433:doi
2429:231
2394:doi
2357:doi
2316:PMC
2308:doi
2259:doi
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