3957:) are directly exposed or may be covered by a layer of skin and are visible as a circular area just behind the eye. The size and distance apart of the eardrums is related to the frequency and wavelength at which the frog calls. In some species such as the bullfrog, the size of the tympanum indicates the sex of the frog; males have tympani that are larger than their eyes while in females, the eyes and tympani are much the same size. A noise causes the tympanum to vibrate and the sound is transmitted to the middle and inner ear. The middle ear contains semicircular canals which help control balance and orientation. In the inner ear, the auditory hair cells are arranged in two areas of the cochlea, the basilar papilla and the amphibian papilla. The former detects high frequencies and the latter low frequencies. Because the cochlea is short, frogs use
4986:, which has a gut already adapted to a diet similar to that of adults. These continue to eat during metamorphosis. The nervous system becomes adapted for hearing and stereoscopic vision, and for new methods of locomotion and feeding. The eyes are repositioned higher up on the head and the eyelids and associated glands are formed. The eardrum, middle ear, and inner ear are developed. The skin becomes thicker and tougher, the lateral line system is lost, and skin glands are developed. The final stage is the disappearance of the tail, but this takes place rather later, the tissue being used to produce a spurt of growth in the limbs. Frogs are at their most vulnerable to predators when they are undergoing metamorphosis. At this time, the tail is being lost and locomotion by means of limbs is only just becoming established.
4978:. This causes different tissues to develop in different ways. The principal changes that take place include the development of the lungs and the disappearance of the gills and gill pouch, making the front legs visible. The lower jaw transforms into the big mandible of the carnivorous adult, and the long, spiral gut of the herbivorous tadpole is replaced by the typical short gut of a predator. Homeostatic feedback control of food intake is largely absent, making tadpoles eat constantly when food is present. But shortly before and during metamorphosis the sensation of hunger is suppressed, and they stop eating while their gut and internal organs are reorganized and prepared for a different diet. Also the
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They advertise their presence by calling, often alternating their croaks with neighbouring frogs. Larger, stronger males tend to have deeper calls and maintain higher quality territories. Females select their mates at least partly on the basis of the depth of their voice. In some species there are satellite males who have no territory and do not call. They may intercept females that are approaching a calling male or take over a vacated territory. Calling is an energy-sapping activity. Sometimes the two roles are reversed and a calling male gives up its territory and becomes a satellite.
3724:
lies coiled in the mouth, free at the back and attached to the mandible at the front. It can be shot out and retracted at great speed. In amphibians there are salvary glands on the tongue, which in frogs produce what is called a two-phase viscoelastic fluid. When exposed to pressure, like when the tongue is wrapping around a prey, it becomes runny and covers the prey's body. As the pressure drops, it returns to a thick and elastic state, which gives the tongue an extra grip. Some frogs have no tongue and just stuff food into their mouths with their hands. The
African bullfrog (
3930:
16825:
4996:
4900:, but does not contain any bony or cartilaginous elements except for a few vertebrae at the base which forms the urostyle during metamorphosis. This has been suggested as an adaptation to their lifestyles; because the transformation into frogs happens very fast, the tail is made of soft tissue only, as bone and cartilage take a much longer time to be broken down and absorbed. The tail fin and tip is fragile and will easily tear, which is seen as an adaptation to escape from predators which try to grasp them by the tail.
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5408:, located on the sides of their heads behind the eyes and other glands elsewhere on their bodies. These glands secrete mucus and a range of toxins that make frogs slippery to hold and distasteful or poisonous. If the noxious effect is immediate, the predator may cease its action and the frog may escape. If the effect develops more slowly, the predator may learn to avoid that species in future. Poisonous frogs tend to advertise their toxicity with bright colours, an adaptive strategy known as
16837:
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15130:
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4342:
5727:, the larvae of which damage and kill the canes. Initial results in many of these countries were positive, but it later became apparent that the toads upset the ecological balance in their new environments. They bred freely, competed with native frog species, ate bees and other harmless native invertebrates, had few predators in their adopted habitats, and poisoned pets, carnivorous birds, and mammals. In many of these countries, they are now regarded both as pests and
4619:) from Malaysia and Borneo. It has large feet with the fingertips expanded into flat adhesive discs and the digits fully webbed. Flaps of skin occur on the lateral margins of the limbs and across the tail region. With the digits splayed, the limbs outstretched, and these flaps spread, it can glide considerable distances, but is unable to undertake powered flight. It can alter its direction of travel and navigate distances of up to 15 m (50 ft) between trees.
4505:) digs a burrow beside a river or in the bed of an ephemeral stream and regularly emerges to forage. Mating takes place and eggs are laid in a foam nest inside the burrow. The eggs partially develop there, but do not hatch until they are submerged following heavy rainfall. The tadpoles then swim out into the open water and rapidly complete their development. Madagascan burrowing frogs are less fossorial and mostly bury themselves in leaf litter. One of these, the
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Many species also have a territorial call that is used to drive away other males. All of these calls are emitted with the mouth of the frog closed. A distress call, emitted by some frogs when they are in danger, is produced with the mouth open resulting in a higher-pitched call. It is typically used when the frog has been grabbed by a predator and may serve to distract or disorient the attacker so that it releases the frog.
10075:
3386:
3803:. These include the development of special pads on his thumbs in the breeding season, to give him a firm hold. The grip of the male frog during amplexus stimulates the female to release eggs, usually wrapped in jelly, as spawn. In many species the male is smaller and slimmer than the female. Males have vocal cords and make a range of croaks, particularly in the breeding season, and in some species they also have
15123:
3513:). The secretion is often sticky and helps keep the skin moist, protects against the entry of moulds and bacteria, and makes the animal slippery and more able to escape from predators. The skin is shed every few weeks. It usually splits down the middle of the back and across the belly, and the frog pulls its arms and legs free. The sloughed skin is then worked towards the head where it is quickly eaten.
5163:
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4389:) has short, slim hind limbs unsuited to jumping. It can move fast by using a running gait in which the two hind legs are used alternately. Slow-motion photography shows, unlike a horse that can trot or gallop, the frog's gait remained similar at slow, medium, and fast speeds. This species can also climb trees and shrubs, and does so at night to catch insects. The Indian skipper frog (
4650:
This often results in annual migrations involving thousands of individuals. In explosive breeders, mature adult frogs arrive at breeding sites in response to certain trigger factors such as rainfall occurring in an arid area. In these frogs, mating and spawning take place promptly and the speed of larval growth is rapid in order to make use of the ephemeral pools before they dry up.
5508:) crouches down with eyes closed and head tipped forward when threatened. This places the parotoid glands in the most effective position, the other glands on its back begin to ooze noxious secretions and the most vulnerable parts of its body are protected. Another tactic used by some frogs is to "scream", the sudden loud noise tending to startle the predator. The gray tree frog (
131:
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3933:
3935:
4038:), females reply to males' calls, which acts to reinforce reproductive activity in a breeding colony. Female frogs prefer males that produce sounds of greater intensity and lower frequency, attributes that stand out in a crowd. The rationale for this is thought to be that by demonstrating his prowess, the male shows his fitness to produce superior offspring.
5689:, environmental factors contributing to rates of disease, and vulnerability to attack by parasites. Malformations impair mobility and the individuals may not survive to adulthood. An increase in the number of frogs eaten by birds may actually increase the likelihood of parasitism of other frogs, because the trematode's complex lifecycle includes the
3932:
3792:. It then travels on through the ureters, which are consequently known as urinogenital ducts. There is no penis, and sperm is ejected from the cloaca directly onto the eggs as the female lays them. The ovaries of the female frog are beside the kidneys and the eggs pass down a pair of oviducts and through the cloaca to the exterior.
4402:
4317:), the peak power exerted during a jump can exceed that which the muscle is theoretically capable of producing. When the muscles contract, the energy is first transferred into the stretched tendon which is wrapped around the ankle bone. Then the muscles stretch again at the same time as the tendon releases its energy like a
5044:
5197:) were studied, the phalanges of the toes showing seasonal lines where growth slows in winter. The oldest frogs had ten bands, so their age was believed to be 14 years, including the four-year tadpole stage. Captive frogs and toads have been recorded as living for up to 40 years, an age achieved by a European common toad (
3533:. Similar glands in tree frogs produce a glue-like substance on the adhesive discs of the feet. Some arboreal frogs reduce water loss by having a waterproof layer of skin, and several South American species coat their skin with a waxy secretion. Other frogs have adopted behaviours to conserve water, including becoming
5046:
3730:), which preys on relatively large animals such as mice and other frogs, has cone shaped bony projections called odontoid processes at the front of the lower jaw which function like teeth. The eyes assist in the swallowing of food as they can be retracted through holes in the skull and help push food down the throat.
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lays up to 40 eggs on the ground, where they are guarded by the male. When the tadpoles are about to hatch, they are engulfed by the male, which carries them around inside his much-enlarged vocal sac. Here they are immersed in a frothy, viscous liquid that contains some nourishment to supplement what
4488:
of the hind feet which it uses to dig itself backwards into the ground. As it digs, the toad wriggles its hips from side to side to sink into the loose soil. It has a shallow burrow in the summer from which it emerges at night to forage. In winter, it digs much deeper and has been recorded at a depth
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Early hatching of froglets can have negative effects on frog jumping performance and overall locomotion. The hindlimbs are unable to completely form, which results in them being shorter and much weaker relative to a normal hatching froglet. Early hatching froglets may tend to depend on other forms of
5624:
and its population crashed in 1987, along with about 20 other frog species in the area. This could not be linked directly to human activities, such as deforestation, and was outside the range of normal fluctuations in population size. Elsewhere, habitat loss is a significant cause of frog population
5611:
In 2006, of 4,035 species of amphibians that depend on water during some lifecycle stage, 1,356 (33.6%) were considered to be threatened. This is likely to be an underestimate because it excludes 1,427 species for which evidence was insufficient to assess their status. Frog populations have declined
5308:) carries the eggs around with him attached to his hind legs. He keeps them damp in dry weather by immersing himself in a pond, and prevents them from getting too wet in soggy vegetation by raising his hindquarters. After three to six weeks, he travels to a pond and the eggs hatch into tadpoles. The
5268:
or small woody cavities) as sites for depositing a few tadpoles. While these smaller rearing sites are free from competition, they also lack sufficient nutrients to support a tadpole without parental assistance. Frog species that changed from the use of larger to smaller phytotelmata have evolved a
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From early in its development, a gill pouch covers the tadpole's gills and front legs. The lungs soon start to develop and are used as an accessory breathing organ. Some species go through metamorphosis while still inside the egg and hatch directly into small frogs. Tadpoles lack true teeth, but the
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The larvae that emerge from the eggs are known as tadpoles (or occasionally polliwogs). Tadpoles lack eyelids and limbs, and have cartilaginous skeletons, gills for respiration (external gills at first, internal gills later), and tails they use for swimming. As a general rule, free-living larvae are
4653:
Among prolonged breeders, males usually arrive at the breeding site first and remain there for some time whereas females tend to arrive later and depart soon after they have spawned. This means that males outnumber females at the water's edge and defend territories from which they expel other males.
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The muscular system has been similarly modified. The hind limbs of ancestral frogs presumably contained pairs of muscles which would act in opposition (one muscle to flex the knee, a different muscle to extend it), as is seen in most other limbed animals. However, in modern frogs, almost all muscles
1069:
seemed to have originated in Africa/India, the salamanders in East Asia and the caecilians in tropical
Pangaea. Other researchers, while agreeing with the main thrust of this study, questioned the choice of calibration points used to synchronise the data. They proposed that the date of lissamphibian
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Two main types of reproduction occur in frogs, prolonged breeding and explosive breeding. In the former, adopted by the majority of species, adult frogs at certain times of year assemble at a pond, lake or stream to breed. Many frogs return to the bodies of water in which they developed as larvae.
3920:
The distant vision of a frog is better than its near vision. Calling frogs will quickly become silent when they see an intruder or even a moving shadow but the closer an object is, the less well it is seen. When a frog shoots out its tongue to catch an insect it is reacting to a small moving object
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have pads located on the ends of their toes to help grip vertical surfaces. These are not suction pads, the surface consisting instead of columnar cells with flat tops with small gaps between them lubricated by mucous glands. When the frog applies pressure, the cells adhere to irregularities on the
5396:
At first sight, frogs seem rather defenceless because of their small size, slow movement, thin skin, and lack of defensive structures, such as spines, claws or teeth. Many use camouflage to avoid detection, the skin often being spotted or streaked in neutral colours that allow a stationary frog to
5256:
in frogs is driven primarily by the size of the water body in which they breed. Those that breed in smaller water bodies tend to have greater and more complex parental care behaviour. Because predation of eggs and larvae is high in large water bodies, some frog species started to lay their eggs on
4041:
A different call is emitted by a male frog or unreceptive female when mounted by another male. This is a distinct chirruping sound and is accompanied by a vibration of the body. Tree frogs and some non-aquatic species have a rain call that they make on the basis of humidity cues prior to a shower.
3723:
Frogs have maxillary teeth along their upper jaw which are used to hold food before it is swallowed. These teeth are very weak, and cannot be used to chew or catch and harm agile prey. Instead, the frog uses its sticky, cleft tongue to catch insects and other small moving prey. The tongue normally
3528:
Many frogs are able to absorb water and oxygen directly through the skin, especially around the pelvic area, but the permeability of a frog's skin can also result in water loss. Glands located all over the body exude mucus which helps keep the skin moist and reduces evaporation. Some glands on the
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forest clearance, road construction, or other human-made barriers. Usually, a greater diversity of frogs occurs in tropical areas than in temperate regions, such as Europe. Some frogs inhabit arid areas, such as deserts, and rely on specific adaptations to survive. Members of the
Australian genus
5558:
Frogs live on every continent except
Antarctica, but they are not present on certain islands, especially those far away from continental land masses. Many species are isolated in restricted ranges by changes of climate or inhospitable territory, such as stretches of sea, mountain ridges, deserts,
4819:
has also been found to be up to 6 °C (11 °F) warmer than the surrounding water and this speeds up the development of the larvae. The larvae developing in the eggs can detect vibrations caused by nearby predatory wasps or snakes, and will hatch early to avoid being eaten. In general, the
3516:
Being cold-blooded, frogs have to adopt suitable behaviour patterns to regulate their temperature. To warm up, they can move into the sun or onto a warm surface; if they overheat, they can move into the shade or adopt a stance that exposes the minimum area of skin to the air. This posture is also
3336:
The structure of the feet and legs varies greatly among frog species, depending in part on whether they live primarily on the ground, in water, in trees, or in burrows. Adult anurans have four fingers on the hands and five toes on the feet, but the smallest species often have hands and feet where
5653:
health because of their intermediate positions in food chains, their permeable skins, and typically biphasic lives (aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults). It appears that species with both aquatic eggs and larvae are most affected by the decline, while those with direct development are the most
5335:) guard their eggs, which are laid on the ground. When the eggs hatch, the male lubricates his body with the jelly surrounding them and immerses himself in the egg mass. The tadpoles wriggle into skin pouches on his side, where they develop until they metamorphose into juvenile frogs. The female
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is increased. This means that the limited amount of energy available to the comatose frog is used in a more efficient manner. This survival mechanism is only useful to animals that remain completely unconscious for an extended period of time and whose energy requirements are low because they are
3614:
are usually on ground-dwelling frogs, for whom smooth skin would not provide such effective camouflage. Certain frogs change colour between night and day, as light and moisture stimulate the pigment cells and cause them to expand or contract. Some are even able to control their skin texture. The
1321:
from the middle
Jurassic is slightly younger, about 155–170 million years old. The main evolutionary changes in this species involved the shortening of the body and the loss of the tail. The evolution of modern Anura likely was complete by the Jurassic period. Since then, evolutionary changes in
4300:
Slow-motion photography shows that the muscles have passive flexibility. They are first stretched while the frog is still in the crouched position, then they are contracted before being stretched again to launch the frog into the air. The fore legs are folded against the chest and the hind legs
3815:
Frogs have a highly developed nervous system that consists of a brain, spinal cord and nerves. Many parts of frog brains correspond with those of humans. It consists of two olfactory lobes, two cerebral hemispheres, a pineal body, two optic lobes, a cerebellum and a medulla oblongata. Muscular
3450:. Furthermore, many arboreal frogs have hip joints that allow both hopping and walking. Some frogs that live high in trees even possess an elaborate degree of webbing between their toes. This allows the frogs to "parachute" or make a controlled glide from one position in the canopy to another.
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5764:
are eaten by humans in many parts of the world. Indonesia is the world's largest exporter of frog meat, exporting more than 5,000 tonnes of frog meat each year, mostly to France, Belgium and
Luxembourg. Originally, they were supplied from local wild populations, but overexploitation led to a
7745:
Frost, D. R.; Grant, T.; Faivovich, J. N.; Bain, R. H.; Haas, A.; Haddad, C. L. F. B.; De Sá, R. O.; Channing, A.; Wilkinson, M.; Donnellan, S. C.; Raxworthy, C. J.; Campbell, J. A.; Blotto, B. L.; Moler, P.; Drewes, R. C.; Nussbaum, R. A.; Lynch, J. D.; Green, D. M.; Wheeler, W. C. (2006).
5047:
4416:
Frogs that live in or visit water have adaptations that improve their swimming abilities. The hind limbs are heavily muscled and strong. The webbing between the toes of the hind feet increases the area of the foot and helps propel the frog powerfully through the water. Members of the family
3733:
The food then moves through the oesophagus into the stomach where digestive enzymes are added and it is churned up. It then proceeds to the small intestine (duodenum and ileum) where most digestion occurs. Pancreatic juice from the pancreas, and bile, produced by the liver and stored in the
3401:
have been modified to contribute to the action of jumping, with only a few small muscles remaining to bring the limb back to the starting position and maintain posture. The muscles have also been greatly enlarged, with the main leg muscles accounting for over 17% of the total mass of frogs.
3305:
Frogs have no tail, except as larvae, and most have long hind legs, elongated ankle bones, webbed toes, no claws, large eyes, and a smooth or warty skin. They have short vertebral columns, with no more than 10 free vertebrae and fused tailbones (urostyle or coccyx). Frogs range in size from
3996:
4157:
can even survive being frozen. Ice crystals form under the skin and in the body cavity but the essential organs are protected from freezing by a high concentration of glucose. An apparently lifeless, frozen frog can resume respiration and its heartbeat can restart when conditions warm up.
3364:
which, in specialist jumpers such as ranids and hylids, functions as an additional limb joint to further power the leaps. The tail vertebrae have fused into a urostyle which is retracted inside the pelvis. This enables the force to be transferred from the legs to the body during a leap.
4885:
structures called keradonts in their upper jaws. Their lower jaws usually have three rows of keradonts surrounded by a horny beak, but the number of rows can vary and the exact arrangements of mouth parts provide a means for species identification. In the
Pipidae, with the exception of
4676:
In explosive breeders, the first male that finds a suitable breeding location, such as a temporary pool, calls loudly and other frogs of both sexes converge on the pool. Explosive breeders tend to call in unison creating a chorus that can be heard from far away. The spadefoot toads
4513:), has a flattened head with a short snout and well-developed metatarsal tubercles on its hind feet to help with excavation. It also has greatly enlarged terminal discs on its fore feet that help it to clamber around in bushes. It breeds in temporary pools that form after rains.
3337:
some of the digits are vestigial. Frogs must be able to move quickly through their environment to catch prey and escape predators, and numerous adaptations help them to do so. Most frogs are either proficient at jumping or are descended from ancestors that were, with much of the
5658:
5569:
during dry periods. Once it rains, they emerge, find a temporary pool, and breed. Egg and tadpole development is very fast compared with those of most other frogs, so breeding can be completed before the pond dries up. Some frog species are adapted to a cold environment. The
3517:
used to prevent water loss and involves the frog squatting close to the substrate with its hands and feet tucked under its chin and body. The colour of a frog's skin is used for thermoregulation. In cool damp conditions, the colour will be darker than on a hot dry day. The
4190:
cold-blooded and have no need to generate heat. Other research showed that, to provide these energy requirements, muscles atrophy, but hind limb muscles are preferentially unaffected. Frogs have been found to have upper critical temperatures of around 41 degrees
Celsius.
3706:) is one such species and has wrinkly skin that increases its surface area to enhance gas exchange. It normally makes no use of its rudimentary lungs but will sometimes raise and lower its body rhythmically while on the lake bed to increase the flow of water around it.
5299:
stands guard over his egg cluster, laid under a stone or log. When the eggs hatch, he transports the tadpoles on his back to a temporary pool, where he partially immerses himself in the water and one or more tadpoles drop off. He then moves on to another pool. The male
5182:. They are themselves eaten by secondary predators and are the primary terrestrial consumers of invertebrates, most of which feed on plants. By reducing herbivory, they play a part in increasing the growth of plants and are thus part of a delicately balanced ecosystem.
4378:) was placed on a treadmill which was turned at varying speeds. By measuring the toad's uptake of oxygen it was found that hopping was an inefficient use of resources during sustained locomotion but was a useful strategy during short bursts of high-intensity activity.
4013:
in the throat. In most calling frogs, the sound is amplified by one or more vocal sacs, membranes of skin under the throat or on the corner of the mouth, that distend during the amplification of the call. Some frog calls are so loud that they can be heard up to a mile
3741:
Although adapted to terrestrial life, frogs resemble freshwater fish in their inability to conserve body water effectively. When they are on land, much water is lost by evaporation from the skin. The excretory system is similar to that of mammals and there are two
5534:) on being approached by a snake is to crouch down and remain immobile. This is usually successful, with the snake passing by and the toad remaining undetected. If it is encountered by the snake's head, however, the toad hops away before crouching defensively.
5257:
land. Once this happened, the desiccating terrestrial environment demands that one or both parents keep them moist to ensure their survival. The subsequent need to transport hatched tadpoles to a water body required an even more intense form of parental care.
3965:. In some species that inhabit arid regions, the sound of thunder or heavy rain may arouse them from a dormant state. A frog may be startled by an unexpected noise but it will not usually take any action until it has located the source of the sound by sight.
1074:, rather less than 300 million years ago, a date in better agreement with the palaeontological data. A further study in 2011 using both extinct and living taxa sampled for morphological, as well as molecular data, came to the conclusion that Lissamphibia is
863:
species that fit within the anuran definition. The characteristics of anuran adults include: 9 or fewer presacral vertebrae, the presence of a urostyle formed of fused vertebrae, no tail, a long and forward-sloping ilium, shorter fore limbs than hind limbs,
5281:
or other similar water body, depositing just one in each location. She visits them regularly and feeds them by laying one or two unfertilized eggs in the phytotelma, continuing to do this until the young are large enough to undergo metamorphosis. The
4493:
to supply the toad's needs. Spadefoot toads are "explosive breeders", all emerging from their burrows at the same time and converging on temporary pools, attracted to one of these by the calling of the first male to find a suitable breeding location.
4610:
During the evolutionary history of frogs, several different groups have independently taken to the air. Some frogs in the tropical rainforest are specially adapted for gliding from tree to tree or parachuting to the forest floor. Typical of them is
3713:
Anatomical model of a dissected frog: 1 Right atrium, 2 Lungs, 3 Aorta, 4 Egg mass, 5 Colon, 6 Left atrium, 7 Ventricle, 8 Stomach, 9 Liver, 10 Gallbladder, 11 Small intestine,
4546:, where they scramble around on the branches, twigs, and leaves, sometimes never coming down to earth. The "true" tree frogs belong to the family Hylidae, but members of other frog families have independently adopted an arboreal habit, a case of
3300:
skeleton, showing elongated limb bones and extra joints. Red marks indicate bones which have been substantially elongated in frogs and joints which have become mobile. Blue indicates joints and bones which have not been modified or only somewhat
13723:
Burkhart, J. G.; Ankley, G.; Bell, H.; Carpenter, H.; Fort, D.; Gardiner, D.; Gardner, H.; Hale, R.; Helgen, J. C.; Jepson, P.; Johnson, D.; Lannoo, M.; Lee, D.; Lary, J.; Levey, R.; Magner, J.; Meteyer, C.; Shelby, M. D.; Lucier, G. (2000).
3599:
embedded in the skin, a trait that appears to have evolved independently several times. In certain other species, the skin at the top of the head is compacted and the connective tissue of the dermis is co-ossified with the bones of the skull
4684:) of North America fall into this category. Mate selection and courtship is not as important as speed in reproduction. In some years, suitable conditions may not occur and the frogs may go for two or more years without breeding. Some female
6090:) are also used for this purpose. These are less toxic and less abundant than the golden poison frog. They are impaled on pointed sticks and may be heated over a fire to maximise the quantity of poison that can be transferred to the dart.
3734:
gallbladder, are secreted into the small intestine, where the fluids digest the food and the nutrients are absorbed. The food residue passes into the large intestine where excess water is removed and the wastes are passed out through the
3921:
that it cannot see well and must line it up precisely beforehand because it shuts its eyes as the tongue is extended. Although it was formerly debated, more recent research has shown that frogs can see in colour, even in very low light.
5324:, and seems to have antimicrobial properties. Several pairs of frogs may form a colonial nest on a previously built raft. The eggs are laid in the centre, followed by alternate layers of foam and eggs, finishing with a foam capping.
4489:
of 4.5 m (14 ft 9 in). The tunnel is filled with soil and the toad hibernates in a small chamber at the end. During this time, urea accumulates in its tissues and water is drawn in from the surrounding damp soil by
14617:
Gissi, Carmela; San Mauro, Diego; Pesole, Graziano; Zardoya, Rafael (February 2006). "Mitochondrial phylogeny of Anura (Amphibia): A case study of congruent phylogenetic reconstruction using amino acid and nucleotide characters".
4562:(Rhacophoridae). Most tree frogs are under 10 cm (4 in) in length, with long legs and long toes with adhesive pads on the tips. The surface of the toe pads is formed from a closely packed layer of flat-topped, hexagonal
4145:) normally sink to the bottom of the pond where they lie, semi-immersed in mud but still able to access the oxygen dissolved in the water. Their metabolism slows down and they live on their energy reserves. Some frogs such as the
4046:
3931:
3537:
and resting in a water-conserving position. Some frogs may also rest in large groups with each frog pressed against its neighbours. This reduces the amount of skin exposed to the air or a dry surface, and thus reduces water loss.
1166:), "to jump") is the name of the total group that includes modern frogs in the order Anura as well as their close fossil relatives, the "proto-frogs" or "stem-frogs". The common features possessed by these proto-frogs include 14
6794:
Faivovich, J.; Haddad, C. F. B.; Garcia, P. C. A.; Frost, D. R.; Campbell, J. A.; Wheeler, W. C. (2005). "Systematic review of the frog family
Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: Phylogenetic analysis and revision".
11827:
de-Oliveira-Nogueira, Carlos
Henrique; Souza, Ubiratã Ferreira; Machado, Thaynara Mendes; Figueiredo-de-Andrade, Caio Antônio; Mônico, Alexander Tamanini; Sazima, Ivan; Sazima, Marlies; Toledo, Luís Felipe (June 2023).
4433:
Some frogs have become adapted for burrowing and a life underground. They tend to have rounded bodies, short limbs, small heads with bulging eyes, and hind feet adapted for excavation. An extreme example of this is the
4970:
At the end of the tadpole stage, a frog undergoes metamorphosis in which its body makes a sudden transition into the adult form. This metamorphosis typically lasts only 24 hours, and is initiated by production of the
3508:
A frog's skin is protective, has a respiratory function, can absorb water, and helps control body temperature. It has many glands, particularly on the head and back, which often exude distasteful and toxic substances
5123:, with plants constituting 79.5% of its diet by volume. Many frogs use their sticky tongues to catch prey, while others simply grab them with their mouths. Adult frogs are themselves attacked by many predators. The
4029:
The main function of calling is for male frogs to attract mates. Males may call individually or there may be a chorus of sound where numerous males have converged on breeding sites. In many frog species, such as the
7961:
Otero, R.A.; P. Jimenez-Huidobro; S. Soto-Acuña; R.E.Yury-Yáñez (2014). "Evidence of a giant helmeted frog (Australobatrachia, Calyptocephalellidae) from Eocene levels of the Magallanes Basin, southernmost Chile".
5045:
4281: in). There are tremendous differences between species in jumping capability. Within a species, jump distance increases with increasing size, but relative jumping distance (body-lengths jumped) decreases. The
3995:
4048:
3651:
can pass through their highly permeable skins. This unique feature allows them to remain in places without access to the air, respiring through their skins. Ribs are generally absent, so the lungs are filled by
477:, with declines in frog populations often viewed as early warning signs of environmental damage. Frog populations have declined significantly since the 1950s. More than one third of species are considered to be
5633:
predators and competitors. A Canadian study conducted in 2006 suggested heavy traffic in their environment was a larger threat to frog populations than was habitat loss. Emerging infectious diseases, including
3860:
over a field of 100° to the front and a total visual field of almost 360°. They may be the only part of an otherwise submerged frog to protrude from the water. Each eye has closable upper and lower lids and a
8848:
8544:"Phenotypic plasticity raises questions for taxonomically important traits: a remarkable new Andean rainfrog ( Pristimantis ) with the ability to change skin texture: Phenotypic plasticity in Andean rainfrog"
5277:) lays her eggs on the forest floor. The male frog guards them from predation and carries water in his cloaca to keep them moist. When they hatch, the female moves the tadpoles on her back to a water-holding
952:, by far the largest group, which contains the remaining families of modern frogs, including most common species throughout the world. The suborder Neobatrachia is further divided into the two superfamilies
5769:
and a global trade in frogs. The main importing countries are France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the United States, while the chief exporting nations are Indonesia and China. The annual global trade in the
5351:. The tadpoles rely on the yolks of the eggs for nourishment. After six or seven weeks, they are ready for metamorphosis. The mother regurgitates the tiny frogs, which hop away from her mouth. The female
4101:) are unusual in many aspects. The males are notable for their varieties of calls where upward and downward frequency modulations take place. When they communicate, they produce calls that fall in the
13232:
Dahl, Chris; Novotny, Vojtech; Moravec, Jiri; Richards, Stephen J. (2009). "Beta diversity of frogs in the forests of New Guinea, Amazonia and Europe: contrasting tropical and temperate communities".
5260:
In small pools, predators are mostly absent and competition between tadpoles becomes the variable that constrains their survival. Certain frog species avoid this competition by making use of smaller
4776:
Frogs may lay their in eggs as clumps, surface films, strings, or individually. Around half of species deposit eggs in water, others lay eggs in vegetation, on the ground or in excavations. The tiny
1057:. This would help account for the relative scarcity of amphibian fossils from the period before the groups split. Another molecular phylogenetic analysis conducted about the same time concluded that
8475:
Jared, C.; Antoniazzi, M. M.; Navas, C. A.; Katchburian, E.; Freymüller, E.; Tambourgi, D. V.; Rodrigues, M. T. (2005). "Head co-ossification, phragmosis and defence in the casque-headed tree frog
5582:, buries itself in the ground during winter. Although much of its body freezes during this time, it maintains a high concentration of glucose in its vital organs, which protects them from damage.
4173:
during the hot, dry season in Australia, surviving in a dormant state without access to food and water for nine or ten months of the year. It burrows underground and curls up inside a protective
12366:
Brown, J. L.; Morales, V.; Summers, K. (2008a). "Divergence in parental care, habitat selection and larval life history between two species of Peruvian poison frogs: An experimental analysis".
7119:
Anderson, Jason S.; Reisz, Robert R.; Scott, Diane; Fröbisch, Nadia B.; Sumida, Stuart S. (2008). "A stem batrachian from the Early Permian of Texas and the origin of frogs and salamanders".
5711:) is a very adaptable species native to South and Central America. In the 1930s, it was introduced into Puerto Rico, and later various other islands in the Pacific and Caribbean region, as a
3795:
When frogs mate, the male climbs on the back of the female and wraps his fore limbs round her body, either behind the front legs or just in front of the hind legs. This position is called
9604:
Hudson, N. J.; Lehnert, S. A.; Ingham, A. B.; Symonds, B.; Franklin, C. E.; Harper, G. S. (2005). "Lessons from an estivating frog: sparing muscle protein despite starvation and disuse".
4792:) makes a nest of foam in a hollow. The eggs hatch when the nest is flooded, or the tadpoles may complete their development in the foam if flooding does not occur. The red-eyed treefrog (
3746:
that remove nitrogenous products from the blood. Frogs produce large quantities of dilute urine in order to flush out toxic products from the kidney tubules. The nitrogen is excreted as
13019:
Smith, B. P.; Tyler, M. J.; Kaneko, T.; Garraffo, H. M.; Spande, T. F.; Daly, J. W. (2002). "Evidence for biosynthesis of pseudophrynamine alkaloids by an Australian myobatrachid frog (
11931:
11898:
5889:) was first widely used in laboratories in pregnancy tests in the first half of the 20th century. A sample of urine from a pregnant woman injected into a female frog induces it to lay
5397:
merge into its surroundings. Some can make prodigious leaps, often into water, that help them to evade potential attackers, while many have other defensive adaptations and strategies.
6062:) are traditionally used by native Colombians to poison the darts they use for hunting. The tip of the projectile is rubbed over the back of the frog and the dart is launched from a
12591:
8008:
Morphological and ecological convergence at the lower size limit for vertebrates highlighted by five new miniaturised microhylid frog species from three different Madagascan genera
4362:
have short back legs and tend to walk rather than jump. When they try to move rapidly, they speed up the rate of movement of their limbs or resort to an ungainly hopping gait. The
3558:
projecting from its lower back and thighs, giving it a bristly appearance. These contain blood vessels and are thought to increase the area of the skin available for respiration.
13809:
3475:. In some cases, the full leg still grows, but in others it does not, although the frog may still live out its normal lifespan with only three limbs. Occasionally, a parasitic
9235:
5364:
they obtain from the yolks of the eggs. They remain in the sac for seven to ten weeks before undergoing metamorphosis, after which they move into the male's mouth and emerge.
13683:
5497:. Many predators of frogs have become adapted to tolerate high levels of these poisons, but other creatures, including humans who handle the frogs, may be severely affected.
5422:
is not poisonous, but mimics the appearance of two different toxic species with which it shares a common range in an effort to deceive predators. Other species, such as the
5209:) 14 years. Frogs from temperate climates hibernate during the winter, and four species are known to be able to withstand freezing during this time, including the wood frog (
12074:
5011:
4047:
4582:. Tree frogs are very acrobatic and can catch insects while hanging by one toe from a twig or clutching onto the blade of a windswept reed. Some members of the subfamily
4105:
frequency range. The last aspect that makes this species of frog's calls unusual is that nonlinear acoustic phenomena are important components in their acoustic signals.
14007:
3453:
Ground-dwelling frogs generally lack the adaptations of aquatic and arboreal frogs. Most have smaller toe pads, if any, and little webbing. Some burrowing frogs such as
4962:), are poisonous. The tadpole stage may be as short as a week in explosive breeders or it may last through one or more winters followed by metamorphosis in the spring.
4811:
unicellular green algae are present in the gelatinous material. It is thought that these may benefit the developing larvae by providing them with extra oxygen through
3961:
to extend their range of audible frequencies and help discriminate different sounds. This arrangement enables detection of the territorial and breeding calls of their
8852:
4820:
length of the egg stage depends on the species and the environmental conditions. Aquatic eggs normally hatch within one week when the capsule splits as a result of
458:, making them susceptible to dehydration, so they either live in moist places or have special adaptations to deal with dry habitats. Frogs produce a wide range of
11385:
Wickramasinghe, Deepthi D.; Oseen, Kerri L.; Wassersug, Richard J. (2007). "Ontogenetic Changes in Diet and Intestinal Morphology in Semi-Terrestrial Tadpoles of
10533:
Emerson, Sharon B.; Koehl, M. A. R. (1990). "The interaction of behavioral and morphological change in the evolution of a novel locomotor type: "flying frogs".
5465:
the colouration of dart poison frogs for self-protection. Some frogs obtain poisons from the ants and other arthropods they eat. Others, such as the Australian
1094:
was estimated as taking place 292 million years ago, rather later than most molecular studies suggest, with the caecilians splitting off 239 million years ago.
6047:. Typically, the skin secretions are dried and then smoked. Illicit drug use by licking the skin of a toad has been reported in the media, but this may be an
5672:
have increased since the 1990s. These often include missing legs or extra legs. Various causes have been identified or hypothesized, including an increase in
4425:
systems, and powerful hind limbs with large webbed feet. Tadpoles mostly have large tail fins which provide thrust when the tail is moved from side to side.
3404:
Many frogs have webbed feet and the degree of webbing is directly proportional to the amount of time the species spends in the water. The completely aquatic
1222:. The tail has separate vertebrae unlike the fused urostyle or coccyx in modern frogs. The tibia and fibula bones are also separate, making it probable that
12409:
Grant, T.; Frost, D. R.; Caldwell, J. P.; Gagliardo, R.; Haddad, C. F. B.; Kok, P. J. R.; Means, D. B.; Noonan, B. P.; Schargel, W. E.; Wheeler, W. (2006).
10977:
Estrada, Alberto R.; Hedges, S. Blair (1996). "At the lower size limit in tetrapods: a new diminutive frog from Cuba (Leptodactylidae: Eleutherodactylus)".
5023:
13149:
10607:
2125:
14284:"Antimicrobial peptides from amphibian skin potently inhibit human immunodeficiency virus infection and transfer of virus from dendritic cells to T cells"
14282:
VanCompernolle, S. E.; Taylor, R. J.; Oswald-Richter, K.; Jiang, J.; Youree, B. E.; Bowie, J. H.; Tyler, M. J.; Conlon, M.; Wade, D.; et al. (2005).
4370:) has been described as having a gait that is "a combination of running and short hops that are usually only an inch or two in length". In an experiment,
5616:, and more than 120 species are believed to have become extinct since the 1980s. Among these species are the gastric-brooding frogs of Australia and the
2728:
2679:
13411:
Pounds, J. Alan; Fogden, Michael P. L.; Savage, Jay M.; Gorman, George C. (1997). "Tests of null models for amphibian declines on a tropical mountain".
8662:
4602:
on each fore foot and two opposed digits on its hind feet. This allows it to grasp the stems of bushes as it clambers around in its riverside habitat.
1764:
1140:
of frogs and salamanders, consistent with the widely accepted hypothesis that frogs and salamanders are more closely related to each other (forming a
15775:
7089:
3014:
2903:
2149:
11312:
8901:
7723:
4018:
km) away. Additionally, some species have been found to use man-made structures such as drain pipes for artificial amplification of their call. The
442:
which is important to their health. Frogs are extremely efficient at converting what they eat into body mass. They are an important food source for
12928:
11561:"To eat or not to eat: Ontogeny of hypothalamic feeding controls and a role for leptin in modulating life-history transition in amphibian tadpoles"
8023:
4995:
2252:
2100:
16682:
13301:
Hoekstra, J. M.; Molnar, J. L.; Jennings, M.; Revenga, C.; Spalding, M. D.; Boucher, T. M.; Robertson, J. C.; Heibel, T. J.; Ellison, K. (2010).
12130:
Matthews, K. R.; Miaud, C. (2007). "A skeletochronological study of the age structure, growth, and longevity of the mountain yellow-legged frog,
8088:
6165:
features a princess taking in a frog and it turning into a handsome prince. In modern culture, frogs may take a comedic or hapless role, such as
5504:) adopts a characteristic stance when attacked, inflating its body and standing with its hindquarters raised and its head lowered. The bullfrog (
5252:
Although care of offspring is poorly understood in frogs, up to an estimated 20% of amphibian species may care for their young in some way. The
1218:
is frog-like, being broad with large eye sockets, but the fossil has features diverging from modern frogs. These include a longer body with more
7647:"First fossil frog from Antarctica: implications for Eocene high latitude climate conditions and Gondwanan cosmopolitanism of Australobatrachia"
9680:
5253:
2646:
1846:
434:
into adults. A few species deposit eggs on land or bypass the tadpole stage. Adult frogs generally have a carnivorous diet consisting of small
11950:
11905:
16721:
14252:
14029:
12284:
Brown, J. L.; Morales, V.; Summers, K. (2010). "A key ecological trait drove the evolution of biparental care and monogamy in an amphibian".
8779:
5974:
5449:
for hunting, although few species are toxic enough to be used for this purpose. At least two non-poisonous frog species in tropical America (
5430:), have their warning colour underneath. They "flash" this when attacked, adopting a pose that exposes the vivid colouring on their bellies.
3766:
from which it is vented periodically into the cloaca. All bodily wastes exit the body through the cloaca which terminates in a cloacal vent.
3070:
2820:
1936:
7831:"A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians"
1353:. All origins of arboreality (e.g. in Hyloidea and Natatanura) follow from that time and the resurgence of forest that occurred afterwards.
515:
has no taxonomic justification. From a classification perspective, all members of the order Anura are frogs, but only members of the family
16864:
14074:
The science of common things: a familiar explanation of the first principles of physical science. For schools, families, and young students
9750:
2795:
1625:
1615:
1466:
1342:
9445:
968:, and the morphology of tadpoles. While this classification is largely accepted, relationships among families of frogs are still debated.
15832:
12595:
7529:"Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary"
5178:, they make efficient use of the food they eat with little energy being used for metabolic processes, while the rest is transformed into
485:
and over 120 are believed to have become extinct since the 1980s. The number of malformations among frogs is on the rise and an emerging
11013:
7253:
Michelle R. Stocker; Sterling J. Nesbitt; Ben T. Kligman; Daniel J. Paluh; Adam D. Marsh; David C. Blackburn; William G. Parker (2019).
1395:, shows how each frog family is related to other families, with each node representing a point of common ancestry. It is based on Frost
8631:
5416:
in the family Dendrobatidae do this. They are typically red, orange, or yellow, often with contrasting black markings on their bodies.
3754:, a less toxic product, by most terrestrial adults. A few species of tree frog with little access to water excrete the even less toxic
1556:
13813:
13329:
13059:
10577:
4079:"ribbit" often heard in films. Other renderings of frog calls into speech include "brekekekex koax koax", the call of the marsh frog (
3856:
The eyes of most frogs are located on either side of the head near the top and project outwards as hemispherical bulges. They provide
14609:
Estes, R., and O. A. Reig. (1973). "The early fossil record of frogs: a review of the evidence." pp. 11–63 In J. L. Vial (Ed.),
7444:"The importance of gene rearrangement in evolution: evidence from studies on rates of chromosomal, protein, and anatomical evolution"
3635:
including black eye markings similar to voids between leaves, bands of the dorsal skin (dorsolateral dermal plica) similar to a leaf
1476:
1346:
13476:
12039:
9472:
9239:
8575:
Wente, W. H.; Phillips, J. B. (2003). "Fixed green and brown color morphs and a novel color-changing morph of the Pacific tree frog
6882:
6000:
Because frog toxins are extraordinarily diverse, they have raised the interest of biochemists as a "natural pharmacy". The alkaloid
5347:, now probably extinct, swallows her fertilized eggs, which then develop inside her stomach. She ceases to feed and stops secreting
4711:), the male restrains the eggs with his back feet, holding them in place for about three minutes. Members of the West African genus
3623:) has green and brown morphs, plain or spotted, and changes colour depending on the time of year and general background colour. The
3443:. This allows the frog to climb on smooth surfaces, but the system does not function efficiently when the pads are excessively wet.
16656:
15765:
13706:
11433:
6119:
and popular culture. In traditional Chinese myths, the world rests on a giant frog, who would try to swallow the moon, causing the
4570:. These toe pads, moistened by the mucus, provide the grip on any wet or dry surface, including glass. The forces involved include
4421:
are wholly aquatic and show the most marked specialization. They have inflexible vertebral columns, flattened, streamlined bodies,
12113:
11976:
11044:
6841:
5842:
in high school and university anatomy classes, often first being injected with coloured substances to enhance contrasts among the
4692:) only spawn half of the available eggs at a time, perhaps retaining some in case a better reproductive opportunity arises later.
473:
Frogs are valued as food by humans and also have many cultural roles in literature, symbolism and religion. They are also seen as
16695:
10233:
Biju & Bossuyt ( Amphibia : Anura : Nasikabatrachidae ) along Western Ghats, with some insights into its bionomics"
7797:"A new frog family (Anura: Terrarana) from South America and an expanded direct-developing clade revealed by molecular phylogeny"
5697:
1237:
On the basis of fossil evidence, the earliest known "true frogs" that fall into the anuran lineage proper all lived in the early
10507:
9328:
4927:. Tadpoles that develop legs early may be eaten by the others, so late developers may have better long-term survival prospects.
4321:
to produce a powerful acceleration beyond the limits of muscle-powered acceleration. A similar mechanism has been documented in
14828:
13176:
12410:
10884:
10255:
8693:
5936:
because their embryos are large and easy to manipulate, they are readily obtainable, and can easily be kept in the laboratory.
5676:
affecting the spawn on the surface of ponds, chemical contamination from pesticides and fertilizers, and parasites such as the
3485:) digs into the rear of a tadpole, causing a rearrangement of the limb bud cells and the frog develops one or more extra legs.
3356:
have become elongated to add to the leg length and allow frogs to push against the ground for a longer period on take-off. The
14014:
11328:
11256:
Goldberg, Javier; Taucce, Pedro P. G.; Quinzio, Silvia Inés; Haddad, Célio F. B.; Vera Candioti, Florencia (January 1, 2020).
14716:
14656:
14600:
14581:
14551:
14526:
14501:
13870:
13623:
13090:
12911:
12263:
12022:
11867:
Da Silva, H. R.; De Britto-Pereira, X. C. (2006). "How much fruit do fruit-eating frogs eat? An investigation on the diet of
11785:
11760:
11543:
11240:
10961:
10910:
10832:
10662:
10491:
9812:
9428:
9403:
9168:
9137:
8993:
8825:
8526:
8370:
8343:
8318:
8247:
7426:
7358:
7326:
6669:
6280:
5785:, so-called as it tastes of chicken, is now endangered, in part due to human consumption, and was a major food choice of the
16700:
12730:
10276:
7527:
Feng, Yan-Jie; Blackburn, David C.; Liang, Dan; Hillis, David M.; Wake, David B.; Cannatella, David C.; Zhang, Peng (2017).
4245:
Frogs are generally recognized as exceptional jumpers and, relative to their size, the best jumpers of all vertebrates. The
16090:
14164:
12699:
7882:
7332:
12211:
Storey, KB (1990). "Life in a frozen state: adaptive strategies for natural freeze tolerance in amphibians and reptiles".
11726:
4301:
remain in the extended, streamlined position for the duration of the jump. In some extremely capable jumpers, such as the
13302:
4450:
to mate and breed in temporary pools. It has a tiny head with a pointed snout and a plump, rounded body. Because of this
6300:
5917:, and their experiment was the first time a successful nuclear transplantation had been accomplished in higher animals.
527:
generally refers to species that are terrestrial with dry, warty skins. There are numerous exceptions to this rule. The
8963:
7945:
6413:
6386:
5669:
10414:
4919:. Some species are carnivorous at the tadpole stage, eating insects, smaller tadpoles, and fish. The Cuban tree frog (
898:) consisting of three pairs of bones (angulosplenial, dentary, and mentomeckelian, with the last pair being absent in
14849:
13328:
Stuart, S. N.; Chanson, J. S.; Cox, N. A.; Young, B. E.; Rodrigues, A. S. L.; Fischman, D. L.; Waller, R. W. (2004).
11258:"Increasing our knowledge on direct-developing frogs: The ontogeny of Ischnocnema henselii (Anura: Brachycephalidae)"
10202:
9664:
8459:
4982:
changes, from being similar to that of fish to resembling that of amniotes. Exceptions are carnivorous tadpoles like
218:
10952:
Duellman, William E.; Trueb, Linda; Arak, Anthony (2002). "Frogs and toads". In Halliday, Tim; Adler, Kraig (eds.).
10766:"A Novel Reproductive Mode in Frogs: A New Species of Fanged Frog with Internal Fertilization and Birth of Tadpoles"
8151:
Harvey, M. B.; Pemberton, A. J.; Smith, E. N. (2002). "New and poorly known parachuting frogs (Rhacophoridae :
6367:
4137:. Others, less proficient at digging, find a crevice or bury themselves in dead leaves. Aquatic species such as the
16783:
16635:
13835:
12531:
Fandiño, María Claudia; Lüddecke, Horst; Amézquita, Adolfo (1997). "Vocalisation and larval transportation of male
5591:
4363:
12562:
12181:
3869:
have the eyes located at the top of the head, a position better suited for detecting prey in the water above. The
1356:
Frog fossils have been found on all of the Earth's continents. In 2020, it was announced that 40 million year old
523:
in common names usually refers to species that are aquatic or semi-aquatic and have smooth, moist skins; the term
16726:
16648:
16194:
13810:"National recovery plan for the Southern Corroboree Frog (Pseudophryne corroboree): 5. Previous recovery actions"
10615:
5621:
3800:
1369:
14045:
13153:
8168:
6818:
395:. Adult frogs live in fresh water and on dry land; some species are adapted for living underground or in trees.
16565:
13702:
11668:"Evolutionary and developmental considerations of the diet and gut morphology in ceratophryid tadpoles (Anura)"
9606:
7764:
7747:
3775:
15111:
11402:
5445:, are especially toxic. The native peoples of South America extract poison from these frogs to apply to their
16708:
14788:
12439:
12411:"Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia, Athesphatanura, Dendrobatidae)"
12147:
9540:
8670:
5910:
4699:
takes place in the water, the female releases her eggs and the male covers them with sperm; fertilization is
3546:), if given access to water after confinement in a dry location, sits in the shallows to rehydrate. The male
1186:
without teeth. The earliest known amphibians that were more closely related to frogs than to salamanders are
11121:
Waldman, Bruce; Ryan, Michael J. (1983). "Thermal advantages of communal egg mass deposition in wood frogs (
8007:
3446:
In many arboreal frogs, a small "intercalary structure" on each toe increases the surface area touching the
1345:(comprising about 88% of living frogs) diversified simultaneously some 66 million years ago, soon after the
1021:
The origins and evolutionary relationships between the three main groups of amphibians are hotly debated. A
5898:
4587:
712:
17:
14463:) used by Emberá Indians of western Colombia, with discussion of blowgun fabrication and dart poisoning".
9565:
Kayes, Sara M.; Cramp, Rebecca L.; Franklin, Craig E. (2009). "Metabolic depression during aestivation in
8890:
8387:
7908:
7171:
7097:
6074:
is so powerful, one frog contains enough poison to kill an estimated 22,000 mice. Two other species, the
5700:
named 2008 as the "Year of the Frog" in order to draw attention to the conservation issues faced by them.
3979:
16578:
16552:
7706:
5404:
to make them unpalatable to potential predators. Most toads and some frogs have large poison glands, the
5389:
5270:
5190:
4777:
4009:
The call or croak of a frog is unique to its species. Frogs create this sound by passing air through the
3985:
1287:
had already lost nearly all of its tail and was well adapted for jumping. Another Early Jurassic frog is
586:
12943:
9830:"Evidence for a vertebrate catapult: elastic energy storage in the plantaris tendon during frog jumping"
9708:"Explosive jumping: extreme morphological and physiological specializations of Australian rocket frogs (
8031:
4458:
in 2003, being new to the scientific community at that time, although previously known to local people.
16803:
15569:
15129:
14821:
14764:
8217:
5612:
dramatically since the 1950s. More than one-third of frog species are considered to be threatened with
5423:
4094:
3865:
which provides further protection, especially when the frog is swimming. Members of the aquatic family
848:
528:
391:
dappled brown, grey and green to vivid patterns of bright red or yellow and black to show toxicity and
352:. Frogs account for around 88% of extant amphibian species. They are also one of the five most diverse
16775:
16583:
14779:
12960:
Saporito, R.A.; Garraffo, H. M.; Donnelly, M. A.; Edwards, A. L.; Longino, J. T.; Daly, J. W. (2004).
8099:
7883:"Finding earliest true frog will help paleontologists understand how frog evolved its jumping ability"
6572:
5696:
In a few cases, captive breeding programs have been established and have largely been successful. The
5185:
Little is known about the longevity of frogs and toads in the wild, but some can live for many years.
4796:) deposits its eggs on a leaf above a pool and when they hatch, the larvae fall into the water below.
254:
16788:
16736:
11257:
6630:
6596:
6545:
6511:
6470:
5107:
is partly herbivorous, its diet including a large proportion of fruit, floral structures and nectar.
4729:
4685:
4612:
3974:
3471:
Sometimes during the tadpole stage, one of the developing rear legs is eaten by a predator such as a
3454:
1202:
1188:
810:
700:
16284:
14390:
13357:
12619:"Building a home from foam—túngara frog foam nest architecture and three-phase construction process"
12430:
11607:
10927:
9684:
6809:
5881:
to demonstrate the ventricle and atria beat independently of each other and at different rates. The
3836:
which pass information from the extremities to the brain through the spinal cord. By contrast, all
16083:
16057:
14919:
13410:
11802:
9927:"Early Hatching Decreases Jumping Performance in a Direct-Developing Frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui"
7795:
Heinicke M. P.; Duellman, W. E.; Trueb, L.; Means, D. B.; MacCulloch, R. D.; Hedges, S. B. (2009).
7252:
6539:
5620:
of Costa Rica. The latter is of particular concern to scientists because it inhabited the pristine
5295:
4723:
4525:
4346:
4282:
4178:
3676:
3657:
1368:, indicating that this region was once home to frogs related to those now living in South American
919:
741:. Instead, it seems that there was a trend in Old English to coin nicknames for animals ending in -
265:
14260:
14226:
8783:
6686:
4695:
At the breeding site, the male mounts the female and grips her tightly round the body. Typically,
844:
148:
16321:
16306:
14977:
14758:
13980:
13929:
Warkentin, I. G.; Bickford, D.; Sodhi, N. S.; Corey, J. A. (2009). "Eating frogs to extinction".
13455:"Worldwide Amphibian Declines: How big is the problem, what are the causes and what can be done?"
11829:
11368:"Rhacophorid Frogs Breeding in Bamboo: Discovery of a Novel Reproductive Mode from Western Ghats"
9707:
6635:
6601:
6550:
6516:
6475:
6464:
6171:
6016:
infection. Dart poisons are under active investigation for their potential as therapeutic drugs.
5818:
5802:
5712:
5119:
5109:
4506:
3656:
and a frog deprived of its lungs can maintain its body functions without them. The fully aquatic
3518:
1317:
688:
16762:
13911:
12962:"Formicine ants: an arthropod source for the pumiliotoxin alkaloids of dendrobatid poison frogs"
7118:
6660:
Pough, F. H.; Andrews, R. M.; Cadle, J. E.; Crump, M. L.; Savitsky, A. H.; Wells, K. D. (2003).
6505:
3843:
3698:
Some species of frog have adaptations that allow them to survive in oxygen deficient water. The
3576:
16492:
16326:
14950:
14666:
San Mauro, Diego; Vences, Miguel; Alcobendas, Marina; Zardoya, Rafael; Meyer, Axel (May 2005).
14385:
13352:
12425:
9449:
6906:
6804:
6083:
6075:
4983:
4873:
4850:
4844:
4830:, where eggs hatch into juveniles like small adults, is also known in many frogs, for example,
4748:
4700:
4233:
4162:
4130:
3352:, as have the radius and ulna in the fore limbs (which must absorb the impact on landing). The
929:
911:
536:
387:
skin, with secretions ranging from distasteful to toxic. Their skin varies in colour from well-
15117:
14072:
11384:
10481:
9656:
9650:
8953:
8542:
Guayasamin, Juan M.; Krynak, Tim; Krynak, Katherine; Culebras, Jaime; Hutter, Carl R. (2015).
6713:
5061:
Adult frogs may live in or near water, but few are fully aquatic. Almost all frog species are
596:) 'animal tail'. meaning "tailless". It refers to the tailless character of these amphibians.
16757:
14814:
14088:
13307:
The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference
11496:
Crump, Martha L. (1986). "Cannibalism by younger tadpoles: another hazard of metamorphosis".
11465:"Tadpole Locomotion: Axial Movement and Tail Functions in a Largely Vertebraeless Vertebrate"
9571:
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology – Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology
8722:
8449:
6643:
6609:
6558:
6524:
6483:
6180:
5933:
5902:
5832:
5336:
5316:) builds a floating nest from foam to protect its eggs from predation. The foam is made from
5124:
4477:
4310:
4290:
4289:) has the ability to leap out of the water from a position floating on the surface. The tiny
4081:
3882:
3632:
3588:
3492:
3317:
3308:
1116:
1107:
894:
568:
427:
31:
16749:
16687:
15122:
13275:
13231:
9498:
Suthers, R.A.; Narins, P.M.; Lin, W; Schnitzler, H; Denzinger, A; Xu, C; Feng, A.S. (2006).
8124:
Emerson, S. B.; Diehl, D. (1980). "Toe pad morphology and mechanisms of sticking in frogs".
3328:) of central Africa. There are prehistoric, extinct species that reached even larger sizes.
1009:
are similar in forming hybrids. These are less fertile than their parents, giving rise to a
784:, is unique to English and is likewise of uncertain etymology. It is the basis for the word
16604:
16539:
15464:
14749:
13938:
13887:
13523:
13420:
13386:
13344:
13241:
12973:
12864:
12819:
12089:
11841:
11632:
11269:
11173:
11087:
10777:
10691:
9938:
9500:"Voices of the dead: complex nonlinear vocal signals from the larynx of an ultrasonic frog"
9026:
7971:
7842:
7658:
7599:
7540:
7455:
7383:
7186:
7128:
7049:"Divergence time estimation using fossils as terminal taxa and the origins of Lissamphibia"
6907:
San Mauro, Diego; Vences, Miguel; Alcobendas, Marina; Zardoya, Rafael; Meyer, Axel (2005).
6624:
5782:
5630:
5542:
5283:
4832:
4547:
4498:
3902:
3862:
3413:
3389:
3341:
1869:
1391:
of frogs in the clade Anura can be seen in the table below. This diagram, in the form of a
1357:
1248:
961:
494:
459:
11830:"Between fruits, flowers and nectar: The extraordinary diet of the frog Xenohyla truncata"
9301:
9263:"Urban canyon effect: storm drains enhance call characteristics of the Mientien tree frog"
7526:
6867:
4657:
8:
16344:
16187:
16076:
16068:
15853:
12051:
9988:
9476:
9186:"Electrical properties of frog saccular hair cells: distortion by enzymatic dissociation"
7960:
6733:
6028:
5946:, which reaches its reproductive age in five months rather than the one to two years for
5882:
5521:
5457:
5378:
5301:
5226:
4591:
4455:
4393:) has broad feet and can run across the surface of the water for several metres (yards).
4246:
4002:
3941:
3824:
regulates respiration, digestion and other automatic functions. The relative size of the
3699:
3539:
3447:
2010:
1365:
1129:
1022:
1005:
349:
14667:
13942:
13527:
13424:
13348:
13245:
12977:
12868:
12823:
12093:
11845:
11636:
11273:
11177:
11091:
10781:
10695:
9942:
9373:
9030:
8891:"Hormones, sex accessory structures, and secondary sexual characteristics in amphibians"
8736:"Contribution of eye retraction to swallowing performance in the northern leopard frog,
7975:
7846:
7796:
7662:
7603:
7544:
7501:
7459:
7387:
7224:
7190:
7132:
6908:
5924:. Although alternative pregnancy tests have been developed, biologists continue to use
5901:, is present in substantial quantities in the urine of women during pregnancy. In 1952,
16570:
14793:
14695:
14459:
Myers, Charles W.; Daly, John W.; Malkin, Borys (1978). "A dangerously toxic new frog (
14310:
14300:
14283:
14140:
14115:
13962:
13760:
13747:
13726:"Strategies for assessing the implications of malformed frogs for environmental health"
13725:
13664:
13656:
13546:
13503:
13436:
13378:
13257:
13131:
12900:
12876:
12788:
12645:
12618:
12513:
12459:
12391:
12348:
12309:
12159:
11999:
11707:
11694:
11667:
11585:
11560:
11531:
11513:
11414:
11406:
11348:
11293:
11228:
11142:
11103:
10994:
10800:
10765:
10746:
10707:
10650:
10550:
10457:
10432:
10430:
9964:
9902:
9854:
9829:
9742:
9631:
9212:
9202:
9185:
9156:
9102:
9069:
9038:
8817:
8612:
8596:
8496:
8430:
8360:
8288:
8280:
8235:
8190:
8172:
8137:
7777:
7681:
7646:
7622:
7587:
7563:
7528:
7399:
7287:
7254:
7202:
7152:
6944:
6928:
6822:
6776:
6216:
6135:, frogs represented water, crops, fertility and birth and were associated with the god
6132:
6055:
5989:
5942:
5877:
out of a frog leg. In 1852, H. F. Stannius used a frog's heart in a procedure called a
5822:
5681:
5645:
Many environmental scientists believe amphibians, including frogs, are good biological
5516:
5269:
strategy of providing their offspring with nutritive but unfertilized eggs. The female
4211:
3954:
3481:
3405:
1350:
1226:
was not an efficient leaper. A 2019 study has noted the presence of Salientia from the
1038:
672:
663:
650:
478:
361:
143:
12996:
12961:
12668:
12530:
12255:
10854:(Xavier, 1978) (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae), and reassessment of its taxonomic status"
10074:
7935:
7478:
7443:
6590:
580:
16829:
16744:
16591:
16172:
15862:
15203:
15140:
15051:
14712:
14687:
14652:
14635:
14596:
14577:
14547:
14522:
14497:
14438:
14403:
14354:
14315:
14145:
13954:
13950:
13866:
13765:
13652:
13619:
13596:
13551:
13432:
13370:
13253:
13086:
13040:
13001:
12907:
12880:
12837:
12780:
12776:
12650:
12451:
12383:
12379:
12301:
12259:
12228:
12151:
12105:
12101:
12018:
11884:
11826:
11781:
11756:
11711:
11699:
11648:
11590:
11539:
11367:
11340:
11332:
11297:
11285:
11236:
11201:
11196:
11161:
10957:
10906:
10876:
10849:
10828:
10805:
10678:
Davies, N. B.; Halliday, T. R. (1978). "Deep croaks and fighting assessment in toads
10658:
10558:
10487:
10462:
10400:
complex of marbled toads from Madagascar, including the description of a new species"
10247:
10228:
10134:
10115:
10063:
9956:
9951:
9926:
9894:
9859:
9808:
9785:
9768:
9734:
9660:
9623:
9586:
9521:
9424:
9399:
9343:
9282:
9217:
9164:
9133:
9107:
9089:
9050:
9042:
9018:
8989:
8959:
8821:
8761:
8604:
8522:
8474:
8455:
8366:
8339:
8314:
8243:
7941:
7860:
7715:
7686:
7627:
7568:
7483:
7422:
7354:
7322:
7292:
7156:
7144:
7070:
7029:
6988:
6936:
6793:
6665:
6419:
6409:
6331:
6276:
6071:
6044:
6040:
5878:
5870:
5843:
5771:
5646:
5451:
5186:
5179:
5103:
4785:
4704:
4571:
4138:
4068:
4060:
3958:
3894:
3821:
3684:
3616:
3561:
3345:
3297:
2993:
2855:
1953:
1856:
1809:
1392:
1289:
1252:
345:
14699:
13928:
13668:
13501:
13440:
13382:
13261:
12959:
12792:
12463:
12395:
12352:
12313:
12224:
12163:
11418:
11352:
10848:
Sandberger, L.; Hillers, A.; Doumbia, J.; Loua, N-S.; Brede C.; Rödel, M-O. (2010).
10431:
Federle, W.; Barnes, W. J. P.; Baumgartner, W.; Drechsler, P.; Smith, J. M. (2006).
10333:
10306:
9906:
9746:
8616:
8500:
8292:
8176:
7781:
7588:"A giant frog with South American affinities from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar"
7206:
6948:
6826:
5565:
bury themselves underground where they create a water-impervious cocoon in which to
438:, but omnivorous species exist and a few feed on plant matter. Frog skin has a rich
16384:
16359:
16251:
15361:
15354:
15340:
14679:
14627:
14472:
14430:
14399:
14395:
14346:
14305:
14295:
14195:
14135:
14127:
13966:
13946:
13755:
13737:
13698:
13648:
13586:
13541:
13531:
13428:
13362:
13300:
13249:
13123:
13032:
12991:
12981:
12872:
12827:
12772:
12640:
12630:
12544:
12505:
12443:
12435:
12375:
12340:
12293:
12251:
12220:
12143:
12097:
11995:
11880:
11849:
11689:
11679:
11640:
11580:
11572:
11505:
11476:
11398:
11324:
11277:
11191:
11181:
11134:
11095:
10986:
10868:
10795:
10785:
10738:
10711:
10699:
10542:
10452:
10444:
10105:
10053:
9946:
9886:
9849:
9841:
9780:
9726:
9635:
9615:
9603:
9578:
9511:
9369:
9274:
9262:
9207:
9197:
9097:
9081:
9034:
8751:
8588:
8555:
8488:
8422:
8272:
8164:
8133:
7979:
7850:
7811:
7769:
7759:
7676:
7666:
7617:
7607:
7558:
7548:
7473:
7463:
7403:
7391:
7282:
7274:
7266:
7194:
7136:
7060:
7019:
6978:
6920:
6814:
6768:
6176:
6148:
6124:
6110:
6009:
5874:
5794:
5728:
5635:
5462:
5442:
5418:
5413:
5352:
4563:
4543:
4382:
4031:
3890:
3857:
3692:
3680:
3313:
2978:
1988:
1388:
1294:
1243:
1227:
1167:
1144:
called Batrachia) than they are to caecilians. However, others have suggested that
972:
941:
838:
818:
490:
13784:
7794:
5985:
16530:
16454:
16414:
16399:
15991:
15961:
15890:
15668:
15235:
15192:
15182:
15096:
14904:
14131:
12408:
11853:
10790:
10393:
9564:
7983:
7311:
6187:
6161:
5894:
5530:
5510:
5494:
5466:
5327:
Some frogs protect their offspring inside their own bodies. Both male and female
5221:
4739:
4713:
4599:
4583:
4575:
4302:
4297:) can "skitter" across the surface of a pond with a series of short rapid jumps.
4053:
3950:
3763:
3555:
3472:
3338:
2516:
2373:
2265:
1906:
1137:
965:
906:
spaces underneath the skin, and a muscle, the protractor lentis, attached to the
814:
654:
563:
463:
325:
305:
288:
260:
16713:
16596:
14172:
13454:
13184:
13106:
Hayes, Floyd E. (1989). "Antipredator behavior of recently metamorphosed toads (
12467:
10369:
8065:
7886:
7855:
7830:
5433:
5189:
is a method of examining bones to determine age. Using this method, the ages of
4838:
3832:
which pass information from the outside directly to the brain, and ten pairs of
3529:
hands and chest of males are specialized to produce sticky secretions to aid in
16859:
16841:
16643:
16630:
16439:
16434:
16429:
16394:
16379:
16364:
16354:
16269:
16264:
16180:
15661:
15636:
15534:
15429:
15293:
14962:
14931:
14737:
14631:
14169:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
13591:
13570:
11684:
9619:
9582:
7671:
7533:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6156:
5929:
5906:
5866:
5854:
5847:
5750:
5446:
5405:
5053:
4979:
4812:
4632:
4476:
The spadefoot toads of North America are also adapted to underground life. The
4461:
4355:
4267:
feet), a distance that is more than fifty times its body length of 55 mm (
4229:
4019:
3962:
3870:
3829:
3789:
3653:
3049:
2931:
2916:
2756:
2692:
2402:
2351:
2088:
2025:
1966:
1891:
1752:
1638:
1594:
1526:
1489:
1430:
1361:
1260:
1149:
1102:
907:
826:
789:
681:
455:
310:
46:
16544:
14668:"Initial diversification of living amphibians predated the breakup of Pangaea"
14434:
14350:
13722:
11281:
11162:"Adaptive plasticity in hatching age: a response to predation risk trade-offs"
10872:
10847:
10132:
10037:
8810:
8600:
8492:
7815:
7198:
7024:
7007:
6983:
6966:
6909:"Initial Diversification of living amphibians predated the breakup of Pangaea"
6151:
on the Egyptians. Medieval Europeans associated frogs and toads with evil and
5205:) has been known to survive 24 years in captivity, and the American bullfrog (
5017:
Metamorphosis stage with deforming jaws, large eyes, and remains of gill pouch
3799:
and may be held for several days. The male frog has certain hormone-dependent
3420:), an arboreal species, are only a quarter or half webbed. Exceptions include
711:
is uncertain, but agrees with arguments that it could plausibly derive from a
16853:
16557:
16449:
16293:
15971:
15876:
15869:
15839:
15682:
15675:
15590:
15457:
15450:
15068:
14935:
14879:
14784:
12455:
12155:
11336:
11289:
10880:
10342:
10251:
10172:
10143:
9960:
9890:
9877:
Scott, J. (2005). "The locust jump: an integrated laboratory investigation".
9286:
9093:
7719:
6423:
6340:
6120:
6097:
6067:
5914:
5858:
5579:
5551:
5528:) regularly feeds on them. The strategy employed by juvenile American toads (
4951:
4935:
4744:
4559:
4521:
4198:
Different species of frog use a number of methods of moving around including
4174:
4154:
4122:
3910:
3833:
3429:
3090:
2808:
2501:
2479:
2302:
2287:
2199:
1781:
1326:
have taken place about 20 times faster in mammals than in frogs, which means
1231:
1179:
1121:
1087:
1086:. The study postulated that Lissamphibia originated no earlier than the late
1083:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1026:
945:
865:
560:
435:
431:
295:
88:
14611:
Evolutionary Biology of the Anurans: Contemporary Research on Major Problems
14376:
toads and bufotenine: fact and fiction surrounding an alleged psychedelic".
13366:
12986:
12548:
11644:
11620:
11078:
with especial reference to the green algae found within the egg envelopes".
10395:
9497:
9360:
Gerhardt, H. C. (1994). "The evolution of vocalization in frogs and toads".
9046:
7996:
7612:
7553:
7065:
6964:
4892:, the tadpoles have paired anterior barbels, which make them resemble small
4446:
and spends almost its whole life underground. It emerges briefly during the
3368:
948:, which includes five families of more evolutionary intermediate frogs; and
497:
are working to understand the causes of these problems and to resolve them.
16836:
16817:
16515:
16477:
16459:
16424:
16409:
16349:
16336:
16311:
16301:
16141:
15647:
15601:
15471:
15443:
15411:
15314:
15234:
15172:
15061:
15023:
14989:
14870:
14837:
14691:
14639:
14458:
14358:
14319:
13958:
13769:
13600:
13555:
13536:
13374:
13044:
13005:
12841:
12654:
12635:
12387:
12305:
11703:
11652:
11594:
11576:
11344:
11205:
11186:
10809:
10562:
10466:
10448:
10119:
9898:
9863:
9845:
9738:
9627:
9590:
9525:
9111:
9085:
9054:
8765:
8608:
7864:
7690:
7631:
7572:
7468:
7374:
Shubin, N. H.; Jenkins, F. A. Jr (1995). "An Early Jurassic jumping frog".
7296:
7270:
7255:"The earliest equatorial record of frogs from the Late Triassic of Arizona"
7148:
7074:
7033:
6992:
6967:"Mitogenomic perspectives on the origin and phylogeny of living amphibians"
6940:
6718:
6123:. Frogs have been featured in religion, folklore, and popular culture. The
6024:
6012:. Other chemicals isolated from the skins of frogs may offer resistance to
5482:
5348:
5328:
5309:
5293:
Many other diverse forms of parental care are seen in frogs. The tiny male
5241:
4888:
4555:
4422:
4371:
4359:
4186:
4090:
4076:
3726:
3565:
3357:
3321:
2833:
2741:
2659:
2184:
1794:
1739:
1700:
1672:
1338:
1171:
1079:
1066:
949:
830:
738:
474:
14571:
14442:
14407:
14334:
14149:
13327:
13018:
12884:
12784:
12758:
12232:
11930:
Camera, Bruno F.; Krinski, Diones; Calvo, Isabella A. (February 4, 2014).
11481:
11464:
10067:
10058:
9221:
9009:
Muntz, W. R. A.; Scientific American Offprints (1964). "Vision in frogs".
7487:
4341:
3639:
as well as stains, spots and leg stripes similar to fallen leaf features.
328:
suggests their split from other amphibians may extend further back to the
16669:
16524:
16419:
16259:
15897:
15622:
15576:
15562:
15555:
15548:
15492:
15307:
15256:
15089:
15082:
14421:
Lyttle, T. (1993). "Misuse and legend in the "toad licking" phenomenon".
13839:
13681:
13303:"Number of Globally Threatened Amphibian Species by Freshwater Ecoregion"
12808:"Predator learning favours mimicry of a less-toxic model in poison frogs"
12109:
9419:
Hilton, Bill Jr. (1986). "9. 'Jug-o-Rum': Call of the Amorous Bullfrog".
6965:
Zhang, Peng; Zhou, Hui; Chen, Yue-Qin; Liu, Yi-Fei; Qu, Liang-Hu (2005).
6020:
6001:
5862:
5766:
5720:
5690:
5673:
5626:
5617:
5600:
5566:
5409:
5140:
4924:
4662:
4558:(Hyperoliidae), some of the narrow-mouthed frogs (Microhylidae), and the
4551:
4465:
4435:
4405:
4326:
4223:
4170:
4118:
3917:) are patterned so as to blend in with the surrounding camouflaged skin.
3874:
3683:. When these chambers contract, the two blood streams pass into a common
3440:
3421:
3373:
3353:
3320:
to the up to about 35 cm (14 in) and 3.3 kg (7.3 lb)
3105:
3034:
2707:
1685:
1660:
1030:
1010:
976:
604:
423:
392:
380:
63:
13639:
Lips, Karen R. (2008). "Decline of a tropical montane amphibian fauna".
12936:
University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication
12832:
12807:
11410:
10433:"Wet but not slippery: boundary friction in tree frog adhesive toe pads"
9183:
7140:
7008:"Fossils, molecules, divergence times, and the origin of lissamphibians"
5850:
concerns, and "digital frogs" are now available for virtual dissection.
5546:
Although frogs are most diverse in warm regions, a few species like the
4862:
4627:
4497:
The burrowing frogs of Australia have a rather different lifestyle. The
4117:
and remain inactive for months. In colder regions, many species of frog
16389:
16374:
16154:
15981:
15908:
15809:
15785:
15523:
15397:
15372:
15292:
15263:
15162:
14281:
13751:
13660:
13135:
12517:
12189:
11866:
11517:
11146:
11107:
11011:
10998:
10750:
10554:
9968:
9022:
8434:
8284:
7441:
7319:
Amphibian Biology: Paleontology: The Evolutionary History of Amphibians
7278:
6780:
6329:
6152:
6116:
6048:
5921:
5839:
5806:
5798:
5716:
5613:
5490:
5261:
4939:
4718:
4679:
4536:
4485:
4484:) is typical and has a flap of keratinised bone attached to one of the
4182:
4102:
3828:
in frogs is much smaller than it is in humans. Frogs have ten pairs of
3817:
3607:
3547:
2877:
1445:
1360:
fossils had been discovered by a team of vertebrate paleontologists in
1327:
1197:
1133:
1124:
with many frog- and salamander-like characteristics, was discovered in
992:
885:
881:
439:
388:
353:
314:
269:
240:
108:
73:
13207:
13036:
12763:
skin mucus induces oral dyskinesias that promote escape from snakes".
12491:
12344:
10110:
10089:
9516:
9499:
9278:
9074:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
8756:
8735:
8560:
8543:
7419:
Jurassic west: the dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and their world
6932:
5731:, and scientists are looking for a biological method to control them.
5385:
5372:
4401:
3687:
before being pumped via a spiral valve to the appropriate vessel, the
3488:
1275:
did not have greatly enlarged legs, but had the typical three-pronged
1037:
are more closely related to each other than they are to frogs and the
737:
is, however, uncertain, as the development does not involve a regular
16674:
16617:
16444:
16369:
16274:
16241:
16235:
16160:
16131:
16100:
16001:
15937:
15723:
15689:
15615:
15583:
15481:
15330:
15279:
15216:
15075:
14477:
12805:
12447:
12250:. Advances in the Study of Behavior. Vol. 25. pp. 109–144.
11621:"Restructuring of the amphibian gut microbiota through metamorphosis"
11329:
10.1002/1526-968X(200102)29:2<91::AID-GENE1009>3.0.CO;2-6
10703:
9766:
8413:
Ruibal, Rodolfo; Shoemaker, Vaughan (1985). "Osteoderms in Anurans".
7773:
7395:
7351:
Dinosaur distribution (Early Jurassic, North America): The Dinosauria
6330:
Lips, K; Solís, F.; Ibáñez, R.; Jaramillo, C.; Fuenmayor, Q. (2010).
6036:
5761:
5745:
5704:
5677:
5662:
5650:
5639:
5571:
5561:
5547:
5401:
5344:
5278:
5175:
5062:
4975:
4955:
4904:
4897:
4816:
4808:
4800:
4579:
4451:
4150:
4146:
3804:
3755:
3624:
3611:
3610:
is a common defensive mechanism in frogs. Features such as warts and
3601:
3596:
3580:
3534:
3435:
2439:
2424:
2162:
2061:
1566:
1384:
1219:
1155:
1075:
1042:
1034:
984:
834:
806:
591:
573:
535:) has a slightly warty skin and prefers a watery habitat whereas the
516:
451:
443:
415:
341:
284:
280:
203:
190:
160:
113:
57:
16486:
13742:
13568:
13127:
12509:
11509:
11138:
11099:
10990:
10742:
10546:
8426:
6772:
6737:
5265:
4768:
4026:) lives in mountain streams in North America and does not vocalize.
3873:
come in a range of colours and the pupils in a range of shapes. The
3709:
3525:) is even able to turn white to minimize the chance of overheating.
360:, but the distinction between frogs and toads is informal, not from
16661:
16622:
16509:
16229:
16223:
16125:
16119:
15883:
15825:
15818:
15629:
15516:
14888:
14861:
14797:
14683:
13502:
Voordouw, M. J.; Adama, D.; Houston, B.; Govindarajulu, P. (2010).
13330:"Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide"
12492:
van Wijngaarden, René; Bolaños, Federico (1992). "Parental care in
12297:
10976:
10087:
9730:
8592:
8276:
7048:
6924:
6759:
Ford, L.S.; Cannatella, D. C. (1993). "The major clades of frogs".
6438:
6166:
6005:
5786:
5686:
5596:
5478:
5237:
5171:
5114:
4734:
4696:
4670:
4318:
4219:
4134:
3840:(mammals, birds and reptiles) have twelve pairs of cranial nerves.
3837:
3825:
3796:
3675:. Oxygenated blood from the lungs and de-oxygenated blood from the
3530:
3476:
3465:
2636:
1511:
1334:
1301:
impressions of a single animal and was estimated to be 33 mm (
1238:
1193:
1183:
1046:
957:
953:
925:
899:
889:
467:
447:
419:
180:
103:
98:
83:
78:
68:
50:
30:
This article is about the group of amphibians. For other uses, see
12616:
12327:
Sheridan, Jennifer A.; Ocock, Joanne F. (2008). "Parental care in
10614:. National Geographic: Animals. September 10, 2010. Archived from
10013:
Fitch, H. S. (1956). "An ecological study of the collared lizard (
9068:
Kelber, Almut; Yovanovich, Carola; Olsson, Peter (April 5, 2017).
9008:
8925:
8150:
7997:
Morphological Variation in Anuran Limbs: Constraints and Novelties
7353:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 530–532.
6537:
6093:
1230:, and suggested that anurans might have first appeared during the
1097:
470:
to attract mates, to fend off predators and to generally survive.
336:
million years ago. Frogs are widely distributed, ranging from the
16404:
16316:
15741:
15509:
15418:
15386:
15249:
11619:
Kohl, K. D.; Cary, T. L.; Karasov, W. H.; Dearing, M. D. (2013).
10532:
8898:
Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates – Vol 2: Amphibians
8663:"Animal Circulatory Systems: Three Chambers: The Frog and Lizard"
8412:
8068:. Exploratorium:: The museum of science, art and human perception
6192:
6063:
5790:
5486:
5317:
5148:
5082:
4972:
4893:
4882:
4881:
jaws in most species have two elongated, parallel rows of small,
4751:
and females give birth to fully developed juvenile frogs, except
4490:
4447:
4443:
4418:
4207:
4203:
4199:
3949:
Frogs can hear both in the air and below water. They do not have
3866:
3847:
Close-up of frog's head showing eye, nostril, mouth, and tympanum
3747:
3462:
3425:
3385:
3129:
2113:
1579:
1298:
1256:
1091:
1090:, some 290 to 305 million years ago. The split between Anura and
1071:
1050:
915:
822:
482:
407:
337:
329:
118:
93:
14665:
14371:
12929:"The Biology of an Equatorial Herpetofauna in Amazonian Ecuador"
10394:
Venesci, M; Raxworthy, C. J.; Nussbaum, R. A.; Glaw, F. (2003).
10038:"The aerobic cost of saltatory locomotion in the fowler's toad (
9070:"Thresholds and noise limitations of colour vision in dim light"
8734:
Levine, R. P.; Monroy, J. A.; Brainerd, E. L. (March 15, 2004).
6691:
Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.2
5857:
throughout the history of science. Eighteenth-century biologist
5778:), mostly farmed in China, varies between 1200 and 2400 tonnes.
5657:
792:
779:
766:
745:, with examples—themselves all of uncertain etymology—including
732:
726:
636:
626:
620:
614:
608:
414:. They have highly specialized rasping mouth parts suitable for
16217:
16113:
15795:
14855:
14806:
14027:
12248:
Parental Care: Evolution, Mechanisms, and Adaptive Significance
11608:
Tadpoles eat like crazy before remodeling their guts - Futurity
8807:
8451:
Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles
7828:
7005:
6246:
6184:
5321:
5094:
5086:
5074:
5066:
4912:
4821:
4322:
4215:
4114:
4010:
3781:
3759:
3743:
3735:
3672:
3648:
3636:
3361:
1323:
1276:
1207:
1175:
910:. The anuran larva or tadpole has a single central respiratory
877:
860:
649:
into the nineteenth century, and is paralleled widely in other
486:
372:
170:
14768:: Researchers Pinpoint Source of Poison Frogs' Deadly Defenses
14008:"The Mountain Chicken Frog's First Problem: It Tastes Like..."
13575:): Potential sources of transmission within and between ponds"
11120:
11012:
Whittaker, Kellie; Chantasirivisal, Peera (December 2, 2005).
10725:
Long, David R. (1989). "Energetics and reproduction in female
9541:"How do frogs survive winter? Why don't they freeze to death?"
8541:
8263:
Frost, S. W. (1932). "Notes on feeding and molting in frogs".
7373:
6573:
Metathetic and Non-Metathetic Form Selection in Middle English
5765:
diminution in the supply. This resulted in the development of
4531:
16770:
16609:
14780:
Time-lapse video showing the egg's development until hatching
10133:
Pickersgill, M.; Schiøtz, A.; Howell, K.; Minter, L. (2004).
9423:. York, SC: Hilton Pond Center for Piedmont Natural History.
9261:
Tan, W.-H.; Tsai, C.-G.; Lin, C.; Lin, Y. K. (June 5, 2014).
7321:. Vol. 4. Surrey Beatty & Sons. pp. 1295–1331.
6462:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6128:
5500:
Some frogs use bluff or deception. The European common toad (
5400:
The skin of many frogs contains mild toxic substances called
5360:
5162:
5152:
5144:
5132:
4947:
4943:
4923:) is one of a number of species in which the tadpoles can be
4567:
4185:
of the frog is altered and the operational efficiency of the
3785:
3688:
3668:
3292:
1141:
1125:
940:
Frogs and toads are broadly classified into three suborders:
903:
873:
403:
384:
298:
14335:"Recent developments in the field of arrow and dart poisons"
14031:
The Writings of Mark Twain [pseud.].: A tramp abroad
12496:(Anura: Dendrobatidae), with a description of the tadpole".
11559:
Bender, M. C.; Hu, C.; Pelletier, C.; Denver, R. J. (2018).
10677:
10331:
10226:
8927:
8873:
6503:
5029:
Young frog with a stumpy tail, metamorphosis nearly complete
303:, literally 'without tail'). The oldest fossil "proto-frog"
14750:"Disappearance of toads, frogs has some scientists worried"
14616:
11255:
9827:
8574:
8169:
10.1655/0733-1347(2002)016[0046:NAPKPF]2.0.CO;2
6819:
10.1206/0003-0090(2005)294[0001:SROTFF]2.0.CO;2
5828:
5514:) makes an explosive sound that sometimes repels the shrew
5156:
5136:
5098:
5090:
5078:
5070:
4931:
4916:
4908:
4877:) has semiterrestrial tadpoles which live among wet rocks.
3751:
3510:
3349:
1170:(modern frogs have eight or 9), a long and forward-sloping
869:
511:
411:
376:
357:
16098:
14732:
13703:
10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0087:TCODA]2.0.CO;2
9329:"Communication signals and sexual selection in amphibians"
8888:
7765:
10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2
7707:"Fossil Shows Cold-Blooded Frogs Lived on Warm Antarctica"
7349:
Weishampel, D. B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H., eds. (2004).
6131:, protector of newborns, with the head of a frog. For the
5719:
fields of Queensland, Australia, in an attempt to control
964:
features as the number of vertebrae, the structure of the
130:
14743:
13508:, in an endangered population of northern leopard frogs,
12246:
Crump, M. L. (1996). "Parental care among the Amphibia".
11403:
10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[1012:ocidai]2.0.co;2
10575:
10035:
9705:
6013:
5940:
is increasingly being displaced by its smaller relative,
5920:
Frogs are used in cloning research and other branches of
5890:
5170:
Frogs are primary predators and an important part of the
3881:) has golden irises and horizontal slit-like pupils, the
3468:
often referred to as a spade, that helps them to burrow.
716:
603:
are uncertain and debated. The word is first attested in
543:) is in the toad family Bufonidae and has a smooth skin.
399:
368:
321:
12440:
10.1206/0003-0090(2006)299[1:PSODFA]2.0.CO;2
12148:
10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[986:ASSOTA]2.0.CO;2
12129:
11530:
11227:
9925:
Buckley, C. R.; Michael, S. F.; Irschick, D. J. (2005).
8234:
7645:
Mörs, Thomas; Reguero, Marcelo; Vasilyan, Davit (2020).
7348:
1061:
first appeared about 330 million years ago and that the
12855:
Myers, C. W.; Daly, J. W. (1983). "Dart-poison frogs".
12179:
12048:
An Educator's Guide to South Dakota's Natural Resources
11558:
11313:"Direct development: an alternative way to make a frog"
11074:
Gilbert, Perry W. (1942). "Observations on the eggs of
9607:
AJP: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
7940:(3 ed.). Guinness Superlatives. pp. 118–119.
7744:
6622:
6027:, but more likely they used substances secreted by the
5950:, thus facilitating faster studies across generations.
4930:
Tadpoles are highly vulnerable to being eaten by fish,
4113:
During extreme conditions, some frogs enter a state of
4059:
Many species of frog have deep calls. The croak of the
16202:
14740: – Photography and images of various frog species
14590:
12759:
Barthalmus, George T.; Zielinski, William J. (1988). "
11899:"Diet of the Neotropical frog Leptodactylus mystaceus"
11618:
10822:
10764:
Iskandar, D. T.; Evans, B. J.; McGuire, J. A. (2014).
9924:
9769:"A functional analysis of how frogs jump out of water"
9238:. Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Archived from
9067:
6659:
6023:
used a toxic secretion produced by the cane toad as a
5831:
sent two bullfrogs into space for six days during the
5685:. Probably all these are involved in a complex way as
5625:
decline, as are pollutants, climate change, increased
5093:. A few of the larger ones may eat other frogs, small
1128:. It dated back 290 million years and was hailed as a
16801:
14591:
Cogger, H. G.; Zweifel, R. G.; Kirschner, D. (2004).
14046:"California Schools Leading Race to Stop Dissections"
11800:
10925:
10200:
10090:"Walking and running in the red-legged running frog,
9987:
Zug, George R.; Duellman, William E. (May 14, 2014).
9802:
9393:
9127:
8983:
7586:
Evans, S. E.; Jones, M. E. H.; Krause, D. W. (2008).
7090:""Frog-amander" fossil may be amphibian missing link"
6758:
5481:
themselves. The chemicals involved may be irritants,
5101:. A few species also eat plant matter; the tree frog
4566:
cells separated by grooves into which glands secrete
4333:
locomotion more often, such as swimming and walking.
3461:) have a flap-like toe extension on the hind feet, a
3432:, which also have fully webbed toes used in gliding.
1065:
hypothesis is more credible than other theories. The
15997:
15987:
15977:
15967:
15957:
15850:
15806:
15791:
15781:
15771:
15761:
15505:
15477:
15199:
15188:
15178:
15168:
15158:
15048:
13682:
Blaustein, Andrew R.; Johnson, Pieter T. J. (2003).
13080:
12365:
10763:
10274:
8733:
7885:. Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service. Archived from
7442:
Wilson, A. C.; Sarich, V. M.; Maxson, L. R. (1974).
7342:
6868:"Mechanisms for partial reproductive isolation in a
6244:
5520:. Although toads are avoided by many predators, the
5166:
A trophic pyramid showing frogs as primary predators
4784:) lays eggs singly, burying them in moist soil. The
705:
692:
14193:
13912:"Appetite For Frogs' Legs Harming Wild Populations"
13023:) and for sequestration of dietary pumiliotoxins".
12283:
11463:Hoff, K. vS.; Wassersug, R. J. (February 1, 2000).
10954:
The Firefly Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians
9184:Armstrong, Cecilia E.; Roberts, William M. (1998).
8808:Dorit, R. L.; Walker, W. F.; Barnes, R. D. (1991).
8308:
7644:
7502:"Frog evolution linked to dinosaur asteroid strike"
7046:
6270:
944:, which includes four families of primitive frogs;
15047:
14465:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
13885:
12899:
12418:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
11929:
10367:
9767:Nauwelaerts, S.; Schollier, J.; Aerts, P. (2004).
8809:
7909:"Tiny frog claimed as world's smallest vertebrate"
7752:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
7705:
7172:"The origin(s) of modern amphibians: a commentary"
6797:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
6623:
6589:
6588:
6538:
6504:
6463:
6298:
5392:contains numerous alkaloids which deter predators.
3788:passes into the kidneys through fine tubes called
3664:) is the first frog known to lack lungs entirely.
3344:modified for this purpose. The tibia, fibula, and
653:, with examples in the modern languages including
613:, but the usual Old English word for the frog was
14541:
14516:
13981:"Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme:
11073:
11042:
10951:
10576:Shah, Sunny; Tiwari, Rachna (November 29, 2001).
8803:
8801:
6732:
5715:agent. In 1935, 3000 toads were liberated in the
4574:of the toe pad epidermis on the surface and also
3360:has elongated and formed a mobile joint with the
519:are considered "true toads". The use of the term
16851:
14021:
13477:"Frog population decrease mostly due to traffic"
12854:
12806:Darst, Catherine R.; Cummings, Molly E. (2006).
11538:. Princeton University Press. pp. 173–175.
11495:
11235:. Princeton University Press. pp. 179–194.
10657:. Princeton University Press. pp. 154–162.
10088:Ahn, A. N.; Furrow, E.; Biewener, A. A. (2004).
8723:The Secret to the Stickiness of Frog Spit | STAO
8385:
8123:
8059:
8057:
8055:
8053:
8051:
8049:
7585:
7169:
383:is an extension of the male cloaca). Frogs have
14491:
14332:
14005:
13569:Harp, Elizabeth M.; Petranka, James W. (2006).
13105:
12966:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
12728:
12072:
12012:
11775:
11750:
11166:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
10900:
9359:
7592:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
7448:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
7087:
5913:. This same technique was later used to create
5065:as adults, preying on invertebrates, including
4815:. The interior of globular egg clusters of the
4121:in winter. Those that live on land such as the
3816:coordination and posture are controlled by the
1263:epoch (199.6 to 175 million years ago), making
675:
666:
14903:
14496:. Princeton University Press. pp. 91–92.
14454:
14452:
14372:Lyttle, T.; Goldstein, D.; Gartz, J. (1996). "
14162:
13782:
13504:"Prevalence of the pathogenic chytrid fungus,
13183:. Vol. 3. Evolution Facts. Archived from
13152:. National Geographic Explorer. Archived from
11780:. Princeton University Press. pp. 65–68.
10724:
9982:
9980:
9978:
9163:. Princeton University Press. pp. 67–69.
8798:
8629:
8521:. Frederick Warne & Co. pp. 204–209.
8448:Vitt, Laurie J.; Caldwell, Janalee P. (2013).
8242:. Princeton University Press. pp. 10–14.
7421:. Indiana University Press. pp. 135–136.
6019:It has long been suspected that pre-Columbian
5693:and several intermediate hosts such as birds.
3642:
884:, absence of a prefrontal bone, presence of a
817:Anura. These include over 7,600 species in 55
466:, and exhibit many different kinds of complex
16188:
16084:
14822:
13085:. Harper Collins Publishers. pp. 73–74.
13083:Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe
12617:Dalgetty, Laura; Kennedy, Malcolm W. (2010).
12326:
11462:
11431:
11223:
11221:
11219:
11217:
11215:
10757:
10649:
9260:
9155:
8926:Laurin, Michel; Gauthier, Jacques A. (2012).
8843:
8841:
8839:
8837:
8660:
8362:The Frog Book: North American Frogs and Toads
8046:
8021:
6839:
6385:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940).
6366:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940).
6066:. The combination of the two alkaloid toxins
5290:) looks after its tadpoles in a similar way.
3412:sp.) has fully webbed toes, whereas those of
1152:temnospondyl unrelated to extant amphibians.
356:orders. Warty frog species tend to be called
13282:. Frogs Australia Network. February 23, 2005
11666:Fabrezi, Marissa; Cruz, Julio César (2020).
10645:
10643:
10641:
10639:
10637:
10635:
10633:
10196:
10194:
10012:
8951:
8691:
8447:
7410:
6384:
6365:
4177:formed by its shed skin. Researchers at the
4067:) is sometimes written as "jug o' rum". The
3750:by tadpoles and aquatic frogs but mainly as
3287:
657:
14746: – Virtual frog dissection and anatomy
14449:
14200:as a Model System in Developmental Biology"
13987:. FAO: Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
11755:. Princeton University Press. p. 107.
11665:
10167:
10165:
9986:
9975:
9798:
9796:
9538:
9299:
8878:. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.
8519:The Observer's Book of British Wild Animals
8512:
8510:
8086:
8017:
8015:
7937:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats
6728:
6726:
6240:
6238:
3439:surface and the grip is maintained through
1387:showing the relationships of the different
1333:According to genetic studies, the families
859:The Anura include all modern frogs and any
367:An adult frog has a stout body, protruding
344:regions, but the greatest concentration of
16195:
16181:
16091:
16077:
14829:
14815:
14759:Amphibian photo gallery by scientific name
14420:
14165:"Nuclear Transfer: Bringing in the Clones"
14028:Mark Twain; Charles Dudley Warner (1904).
13922:
13675:
12710:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
12697:
12279:
12277:
12275:
12017:. Princeton University Press. p. 69.
11977:"Folivory and seasonal changes in diet in
11212:
10905:. Princeton University Press. p. 91.
10270:
10268:
9491:
9398:. Airlife Publishing Ltd. pp. 39–44.
9389:
9387:
9385:
9383:
8988:. Airlife Publishing Ltd. pp. 31–35.
8834:
8063:
7927:
7829:R. Alexander Pyron; John J. Wiens (2011).
7317:. In Heatwole, H.; Carroll, R. L. (eds.).
7303:
7222:
7006:Marjanović, David; Laurin, Michel (2007).
6004:, a painkiller 200 times more potent than
3939:Surface rendering of the head of the frog
3718:
402:in the water. The eggs hatch into aquatic
239:
129:
14613:. University of Missouri Press, Columbia.
14593:Encyclopedia of Reptiles & Amphibians
14476:
14389:
14309:
14299:
14139:
14077:. Ivison, Phinney, Blakeman. p. 290.
13902:
13759:
13741:
13590:
13545:
13535:
13356:
13081:Arnold, Nicholas; Ovenden, Denys (2002).
12995:
12985:
12902:The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica
12831:
12644:
12634:
12429:
12037:
11693:
11683:
11584:
11480:
11195:
11185:
11159:
10850:"Rediscovery of the Liberian Nimba toad,
10827:. Comstock Publishing. pp. 104–117.
10799:
10789:
10630:
10456:
10368:Staniszewski, Marc (September 30, 1998).
10191:
10109:
10057:
9950:
9853:
9784:
9773:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
9515:
9211:
9201:
9123:
9121:
9101:
8979:
8977:
8975:
8952:Howard, Ian P.; Rogers, Brian J. (1995).
8947:
8945:
8755:
8559:
8548:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
8358:
8126:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
7854:
7763:
7680:
7670:
7621:
7611:
7562:
7552:
7477:
7467:
7286:
7218:
7216:
7163:
7064:
7023:
6982:
6808:
6397:
6299:Kuzmin, Sergius L. (September 29, 1999).
5973:have been sequenced and deposited in the
5437:A common toad adopting a defensive stance
4871:fully aquatic, but at least one species (
3679:tissues enter the heart through separate
1053:and soon after their divergence from the
1049:before the breakup of the supercontinent
500:
14785:Frog vocalisations from around the world
14485:
13886:Cameron, Elizabeth (September 6, 2012).
13691:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
13613:
13110:) during encounters with garter snakes (
12926:
11365:
10162:
9793:
9470:
9446:"The RRRRRRRRiveting Life of Tree Frogs"
9362:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
9151:
9149:
8958:. Oxford University Press. p. 651.
8507:
8304:
8302:
8012:
7964:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
7880:
6723:
6655:
6653:
6430:
6235:
6104:
6092:
6043:that has been used in modern times as a
5984:
5893:, a discovery made by English zoologist
5749:
5656:
5595:
5541:
5432:
5384:
5371:
5236:
5220:
5161:
5041:
4954:. Some tadpoles, including those of the
4861:
4767:
4717:are unique among frogs in that they are
4656:
4626:
4530:
4520:
4460:
4400:
4340:
4228:
4181:have found that during aestivation, the
4044:
3992:
3989:displaying its vocal sac during its call
3978:
3928:
3842:
3708:
3575:
3560:
3487:
3384:
3367:
3291:
1096:
1070:diversification should be placed in the
1029:analysis dating from 2005 suggests that
924:
843:
687:. These words allow reconstruction of a
641:remained in dialectal use in English as
635:is somehow related to this. Old English
253:
248:Native distribution of frogs (in green)
14649:Fossil Frogs and Toads of North America
14423:International Journal of the Addictions
13684:"The complexity of deformed amphibians"
13321:
13174:
12594:. University of Glasgow. Archived from
12272:
11310:
10823:Channing, Alan; Howell, Kim M. (2006).
10479:
10332:Roberts, Dale; Hero, Jean-Marc (2011).
10265:
10229:"Extension of range of distribution of
10227:Radhakrishnan, C.; Gopi, K. C. (2007).
9803:Badger, David; Netherton, John (1995).
9394:Badger, David; Netherton, John (1995).
9380:
9128:Badger, David; Netherton, John (1995).
8984:Badger, David; Netherton, John (1995).
8816:. Saunders College Publishing. p.
8654:
8098:. James Cook University. Archived from
7876:
7874:
6115:Frogs have been featured in mythology,
5698:World Association of Zoos and Aquariums
3909:) has circular ones. The irises of the
960:. This classification is based on such
279:is any member of a diverse and largely
14:
16852:
14646:
14113:
13910:Brahic, Catherine (January 20, 2009).
13909:
12897:
12765:Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior
12210:
10437:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
9920:
9918:
9916:
9828:Astley, H. C.; Roberts, T. J. (2011).
9648:
9418:
9118:
8972:
8942:
8851:. TutorVista.com. 2010. Archived from
8782:. TutorVista.com. 2010. Archived from
8516:
8386:Blackburn, D. C. (November 14, 2002).
8215:
7933:
7416:
7213:
6865:
6403:
6210:
6208:
5812:
5809:recorded as part of American cuisine.
3769:
3316:that is 7.7 mm (0.30 in) in
1330:is occurring more rapidly in mammals.
1041:of the three groups took place in the
16491:
16490:
16176:
16072:
14848:
14810:
14706:
14569:
14224:
14070:
13860:
13057:
12245:
12134:, in the Sierra Nevada, California".
10890:from the original on October 9, 2022.
10420:from the original on October 9, 2022.
10261:from the original on October 9, 2022.
9876:
9756:from the original on October 9, 2022.
9719:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
9146:
8874:Duellman, W. E. and L. Trueb (1986).
8333:
8299:
8262:
7835:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7338:from the original on October 9, 2022.
7309:
6684:
6664:(third ed.). Benjamin Cummings.
6650:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6214:
4747:. In these species, fertilization is
4442:) from southern India which feeds on
4052:Distinctive low "jug-o-rum" sound of
3396:) has large toe pads and webbed feet.
3348:have been fused into a single strong
1347:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
1241:period. One such early frog species,
892:without teeth (with the exception of
16776:CB2D87E1-2E34-FFC6-FC3B-41D7FC23FC69
16737:a330081c-9f45-47fb-80dd-ba8d870e5bd2
16649:8675db52-461d-4ab4-8574-dbc5007b80c3
14573:Frogs: Inside their Remarkable World
14546:. Reaktion Books. pp. 167–175.
14194:Browder, L.; Iten, L., eds. (1998).
14006:Ryan Schuessler (January 28, 2016).
13812:. Environment.gov.au. Archived from
13638:
13205:
13062:. American Museum of Natural History
11724:
11444:. University of California, Berkeley
11055:. University of California, Berkeley
11024:. University of California, Berkeley
10588:. University of California, Berkeley
10370:"Madagascan Burrowing Frogs: Genus:
10313:. University of California, Berkeley
10287:. University of California, Berkeley
10179:. University of California, Berkeley
10036:Walton, M.; Anderson, B. D. (1988).
9706:James, R. S.; Wilson, R. S. (2008).
9443:
8907:from the original on October 9, 2022
8704:. University of California, Berkeley
8642:. University of California, Berkeley
7871:
7703:
7417:Foster, J. (2007). "Anura (Frogs)".
6888:from the original on October 9, 2022
6693:. American Museum of Natural History
6678:
6644:participating institution membership
6610:participating institution membership
6559:participating institution membership
6525:participating institution membership
6484:participating institution membership
6406:Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français
6311:. University of California, Berkeley
6294:
6292:
6223:. American Museum of Natural History
5846:. This practice is declining due to
5642:, are also devastating populations.
5629:radiation, and the introduction of
4915:filtered from the water through the
1078:and that it should be nested within
16865:Extant Hettangian first appearances
14761: – Features many unusual frogs
11974:
11727:"Animal development: Metamorphosis"
11469:Integrative and Comparative Biology
11043:Whittaker, Kellie (June 27, 2007).
10343:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
10144:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
9913:
9652:Environmental Physiology of Animals
9374:10.1146/annurev.es.25.110194.001453
9326:
8630:Boisvert, Adam (October 23, 2007).
7726:from the original on April 23, 2020
7170:Marjanović, D.; Laurin, M. (2009).
6840:Kuzmin, S. L. (November 10, 1999).
6341:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
6205:
4824:released by the developing larvae.
4763:
1403:(2009) and Pyron and Wiens (2011).
1200:(about 250 million years ago), and
24:
14709:Australian Frogs A Natural History
14563:
14521:. Reaktion Books. pp. 40–42.
14333:Phillipe, G.; Angenot, L. (2005).
14301:10.1128/JVI.79.18.11598-11606.2005
13838:. January 15, 2008. Archived from
13783:Black, Richard (October 2, 2005).
13206:Ryan, Paddy (September 25, 2011).
12877:10.1038/scientificamerican0283-120
12729:Sandmeier, Fran (March 12, 2001).
12000:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05430.x
11625:Environmental Microbiology Reports
9807:. Airlife Publishing. p. 51.
9203:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-08-02962.1998
9132:. Airlife Publishing. p. 38.
9039:10.1038/scientificamerican0364-110
8313:. Airlife Publishing. p. 27.
8309:Badger, D.; Netherton, J. (1995).
8138:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1980.tb00082.x
6687:"Anura Fischer von Waldheim, 1813"
6490:
6436:
6275:. Airlife Publishing. p. 19.
6271:Badger, D.; Netherton, J. (1995).
5670:Frog mutations and genetic defects
5578:), whose habitat extends into the
5113:has been found to eat plants, and
4089:, an Ancient Greek comic drama by
1279:structure of modern frogs. Unlike
797:, apparently meaning 'toad-head'.
765:appears to have been adapted from
631:), and it is agreed that the word
375:, limbs folded underneath, and no
25:
16876:
14726:
14233:. Trans-NIH Xenopus Working Group
14034:. Harper & Bros. p. 263.
13730:Environmental Health Perspectives
11871:(Lissamphibia: Anura: Hylidae)".
10019:University of Kansas Publications
9539:Emmer, Rick (November 24, 1997).
9421:The Piedmont Naturalist, Volume 1
8889:Sever, David M.; Staub, Nancy L.
6289:
5980:
4896:. Their tails are stiffened by a
4354:Frogs in the families Bufonidae,
3810:
3572:) camouflaged against leaf litter
1013:where the hybrids are prevalent.
16835:
16823:
16811:
16471:
16283:
15128:
15121:
15116:
15110:
14836:
14595:(2nd ed.). Fog City Press.
14535:
14510:
14414:
14365:
14326:
14275:
14245:
14218:
14187:
14156:
14107:
14081:
14064:
14038:
13999:
13973:
13951:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01165.x
13879:
13854:
13828:
13802:
13785:"New frog centre for London Zoo"
13776:
13716:
13653:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.96359.x
13632:
13607:
13562:
13495:
13469:
13447:
13433:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.95485.x
13404:
13294:
13268:
13254:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02042.x
13225:
13199:
13175:Ferrell, Vance (March 4, 2012).
13168:
13142:
13099:
13074:
13051:
13012:
12953:
12920:
12891:
12848:
12799:
12752:
12722:
12691:
12661:
12610:
12584:
12555:
12524:
12485:
12402:
12380:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01609.x
12359:
12320:
12239:
12204:
12173:
12123:
12066:
12031:
12006:
11968:
11923:
11891:
11885:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00192.x
11860:
11820:
11794:
11769:
11744:
11718:
11659:
11612:
11601:
11565:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
11552:
11524:
11489:
11456:
11425:
11378:
11359:
11304:
11249:
11153:
11114:
11067:
11036:
11005:
10970:
10945:
10928:"Anura: Egg laying and hatching"
10919:
10894:
10841:
10816:
10718:
10671:
10600:
10569:
10526:
10500:
10473:
10424:
10387:
10361:
10325:
10299:
10220:
10126:
10081:
10073:
10029:
10006:
9952:10.1111/j.0269-8463.2005.00931.x
9879:Advances in Physiology Education
9870:
9821:
9786:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00403.x
9760:
9699:
9673:
9642:
9597:
9558:
7088:Casselman, Anne (May 21, 2008).
6439:"Greek-french dictionary online"
6054:Exudations from the skin of the
5835:mission to test weightlessness.
5805:, and frogs were among the fare
5592:Decline in amphibian populations
5216:
5159:, bullfrogs, and other animals.
5022:
5010:
4994:
4965:
4799:In certain species, such as the
4755:, which give birth to tadpoles.
4364:Great Plains narrow-mouthed toad
3901:) has triangular pupils and the
3889:) has vertical slit pupils, the
3801:secondary sexual characteristics
3784:are attached to the kidneys and
3758:. The urine passes along paired
3331:
778:, first attested as Old English
450:dynamics of many of the world's
283:group of short-bodied, tailless
147:
61:
13457:. AmphibiaWeb. January 22, 2009
13212:The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
12906:. University of Chicago Press.
12571:Repties et Amphibiens de France
12368:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
12225:10.1152/ajpregu.1990.258.3.R559
12180:Slavens, Frank; Slavens, Kate.
11536:A Natural History of Amphibians
11233:A Natural History of Amphibians
10655:A Natural History of Amphibians
10098:Journal of Experimental Biology
10046:Journal of Experimental Biology
9532:
9504:Journal of Experimental Biology
9464:
9437:
9412:
9353:
9320:
9293:
9254:
9228:
9177:
9161:A Natural History of Amphibians
9061:
9002:
8955:Binocular Vision and Stereopsis
8919:
8882:
8867:
8772:
8744:Journal of Experimental Biology
8727:
8716:
8692:Lee, Deborah (April 23, 2010).
8685:
8623:
8568:
8535:
8468:
8441:
8406:
8379:
8352:
8327:
8256:
8240:A Natural History of Amphibians
8228:
8209:
8183:
8144:
8117:
8080:
8001:
7990:
7954:
7901:
7822:
7788:
7738:
7697:
7638:
7579:
7520:
7494:
7435:
7367:
7246:
7112:
7081:
7040:
6999:
6958:
6900:
6859:
6833:
6787:
6752:
6705:
6616:
6582:
6565:
6531:
6456:
5622:Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve
5585:
5537:
4743:are the only frogs known to be
4644:
4622:
584:before a vowel) 'without', and
493:, has spread around the world.
14400:10.1080/02791072.1996.10472488
13865:. Penguin Books. p. 111.
13506:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
12213:American Journal of Physiology
12082:Theoretical Population Biology
11932:"Diet of the Neotropical frog
11432:Janzen, Peter (May 10, 2005).
10483:Living Amphibians of the World
10203:"Anura: From tadpole to adult"
9993:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
8454:. Academic Press. p. 50.
8218:"Legless frogs mystery solved"
8197:. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum
8022:Minott, Kevin (May 15, 2010).
7704:Joel, Lucas (April 23, 2020).
6378:
6359:
6323:
6264:
6221:Amphibian Species of the World
5869:by studying frogs. He created
4703:. In many species such as the
3776:Sexual selection in amphibians
3499:) moulting and eating its skin
1315: in) from snout to vent.
13:
1:
15376:(Northeast Indian caecilians)
14789:British Library Sound Archive
14494:Frogs and Toads of the Worlds
14378:Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
14227:"Developing the potential of
12592:"Proteins of frog foam nests"
12256:10.1016/S0065-3454(08)60331-9
12015:Frogs and Toads of the Worlds
11778:Frogs and Toads of the Worlds
11753:Frogs and Toads of the Worlds
10956:. Firefly Books. p. 67.
10903:Frogs and Toads of the Worlds
10480:Cochran, Doris Mabel (1961).
6579:, 30 (2002), 501–18 (p. 504).
6245:Cannatella, David C. (1997).
6199:
6008:, is made by some species of
5911:somatic cell nuclear transfer
5897:. This is because a hormone,
5734:
4758:
4193:
1206:, from the Early Triassic of
914:and mouthparts consisting of
551:The origin of the order name
410:that have tails and internal
15239:(American tailed caecilians)
14651:. Indiana University Press.
14339:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
14116:"Lancelot Hogben, 1895–1975"
13616:Tracking the Vanishing Frogs
13579:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
12777:10.1016/0091-3057(88)90126-8
12102:10.1016/0040-5809(79)90010-8
12075:"The structure of food webs"
11854:10.1016/j.fooweb.2023.e00281
11801:Duellman, W. E.; Zug, G. R.
11311:Elinson, Richard P. (2001).
10926:Duellman, W. E.; Zug, G. R.
10791:10.1371/journal.pone.0115884
10275:Farrar, Eugenia; Hey, Jane.
10231:Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis
10201:Duellman, W. E.; Zug, G. R.
9683:. Scienceray. Archived from
9681:"Top 10 best jumper animals"
8216:Walker, M. (June 25, 2009).
8066:"The amazing adaptable frog"
7984:10.1016/j.jsames.2014.06.010
7748:"The Amphibian Tree of Life"
7047:Pyron, R. Alexander (2011).
5899:human chorionic gonadotropin
5861:discovered the link between
5191:mountain yellow-legged frogs
4542:Tree frogs live high in the
4470:Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis
4440:Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis
4253:, can leap over two metres (
3945:, with ear parts highlighted
3671:, a feature they share with
1378:
1016:
704:finds that the etymology of
546:
505:The use of the common names
7:
15651:(South American caecilians)
13177:"Geographical Distribution"
13060:"Poison Dart Frog Vivarium"
13025:Journal of Natural Products
11534:; Cohen, Nathan W. (1995).
11231:; Cohen, Nathan W. (1995).
11016:Leptodactylus pentadactylus
10852:Nimbaphrynoides liberiensis
10653:; Cohen, Nathan W. (1995).
9444:Nash, Pat (February 2005).
9159:; Cohen, Nathan W. (1995).
9017:(3). W. H. Freeman: 110–9.
8238:; Cohen, Nathan W. (1995).
7856:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012
6577:Studia Anglica Posnaniensia
5739:
5390:Strawberry poison-dart frog
5271:strawberry poison-dart frog
5057:froglet after metamorphosis
4857:
4790:Leptodactylus pentadactylus
4778:yellow-striped pygmy eleuth
4000:Advertisement call of male
3986:Dendropsophus microcephalus
3667:Frogs have three-chambered
3643:Respiration and circulation
1293:, which is known only from
1101:A fossilized frog from the
975:readily. For instance, the
800:
698:. The third edition of the
555:—and its original spelling
10:
16881:
14632:10.1016/j.gene.2005.07.034
14542:Sleigh, Charlotee (2012).
14517:Sleigh, Charlotee (2012).
14132:10.1093/genetics/142.3.655
14071:Wells, David Ames (1859).
13861:Tyler, Michael J. (1989).
13614:Phillips, Kathryn (1994).
13592:10.7589/0090-3558-42.2.307
13571:"Ranavirus in wood frogs (
11685:10.1186/s12861-020-00221-5
10486:. Doubleday. p. 112.
9620:10.1152/ajpregu.00380.2005
9583:10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.09.001
8930:. Tree of Life Web Project
8634:Barbourula kalimantanensis
8155:) from Sumatra and Java".
7672:10.1038/s41598-020-61973-5
7265:(2): Article ID 20180922.
7223:Cannatella, David (1995).
6740:. Tree of Life web project
6393:. Perseus Digital Library.
6374:. Perseus Digital Library.
6215:Frost, Darrel R. (2021) .
6108:
5816:
5743:
5607:) – last seen in 1989
5589:
5424:European fire-bellied toad
5367:
5254:evolution of parental care
5005:a day before metamorphosis
4938:, and birds, particularly
4921:Osteopilus septentrionalis
4782:Eleutherodactylus limbatus
4686:New Mexico spadefoot toads
4350:walking on a level surface
4307:Osteopilus septentrionalis
4161:At the other extreme, the
4129:) dig a burrow and make a
4095:Concave-eared torrent frog
3972:
3924:
3780:In the male frog, the two
3773:
3662:Barbourula kalimantanensis
1267:somewhat more recent than
999:). The fire-bellied toads
983:) is a hybrid between the
902:), an unsupported tongue,
849:European fire-bellied toad
585:
579:
567:
529:European fire-bellied toad
398:Frogs typically lay their
299:
29:
16499:
16468:
16335:
16292:
16281:
16250:
16212:
16140:
16108:
16052:
16011:
15953:
15936:
15912:(salamanders crown group)
15907:
15849:
15805:
15757:
15740:
15719:
15715:
15646:
15600:
15538:(Indo-African caecilians)
15533:
15491:
15428:
15396:
15371:
15339:
15328:
15297:(Asian tailed caecilians)
15288:
15277:
15230:
15214:
15154:
15138:
15108:
15043:
15039:
15020:
14988:
14970:
14961:
14943:
14930:
14912:
14899:
14844:
14435:10.3109/10826089309039645
14351:10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.022
12535:(Anura: Dendrobatidae)".
12331:(Anura: Rhacophoridae)".
11936:(Anura: Leptodactylidae)"
11672:BMC Developmental Biology
11282:10.1016/j.jcz.2019.11.001
10873:10.11646/zootaxa.2355.1.3
10825:Amphibians of East Africa
10610:Rhacophorus nigropalmatus
10580:Rhacophorus nigropalmatus
10336:Heleioporus albopunctatus
9342:: 923–927. Archived from
8849:"Frog's internal systems"
8493:10.1017/S0952836904005953
8359:Dickerson, M. C. (1969).
8336:Amphibians and Their Ways
8157:Herpetological Monographs
7816:10.11646/zootaxa.2211.1.1
7312:"14. Mesozoic Amphibians"
7227:Triadobatrachus massinoti
7199:10.1007/s11692-009-9065-8
7025:10.1080/10635150701397635
6984:10.1080/10635150590945278
6761:Herpetological Monographs
6685:Frost, Darrel R. (2023).
6631:Oxford English Dictionary
6597:Oxford English Dictionary
6546:Oxford English Dictionary
6512:Oxford English Dictionary
6471:Oxford English Dictionary
5037:
5001:Larva of the common frog
4730:Eleutherodactylus jasperi
4617:Rhacophorus nigropalmatus
4503:Heleioporus albopunctatus
4108:
3975:Sexual selection in frogs
3691:for oxygenated blood and
3288:Morphology and physiology
3127:
3103:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3047:
3032:
3025:
3018:
2991:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2929:
2914:
2907:
2897:
2890:
2875:
2868:
2853:
2846:
2831:
2824:
2806:
2799:
2754:
2739:
2732:
2705:
2690:
2683:
2673:
2657:
2650:
2640:
2514:
2499:
2492:
2477:
2470:
2437:
2422:
2415:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2371:
2364:
2349:
2342:
2300:
2285:
2278:
2263:
2256:
2246:
2239:
2197:
2182:
2175:
2160:
2153:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2111:
2104:
2086:
2079:
2023:
2008:
2001:
1986:
1979:
1964:
1957:
1947:
1940:
1904:
1889:
1882:
1867:
1860:
1850:
1840:
1807:
1792:
1785:
1775:
1768:
1750:
1743:
1698:
1683:
1676:
1658:
1651:
1636:
1629:
1619:
1592:
1577:
1570:
1560:
1524:
1509:
1502:
1487:
1480:
1470:
1443:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1203:Czatkobatrachus polonicus
1189:Triadobatrachus massinoti
701:Oxford English Dictionary
475:environmental bellwethers
364:or evolutionary history.
247:
238:
231:
226:
144:Scientific classification
142:
137:
128:
41:
16058:List of amphibian genera
15605:(Neotropical caecilians)
15344:(buried-eyed caecilians)
15220:(caecilians crown group)
15144:(caecilians total group)
14773:
14492:Mattison, Chris (2011).
14050:Animal Welfare Institute
14011:National Geographic News
13836:"2008: Year of the Frog"
13309:. The Nature Conservancy
12927:Duellman, W. E. (1978).
12533:Colostethus subpunctatus
12494:Dendrobates granuliferus
12073:Pimm, Stuart L. (1979).
12040:"Northern leopard frog (
12013:Mattison, Chris (2011).
11776:Mattison, Chris (2011).
11751:Mattison, Chris (2011).
11160:Warkentin, K.M. (1995).
10901:Mattison, Chris (2011).
10727:Scaphiopus multiplicatus
9891:10.1152/advan.00037.2004
8517:Burton, Maurice (1972).
8390:Trichobatrachus robustus
7094:National Geographic News
6404:Bailly, Anatole (1981).
6251:Tree of Life Web Project
5452:Eleutherodactylus gaigei
5441:Some frogs, such as the
5296:Colostethus subpunctatus
4724:Limnonectes larvaepartus
4391:Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis
4347:Phrynomantis bifasciatus
4287:Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis
4179:University of Queensland
3851:
3695:for deoxygenated blood.
3658:Bornean flat-headed frog
3552:Trichobatrachus robustus
3519:grey foam-nest tree frog
1136:batrachian close to the
971:Some species of anurans
715:base along the lines of
599:The origins of the word
462:, particularly in their
266:Ranomafana National Park
258:Variegated golden frog (
14753:San Francisco Chronicle
14206:. University of Calgary
13367:10.1126/science.1103538
13234:Journal of Biogeography
12987:10.1073/pnas.0402365101
12677:Frogs Australia Network
12549:10.1163/156853897X00297
12169:(subscription required)
11949:: 31–36. Archived from
11934:Leptodactylus mystaceus
11807:Encyclopædia Britannica
11803:"Anura: Feeding habits"
11731:Encyclopædia Britannica
11645:10.1111/1758-2229.12092
11366:Seshadri, K.S. (2015).
10932:Encyclopædia Britannica
10608:"Wallace's Flying Frog
10398:Scaphiophryne marmorata
10207:Encyclopædia Britannica
10040:Bufo woodhousei fowleri
9190:Journal of Neuroscience
8780:"Frog Digestive System"
8667:Kimball's Biology Pages
8581:The American Naturalist
8477:Corythomantis greeningi
8265:The American Naturalist
7613:10.1073/pnas.0707599105
7554:10.1073/pnas.1704632114
6954:(subscription required)
6913:The American Naturalist
6879:Dissertation for thesis
6872:hybrid zone in Romania"
6636:Oxford University Press
6602:Oxford University Press
6551:Oxford University Press
6517:Oxford University Press
6476:Oxford University Press
6391:A Greek-English Lexicon
6372:A Greek-English Lexicon
6172:The Wind in the Willows
5819:Animal testing on frogs
5713:biological pest control
5475:Pseudophryne pengilleyi
5471:Pseudophryne corroboree
5120:Euphlyctis hexadactylus
5110:Leptodactylus mystaceus
4903:Tadpoles are typically
4839:Eleutherodactylus coqui
4598:) has a single opposed
4511:Scaphiophryne marmorata
4383:red-legged running frog
4036:Polypedates leucomystax
3968:
3719:Digestion and excretion
3647:Like other amphibians,
3523:Chiromantis xerampelina
3503:
1318:Notobatrachus degiustoi
1210:(about the same age as
793:
780:
771:as part of this trend.
767:
733:
727:
718:
707:
694:
637:
627:
621:
619:(with variants such as
615:
609:
495:Conservation biologists
430:is completed when they
16027:several hundred genera
14744:The Whole Frog Project
14647:Holman, J. A. (2004).
14253:"Genome List – Genome"
13537:10.1186/1472-6785-10-6
13278:Cyclorana platycephala
13181:Evolution Encyclopedia
13112:Thamnophis s. sirtalis
12898:Savage, J. M. (2002).
12636:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0934
12563:"Common midwife toad,
12498:Journal of Herpetology
12119:on September 27, 2011.
11975:Das, I. (April 1996).
11725:Balinsky, Boris Ivan.
11577:10.1098/rspb.2017.2784
11436:Nannophrys ceylonensis
11387:Nannophrys ceylonensis
11187:10.1073/pnas.92.8.3507
11127:Journal of Herpetology
10731:Journal of Herpetology
10449:10.1098/rsif.2006.0135
10407:Herpetological Journal
9846:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0982
9349:on September 23, 2012.
9306:: Coastal Tailed Frog"
9086:10.1098/rstb.2016.0065
8661:Kimball, John (2010).
8415:Journal of Herpetology
8365:. Dover Publications.
7469:10.1073/pnas.71.8.3028
7271:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0922
6866:Köhler, Sonja (2003).
6101:
6084:black-legged dart frog
6080:Phyllobates aurotaenia
6076:Kokoe poison dart frog
6060:Phyllobates terribilis
5997:
5994:Phyllobates terribilis
5871:one of the first tools
5758:
5725:Dermolepida albohirtum
5666:
5665:with an extra left leg
5608:
5555:
5477:), can synthesize the
5438:
5393:
5382:
5314:Physalaemus pustulosus
5249:
5234:
5167:
5058:
4984:Lepidobatrachus laevis
4874:Nannophrys ceylonensis
4867:
4851:Raorchestes chalazodes
4845:Raorchestes ochlandrae
4773:
4673:
4641:
4539:
4528:
4526:Burmeister's leaf frog
4473:
4413:
4351:
4237:
4234:Rainforest rocket frog
4163:striped burrowing frog
4056:
4006:
3990:
3946:
3848:
3807:to amplify the sound.
3715:
3592:
3573:
3500:
3397:
3382:
3302:
1259:and dates back to the
1111:
937:
930:Panamanian golden frog
856:
676:
667:
658:
537:Panamanian golden frog
501:Etymology and taxonomy
371:, anteriorly-attached
326:molecular clock dating
272:
138:Various types of frog
16758:Paleobiology Database
16103:positions by subclass
14707:Tyler, M. J. (1994).
14570:Beltz, Ellin (2005).
12182:"Frog and toad index"
11956:on September 24, 2015
11374:. 23(4) (116): 46–49.
11262:Zoologischer Anzeiger
11047:Agalychnis callidryas
10729:from Western Texas".
10059:10.1242/jeb.136.1.273
9567:Cyclorana alboguttata
9327:Roy, Debjani (1997).
8876:Biology of Amphibians
8334:Smyth, H. R. (1962).
7066:10.1093/sysbio/syr047
6844:Pelophylax esculentus
6714:Biology of Amphibians
6711:Duellman, William E.
6540:"frosh | frosk, n.1."
6465:"anuran, n. and adj."
6181:Warner Bros. Cartoons
6105:Cultural significance
6096:
6041:psychoactive compound
5988:
5934:developmental biology
5853:Frogs have served as
5833:Orbiting Frog Otolith
5783:mountain chicken frog
5756:cuisses de grenouille
5753:
5674:ultraviolet radiation
5660:
5599:
5545:
5436:
5388:
5375:
5337:gastric-brooding frog
5240:
5224:
5165:
5125:northern leopard frog
5050:
4866:Frogspawn development
4865:
4794:Agalychnis callidryas
4771:
4660:
4630:
4613:Wallace's flying frog
4592:reticulated leaf frog
4554:(Centrolenidae), the
4534:
4524:
4478:Plains spadefoot toad
4464:
4404:
4368:Gastrophryne olivacea
4344:
4311:northern leopard frog
4291:northern cricket frog
4232:
4167:Cyclorana alboguttata
4082:Pelophylax ridibundus
4051:
3999:
3982:
3938:
3893:has dark irises, the
3887:Agalychnis callidryas
3846:
3712:
3633:disruptive coloration
3629:Lithobates sylvaticus
3589:disruptive coloration
3585:Lithobates sylvaticus
3579:
3564:
3493:Northern leopard frog
3491:
3388:
3371:
3309:Paedophryne amauensis
3295:
1146:Gerobatrachus hottoni
1117:Gerobatrachus hottoni
1108:Palaeobatrachus gigas
1100:
981:Pelophylax esculentus
928:
895:Gastrotheca guentheri
847:
257:
32:Frog (disambiguation)
16644:Fauna Europaea (new)
16207:families by suborder
15728:(salamanders + frogs
15433:(aquatic caecilians)
15401:(African caecilians)
14163:Brownlee, Christen.
14017:on January 29, 2016.
13931:Conservation Biology
13712:on October 29, 2013.
13641:Conservation Biology
13413:Conservation Biology
12708:Animal Diversity Web
12329:Chiromantis hansenae
10015:Crotaphytus collaris
9649:Wilmer, Pat (2009).
9300:Nafis, Gary (2012).
8191:"Couch's spadefoot (
8087:Vincent, L. (2001).
7934:Colgan, P.V (1982).
7179:Evolutionary Biology
6736:(January 11, 2008).
6506:"frog, n.1 and adj."
5855:experimental animals
5284:granular poison frog
4907:, feeding mostly on
4833:Ischnocnema henselii
4550:. These include the
4548:convergent evolution
4507:green burrowing frog
4499:western spotted frog
3863:nictitating membrane
3372:Webbed hind foot of
1870:Calyptocephalellidae
1349:associated with the
1247:, was discovered in
1178:, the presence of a
934:Atelopus zeteki
853:Bombina bombina
788:, first attested as
774:Meanwhile, the word
16345:Amphignathodontidae
16016:(frogs crown group)
15854:Batrachosauroididae
15496:(common caecilians)
14766:Scientific American
14672:American Naturalist
14294:(18): 11598–11606.
14288:Journal of Virology
14231:as a genetic model"
14204:Dynamic Development
14175:on October 14, 2012
14114:Sarkar, S. (1996).
14089:"Stannius ligature"
13943:2009ConBi..23.1056W
13890:. Australian Museum
13528:2010BMCE...10....6V
13425:1997ConBi..11.1307P
13392:on October 27, 2017
13349:2004Sci...306.1783S
13343:(5702): 1783–1786.
13246:2009JBiog..36..896D
12978:2004PNAS..101.8045S
12869:1983SciAm.248b.120M
12857:Scientific American
12833:10.1038/nature04297
12824:2006Natur.440..208D
12733:Rhinoderma darwinii
12702:Rheobatrachus silus
12698:Semeyn, E. (2002).
12565:Alytes obstetricans
12286:American Naturalist
12219:(3 Pt 2): 559–568.
12094:1979TPBio..16..144P
11846:2023FWebs..3500281D
11637:2013EnvMR...5..899K
11532:Stebbins, Robert C.
11482:10.1093/icb/40.1.62
11389:(Dicroglossidae)".
11274:2020ZooAn.284...78G
11229:Stebbins, Robert C.
11178:1995PNAS...92.3507W
11092:1942Ecol...23..215G
11076:Ambystoma maculatum
10782:2014PLoSO...9k5884I
10696:1978Natur.274..683D
10651:Stebbins, Robert C.
10618:on January 18, 2010
10510:Phyllomedusa ayeaye
10396:"A revision of the
9943:2005FuEco..19...67B
9545:Scientific American
9157:Stebbins, Robert C.
9031:1964SciAm.210c.110M
9011:Scientific American
8855:on January 21, 2008
8750:(Pt 8): 1361–1368.
8236:Stebbins, Robert C.
8064:Tesler, P. (1999).
8034:on November 4, 2013
8028:National Geographic
7976:2014JSAES..55..133O
7847:2011MolPE..61..543A
7663:2020NatSR..10.5051M
7604:2008PNAS..105.2951E
7545:2017PNAS..114E5864F
7539:(29): E5864–E5870.
7460:1974PNAS...71.3028W
7388:1995Natur.377...49S
7191:2009EvBio..36..336M
7141:10.1038/nature06865
7133:2008Natur.453..515A
6634:(Online ed.).
6600:(Online ed.).
6549:(Online ed.).
6515:(Online ed.).
6474:(Online ed.).
6408:. Paris: Hachette.
6088:Phyllobates bicolor
6029:Colorado River toad
5883:African clawed frog
5838:Frogs are used for
5827:In November, 1970,
5813:Scientific research
5526:Thamnophis sirtalis
5522:common garter snake
5458:Lithodytes lineatus
5379:Ranitomeya imitator
5357:Rhinoderma darwinii
5306:Alytes obstetricans
5302:common midwife toad
5288:Oophaga granulifera
5264:(water-filled leaf
5231:Alytes obstetricans
5227:common midwife toad
4733:and members of the
4596:Phyllomedusa ayeaye
4590:on their feet. The
4337:Walking and running
4283:Indian skipper frog
4247:striped rocket frog
4093:. The calls of the
4020:coastal tailed frog
4003:Atelopus franciscus
3942:Atelopus franciscus
3915:Anaxyrus terrestris
3770:Reproductive system
3700:Titicaca water frog
2011:Eleutherodactylidae
1366:Antarctic Peninsula
1271:. Like the latter,
1180:frontoparietal bone
1168:presacral vertebrae
1082:rather than within
1063:temnospondyl-origin
1023:molecular phylogeny
837:(646 spp.) are the
713:Proto-Indo-European
350:tropical rainforest
221:, 1806 (as Anoures)
27:Order of amphibians
15141:Gymnophionomorpha
14229:Xenopus tropicalis
13108:Bufo a. americanus
12192:on August 18, 2012
11988:Journal of Zoology
11873:Journal of Zoology
10374:(Boulenger, 1882)"
9931:Functional Ecology
9687:on August 10, 2012
9655:. Wiley. pp.
9308:. California Herps
9267:Journal of Zoology
9242:on August 18, 2012
9080:(1717): 20160065.
8900:. pp. 83–98.
8696:Telmatobius culeus
8481:Journal of Zoology
7915:. January 12, 2012
7712:The New York Times
7651:Scientific Reports
7310:Roček, Z. (2000).
7053:Systematic Biology
7012:Systematic Biology
6971:Systematic Biology
6169:of the 1908 novel
6102:
6056:golden poison frog
5998:
5990:Golden poison frog
5943:Xenopus tropicalis
5844:biological systems
5823:Frogs in captivity
5759:
5682:Ribeiroia ondatrae
5667:
5609:
5556:
5517:Blarina brevicauda
5439:
5394:
5383:
5250:
5235:
5201:). The cane toad (
5168:
5097:and reptiles, and
5059:
4868:
4828:Direct development
4774:
4674:
4642:
4631:Life cycle of the
4540:
4529:
4474:
4454:existence, it was
4414:
4352:
4238:
4073:Pseudacris regilla
4057:
4007:
3991:
3955:tympanic membranes
3947:
3883:red-eyed tree frog
3849:
3716:
3704:Telmatobius culeus
3621:Pseudacris regilla
3595:Some species have
3593:
3574:
3501:
3482:Ribeiroia ondatrae
3459:Scaphiopus couchii
3406:African dwarf frog
3398:
3383:
3303:
2126:Leptodactyliformes
1351:Chicxulub impactor
1324:chromosome numbers
1112:
1055:lobe-finned fishes
938:
857:
839:richest in species
722:, meaning 'jump'.
651:Germanic languages
393:ward off predators
309:is known from the
273:
16799:
16798:
16745:Open Tree of Life
16493:Taxon identifiers
16484:
16483:
16170:
16169:
16066:
16065:
16048:
16047:
16044:
16043:
16040:
16039:
16036:
16035:
16018:
15946:
15932:
15931:
15914:
15863:Batrachosauroides
15750:
15732:
15711:
15710:
15707:
15706:
15703:
15702:
15699:
15698:
15653:
15607:
15540:
15498:
15435:
15403:
15378:
15346:
15341:Scolecomorphidae
15324:
15323:
15299:
15273:
15272:
15241:
15222:
15204:Albanerpetontidae
15146:
15106:
15105:
15052:Albanerpetontidae
15035:
15034:
15031:
15030:
15016:
15015:
15012:
15011:
15008:
15007:
14787: – From the
14718:978-0-7301-0468-1
14658:978-0-253-34280-5
14602:978-1-877019-69-2
14583:978-1-55297-869-6
14576:. Firefly Books.
14553:978-1-86189-920-0
14528:978-1-86189-920-0
14503:978-0-691-14968-4
14095:. October 3, 2005
13872:978-0-670-90123-4
13842:on April 21, 2012
13625:978-0-14-024646-9
13618:. Penguin Books.
13092:978-0-00-219964-3
13037:10.1021/np010506a
12972:(21): 8045–8050.
12913:978-0-916984-16-8
12818:(7081): 208–211.
12537:Amphibia-Reptilia
12345:10.1643/CH-07-225
12265:978-0-12-004525-9
12024:978-0-691-14968-4
11981:(Anura: Ranidae)"
11943:Herpetology Notes
11869:Xenohyla truncata
11787:978-0-691-14968-4
11762:978-0-691-14968-4
11545:978-0-691-03281-8
11242:978-0-691-03281-8
10963:978-1-55297-613-5
10912:978-0-691-14968-4
10834:978-0-8014-4374-9
10690:(5672): 683–685.
10664:978-0-691-03281-8
10493:978-0-241-90338-4
10111:10.1242/jeb.00761
10104:(Pt 3): 399–410.
9814:978-1-85310-740-5
9517:10.1242/jeb.02594
9510:(24): 4984–4993.
9430:978-0-9832151-0-3
9405:978-1-85310-740-5
9279:10.1111/jzo.12154
9170:978-0-691-03281-8
9139:978-1-85310-740-5
8995:978-1-85310-740-5
8827:978-0-03-030504-7
8757:10.1242/jeb.00885
8561:10.1111/zoj.12222
8528:978-0-7232-1503-5
8372:978-0-486-21973-8
8345:978-0-02-612190-3
8320:978-1-85310-740-5
8249:978-0-691-03281-8
8193:Scaphiopus couchi
8105:on April 22, 2004
7881:Flam, F. (1995).
7428:978-0-253-34870-8
7360:978-0-520-24209-8
7328:978-0-949324-87-0
7127:(7194): 515–518.
6734:Cannatella, David
6671:978-0-13-100849-6
6642:(Subscription or
6608:(Subscription or
6557:(Subscription or
6523:(Subscription or
6482:(Subscription or
6443:www.tabularium.be
6437:Bailly, Anatole.
6282:978-1-85310-740-5
6127:depicted the god
6125:ancient Egyptians
6072:homobatrachotoxin
6045:recreational drug
6035:). These contain
6010:poison dart frogs
5977:Genome database.
5909:cloned a frog by
5879:Stannius ligature
5772:American bullfrog
5443:poison dart frogs
5414:poison dart frogs
5376:The mildly toxic
5187:Skeletochronology
5104:Xenohyla truncata
5048:
4786:smoky jungle frog
4764:Eggs / frogspawn
4705:Great Plains toad
4690:Spea multiplicata
4572:boundary friction
4139:American bullfrog
4069:Pacific tree frog
4061:American bullfrog
4049:
3997:
3959:electrical tuning
3936:
3895:fire-bellied toad
3822:medulla oblongata
3617:Pacific tree frog
3455:Couch's spadefoot
3414:White's tree frog
3390:Tyler's tree frog
3318:snout–vent length
3284:
3283:
3275:
3274:
3266:
3265:
3257:
3256:
3248:
3247:
3239:
3238:
3230:
3229:
3221:
3220:
3212:
3211:
3203:
3202:
3194:
3193:
3185:
3184:
3176:
3175:
3167:
3166:
3158:
3157:
3149:
3148:
3140:
3139:
3116:
3115:
3060:
3059:
3004:
3003:
2994:Ceratobatrachidae
2951:
2950:
2942:
2941:
2856:Phrynobatrachidae
2785:
2784:
2776:
2775:
2767:
2766:
2729:Laurentobatrachia
2718:
2717:
2680:Xenosyneunitanura
2626:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2608:
2607:
2599:
2598:
2590:
2589:
2581:
2580:
2572:
2571:
2563:
2562:
2554:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2536:
2535:
2527:
2526:
2459:
2458:
2450:
2449:
2331:
2330:
2322:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2218:
2210:
2209:
2068:
2067:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2044:
2036:
2035:
1954:Brachycephaloidea
1926:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1857:Australobatrachia
1829:
1828:
1820:
1819:
1810:Nasikabatrachidae
1729:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1605:
1604:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1456:
1455:
1399:(2006), Heinicke
1290:Vieraella herbsti
1253:Kayenta Formation
1192:, from the early
880:fused, elongated
346:species diversity
322:million years ago
294:(coming from the
252:
251:
222:
16:(Redirected from
16872:
16840:
16839:
16828:
16827:
16826:
16816:
16815:
16814:
16807:
16792:
16791:
16779:
16778:
16766:
16765:
16753:
16752:
16740:
16739:
16730:
16729:
16717:
16716:
16714:NHMSYS0000375308
16704:
16703:
16691:
16690:
16678:
16677:
16665:
16664:
16652:
16651:
16639:
16638:
16626:
16625:
16613:
16612:
16600:
16599:
16587:
16586:
16574:
16573:
16561:
16560:
16548:
16547:
16535:
16534:
16533:
16520:
16519:
16518:
16488:
16487:
16478:Frogs portal
16476:
16475:
16474:
16360:Brachycephalidae
16287:
16252:Archaeobatrachia
16197:
16190:
16183:
16174:
16173:
16093:
16086:
16079:
16070:
16069:
16017:
16014:
15999:
15989:
15979:
15969:
15959:
15951:
15950:
15945:
15940:
15913:
15910:
15852:
15808:
15793:
15783:
15773:
15763:
15755:
15754:
15749:
15744:
15738:
15737:
15731:
15726:
15717:
15716:
15652:
15649:
15606:
15603:
15539:
15536:
15507:
15497:
15494:
15479:
15434:
15431:
15402:
15399:
15377:
15374:
15345:
15342:
15337:
15336:
15298:
15295:
15290:
15289:
15286:
15285:
15240:
15237:
15236:Rhinatrematidae
15232:
15231:
15228:
15227:
15221:
15218:
15201:
15190:
15180:
15170:
15160:
15152:
15151:
15145:
15142:
15133:
15132:
15125:
15120:
15114:
15050:
15045:
15044:
15041:
15040:
14968:
14967:
14941:
14940:
14910:
14909:
14901:
14900:
14894:
14893:
14846:
14845:
14831:
14824:
14817:
14808:
14807:
14738:Gallery of Frogs
14722:
14703:
14662:
14643:
14606:
14587:
14558:
14557:
14539:
14533:
14532:
14514:
14508:
14507:
14489:
14483:
14482:
14480:
14456:
14447:
14446:
14418:
14412:
14411:
14393:
14369:
14363:
14362:
14330:
14324:
14323:
14313:
14303:
14279:
14273:
14272:
14270:
14268:
14263:on July 13, 2019
14259:. Archived from
14249:
14243:
14242:
14240:
14238:
14222:
14216:
14215:
14213:
14211:
14191:
14185:
14184:
14182:
14180:
14171:. Archived from
14160:
14154:
14153:
14143:
14111:
14105:
14104:
14102:
14100:
14085:
14079:
14078:
14068:
14062:
14061:
14059:
14057:
14052:. April 25, 2011
14042:
14036:
14035:
14025:
14019:
14018:
14013:. Archived from
14003:
13997:
13996:
13994:
13992:
13983:Rana catesbeiana
13977:
13971:
13970:
13937:(4): 1056–1059.
13926:
13920:
13919:
13906:
13900:
13899:
13897:
13895:
13883:
13877:
13876:
13863:Australian Frogs
13858:
13852:
13851:
13849:
13847:
13832:
13826:
13825:
13823:
13821:
13806:
13800:
13799:
13797:
13795:
13780:
13774:
13773:
13763:
13745:
13720:
13714:
13713:
13711:
13705:. Archived from
13688:
13679:
13673:
13672:
13636:
13630:
13629:
13611:
13605:
13604:
13594:
13566:
13560:
13559:
13549:
13539:
13499:
13493:
13492:
13490:
13488:
13473:
13467:
13466:
13464:
13462:
13451:
13445:
13444:
13419:(6): 1307–1322.
13408:
13402:
13401:
13399:
13397:
13391:
13385:. Archived from
13360:
13334:
13325:
13319:
13318:
13316:
13314:
13298:
13292:
13291:
13289:
13287:
13272:
13266:
13265:
13229:
13223:
13222:
13220:
13218:
13203:
13197:
13196:
13194:
13192:
13172:
13166:
13165:
13163:
13161:
13156:on March 6, 2004
13146:
13140:
13139:
13122:(4): 1011–1015.
13103:
13097:
13096:
13078:
13072:
13071:
13069:
13067:
13055:
13049:
13048:
13016:
13010:
13009:
12999:
12989:
12957:
12951:
12950:
12949:on July 4, 2011.
12948:
12942:. Archived from
12933:
12924:
12918:
12917:
12905:
12895:
12889:
12888:
12852:
12846:
12845:
12835:
12803:
12797:
12796:
12756:
12750:
12749:
12747:
12745:
12726:
12720:
12719:
12717:
12715:
12695:
12689:
12688:
12686:
12684:
12671:Assa darlingtoni
12665:
12659:
12658:
12648:
12638:
12614:
12608:
12607:
12605:
12603:
12588:
12582:
12581:
12579:
12577:
12559:
12553:
12552:
12528:
12522:
12521:
12489:
12483:
12482:
12480:
12478:
12473:on April 4, 2016
12472:
12466:. Archived from
12433:
12415:
12406:
12400:
12399:
12374:(6): 1534–1543.
12363:
12357:
12356:
12324:
12318:
12317:
12281:
12270:
12269:
12243:
12237:
12236:
12208:
12202:
12201:
12199:
12197:
12188:. Archived from
12177:
12171:
12170:
12167:
12127:
12121:
12120:
12118:
12112:. Archived from
12079:
12070:
12064:
12063:
12061:
12059:
12054:on June 23, 2012
12050:. Archived from
12035:
12029:
12028:
12010:
12004:
12003:
11985:
11979:Rana hexadactyla
11972:
11966:
11965:
11963:
11961:
11955:
11940:
11927:
11921:
11920:
11918:
11916:
11911:on April 7, 2014
11910:
11904:. Archived from
11903:
11895:
11889:
11888:
11864:
11858:
11857:
11824:
11818:
11817:
11815:
11813:
11798:
11792:
11791:
11773:
11767:
11766:
11748:
11742:
11741:
11739:
11737:
11722:
11716:
11715:
11697:
11687:
11663:
11657:
11656:
11616:
11610:
11605:
11599:
11598:
11588:
11556:
11550:
11549:
11528:
11522:
11521:
11504:(4): 1007–1009.
11493:
11487:
11486:
11484:
11460:
11454:
11453:
11451:
11449:
11429:
11423:
11422:
11397:(4): 1012–1018.
11382:
11376:
11375:
11363:
11357:
11356:
11308:
11302:
11301:
11253:
11247:
11246:
11225:
11210:
11209:
11199:
11189:
11172:(8): 3507–3510.
11157:
11151:
11150:
11118:
11112:
11111:
11071:
11065:
11064:
11062:
11060:
11040:
11034:
11033:
11031:
11029:
11009:
11003:
11002:
10974:
10968:
10967:
10949:
10943:
10942:
10940:
10938:
10923:
10917:
10916:
10898:
10892:
10891:
10889:
10858:
10845:
10839:
10838:
10820:
10814:
10813:
10803:
10793:
10761:
10755:
10754:
10722:
10716:
10715:
10704:10.1038/274683a0
10675:
10669:
10668:
10647:
10628:
10627:
10625:
10623:
10604:
10598:
10597:
10595:
10593:
10573:
10567:
10566:
10541:(8): 1931–1946.
10530:
10524:
10523:
10521:
10519:
10504:
10498:
10497:
10477:
10471:
10470:
10460:
10428:
10422:
10421:
10419:
10404:
10391:
10385:
10384:
10382:
10380:
10365:
10359:
10358:
10356:
10354:
10329:
10323:
10322:
10320:
10318:
10307:"Scaphiopodidae"
10303:
10297:
10296:
10294:
10292:
10272:
10263:
10262:
10260:
10237:
10224:
10218:
10217:
10215:
10213:
10198:
10189:
10188:
10186:
10184:
10169:
10160:
10159:
10157:
10155:
10137:Kassina maculata
10130:
10124:
10123:
10113:
10092:Kassina maculata
10085:
10079:
10078:
10077:
10071:
10061:
10033:
10027:
10026:
10010:
10004:
10003:
10001:
9999:
9984:
9973:
9972:
9954:
9922:
9911:
9910:
9874:
9868:
9867:
9857:
9825:
9819:
9818:
9800:
9791:
9790:
9788:
9764:
9758:
9757:
9755:
9716:
9703:
9697:
9696:
9694:
9692:
9677:
9671:
9670:
9646:
9640:
9639:
9614:(3): R836–R843.
9601:
9595:
9594:
9562:
9556:
9555:
9553:
9551:
9536:
9530:
9529:
9519:
9495:
9489:
9488:
9486:
9484:
9475:. Archived from
9468:
9462:
9461:
9459:
9457:
9452:on March 9, 2012
9448:. Archived from
9441:
9435:
9434:
9416:
9410:
9409:
9391:
9378:
9377:
9357:
9351:
9350:
9348:
9333:
9324:
9318:
9317:
9315:
9313:
9297:
9291:
9290:
9258:
9252:
9251:
9249:
9247:
9232:
9226:
9225:
9215:
9205:
9196:(8): 2962–2973.
9181:
9175:
9174:
9153:
9144:
9143:
9125:
9116:
9115:
9105:
9065:
9059:
9058:
9006:
9000:
8999:
8981:
8970:
8969:
8949:
8940:
8939:
8937:
8935:
8923:
8917:
8916:
8914:
8912:
8906:
8895:
8886:
8880:
8879:
8871:
8865:
8864:
8862:
8860:
8845:
8832:
8831:
8815:
8805:
8796:
8795:
8793:
8791:
8776:
8770:
8769:
8759:
8731:
8725:
8720:
8714:
8713:
8711:
8709:
8689:
8683:
8682:
8680:
8678:
8669:. Archived from
8658:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8647:
8627:
8621:
8620:
8572:
8566:
8565:
8563:
8539:
8533:
8532:
8514:
8505:
8504:
8472:
8466:
8465:
8445:
8439:
8438:
8410:
8404:
8403:
8401:
8399:
8383:
8377:
8376:
8356:
8350:
8349:
8331:
8325:
8324:
8306:
8297:
8296:
8271:(707): 530–540.
8260:
8254:
8253:
8232:
8226:
8225:
8213:
8207:
8206:
8204:
8202:
8187:
8181:
8180:
8148:
8142:
8141:
8121:
8115:
8114:
8112:
8110:
8104:
8097:
8091:Litoria caerulea
8084:
8078:
8077:
8075:
8073:
8061:
8044:
8043:
8041:
8039:
8030:. Archived from
8024:"How frogs jump"
8019:
8010:
8005:
7999:
7994:
7988:
7987:
7958:
7952:
7951:
7931:
7925:
7924:
7922:
7920:
7905:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7894:
7878:
7869:
7868:
7858:
7826:
7820:
7819:
7801:
7792:
7786:
7785:
7767:
7742:
7736:
7735:
7733:
7731:
7709:
7701:
7695:
7694:
7684:
7674:
7642:
7636:
7635:
7625:
7615:
7598:(8): 2951–2956.
7583:
7577:
7576:
7566:
7556:
7524:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7513:
7498:
7492:
7491:
7481:
7471:
7454:(8): 3028–3030.
7439:
7433:
7432:
7414:
7408:
7407:
7396:10.1038/377049a0
7371:
7365:
7364:
7346:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7316:
7307:
7301:
7300:
7290:
7250:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7239:
7220:
7211:
7210:
7176:
7167:
7161:
7160:
7116:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7105:
7096:. Archived from
7085:
7079:
7078:
7068:
7044:
7038:
7037:
7027:
7003:
6997:
6996:
6986:
6962:
6956:
6955:
6952:
6904:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6893:
6887:
6876:
6863:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6837:
6831:
6830:
6812:
6791:
6785:
6784:
6756:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6745:
6730:
6721:
6709:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6698:
6682:
6676:
6675:
6657:
6648:
6647:
6639:
6627:
6620:
6614:
6613:
6605:
6593:
6586:
6580:
6569:
6563:
6562:
6554:
6542:
6535:
6529:
6528:
6520:
6508:
6501:
6488:
6487:
6479:
6467:
6460:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6449:
6434:
6428:
6427:
6401:
6395:
6394:
6382:
6376:
6375:
6363:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6296:
6287:
6286:
6268:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6242:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6228:
6212:
6190:and in the game
6177:Michigan J. Frog
6111:Frogs in culture
5971:Nanorana parkeri
5963:Rana catesbeiana
5875:electric current
5776:Rana catesbeiana
5729:invasive species
5636:chytridiomycosis
5506:Rana catesbeiana
5495:vasoconstrictors
5467:corroboree frogs
5419:Allobates zaparo
5333:Assa darlingtoni
5246:Assa darlingtoni
5207:Rana catesbeiana
5049:
5026:
5014:
4998:
4661:Male and female
4387:Kassina maculata
4280:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4143:Rana catesbeiana
4133:in which to lie
4099:Amolops tormotus
4050:
4032:common tree frog
4017:
3998:
3953:; the eardrums (
3937:
3891:poison dart frog
3858:binocular vision
3693:pulmonary artery
3570:Assa darlingtoni
3540:Woodhouse's toad
3418:Litoria caerulea
3314:Papua New Guinea
3084:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3028:
3027:
3021:
3020:
2979:Nyctibatrachidae
2972:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2910:
2909:
2900:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2871:
2870:
2849:
2848:
2827:
2826:
2802:
2801:
2735:
2734:
2686:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2653:
2652:
2643:
2642:
2495:
2494:
2473:
2472:
2418:
2417:
2396:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2367:
2366:
2345:
2344:
2281:
2280:
2259:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2178:
2177:
2156:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2107:
2106:
2082:
2081:
2004:
2003:
1989:Brachycephalidae
1982:
1981:
1960:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1885:
1884:
1863:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1843:
1842:
1788:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1765:Phthanobatrachia
1746:
1745:
1679:
1678:
1654:
1653:
1632:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1573:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1505:
1504:
1483:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1341:, and the clade
1314:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1244:Prosalirus bitis
1228:Chinle Formation
1214:). The skull of
942:Archaeobatrachia
833:(744 spp.), and
796:
783:
770:
736:
730:
725:How Old English
721:
710:
697:
679:
670:
661:
640:
630:
624:
618:
612:
595:
589:
583:
577:
571:
491:chytridiomycosis
446:and part of the
335:
320:
302:
301:
243:
217:
152:
151:
133:
123:
60:
45:Temporal range:
39:
38:
21:
16880:
16879:
16875:
16874:
16873:
16871:
16870:
16869:
16850:
16849:
16846:
16834:
16824:
16822:
16812:
16810:
16802:
16800:
16795:
16787:
16782:
16774:
16769:
16761:
16756:
16748:
16743:
16735:
16733:
16725:
16720:
16712:
16707:
16699:
16694:
16686:
16681:
16673:
16668:
16660:
16655:
16647:
16642:
16634:
16629:
16621:
16616:
16608:
16603:
16595:
16590:
16582:
16577:
16569:
16564:
16556:
16551:
16543:
16538:
16529:
16528:
16523:
16514:
16513:
16508:
16495:
16485:
16480:
16472:
16470:
16464:
16455:Rhinodermatidae
16415:Leptodactylidae
16331:
16288:
16279:
16246:
16208:
16201:
16171:
16166:
16136:
16104:
16097:
16067:
16062:
16032:
16015:
16007:
15992:Triadobatrachus
15962:Czatkobatrachus
15943:
15941:
15939:
15928:
15911:
15903:
15891:Peratosauroides
15845:
15801:
15776:Kulgeriherpeton
15747:
15745:
15743:
15734:
15729:
15727:
15725:
15722:
15721:
15695:
15669:Luetkenotyphlus
15650:
15642:
15604:
15596:
15537:
15535:Grandisoniidae
15529:
15495:
15487:
15432:
15430:Typhlonectidae
15424:
15400:
15392:
15375:
15367:
15343:
15333:
15320:
15296:
15294:Ichthyophiidae
15282:
15269:
15238:
15224:
15219:
15210:
15193:Chinlestegophis
15183:Rubricacaecilia
15148:
15143:
15134:
15127:
15102:
15027:
15004:
14984:
14957:
14926:
14920:Tetrapodomorpha
14905:Tetrapodomorpha
14895:
14851:
14850:
14840:
14835:
14804:
14776:
14755:, 20 April 1992
14729:
14719:
14659:
14603:
14584:
14566:
14564:Further reading
14561:
14554:
14540:
14536:
14529:
14515:
14511:
14504:
14490:
14486:
14457:
14450:
14419:
14415:
14391:10.1.1.688.5926
14370:
14366:
14331:
14327:
14280:
14276:
14266:
14264:
14251:
14250:
14246:
14236:
14234:
14223:
14219:
14209:
14207:
14192:
14188:
14178:
14176:
14161:
14157:
14112:
14108:
14098:
14096:
14087:
14086:
14082:
14069:
14065:
14055:
14053:
14044:
14043:
14039:
14026:
14022:
14004:
14000:
13990:
13988:
13979:
13978:
13974:
13927:
13923:
13907:
13903:
13893:
13891:
13884:
13880:
13873:
13859:
13855:
13845:
13843:
13834:
13833:
13829:
13819:
13817:
13816:on May 12, 2008
13808:
13807:
13803:
13793:
13791:
13781:
13777:
13743:10.2307/3454299
13721:
13717:
13709:
13686:
13680:
13676:
13637:
13633:
13626:
13612:
13608:
13567:
13563:
13500:
13496:
13486:
13484:
13475:
13474:
13470:
13460:
13458:
13453:
13452:
13448:
13409:
13405:
13395:
13393:
13389:
13358:10.1.1.225.9620
13332:
13326:
13322:
13312:
13310:
13299:
13295:
13285:
13283:
13274:
13273:
13269:
13230:
13226:
13216:
13214:
13204:
13200:
13190:
13188:
13173:
13169:
13159:
13157:
13148:
13147:
13143:
13128:10.2307/1445987
13104:
13100:
13093:
13079:
13075:
13065:
13063:
13056:
13052:
13017:
13013:
12958:
12954:
12946:
12931:
12925:
12921:
12914:
12896:
12892:
12853:
12849:
12804:
12800:
12757:
12753:
12743:
12741:
12727:
12723:
12713:
12711:
12696:
12692:
12682:
12680:
12667:
12666:
12662:
12623:Biology Letters
12615:
12611:
12601:
12599:
12598:on June 3, 2013
12590:
12589:
12585:
12575:
12573:
12561:
12560:
12556:
12529:
12525:
12510:10.2307/1565037
12490:
12486:
12476:
12474:
12470:
12431:10.1.1.693.8392
12413:
12407:
12403:
12364:
12360:
12325:
12321:
12282:
12273:
12266:
12244:
12240:
12209:
12205:
12195:
12193:
12178:
12174:
12168:
12128:
12124:
12116:
12077:
12071:
12067:
12057:
12055:
12038:Graham, Donna.
12036:
12032:
12025:
12011:
12007:
11983:
11973:
11969:
11959:
11957:
11953:
11938:
11928:
11924:
11914:
11912:
11908:
11901:
11897:
11896:
11892:
11865:
11861:
11825:
11821:
11811:
11809:
11799:
11795:
11788:
11774:
11770:
11763:
11749:
11745:
11735:
11733:
11723:
11719:
11664:
11660:
11617:
11613:
11606:
11602:
11557:
11553:
11546:
11529:
11525:
11510:10.2307/1445301
11494:
11490:
11461:
11457:
11447:
11445:
11430:
11426:
11383:
11379:
11364:
11360:
11309:
11305:
11254:
11250:
11243:
11226:
11213:
11158:
11154:
11139:10.2307/1563783
11119:
11115:
11100:10.2307/1931088
11072:
11068:
11058:
11056:
11041:
11037:
11027:
11025:
11010:
11006:
10991:10.2307/1447647
10975:
10971:
10964:
10950:
10946:
10936:
10934:
10924:
10920:
10913:
10899:
10895:
10887:
10856:
10846:
10842:
10835:
10821:
10817:
10776:(12): e115884.
10762:
10758:
10743:10.2307/1564026
10723:
10719:
10676:
10672:
10665:
10648:
10631:
10621:
10619:
10606:
10605:
10601:
10591:
10589:
10574:
10570:
10547:10.2307/2409604
10531:
10527:
10517:
10515:
10506:
10505:
10501:
10494:
10478:
10474:
10443:(10): 689–697.
10429:
10425:
10417:
10402:
10392:
10388:
10378:
10376:
10366:
10362:
10352:
10350:
10330:
10326:
10316:
10314:
10305:
10304:
10300:
10290:
10288:
10279:Spea bombifrons
10273:
10266:
10258:
10240:Current Science
10235:
10225:
10221:
10211:
10209:
10199:
10192:
10182:
10180:
10171:
10170:
10163:
10153:
10151:
10131:
10127:
10086:
10082:
10072:
10034:
10030:
10011:
10007:
9997:
9995:
9985:
9976:
9923:
9914:
9875:
9871:
9834:Biology Letters
9826:
9822:
9815:
9801:
9794:
9765:
9761:
9753:
9714:
9704:
9700:
9690:
9688:
9679:
9678:
9674:
9667:
9647:
9643:
9602:
9598:
9563:
9559:
9549:
9547:
9537:
9533:
9496:
9492:
9482:
9480:
9479:on May 13, 2012
9469:
9465:
9455:
9453:
9442:
9438:
9431:
9417:
9413:
9406:
9392:
9381:
9358:
9354:
9346:
9336:Current Science
9331:
9325:
9321:
9311:
9309:
9298:
9294:
9259:
9255:
9245:
9243:
9234:
9233:
9229:
9182:
9178:
9171:
9154:
9147:
9140:
9126:
9119:
9066:
9062:
9007:
9003:
8996:
8982:
8973:
8966:
8950:
8943:
8933:
8931:
8924:
8920:
8910:
8908:
8904:
8893:
8887:
8883:
8872:
8868:
8858:
8856:
8847:
8846:
8835:
8828:
8806:
8799:
8789:
8787:
8786:on June 3, 2010
8778:
8777:
8773:
8732:
8728:
8721:
8717:
8707:
8705:
8690:
8686:
8676:
8674:
8673:on May 11, 2016
8659:
8655:
8645:
8643:
8628:
8624:
8573:
8569:
8540:
8536:
8529:
8515:
8508:
8473:
8469:
8462:
8446:
8442:
8427:10.2307/1564085
8411:
8407:
8397:
8395:
8384:
8380:
8373:
8357:
8353:
8346:
8332:
8328:
8321:
8307:
8300:
8261:
8257:
8250:
8233:
8229:
8214:
8210:
8200:
8198:
8189:
8188:
8184:
8149:
8145:
8122:
8118:
8108:
8106:
8102:
8095:
8085:
8081:
8071:
8069:
8062:
8047:
8037:
8035:
8020:
8013:
8006:
8002:
7995:
7991:
7959:
7955:
7948:
7932:
7928:
7918:
7916:
7907:
7906:
7902:
7892:
7890:
7889:on May 13, 2013
7879:
7872:
7827:
7823:
7799:
7793:
7789:
7743:
7739:
7729:
7727:
7702:
7698:
7643:
7639:
7584:
7580:
7525:
7521:
7511:
7509:
7500:
7499:
7495:
7440:
7436:
7429:
7415:
7411:
7382:(6544): 49–52.
7372:
7368:
7361:
7347:
7343:
7335:
7329:
7314:
7308:
7304:
7259:Biology Letters
7251:
7247:
7237:
7235:
7221:
7214:
7174:
7168:
7164:
7117:
7113:
7103:
7101:
7100:on May 25, 2008
7086:
7082:
7045:
7041:
7004:
7000:
6963:
6959:
6953:
6905:
6901:
6891:
6889:
6885:
6874:
6864:
6860:
6850:
6848:
6838:
6834:
6810:10.1.1.470.2967
6792:
6788:
6773:10.2307/1466954
6757:
6753:
6743:
6741:
6731:
6724:
6710:
6706:
6696:
6694:
6683:
6679:
6672:
6658:
6651:
6641:
6625:"tadpole, n.1."
6621:
6617:
6607:
6587:
6583:
6570:
6566:
6556:
6536:
6532:
6522:
6502:
6491:
6481:
6461:
6457:
6447:
6445:
6435:
6431:
6416:
6402:
6398:
6383:
6379:
6364:
6360:
6350:
6348:
6334:Atelopus zeteki
6328:
6324:
6314:
6312:
6303:Bombina bombina
6297:
6290:
6283:
6269:
6265:
6255:
6253:
6243:
6236:
6226:
6224:
6213:
6206:
6202:
6188:Kermit the Frog
6162:The Frog Prince
6149:plague of frogs
6113:
6107:
6039:(5-MeO-DMT), a
5983:
5967:Rhinella marina
5915:Dolly the sheep
5895:Lancelot Hogben
5825:
5815:
5803:prairie chicken
5748:
5742:
5737:
5709:Rhinella marina
5605:Bufo periglenes
5594:
5588:
5540:
5531:Bufo americanus
5511:Hyla versicolor
5428:Bombina bombina
5406:parotoid glands
5370:
5275:Oophaga pumilio
5219:
5203:Rhinella marina
5042:
5040:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5018:
5015:
5006:
5003:Rana temporaria
4999:
4968:
4960:Rhinella marina
4860:
4766:
4761:
4753:L. larvaepartus
4740:Nectophrynoides
4714:Nimbaphrynoides
4647:
4635:
4625:
4584:Phyllomedusinae
4576:surface tension
4482:Spea bombifrons
4456:first described
4303:Cuban tree frog
4295:Acris crepitans
4277:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4196:
4127:Bufo americanus
4111:
4075:) produces the
4065:Rana catesbiana
4054:banded bullfrog
4045:
4015:
3993:
3977:
3971:
3929:
3927:
3854:
3813:
3778:
3772:
3764:urinary bladder
3721:
3645:
3556:dermal papillae
3544:Bufo woodhousii
3511:granular glands
3506:
3473:dragonfly nymph
3441:surface tension
3379:Rana temporaria
3376:
3339:musculoskeletal
3334:
3326:Conraua goliath
3290:
3285:
3276:
3267:
3258:
3249:
3240:
3231:
3222:
3213:
3204:
3195:
3186:
3177:
3168:
3159:
3150:
3141:
3117:
3061:
3015:Saukrobatrachia
3005:
2952:
2943:
2904:Pyxicephaloidea
2786:
2777:
2768:
2719:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2600:
2591:
2582:
2573:
2564:
2555:
2546:
2537:
2528:
2517:Rhinodermatidae
2460:
2451:
2374:Odontophrynidae
2332:
2323:
2314:
2266:Leptodactylidae
2229:
2220:
2211:
2150:Agastorophrynia
2069:
2055:
2046:
2037:
1927:
1918:
1907:Limnodynastidae
1830:
1821:
1730:
1721:
1712:
1606:
1547:
1538:
1457:
1381:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1281:Triadobatrachus
1269:Triadobatrachus
1224:Triadobatrachus
1216:Triadobatrachus
1212:Triadobatrachus
1138:common ancestor
1019:
1001:Bombina bombina
966:pectoral girdle
908:lens of the eye
821:, of which the
803:
689:Common Germanic
564:alpha privative
549:
541:Atelopus zeteki
533:Bombina bombina
503:
464:breeding season
333:
318:
306:Triadobatrachus
261:Mantella baroni
216:
146:
124:
122:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
55:
54:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
16878:
16868:
16867:
16862:
16845:
16844:
16832:
16820:
16797:
16796:
16794:
16793:
16780:
16767:
16754:
16741:
16731:
16718:
16705:
16692:
16679:
16666:
16653:
16640:
16631:Fauna Europaea
16627:
16614:
16601:
16588:
16575:
16562:
16549:
16536:
16521:
16505:
16503:
16497:
16496:
16482:
16481:
16469:
16466:
16465:
16463:
16462:
16457:
16452:
16447:
16442:
16440:Pyxicephalidae
16437:
16435:Petropedetidae
16432:
16430:Myobatrachidae
16427:
16422:
16417:
16412:
16407:
16402:
16397:
16395:Hemiphractidae
16392:
16390:Heleophrynidae
16387:
16382:
16380:Craugastoridae
16377:
16372:
16367:
16365:Brevicipitidae
16362:
16357:
16355:Arthroleptidae
16352:
16347:
16341:
16339:
16333:
16332:
16330:
16329:
16327:Rhinophrynidae
16324:
16322:Scaphiopodidae
16319:
16314:
16309:
16304:
16298:
16296:
16290:
16289:
16282:
16280:
16278:
16277:
16275:Leiopelmatidae
16272:
16270:Discoglossidae
16267:
16265:Bombinatoridae
16262:
16256:
16254:
16248:
16247:
16245:
16244:
16238:
16232:
16226:
16220:
16213:
16210:
16209:
16200:
16199:
16192:
16185:
16177:
16168:
16167:
16165:
16164:
16158:
16152:
16146:
16144:
16138:
16137:
16135:
16134:
16128:
16122:
16116:
16109:
16106:
16105:
16096:
16095:
16088:
16081:
16073:
16064:
16063:
16061:
16060:
16053:
16050:
16049:
16046:
16045:
16042:
16041:
16038:
16037:
16034:
16033:
16031:
16030:
16029:
16028:
16022:
16020:
16009:
16008:
16006:
16005:
15995:
15985:
15975:
15965:
15954:
15948:
15934:
15933:
15930:
15929:
15927:
15926:
15925:
15924:
15918:
15916:
15905:
15904:
15902:
15901:
15894:
15887:
15880:
15873:
15866:
15858:
15856:
15847:
15846:
15844:
15843:
15836:
15829:
15822:
15814:
15812:
15803:
15802:
15800:
15799:
15789:
15779:
15769:
15758:
15752:
15735:
15720:
15713:
15712:
15709:
15708:
15705:
15704:
15701:
15700:
15697:
15696:
15694:
15693:
15686:
15679:
15672:
15665:
15662:Brasilotyphlus
15657:
15655:
15644:
15643:
15641:
15640:
15637:Schistometopum
15633:
15626:
15619:
15611:
15609:
15598:
15597:
15595:
15594:
15587:
15580:
15573:
15566:
15559:
15552:
15544:
15542:
15531:
15530:
15528:
15527:
15520:
15513:
15502:
15500:
15489:
15488:
15486:
15485:
15475:
15468:
15461:
15454:
15447:
15439:
15437:
15426:
15425:
15423:
15422:
15415:
15407:
15405:
15394:
15393:
15391:
15390:
15382:
15380:
15369:
15368:
15366:
15365:
15362:Scolecomorphus
15358:
15350:
15348:
15334:
15329:
15326:
15325:
15322:
15321:
15319:
15318:
15311:
15303:
15301:
15283:
15280:Stegokrotaphia
15278:
15275:
15274:
15271:
15270:
15268:
15267:
15260:
15253:
15245:
15243:
15225:
15215:
15212:
15211:
15209:
15208:
15197:
15186:
15176:
15166:
15155:
15149:
15139:
15136:
15135:
15109:
15107:
15104:
15103:
15101:
15100:
15093:
15086:
15079:
15072:
15065:
15057:
15055:
15037:
15036:
15033:
15032:
15029:
15028:
15021:
15018:
15017:
15014:
15013:
15010:
15009:
15006:
15005:
15003:
15002:
15001:
15000:
14994:
14992:
14986:
14985:
14983:
14982:
14981:
14980:
14978:Dissorophoidea
14971:
14965:
14963:Dissorophoidea
14959:
14958:
14956:
14955:
14954:
14953:
14944:
14938:
14932:Batrachomorpha
14928:
14927:
14925:
14924:
14923:
14922:
14913:
14907:
14897:
14896:
14892:
14891:
14882:
14873:
14864:
14858:
14842:
14841:
14834:
14833:
14826:
14819:
14811:
14802:
14801:
14791:
14782:
14775:
14772:
14771:
14770:
14762:
14756:
14747:
14741:
14735:
14728:
14727:External links
14725:
14724:
14723:
14717:
14711:. Reed Books.
14704:
14684:10.1086/429523
14678:(5): 590–599.
14663:
14657:
14644:
14626:(2): 228–237.
14614:
14607:
14601:
14588:
14582:
14565:
14562:
14560:
14559:
14552:
14534:
14527:
14509:
14502:
14484:
14448:
14429:(6): 521–538.
14413:
14384:(3): 267–290.
14364:
14345:(1–2): 85–91.
14325:
14274:
14244:
14217:
14186:
14155:
14126:(3): 655–660.
14106:
14093:Biology online
14080:
14063:
14037:
14020:
13998:
13972:
13921:
13901:
13878:
13871:
13853:
13827:
13801:
13775:
13715:
13674:
13647:(1): 106–117.
13631:
13624:
13606:
13585:(2): 307–318.
13573:Rana sylvatica
13561:
13494:
13483:. July 7, 2006
13468:
13446:
13403:
13320:
13293:
13267:
13240:(5): 896–904.
13224:
13208:"Story: Frogs"
13198:
13187:on May 5, 2012
13167:
13150:"Freaky Frogs"
13141:
13098:
13091:
13073:
13050:
13011:
12952:
12919:
12912:
12890:
12863:(2): 120–133.
12847:
12798:
12771:(4): 957–959.
12751:
12721:
12690:
12660:
12629:(3): 293–296.
12609:
12583:
12554:
12523:
12504:(1): 102–105.
12484:
12401:
12358:
12339:(4): 733–736.
12319:
12298:10.1086/650727
12292:(4): 436–446.
12271:
12264:
12238:
12203:
12172:
12142:(4): 986–993.
12122:
12088:(2): 144–158.
12065:
12030:
12023:
12005:
11994:(4): 785–794.
11967:
11922:
11890:
11879:(4): 692–698.
11859:
11819:
11793:
11786:
11768:
11761:
11743:
11717:
11658:
11631:(6): 899–903.
11611:
11600:
11551:
11544:
11523:
11488:
11455:
11424:
11377:
11358:
11303:
11248:
11241:
11211:
11152:
11123:Rana sylvatica
11113:
11086:(2): 215–227.
11066:
11035:
11004:
10985:(4): 852–859.
10969:
10962:
10944:
10918:
10911:
10893:
10840:
10833:
10815:
10756:
10737:(2): 176–179.
10717:
10670:
10663:
10629:
10599:
10568:
10525:
10499:
10492:
10472:
10423:
10386:
10360:
10324:
10298:
10264:
10246:(2): 213–216.
10219:
10190:
10161:
10125:
10080:
10052:(1): 273–288.
10028:
10005:
9974:
9912:
9869:
9840:(3): 386–389.
9820:
9813:
9792:
9779:(3): 413–420.
9759:
9731:10.1086/525290
9725:(2): 176–185.
9710:Litoria nasuta
9698:
9672:
9665:
9641:
9596:
9577:(4): 557–563.
9557:
9531:
9490:
9471:Aristophanes.
9463:
9436:
9429:
9411:
9404:
9379:
9352:
9319:
9304:Ascaphus truei
9292:
9253:
9227:
9176:
9169:
9145:
9138:
9117:
9060:
9001:
8994:
8971:
8965:978-0195084764
8964:
8941:
8918:
8881:
8866:
8833:
8826:
8797:
8771:
8726:
8715:
8684:
8653:
8622:
8601:10.1086/378253
8593:10.1086/378253
8587:(4): 461–473.
8567:
8554:(4): 913–928.
8534:
8527:
8506:
8467:
8460:
8440:
8421:(3): 313–328.
8405:
8378:
8371:
8351:
8344:
8326:
8319:
8298:
8277:10.1086/280458
8255:
8248:
8227:
8208:
8182:
8143:
8132:(3): 199–216.
8116:
8079:
8045:
8011:
8000:
7989:
7953:
7947:978-0851122359
7946:
7926:
7900:
7870:
7841:(2): 543–583.
7821:
7787:
7737:
7696:
7637:
7578:
7519:
7508:. July 3, 2017
7493:
7434:
7427:
7409:
7366:
7359:
7341:
7327:
7302:
7245:
7212:
7185:(3): 336–338.
7162:
7111:
7080:
7059:(4): 466–481.
7039:
7018:(3): 369–388.
6998:
6977:(3): 391–400.
6957:
6925:10.1086/429523
6919:(5): 590–599.
6899:
6858:
6832:
6786:
6751:
6722:
6704:
6677:
6670:
6649:
6615:
6581:
6571:Jerzy Wełna, '
6564:
6530:
6489:
6455:
6429:
6415:978-2010035289
6414:
6396:
6377:
6358:
6322:
6288:
6281:
6263:
6234:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6157:Brothers Grimm
6109:Main article:
6106:
6103:
6100:frog sculpture
5982:
5981:Pharmaceutical
5979:
5955:Xenopus laevis
5938:Xenopus laevis
5930:model organism
5907:Thomas J. King
5887:Xenopus laevis
5873:for measuring
5867:nervous system
5848:animal welfare
5814:
5811:
5744:Main article:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5691:ramshorn snail
5587:
5584:
5576:Rana sylvatica
5539:
5536:
5369:
5366:
5218:
5215:
5211:Rana sylvatica
5139:, fish, large
5131:) is eaten by
5054:Xenopus laevis
5039:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5009:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4980:gut microbiota
4967:
4964:
4952:domestic ducks
4936:diving beetles
4859:
4856:
4813:photosynthesis
4805:Rana sylvatica
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4646:
4643:
4638:Rana clamitans
4624:
4621:
4608:
4607:
4588:opposable toes
4519:
4518:
4431:
4430:
4399:
4398:
4356:Rhinophrynidae
4339:
4338:
4251:Litoria nasuta
4243:
4242:
4195:
4192:
4110:
4107:
4024:Ascaphus truei
3970:
3967:
3926:
3923:
3907:Dyscophus spp.
3853:
3850:
3830:cranial nerves
3812:
3811:Nervous system
3809:
3790:efferent ducts
3771:
3768:
3720:
3717:
3714:12 Cloaca
3654:buccal pumping
3644:
3641:
3505:
3502:
3436:Arboreal frogs
3394:Litoria tyleri
3333:
3330:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3050:Dicroglossidae
3046:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3031:
3026:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2932:Pyxicephalidae
2928:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2917:Petropedetidae
2913:
2908:
2906:
2898:
2896:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2757:Arthroleptidae
2753:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2693:Brevicipitidae
2689:
2684:
2682:
2674:
2672:
2671:Afrobatrachia
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2641:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2403:Cycloramphidae
2399:
2394:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2352:Ceratophryidae
2348:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2253:Diphyabatracea
2247:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2101:Athesphatanura
2097:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2089:Hemiphractidae
2085:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2026:Craugastoridae
2022:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1967:Ceuthomantidae
1963:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1892:Myobatrachidae
1888:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1851:
1849:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1776:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1753:Heleophrynidae
1749:
1744:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1639:Scaphiopodidae
1635:
1630:
1628:
1620:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1595:Rhinophrynidae
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1561:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1527:Discoglossidae
1523:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1490:Bombinatoridae
1486:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:Leiopelmatidae
1427:
1422:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1405:
1380:
1377:
1362:Seymour Island
1261:Early Jurassic
1103:Czech Republic
1067:neobatrachians
1059:lissamphibians
1018:
1015:
827:Strabomantidae
802:
799:
790:Middle English
548:
545:
502:
499:
456:semi-permeable
454:. The skin is
311:Early Triassic
287:composing the
250:
249:
245:
244:
236:
235:
229:
228:
224:
223:
211:
207:
206:
201:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
140:
139:
135:
134:
126:
125:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
47:Early Jurassic
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16877:
16866:
16863:
16861:
16858:
16857:
16855:
16848:
16843:
16838:
16833:
16831:
16821:
16819:
16809:
16808:
16805:
16790:
16785:
16781:
16777:
16772:
16768:
16764:
16759:
16755:
16751:
16746:
16742:
16738:
16732:
16728:
16723:
16719:
16715:
16710:
16706:
16702:
16697:
16693:
16689:
16684:
16680:
16676:
16671:
16667:
16663:
16658:
16654:
16650:
16645:
16641:
16637:
16632:
16628:
16624:
16619:
16615:
16611:
16606:
16602:
16598:
16593:
16589:
16585:
16580:
16576:
16572:
16567:
16563:
16559:
16554:
16550:
16546:
16541:
16537:
16532:
16526:
16522:
16517:
16511:
16507:
16506:
16504:
16502:
16498:
16494:
16489:
16479:
16467:
16461:
16458:
16456:
16453:
16451:
16450:Rhacophoridae
16448:
16446:
16443:
16441:
16438:
16436:
16433:
16431:
16428:
16426:
16423:
16421:
16418:
16416:
16413:
16411:
16408:
16406:
16403:
16401:
16398:
16396:
16393:
16391:
16388:
16386:
16385:Dendrobatidae
16383:
16381:
16378:
16376:
16375:Centrolenidae
16373:
16371:
16368:
16366:
16363:
16361:
16358:
16356:
16353:
16351:
16348:
16346:
16343:
16342:
16340:
16338:
16334:
16328:
16325:
16323:
16320:
16318:
16315:
16313:
16310:
16308:
16305:
16303:
16300:
16299:
16297:
16295:
16294:Mesobatrachia
16291:
16286:
16276:
16273:
16271:
16268:
16266:
16263:
16261:
16258:
16257:
16255:
16253:
16249:
16243:
16239:
16237:
16233:
16231:
16227:
16225:
16221:
16219:
16215:
16214:
16211:
16206:
16198:
16193:
16191:
16186:
16184:
16179:
16178:
16175:
16162:
16159:
16156:
16153:
16151:
16148:
16147:
16145:
16143:
16139:
16133:
16129:
16127:
16123:
16121:
16117:
16115:
16111:
16110:
16107:
16102:
16094:
16089:
16087:
16082:
16080:
16075:
16074:
16071:
16059:
16055:
16054:
16051:
16026:
16025:
16024:
16023:
16021:
16019:
16010:
16004:
16003:
15996:
15994:
15993:
15986:
15984:
15983:
15976:
15974:
15973:
15972:Notobatrachus
15966:
15964:
15963:
15956:
15955:
15952:
15949:
15947:
15935:
15922:
15921:
15920:
15919:
15917:
15915:
15906:
15900:
15899:
15895:
15893:
15892:
15888:
15886:
15885:
15881:
15879:
15878:
15877:Palaeoproteus
15874:
15872:
15871:
15870:Opisthotriton
15867:
15865:
15864:
15860:
15859:
15857:
15855:
15848:
15842:
15841:
15840:Marmorerpeton
15837:
15835:
15834:
15830:
15828:
15827:
15823:
15821:
15820:
15816:
15815:
15813:
15811:
15804:
15798:
15797:
15790:
15788:
15787:
15780:
15778:
15777:
15770:
15768:
15767:
15760:
15759:
15756:
15753:
15751:
15739:
15736:
15733:
15718:
15714:
15692:
15691:
15687:
15685:
15684:
15683:Mimosiphonops
15680:
15678:
15677:
15676:Microcaecilia
15673:
15671:
15670:
15666:
15664:
15663:
15659:
15658:
15656:
15654:
15648:Siphonopidae
15645:
15639:
15638:
15634:
15632:
15631:
15627:
15625:
15624:
15620:
15618:
15617:
15613:
15612:
15610:
15608:
15602:Dermophiidae
15599:
15593:
15592:
15591:Sylvacaecilia
15588:
15586:
15585:
15581:
15579:
15578:
15574:
15572:
15571:
15567:
15565:
15564:
15560:
15558:
15557:
15553:
15551:
15550:
15546:
15545:
15543:
15541:
15532:
15526:
15525:
15521:
15519:
15518:
15514:
15512:
15511:
15504:
15503:
15501:
15499:
15490:
15484:
15483:
15476:
15474:
15473:
15469:
15467:
15466:
15465:Potamotyphlus
15462:
15460:
15459:
15458:Nectocaecilia
15455:
15453:
15452:
15451:Chthonerpeton
15448:
15446:
15445:
15441:
15440:
15438:
15436:
15427:
15421:
15420:
15416:
15414:
15413:
15409:
15408:
15406:
15404:
15395:
15389:
15388:
15384:
15383:
15381:
15379:
15370:
15364:
15363:
15359:
15357:
15356:
15355:Crotaphatrema
15352:
15351:
15349:
15347:
15338:
15335:
15332:
15327:
15317:
15316:
15312:
15310:
15309:
15305:
15304:
15302:
15300:
15291:
15287:
15284:
15281:
15276:
15266:
15265:
15261:
15259:
15258:
15254:
15252:
15251:
15247:
15246:
15244:
15242:
15233:
15229:
15226:
15223:
15213:
15206:
15205:
15198:
15195:
15194:
15187:
15185:
15184:
15177:
15175:
15174:
15167:
15165:
15164:
15157:
15156:
15153:
15150:
15147:
15137:
15131:
15126:
15124:
15119:
15113:
15099:
15098:
15094:
15092:
15091:
15087:
15085:
15084:
15080:
15078:
15077:
15073:
15071:
15070:
15069:Anoualerpeton
15066:
15064:
15063:
15059:
15058:
15056:
15053:
15046:
15042:
15038:
15026:
15025:
15019:
14998:
14997:
14996:
14995:
14993:
14991:
14987:
14979:
14975:
14974:
14973:
14972:
14969:
14966:
14964:
14960:
14952:
14951:Temnospondyli
14948:
14947:
14946:
14945:
14942:
14939:
14937:
14936:Temnospondyli
14933:
14929:
14921:
14917:
14916:
14915:
14914:
14911:
14908:
14906:
14902:
14898:
14890:
14886:
14883:
14881:
14880:Sarcopterygii
14877:
14874:
14872:
14868:
14865:
14863:
14859:
14857:
14853:
14852:
14847:
14843:
14839:
14832:
14827:
14825:
14820:
14818:
14813:
14812:
14809:
14805:
14799:
14796: – From
14795:
14792:
14790:
14786:
14783:
14781:
14778:
14777:
14769:
14767:
14763:
14760:
14757:
14754:
14751:
14748:
14745:
14742:
14739:
14736:
14734:
14731:
14730:
14720:
14714:
14710:
14705:
14701:
14697:
14693:
14689:
14685:
14681:
14677:
14673:
14669:
14664:
14660:
14654:
14650:
14645:
14641:
14637:
14633:
14629:
14625:
14621:
14615:
14612:
14608:
14604:
14598:
14594:
14589:
14585:
14579:
14575:
14574:
14568:
14567:
14555:
14549:
14545:
14538:
14530:
14524:
14520:
14513:
14505:
14499:
14495:
14488:
14479:
14474:
14470:
14466:
14462:
14455:
14453:
14444:
14440:
14436:
14432:
14428:
14424:
14417:
14409:
14405:
14401:
14397:
14392:
14387:
14383:
14379:
14375:
14368:
14360:
14356:
14352:
14348:
14344:
14340:
14336:
14329:
14321:
14317:
14312:
14307:
14302:
14297:
14293:
14289:
14285:
14278:
14262:
14258:
14254:
14248:
14232:
14230:
14221:
14205:
14201:
14199:
14190:
14174:
14170:
14166:
14159:
14151:
14147:
14142:
14137:
14133:
14129:
14125:
14121:
14117:
14110:
14094:
14090:
14084:
14076:
14075:
14067:
14051:
14047:
14041:
14033:
14032:
14024:
14016:
14012:
14009:
14002:
13986:
13984:
13976:
13968:
13964:
13960:
13956:
13952:
13948:
13944:
13940:
13936:
13932:
13925:
13917:
13913:
13905:
13894:September 12,
13889:
13882:
13874:
13868:
13864:
13857:
13841:
13837:
13831:
13815:
13811:
13805:
13790:
13786:
13779:
13771:
13767:
13762:
13757:
13753:
13749:
13744:
13739:
13735:
13731:
13727:
13719:
13708:
13704:
13700:
13696:
13692:
13685:
13678:
13670:
13666:
13662:
13658:
13654:
13650:
13646:
13642:
13635:
13627:
13621:
13617:
13610:
13602:
13598:
13593:
13588:
13584:
13580:
13576:
13574:
13565:
13557:
13553:
13548:
13543:
13538:
13533:
13529:
13525:
13521:
13517:
13513:
13511:
13507:
13498:
13482:
13481:New Scientist
13478:
13472:
13456:
13450:
13442:
13438:
13434:
13430:
13426:
13422:
13418:
13414:
13407:
13388:
13384:
13380:
13376:
13372:
13368:
13364:
13359:
13354:
13350:
13346:
13342:
13338:
13331:
13324:
13308:
13304:
13297:
13281:
13279:
13271:
13263:
13259:
13255:
13251:
13247:
13243:
13239:
13235:
13228:
13213:
13209:
13202:
13186:
13182:
13178:
13171:
13155:
13151:
13145:
13137:
13133:
13129:
13125:
13121:
13117:
13113:
13109:
13102:
13094:
13088:
13084:
13077:
13061:
13054:
13046:
13042:
13038:
13034:
13031:(4): 439–47.
13030:
13026:
13022:
13015:
13007:
13003:
12998:
12993:
12988:
12983:
12979:
12975:
12971:
12967:
12963:
12956:
12945:
12941:
12937:
12930:
12923:
12915:
12909:
12904:
12903:
12894:
12886:
12882:
12878:
12874:
12870:
12866:
12862:
12858:
12851:
12843:
12839:
12834:
12829:
12825:
12821:
12817:
12813:
12809:
12802:
12794:
12790:
12786:
12782:
12778:
12774:
12770:
12766:
12762:
12755:
12740:
12736:
12734:
12725:
12709:
12705:
12703:
12694:
12678:
12674:
12672:
12664:
12656:
12652:
12647:
12642:
12637:
12632:
12628:
12624:
12620:
12613:
12597:
12593:
12587:
12572:
12568:
12566:
12558:
12550:
12546:
12542:
12538:
12534:
12527:
12519:
12515:
12511:
12507:
12503:
12499:
12495:
12488:
12469:
12465:
12461:
12457:
12453:
12449:
12445:
12441:
12437:
12432:
12427:
12423:
12419:
12412:
12405:
12397:
12393:
12389:
12385:
12381:
12377:
12373:
12369:
12362:
12354:
12350:
12346:
12342:
12338:
12334:
12330:
12323:
12315:
12311:
12307:
12303:
12299:
12295:
12291:
12287:
12280:
12278:
12276:
12267:
12261:
12257:
12253:
12249:
12242:
12234:
12230:
12226:
12222:
12218:
12214:
12207:
12191:
12187:
12183:
12176:
12165:
12161:
12157:
12153:
12149:
12145:
12141:
12137:
12133:
12126:
12115:
12111:
12107:
12103:
12099:
12095:
12091:
12087:
12083:
12076:
12069:
12053:
12049:
12045:
12043:
12034:
12026:
12020:
12016:
12009:
12001:
11997:
11993:
11989:
11982:
11980:
11971:
11952:
11948:
11944:
11937:
11935:
11926:
11907:
11900:
11894:
11886:
11882:
11878:
11874:
11870:
11863:
11855:
11851:
11847:
11843:
11839:
11835:
11831:
11823:
11808:
11804:
11797:
11789:
11783:
11779:
11772:
11764:
11758:
11754:
11747:
11732:
11728:
11721:
11713:
11709:
11705:
11701:
11696:
11691:
11686:
11681:
11677:
11673:
11669:
11662:
11654:
11650:
11646:
11642:
11638:
11634:
11630:
11626:
11622:
11615:
11609:
11604:
11596:
11592:
11587:
11582:
11578:
11574:
11570:
11566:
11562:
11555:
11547:
11541:
11537:
11533:
11527:
11519:
11515:
11511:
11507:
11503:
11499:
11492:
11483:
11478:
11474:
11470:
11466:
11459:
11443:
11439:
11437:
11428:
11420:
11416:
11412:
11408:
11404:
11400:
11396:
11392:
11388:
11381:
11373:
11369:
11362:
11354:
11350:
11346:
11342:
11338:
11334:
11330:
11326:
11322:
11318:
11314:
11307:
11299:
11295:
11291:
11287:
11283:
11279:
11275:
11271:
11267:
11263:
11259:
11252:
11244:
11238:
11234:
11230:
11224:
11222:
11220:
11218:
11216:
11207:
11203:
11198:
11193:
11188:
11183:
11179:
11175:
11171:
11167:
11163:
11156:
11148:
11144:
11140:
11136:
11132:
11128:
11124:
11117:
11109:
11105:
11101:
11097:
11093:
11089:
11085:
11081:
11077:
11070:
11054:
11050:
11048:
11039:
11023:
11019:
11017:
11008:
11000:
10996:
10992:
10988:
10984:
10980:
10973:
10965:
10959:
10955:
10948:
10933:
10929:
10922:
10914:
10908:
10904:
10897:
10886:
10882:
10878:
10874:
10870:
10866:
10862:
10855:
10853:
10844:
10836:
10830:
10826:
10819:
10811:
10807:
10802:
10797:
10792:
10787:
10783:
10779:
10775:
10771:
10767:
10760:
10752:
10748:
10744:
10740:
10736:
10732:
10728:
10721:
10713:
10709:
10705:
10701:
10697:
10693:
10689:
10685:
10681:
10674:
10666:
10660:
10656:
10652:
10646:
10644:
10642:
10640:
10638:
10636:
10634:
10617:
10613:
10611:
10603:
10587:
10583:
10581:
10572:
10564:
10560:
10556:
10552:
10548:
10544:
10540:
10536:
10529:
10514:. AmphibiaWeb
10513:
10511:
10503:
10495:
10489:
10485:
10484:
10476:
10468:
10464:
10459:
10454:
10450:
10446:
10442:
10438:
10434:
10427:
10416:
10412:
10408:
10401:
10399:
10390:
10375:
10373:
10372:Scaphiophryne
10364:
10349:
10345:
10344:
10339:
10337:
10328:
10312:
10308:
10302:
10286:
10282:
10280:
10271:
10269:
10257:
10253:
10249:
10245:
10241:
10234:
10232:
10223:
10208:
10204:
10197:
10195:
10178:
10174:
10168:
10166:
10150:
10146:
10145:
10140:
10138:
10129:
10121:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10103:
10099:
10095:
10093:
10084:
10076:
10069:
10065:
10060:
10055:
10051:
10047:
10043:
10041:
10032:
10024:
10020:
10016:
10009:
9994:
9990:
9983:
9981:
9979:
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8394:. AmphibiaWeb
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8338:. Macmillan.
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6755:
6739:
6735:
6729:
6727:
6720:
6717:, p. 319, at
6716:
6715:
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6692:
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6122:
6121:lunar eclipse
6118:
6112:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6068:batrachotoxin
6065:
6061:
6057:
6052:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6033:Bufo alvarius
6030:
6026:
6022:
6021:Mesoamericans
6017:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5978:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5959:X. tropicalis
5956:
5951:
5949:
5945:
5944:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5918:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5903:Robert Briggs
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5885:or platanna (
5884:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5859:Luigi Galvani
5856:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5836:
5834:
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5824:
5820:
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5808:
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5602:
5598:
5593:
5583:
5581:
5580:Arctic Circle
5577:
5573:
5568:
5564:
5563:
5553:
5552:Arctic Circle
5549:
5544:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5518:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5503:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5491:nerve poisons
5488:
5484:
5483:hallucinogens
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5444:
5435:
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5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5398:
5391:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5374:
5365:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5353:Darwin's frog
5350:
5346:
5342:
5341:Rheobatrachus
5338:
5334:
5330:
5329:pouched frogs
5325:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
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5280:
5276:
5272:
5267:
5263:
5258:
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5232:
5228:
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5217:Parental care
5214:
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5013:
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5004:
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4977:
4974:
4966:Metamorphosis
4963:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4928:
4926:
4925:cannibalistic
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4901:
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4890:
4884:
4878:
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4802:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4770:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4745:ovoviviparous
4742:
4741:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4709:Bufo cognatus
4706:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4681:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4659:
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4500:
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4428:
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4411:
4407:
4403:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4372:Fowler's toad
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4328:
4324:
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4312:
4308:
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4209:
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4201:
4191:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
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4168:
4164:
4159:
4156:
4155:spring peeper
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4123:American toad
4120:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4055:
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4033:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4012:
4005:
4004:
3988:
3987:
3981:
3976:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3951:external ears
3944:
3943:
3922:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3911:southern toad
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3845:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3834:spinal nerves
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3767:
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3761:
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3613:
3609:
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3598:
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3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
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3520:
3514:
3512:
3498:
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3490:
3486:
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3474:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3449:
3444:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3430:Rhacophoridae
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3332:Feet and legs
3329:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3299:
3294:
3280:
3279:
3271:
3270:
3262:
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3253:
3252:
3244:
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3225:
3217:
3216:
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3163:
3162:
3154:
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3125:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:Rhacophoridae
3086:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:
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2912:
2911:
2905:
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2901:
2895:
2894:
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2862:
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2840:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:Ptychadenidae
2804:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2781:
2780:
2772:
2771:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2669:
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2655:
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2638:
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2613:
2612:
2604:
2603:
2595:
2594:
2586:
2585:
2577:
2576:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2549:
2541:
2540:
2532:
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2523:
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2504:
2503:
2502:Batrachylidae
2497:
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2480:Telmatobiidae
2475:
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2303:Centrolenidae
2298:
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2288:Allophrynidae
2283:
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2200:Dendrobatidae
2195:
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2180:
2179:
2173:
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2168:
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2084:
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2063:
2059:
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2041:
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2032:
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2028:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:
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1922:
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1913:
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1909:
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1898:
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1865:
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1812:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1801:
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1797:
1796:
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1783:
1782:Sooglossoidea
1780:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1748:
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1565:
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1533:
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1507:
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1465:
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1412:
1409:
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1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:helmeted frog
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1232:Late Triassic
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
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1147:
1143:
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1135:
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1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1099:
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1093:
1089:
1088:Carboniferous
1085:
1084:Temnospondyli
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
998:
997:P. ridibundus
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
969:
967:
963:
962:morphological
959:
955:
951:
947:
946:Mesobatrachia
943:
935:
931:
927:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
896:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
854:
850:
846:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
825:(1049 spp.),
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
805:About 88% of
798:
795:
791:
787:
782:
777:
772:
769:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
731:gave rise to
729:
723:
720:
714:
709:
703:
702:
696:
690:
686:
683:
678:
674:
669:
665:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
634:
629:
623:
617:
611:
606:
602:
597:
594:
588:
582:
576:
570:
565:
562:
561:Ancient Greek
558:
554:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:
508:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
460:vocalizations
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:invertebrates
433:
429:
425:
424:planktivorous
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
379:(the tail of
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
331:
327:
323:
316:
312:
308:
307:
297:
296:Ancient Greek
293:
290:
286:
282:
278:
271:
267:
263:
262:
256:
246:
242:
237:
234:
230:
225:
220:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
150:
145:
141:
136:
132:
127:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
59:
52:
48:
40:
37:
33:
19:
16847:
16500:
16460:Sooglossidae
16425:Microhylidae
16410:Hyperoliidae
16350:Aromobatidae
16337:Neobatrachia
16302:Megophryidae
16204:
16149:
16142:Lissamphibia
16012:
16000:
15990:
15980:
15970:
15960:
15944:total group)
15896:
15889:
15882:
15875:
15868:
15861:
15838:
15831:
15824:
15817:
15794:
15784:
15774:
15764:
15748:total group)
15746:(salamanders
15730:crown group)
15688:
15681:
15674:
15667:
15660:
15635:
15628:
15621:
15614:
15589:
15582:
15575:
15568:
15561:
15554:
15547:
15522:
15515:
15508:
15493:Caeciliidae
15480:
15472:Typhlonectes
15470:
15463:
15456:
15449:
15444:Atretochoana
15442:
15417:
15412:Boulengerula
15410:
15385:
15360:
15353:
15315:Uraeotyphlus
15313:
15306:
15262:
15255:
15248:
15217:Gymnophiona
15202:
15191:
15181:
15173:Funcusvermis
15171:
15161:
15115:
15095:
15088:
15081:
15074:
15067:
15062:Albanerpeton
15060:
15024:Lissamphibia
15022:
14990:Lissamphibia
14884:
14875:
14871:Osteichthyes
14866:
14838:Lissamphibia
14803:
14765:
14752:
14708:
14675:
14671:
14648:
14623:
14619:
14610:
14592:
14572:
14543:
14537:
14518:
14512:
14493:
14487:
14468:
14464:
14460:
14426:
14422:
14416:
14381:
14377:
14373:
14367:
14342:
14338:
14328:
14291:
14287:
14277:
14265:. Retrieved
14261:the original
14256:
14247:
14235:. Retrieved
14228:
14220:
14208:. Retrieved
14203:
14197:
14189:
14177:. Retrieved
14173:the original
14168:
14158:
14123:
14119:
14109:
14097:. Retrieved
14092:
14083:
14073:
14066:
14054:. Retrieved
14049:
14040:
14030:
14023:
14015:the original
14010:
14001:
13989:. Retrieved
13982:
13975:
13934:
13930:
13924:
13915:
13904:
13892:. Retrieved
13881:
13862:
13856:
13844:. Retrieved
13840:the original
13830:
13818:. Retrieved
13814:the original
13804:
13792:. Retrieved
13788:
13778:
13736:(1): 83–90.
13733:
13729:
13718:
13707:the original
13697:(2): 87–94.
13694:
13690:
13677:
13644:
13640:
13634:
13615:
13609:
13582:
13578:
13572:
13564:
13519:
13515:
13510:Rana Pipiens
13509:
13505:
13497:
13485:. Retrieved
13480:
13471:
13459:. Retrieved
13449:
13416:
13412:
13406:
13394:. Retrieved
13387:the original
13340:
13336:
13323:
13313:September 5,
13311:. Retrieved
13306:
13296:
13284:. Retrieved
13277:
13270:
13237:
13233:
13227:
13215:. Retrieved
13211:
13201:
13189:. Retrieved
13185:the original
13180:
13170:
13158:. Retrieved
13154:the original
13144:
13119:
13115:
13111:
13107:
13101:
13082:
13076:
13064:. Retrieved
13053:
13028:
13024:
13021:Pseudophryne
13020:
13014:
12969:
12965:
12955:
12944:the original
12939:
12935:
12922:
12901:
12893:
12860:
12856:
12850:
12815:
12811:
12801:
12768:
12764:
12760:
12754:
12742:. Retrieved
12738:
12732:
12724:
12712:. Retrieved
12707:
12701:
12693:
12681:. Retrieved
12676:
12670:
12663:
12626:
12622:
12612:
12600:. Retrieved
12596:the original
12586:
12574:. Retrieved
12570:
12564:
12557:
12543:(1): 39–48.
12540:
12536:
12532:
12526:
12501:
12497:
12493:
12487:
12477:November 13,
12475:. Retrieved
12468:the original
12421:
12417:
12404:
12371:
12367:
12361:
12336:
12332:
12328:
12322:
12289:
12285:
12247:
12241:
12216:
12212:
12206:
12194:. Retrieved
12190:the original
12185:
12175:
12139:
12135:
12132:Rana muscosa
12131:
12125:
12114:the original
12085:
12081:
12068:
12056:. Retrieved
12052:the original
12047:
12042:Rana pipiens
12041:
12033:
12014:
12008:
11991:
11987:
11978:
11970:
11958:. Retrieved
11951:the original
11946:
11942:
11933:
11925:
11913:. Retrieved
11906:the original
11893:
11876:
11872:
11868:
11862:
11837:
11833:
11822:
11810:. Retrieved
11806:
11796:
11777:
11771:
11752:
11746:
11734:. Retrieved
11730:
11720:
11675:
11671:
11661:
11628:
11624:
11614:
11603:
11568:
11564:
11554:
11535:
11526:
11501:
11497:
11491:
11475:(1): 62–76.
11472:
11468:
11458:
11446:. Retrieved
11441:
11435:
11427:
11394:
11390:
11386:
11380:
11371:
11361:
11323:(2): 91–95.
11320:
11316:
11306:
11265:
11261:
11251:
11232:
11169:
11165:
11155:
11133:(1): 70–72.
11130:
11126:
11122:
11116:
11083:
11079:
11075:
11069:
11057:. Retrieved
11052:
11046:
11038:
11026:. Retrieved
11021:
11015:
11007:
10982:
10978:
10972:
10953:
10947:
10935:. Retrieved
10931:
10921:
10902:
10896:
10864:
10860:
10851:
10843:
10824:
10818:
10773:
10769:
10759:
10734:
10730:
10726:
10720:
10687:
10683:
10679:
10673:
10654:
10620:. Retrieved
10616:the original
10609:
10602:
10590:. Retrieved
10585:
10579:
10571:
10538:
10534:
10528:
10516:. Retrieved
10509:
10502:
10482:
10475:
10440:
10436:
10426:
10410:
10406:
10397:
10389:
10377:. Retrieved
10371:
10363:
10351:. Retrieved
10347:
10341:
10335:
10327:
10315:. Retrieved
10310:
10301:
10289:. Retrieved
10284:
10278:
10243:
10239:
10230:
10222:
10210:. Retrieved
10206:
10181:. Retrieved
10176:
10152:. Retrieved
10148:
10142:
10136:
10128:
10101:
10097:
10091:
10083:
10049:
10045:
10039:
10031:
10022:
10018:
10014:
10008:
9996:. Retrieved
9992:
9937:(1): 67–72.
9934:
9930:
9885:(1): 21–26.
9882:
9878:
9872:
9837:
9833:
9823:
9804:
9776:
9772:
9762:
9722:
9718:
9709:
9701:
9689:. Retrieved
9685:the original
9675:
9651:
9644:
9611:
9605:
9599:
9574:
9570:
9566:
9560:
9548:. Retrieved
9544:
9534:
9507:
9503:
9493:
9481:. Retrieved
9477:the original
9466:
9454:. Retrieved
9450:the original
9439:
9420:
9414:
9395:
9365:
9361:
9355:
9344:the original
9339:
9335:
9322:
9310:. Retrieved
9303:
9295:
9273:(2): 77–84.
9270:
9266:
9256:
9244:. Retrieved
9240:the original
9230:
9193:
9189:
9179:
9160:
9129:
9077:
9073:
9063:
9014:
9010:
9004:
8985:
8954:
8932:. Retrieved
8921:
8909:. Retrieved
8897:
8884:
8875:
8869:
8857:. Retrieved
8853:the original
8811:
8788:. Retrieved
8784:the original
8774:
8747:
8743:
8738:Rana pipiens
8737:
8729:
8718:
8706:. Retrieved
8701:
8695:
8687:
8675:. Retrieved
8671:the original
8666:
8656:
8644:. Retrieved
8639:
8633:
8625:
8584:
8580:
8577:Hyla regilla
8576:
8570:
8551:
8547:
8537:
8518:
8484:
8480:
8476:
8470:
8450:
8443:
8418:
8414:
8408:
8396:. Retrieved
8389:
8381:
8361:
8354:
8335:
8329:
8310:
8268:
8264:
8258:
8239:
8230:
8221:
8211:
8199:. Retrieved
8192:
8185:
8160:
8156:
8152:
8146:
8129:
8125:
8119:
8107:. Retrieved
8100:the original
8090:
8082:
8070:. Retrieved
8036:. Retrieved
8032:the original
8027:
8003:
7992:
7967:
7963:
7956:
7936:
7929:
7917:. Retrieved
7913:The Guardian
7912:
7903:
7891:. Retrieved
7887:the original
7838:
7834:
7824:
7807:
7803:
7790:
7755:
7751:
7740:
7728:. Retrieved
7711:
7699:
7654:
7650:
7640:
7595:
7591:
7581:
7536:
7532:
7522:
7510:. Retrieved
7505:
7496:
7451:
7447:
7437:
7418:
7412:
7379:
7375:
7369:
7350:
7344:
7318:
7305:
7262:
7258:
7248:
7236:. Retrieved
7233:Tree of Life
7232:
7226:
7182:
7178:
7165:
7124:
7120:
7114:
7102:. Retrieved
7098:the original
7093:
7083:
7056:
7052:
7042:
7015:
7011:
7001:
6974:
6970:
6960:
6916:
6912:
6902:
6890:. Retrieved
6878:
6869:
6861:
6849:. Retrieved
6843:
6835:
6800:
6796:
6789:
6764:
6760:
6754:
6742:. Retrieved
6719:Google Books
6712:
6707:
6695:. Retrieved
6690:
6680:
6661:
6629:
6618:
6595:
6584:
6576:
6567:
6544:
6533:
6510:
6469:
6458:
6446:. Retrieved
6442:
6432:
6405:
6399:
6390:
6380:
6371:
6361:
6349:. Retrieved
6345:
6339:
6333:
6325:
6313:. Retrieved
6308:
6302:
6272:
6266:
6254:. Retrieved
6250:
6227:November 29,
6225:. Retrieved
6220:
6191:
6170:
6160:
6147:unleashes a
6114:
6087:
6079:
6059:
6053:
6032:
6025:hallucinogen
6018:
5999:
5993:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5952:
5947:
5941:
5937:
5925:
5919:
5886:
5852:
5837:
5826:
5780:
5775:
5767:frog farming
5760:
5755:
5724:
5721:cane beetles
5708:
5702:
5695:
5680:
5668:
5644:
5610:
5604:
5586:Conservation
5575:
5560:
5557:
5550:live at the
5538:Distribution
5529:
5525:
5515:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5499:
5474:
5470:
5456:
5450:
5440:
5427:
5417:
5399:
5395:
5377:
5356:
5349:stomach acid
5340:
5332:
5326:
5313:
5310:tungara frog
5305:
5294:
5292:
5287:
5274:
5262:phytotelmata
5259:
5251:
5245:
5242:Pouched frog
5230:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5195:Rana muscosa
5194:
5184:
5176:cold-blooded
5169:
5129:Rana pipiens
5128:
5118:
5108:
5102:
5060:
5052:
5002:
4969:
4959:
4934:, predatory
4929:
4920:
4911:, including
4902:
4889:Hymenochirus
4887:
4879:
4872:
4869:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4804:
4798:
4793:
4789:
4781:
4775:
4752:
4738:
4728:
4722:
4712:
4708:
4694:
4689:
4678:
4675:
4666:
4663:common toads
4652:
4648:
4645:Reproduction
4637:
4623:Life history
4616:
4609:
4595:
4541:
4510:
4502:
4496:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4439:
4432:
4423:lateral line
4415:
4409:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4376:Bufo fowleri
4375:
4367:
4360:Microhylidae
4353:
4345:
4331:
4327:grasshoppers
4315:Rana pipiens
4314:
4306:
4299:
4294:
4286:
4250:
4244:
4197:
4187:mitochondria
4169:) regularly
4166:
4160:
4142:
4131:hibernaculum
4126:
4112:
4098:
4091:Aristophanes
4086:
4080:
4077:onomatopoeic
4072:
4064:
4058:
4040:
4035:
4028:
4023:
4008:
4001:
3984:
3963:conspecifics
3948:
3940:
3919:
3914:
3906:
3899:Bombina spp.
3898:
3886:
3878:
3855:
3814:
3794:
3779:
3740:
3732:
3727:Pyxicephalus
3725:
3722:
3703:
3697:
3666:
3661:
3646:
3628:
3620:
3606:
3594:
3584:
3569:
3566:Pouched frog
3551:
3543:
3527:
3522:
3515:
3507:
3497:Rana pipiens
3496:
3480:
3470:
3458:
3452:
3445:
3434:
3422:flying frogs
3417:
3410:Hymenochirus
3409:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3378:
3335:
3325:
3322:goliath frog
3307:
3304:
3128:
3104:
3089:
3048:
3033:
2992:
2977:
2930:
2915:
2876:
2854:
2834:Micrixalidae
2832:
2807:
2755:
2742:Hyperoliidae
2740:
2706:
2691:
2660:Microhylidae
2658:
2647:Allodapanura
2515:
2500:
2478:
2438:
2423:
2401:
2372:
2350:
2301:
2286:
2264:
2198:
2185:Aromobatidae
2183:
2161:
2112:
2087:
2024:
2009:
1987:
1965:
1905:
1890:
1868:
1847:Notogaeanura
1808:
1795:Sooglossidae
1793:
1751:
1740:Neobatrachia
1701:Megophryidae
1699:
1684:
1673:Pelobatoidea
1659:
1637:
1593:
1578:
1525:
1510:
1488:
1444:
1429:
1410:
1400:
1396:
1382:
1370:
1355:
1339:Microhylidae
1332:
1316:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1242:
1236:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1187:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1150:dissorophoid
1145:
1130:missing link
1122:temnospondyl
1115:
1113:
1106:
1080:Lepospondyli
1076:monophyletic
1020:
1006:B. variegata
1004:
1000:
996:
988:
980:
970:
950:Neobatrachia
939:
933:
893:
858:
852:
831:Microhylidae
829:(797 spp.),
809:species are
804:
785:
775:
773:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
739:sound-change
724:
699:
684:
646:
642:
632:
600:
598:
592:
574:
556:
552:
550:
540:
532:
524:
520:
510:
506:
504:
472:
432:metamorphose
397:
381:tailed frogs
366:
304:
291:
276:
274:
259:
232:
213:
197:
36:
18:Anura (frog)
16670:iNaturalist
16525:Wikispecies
16420:Mantellidae
16400:Hemisotidae
16312:Pelodytidae
16307:Pelobatidae
16234:Superclass
16161:Gymnophiona
16130:Superclass
15898:Prodesmodon
15623:Geotrypetes
15577:Indotyphlus
15570:Idiocranium
15563:Hypogeophis
15556:Grandisonia
15549:Gegeneophis
15398:Herpelidae
15373:Chikilidae
15308:Ichthyophis
15257:Epicrionops
15090:Wesserpeton
15083:Shirerpeton
14733:AmphibiaWeb
14471:: 307–366.
14461:Phyllobates
14179:October 21,
13888:"Cane toad"
13820:November 3,
13794:November 3,
13516:BMC Ecology
13461:October 15,
13396:October 27,
12739:AmphibiaWeb
11442:AmphibiaWeb
11053:AmphibiaWeb
11022:AmphibiaWeb
10586:AmphibiaWeb
10311:AmphibiaWeb
10285:AmphibiaWeb
10177:AmphibiaWeb
9473:"The Frogs"
9368:: 293–324.
8702:AmphibiaWeb
8640:AmphibiaWeb
8153:Rhacophorus
7970:: 133–140.
7657:(1): 5051.
7279:10919/87931
6851:October 12,
6662:Herpetology
6448:December 9,
6309:AmphibiaWeb
6247:"Salientia"
6159:fairy tale
6117:fairy tales
6002:epibatidine
5953:Genomes of
5863:electricity
5840:dissections
5654:resistant.
5649:of broader
5618:golden toad
5601:Golden toad
5487:convulsants
5410:aposematism
5233:) with eggs
5141:salamanders
5063:carnivorous
4940:water birds
4905:herbivorous
4883:keratinized
4560:shrub frogs
4552:glass frogs
4537:glass frogs
4486:metatarsals
4466:Purple frog
4436:purple frog
4406:Common toad
3903:tomato frog
3875:common toad
3597:bony plates
3463:keratinised
3374:common frog
3354:metatarsals
3106:Mantellidae
3071:Aglaioanura
3035:Ranixalidae
2821:Victoranura
2708:Hemisotidae
1937:Nobleoanura
1686:Pelobatidae
1661:Pelodytidae
1148:was only a
1105:, possibly
1031:salamanders
1011:hybrid zone
989:P. lessonae
977:edible frog
886:hyoid plate
882:ankle bones
605:Old English
426:diets. The
416:herbivorous
389:camouflaged
281:carnivorous
56:200–0
16854:Categories
16830:Amphibians
16260:Ascaphidae
16228:Subphylum
16124:Subphylum
16056:See also:
15982:Prosalirus
15923:115 genera
15810:Karauridae
15786:Triassurus
15524:Oscaecilia
15331:Teresomata
15264:Rhinatrema
15163:Eocaecilia
14999:see below↓
14794:Frog calls
14225:Klein, S.
13217:August 20,
13058:Grant, T.
12602:August 24,
11840:: e00281.
11736:August 10,
10025:: 213–274.
9236:"Bullfrog"
9023:B0006RENBO
8487:(1): 1–8.
8398:August 18,
6767:: 94–117.
6646:required.)
6612:required.)
6591:"toad, n."
6561:required.)
6527:required.)
6486:required.)
6200:References
6153:witchcraft
6082:) and the
6049:urban myth
5922:embryology
5817:See also:
5807:Mark Twain
5799:partridges
5787:Dominicans
5735:Human uses
5717:sugar cane
5647:indicators
5631:non-native
5614:extinction
5590:See also:
5402:bufotoxins
5343:sp.) from
5117:occurs in
4942:, such as
4759:Life cycle
4719:viviparous
4680:Scaphiopus
4633:green frog
4556:bush frogs
4412:) swimming
4309:) and the
4194:Locomotion
4183:metabolism
4171:aestivates
4103:ultrasound
3973:See also:
3820:, and the
3818:cerebellum
3805:vocal sacs
3774:See also:
3612:skin folds
3608:Camouflage
3548:hairy frog
3342:morphology
3301:elongated.
2878:Conrauidae
2796:Natatanura
1626:Anomocoela
1616:Acosmanura
1467:Bombianura
1446:Ascaphidae
1371:Nothofagus
1343:Natatanura
1328:speciation
1285:Prosalirus
1273:Prosalirus
1265:Prosalirus
1198:Madagascar
1196:period of
1039:divergence
1035:caecilians
993:marsh frog
991:) and the
918:beaks and
916:keratinous
811:classified
483:extinction
479:threatened
452:ecosystems
440:microbiome
428:life cycle
420:omnivorous
354:vertebrate
315:Madagascar
285:amphibians
270:Madagascar
227:Subgroups
16370:Bufonidae
16236:Tetrapoda
16157:(Urodela)
16132:Tetrapoda
16101:amphibian
16002:Vieraella
15938:Salientia
15833:Kuzbassia
15724:Batrachia
15690:Siphonops
15616:Dermophis
15584:Praslinia
15482:Ymboirana
15076:Celtedens
14889:Tetrapoda
14854:Kingdom:
14478:2246/1286
14386:CiteSeerX
14099:August 5,
13353:CiteSeerX
12744:August 5,
12714:August 5,
12683:August 5,
12456:0003-0090
12448:2246/5803
12426:CiteSeerX
12424:: 1–262.
12186:Longevity
12156:0045-8511
12058:August 4,
11960:April 26,
11834:Food Webs
11712:255787646
11678:(1): 16.
11337:1526-968X
11298:209576535
11290:0044-5231
11268:: 78–87.
10881:1175-5334
10867:: 56–68.
10680:Bufo bufo
10535:Evolution
10413:: 69–79.
10252:0011-3891
10173:"Pipidae"
9998:April 26,
9961:0269-8463
9456:August 4,
9287:0952-8369
9094:0962-8436
8934:August 4,
8928:"Amniota"
8911:August 4,
8790:August 4,
8201:August 3,
8163:: 46–92.
8109:August 3,
7774:2246/5781
7758:: 1–291.
7720:0362-4331
7157:205212809
6805:CiteSeerX
6803:: 1–240.
6744:August 8,
6424:461974285
6351:August 2,
6256:August 7,
6139:. In the
6037:bufotenin
5948:X. laevis
5762:Frog legs
5746:Frog legs
5705:cane toad
5687:stressors
5678:trematode
5663:mink frog
5661:Deformed
5651:ecosystem
5640:ranavirus
5572:wood frog
5567:aestivate
5562:Cyclorana
5548:wood frog
5502:Bufo bufo
5479:alkaloids
5345:Australia
5279:bromeliad
5199:Bufo bufo
4976:thyroxine
4956:cane toad
4898:notochord
4817:wood frog
4809:symbiotic
4801:wood frog
4772:Frogspawn
4735:Tanzanian
4667:Bufo bufo
4580:viscosity
4564:epidermal
4535:Group of
4452:fossorial
4429:Burrowing
4410:Bufo bufo
4216:burrowing
4151:moor frog
4147:wood frog
4119:hibernate
4087:The Frogs
3879:Bufo bufo
3756:uric acid
3685:ventricle
3677:respiring
3625:Wood frog
3602:exostosis
3581:Wood frog
3535:nocturnal
3448:substrate
2440:Hylodidae
2425:Alsodidae
2163:Bufonidae
2062:Terrarana
1567:Xenoanura
1385:cladogram
1379:Phylogeny
1220:vertebrae
1184:lower jaw
1156:Salientia
1114:In 2008,
1045:or early
1043:Paleozoic
1025:based on
1017:Evolution
985:pool frog
973:hybridize
920:denticles
890:lower jaw
835:Bufonidae
807:amphibian
755:pig, stag
691:ancestor
685:(kik)vors
673:Icelandic
664:Norwegian
547:Etymology
517:Bufonidae
489:disease,
468:behaviors
444:predators
385:glandular
342:subarctic
264:) in the
233:See text
204:Salientia
167:Kingdom:
161:Eukaryota
16510:Wikidata
16242:Amphibia
16230:Craniata
16224:Chordata
16218:Animalia
16216:Kingdom
16126:Craniata
16120:Chordata
16114:Animalia
16112:Kingdom
15909:Urodela
15884:Parrisia
15826:Kokartus
15819:Karaurus
15630:Gymnopis
15517:Caecilia
14862:Chordata
14860:Phylum:
14856:Animalia
14800:, Canada
14798:Manitoba
14700:17021360
14692:15795855
14640:16307849
14359:15993556
14320:16140737
14267:April 7,
14237:March 9,
14210:June 17,
14120:Genetics
14056:June 17,
13959:19210303
13916:abc news
13846:July 13,
13789:BBC News
13770:10620528
13669:55870526
13601:16870853
13556:20202208
13522:(6): 6.
13487:July 13,
13441:85382659
13383:86238651
13375:15486254
13286:July 20,
13262:13067241
13191:July 13,
13160:July 13,
13045:11975476
13006:15128938
12842:16525472
12793:25434883
12655:20106853
12576:July 30,
12464:82263880
12396:29546555
12388:18811668
12353:85122799
12314:20270737
12306:20180700
12164:86237494
11915:April 2,
11812:April 9,
11704:32723314
11653:24249298
11595:29593109
11571:(1875).
11448:July 20,
11419:86244218
11411:25140719
11353:32550621
11345:11170349
11206:11607529
11059:July 19,
11028:July 19,
10937:April 9,
10885:Archived
10810:25551466
10770:PLOS ONE
10592:June 11,
10563:28564439
10518:June 14,
10467:16971337
10415:Archived
10379:June 16,
10353:June 16,
10317:June 16,
10291:June 16,
10256:Archived
10212:July 13,
10183:June 14,
10154:June 11,
10120:14691087
9907:13423666
9899:15718379
9864:22090204
9751:Archived
9747:12643425
9739:18190283
9691:June 11,
9628:16239372
9591:19737622
9550:June 15,
9526:17142687
9483:June 19,
9312:June 19,
9246:June 19,
9112:28193810
9055:14133069
9047:15304238
8902:Archived
8766:15010487
8617:25692966
8609:14582008
8501:59449901
8293:84796411
8222:BBC News
8177:86616385
8038:June 10,
7893:June 10,
7865:21723399
7810:: 1–35.
7782:86140137
7724:Archived
7691:32327670
7632:18287076
7573:28673970
7506:BBC News
7333:Archived
7297:30958136
7238:June 26,
7207:12023942
7149:18497824
7075:21540408
7034:17520502
6993:16012106
6949:17021360
6941:15795855
6883:Archived
6827:83925199
6315:June 15,
6167:Mr. Toad
6006:morphine
5865:and the
5740:Culinary
5723:such as
5318:proteins
5174:. Being
5172:food web
5149:raccoons
5115:folivory
4858:Tadpoles
4749:internal
4701:external
4697:amplexus
4671:amplexus
4517:Climbing
4444:termites
4397:Swimming
4319:catapult
4220:climbing
4212:swimming
3838:amniotes
3826:cerebrum
3797:amplexus
3531:amplexus
3477:flatworm
3466:tubercle
3298:bullfrog
2637:Ranoides
1557:Pipanura
1512:Alytidae
1389:families
1335:Hyloidea
1239:Jurassic
1194:Triassic
1182:, and a
1047:Mesozoic
958:Ranoidea
954:Hyloidea
912:spiracle
900:Pipoidea
819:families
801:Taxonomy
794:taddepol
759:(ear)wig
559:—is the
448:food web
408:tadpoles
362:taxonomy
191:Amphibia
181:Chordata
177:Phylum:
171:Animalia
157:Domain:
16842:Animals
16804:Portals
16445:Ranidae
16405:Hylidae
16317:Pipidae
16222:Phylum
16203:Extant
16163:(Apoda)
16155:Caudata
16118:Phylum
16099:Extant
15742:Caudata
15510:Apodops
15419:Herpele
15387:Chikila
15250:Amazops
14443:8486435
14408:8895112
14311:1212620
14198:Xenopus
14150:8849876
14141:1207007
13991:July 5,
13967:1837255
13939:Bibcode
13761:1637865
13752:3454299
13661:2387466
13547:2846871
13524:Bibcode
13421:Bibcode
13345:Bibcode
13337:Science
13242:Bibcode
13136:1445987
13066:July 7,
12974:Bibcode
12885:6836257
12865:Bibcode
12820:Bibcode
12785:3227042
12761:Xenopus
12646:2880057
12518:1565037
12233:2180324
12196:July 4,
12090:Bibcode
11842:Bibcode
11695:7388516
11633:Bibcode
11586:5897637
11518:1445301
11372:FrogLog
11317:Genesis
11270:Bibcode
11174:Bibcode
11147:1563783
11108:1931088
11088:Bibcode
11080:Ecology
10999:1447647
10861:Zootaxa
10801:4281041
10778:Bibcode
10751:1564026
10712:4222519
10692:Bibcode
10622:June 5,
10555:2409604
10458:1664653
10068:3404074
9989:"Anura"
9969:3599272
9939:Bibcode
9855:3367733
9636:8395980
9222:9526013
9213:6792591
9103:5312015
9027:Bibcode
8859:June 4,
8812:Zoology
8708:July 9,
8677:July 9,
8646:July 9,
8435:1564085
8285:2456779
8072:June 4,
7972:Bibcode
7843:Bibcode
7804:Zootaxa
7730:May 13,
7682:7181706
7659:Bibcode
7623:2268566
7600:Bibcode
7564:5530686
7541:Bibcode
7512:July 3,
7488:4528784
7456:Bibcode
7404:4308225
7384:Bibcode
7288:6405462
7187:Bibcode
7129:Bibcode
7104:July 5,
6892:June 5,
6870:Bombina
6781:1466954
6738:"Anura"
6217:"Anura"
6193:Frogger
6064:blowgun
5926:Xenopus
5795:opossum
5791:Raccoon
5754:French
5447:weapons
5368:Defence
5359:) from
5322:lectins
5180:biomass
5095:mammals
5075:spiders
5067:insects
4973:hormone
4913:diatoms
4894:catfish
4822:enzymes
4606:Gliding
4491:osmosis
4448:monsoon
4419:Pipidae
4323:locusts
4276:⁄
4262:⁄
4241:Jumping
4236:jumping
4224:gliding
4208:walking
4204:running
4200:jumping
4135:dormant
3983:A male
3925:Hearing
3867:Pipidae
3762:to the
3760:ureters
3748:ammonia
3744:kidneys
3673:lizards
3631:) uses
3587:) uses
3426:Hylidae
3424:in the
3346:tarsals
3130:Ranidae
2114:Hylidae
1580:Pipidae
1477:Costata
1364:on the
1310:⁄
1299:ventral
1257:Arizona
1251:in the
1174:in the
1158:(Latin
1092:Caudata
1072:Permian
1051:Pangaea
872:fused,
823:Hylidae
813:in the
786:tadpole
708:froskaz
695:froskaz
677:froskur
566:prefix
557:Anoures
406:called
338:tropics
330:Permian
324:), but
219:Duméril
210:Order:
187:Class:
51:Present
16789:448306
16763:150288
16750:991547
16734:NZOR:
16701:173423
16623:1ANURO
16516:Q53636
16240:Class
16205:anuran
16013:Anura
15942:(frogs
15796:Urupia
15766:Egoria
15097:Yaksha
14715:
14698:
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