683:. A 2004 systematic review and meta analysis found that cerebrospinal fluid drainage (CFSD), when performed in experienced centers, reduces the risk of ischemic spinal cord injury by increasing the perfusion pressure to the spinal cord. A 2012 Cochrane systematic review noted that further research regarding the effectiveness of CFSD for preventing a spinal cord injury is required. A 2023 systematic review suggested that rates of postoperative spinal cord ischaemia can be kept at low levels after open repair of thoracoabdominal aneurysm with the adequate precautions and perioperative manoeuvres. The majority of the surgeons believe prophylactic lumbar drains are effective in reducing spinal cord ischaemia. Neuromonitoring with motor-evoked potentials (MEP) can provide the surgeon objective criteria to direct selective intercostal reconstruction or other protective anaesthetic and surgical manoeuvres. Simultaneous monitoring of MEP and somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEP) seems to be the most reliable method.
569:
288:
504:
543:
beneficial effects of atorvastatin
Elevating the amount of HDL cholesterol in the abdominal area of the aortic artery in mice both reduced the size of aneurysms that had already grown and prevented abdominal aortic aneurysms from forming at all. In short, raising HDL cholesterol is beneficial because it induces programmed cell death. The walls of a failing aorta are replaced and strengthened. New lesions should not form at all when using this drug.
45:
333:
347:
The prevalence of AAA worldwide in 2019 was about 0.9% in people under age 79 years, whereas a 2014 review reported a range of 2-12%, occurring in about 8% of men more than 65 years of age. Men are about four times more likely to have AA compared to women at any age, with death occurring in about
653:
For abdominal aneurysms, the current treatment guidelines for abdominal aortic aneurysms suggest elective surgical repair when the diameter of the aneurysm is greater than 5 cm (2 in). However, recent data on patients aged 60–76 suggest medical management for abdominal aneurysms with a
551:
Screening for an aortic aneurysm so that it may be detected and treated prior to rupture is the best way to reduce the overall mortality of the disease. The most cost-efficient screening test is an abdominal aortic ultrasound study. Noting the results of several large, population-based screening
619:
The risk of the repair procedure is two-fold. First, there is consideration of the risk of problems occurring during and immediately after the procedure itself ("peri-procedural" complications). Second, the effectiveness of the procedure must be taken into account, namely whether the procedure
392:
An aortic aneurysm can rupture from wall weakness. Aortic rupture is a surgical emergency and has a high mortality even with prompt treatment. Weekend admission for a ruptured aortic aneurysm is associated with increased mortality compared with admission on a weekday, and this is likely due to
542:
is a cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor that raises high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and reduces low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Anacetrapib reduces progression of atherosclerosis, mainly by reducing non-HDL-cholesterol, improves lesion stability and adds to the
343:
The risk of rupture of an AAA is related to its diameter; once the aneurysm reaches about 5 cm, the yearly risk of rupture may exceed the risks of surgical repair for an average-risk patient. Rupture risk is also related to shape; so-called "fusiform" (long) aneurysms are considered less
256:
may develop. Compression of nerve roots may cause leg pain or numbness. Untreated, aneurysms tend to become progressively larger, although the rate of enlargement is unpredictable for any individual. Rarely, clotted blood which lines most aortic aneurysms can break off and result in an
519:
components of the aortic wall. While definite genetic abnormalities were identified in true genetic syndromes (Marfan, Elher-Danlos and others) associated with aortic aneurysms, both thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms demonstrate a strong genetic component in their aetiology.
707:
As compared to open surgery, EVAR has a lower risk of death in the short term and a shorter hospital stay but may not always be an option. There does not appear to be a difference in longer term outcomes between the two. After EVAR, repeat procedures are more likely to be needed.
264:
Aneurysms cannot be found on physical examination. Medical imaging is necessary to confirm the diagnosis and to determine the anatomic extent of the aneurysm. In people presenting with aneurysm of the arch of the aorta, a common sign is a hoarse voice from stretching of the left
1595:
564:
Surgery (open or endovascular) is the definitive treatment of an aortic aneurysm. Medical therapy is typically reserved for smaller aneurysms or for elderly, frail patients where the risks of surgical repair exceed the risks of non-operative therapy (observation alone).
1641:
Bloomfield D, Carlson GL, Sapre A, Tribble D, McKenney JM, Littlejohn TW, et al. (February 2009). "Efficacy and safety of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor anacetrapib as monotherapy and coadministered with atorvastatin in dyslipidemic patients".
762:"Suggested standards for reporting on arterial aneurysms. Subcommittee on Reporting Standards for Arterial Aneurysms, Ad Hoc Committee on Reporting Standards, Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery"
620:
effectively protects the patient from aneurysm rupture over the long term, and whether the procedure is durable so that secondary procedures, with their attendant risks, are not necessary over the life of the patient. A less invasive procedure (such as
611:
Decisions about repairing an aortic aneurysm are based on the balance between the risk of aneurysm rupture without treatment versus the risks of the treatment itself. For example, a small aneurysm in an elderly patient with severe
1592:
363:
may be heard from the turbulent flow in the aneurysm. Rupture may be the first sign of AAA. Once an aneurysm has ruptured, it presents with classic symptoms of abdominal pain which is severe, constant, and radiating to the back.
329:, and hypertension. Reviews reported estimates for prevalence rates of AAA were 0.9-9% in men and 1–2% in women, where, generally, the incidence of AAA is four times greater in men compared to women at the same age.
3010:
2995:
232:, "AAA" or "Triple A", the most common form of aortic aneurysm, involve that segment of the aorta within the abdominal cavity. Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms involve both the thoracic and abdominal aorta.
52:
Figure A shows a normal aorta. Figure B shows a thoracic aortic aneurysm (which is located behind the heart). Figure C shows an abdominal aortic aneurysm located below the arteries that supply blood to the
378:
In 2019, some 170,000 people worldwide died from AAA rupture, with aging, smoking, and hypertension as principal factors. Annual mortality from ruptured aneurysms in the United States is about 15,000.
2155:
Ilyas S, Shaida N, Thakor AS, Winterbottom A, Cousins C (February 2015). "Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) follow-up imaging: the assessment and treatment of common postoperative complications".
642:
A large, rapidly expanding, or symptomatic aneurysm should be repaired, as it has a greater chance of rupture. Slowly expanding aortic aneurysms may be followed by routine diagnostic testing (i.e.:
1930:
Sef D, Thet MS, Miskolczi S, Velissaris T, De Silva R, Luthra S, Turina MI (1 June 2023). "Perioperative neuromonitoring during thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm open repair: a systematic review".
299:, the principal load-bearing protein present in the wall of the aorta, is reduced in the abdominal aorta as compared to the thoracic aorta. Another is that the abdominal aorta does not possess
1794:"Mortality results for randomised controlled trial of early elective surgery or ultrasonographic surveillance for small abdominal aortic aneurysms. The UK Small Aneurysm Trial Participants".
1019:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
189:
worldwide was about 0.9% in people under age 79 years, and is about four times higher in men than in women at any age. Death occurs in about 55-64% of people having rupture of the AAA.
2016:"Open versus Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in the Elective and Emergent Setting in a Pooled Population of 37,781 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
235:
Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms comprise some or all of the aorta in both the chest and abdomen, and have components of both thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms. The
1965:
Chung JC, Lodewyks CL, Forbes TL, Chu M, Peterson MD, Arora RC, Ouzounian M, Canadian
Thoracic Aortic Collaborative, Canadian Cardiovascular Critical Care (January 2022).
592:
The medical management of patients with aortic aneurysms, reserved for smaller aneurysms or frail patients, involves cessation of smoking, blood pressure control, use of
676:) graft (tube) to replace the diseased aorta. The graft is sewn in by hand to the non-diseased portions of the aorta, and the aneurysmal sac is closed around the graft.
624:) may be associated with fewer short-term risks to the patient (fewer peri-procedural complications) but secondary procedures may be necessary over long-term follow-up.
616:
would not be repaired. The chance of the small aneurysm rupturing is overshadowed by the risk of cardiac complications from the procedure to repair the aneurysm.
603:
Despite optimal medical therapy, patients with large aneurysms are likely to have continued aneurysm growth and risk of aneurysm rupture without surgical repair.
668:
Open surgery starts with exposure of the dilated portion of the aorta via an incision in the abdomen or abdomen and chest, followed by insertion of a synthetic (
1461:"Impact of the US Food and Drug Administration warning regarding increased risk of aortic aneurysms or aortic dissections on fluoroquinolone prescribing trends"
182:
and death can occur. One review stated that up to 81% of people having abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture will die, with 32% dying before reaching a hospital.
155:. The pathophysiology of the disease is related to an initial arterial insult causing a cascade of inflammation and extracellular matrix protein breakdown by
455:
627:
The determination of surgical intervention is determined on a per-case basis. The diameter of the aneurysm, its rate of growth, the presence or absence of
1839:"Cerebrospinal fluid drainage to prevent paraplegia during thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
679:
The aorta and its branching arteries are cross-clamped during open surgery. This can lead to inadequate blood supply to the spinal cord, resulting in
344:
rupture-prone than "saccular" (shorter, bulbous) aneurysms, the latter having more wall tension in a particular location in the aneurysm wall.
2067:"Elective endovascular vs. open repair for abdominal aortic aneurysm in patients aged 80 years and older: systematic review and meta-analysis"
716:
Globally, aortic aneurysms resulted in about ~170,000 deaths in 2017. This figure represents an increase from approximately ~100,000 in 1990.
2213:
2786:
553:
325:, though other factors are involved in their formation. Risk factors for AAA include the male gender, aging, a history of smoking,
321:). The prevalence of AAAs increases with age, with an average age of 65–70 at the time of diagnosis. AAAs have been attributed to
2558:
2563:
3025:
511:
An aortic aneurysm can occur as a result of trauma, infection, or, most commonly, from an intrinsic abnormality in the
600:. Ultrasound studies are obtained on a regular basis (i.e. every 6 or 12 months) to follow the size of the aneurysm.
2713:
2330:
1729:
2345:
2206:
17:
3110:
2664:
1967:"Prevention and management of spinal cord ischemia following aortic surgery: A survey of contemporary practice"
1679:"Elevation of plasma high-density lipoproteins inhibits development of experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms"
528:
The risk of aneurysm enlargement may be diminished with attention to the patient's blood pressure, smoking and
295:
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are more common than their thoracic counterpart. One reason for this is that
1207:
Krafcik BM, Stone DH, Cai M, et al. (February 2024). "Changes in global mortality from aortic aneurysm".
3120:
2476:
1494:"Risk of aortic aneurysm in patients with psoriasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies"
885:"The Global and Regional Prevalence of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: A Systematic Review and Modeling Analysis"
572:
Open infrarenal aortic repair model, showing a surgical clamp above the aneurysm and below the renal arteries
217:
226:
are found within the chest; these are further classified as ascending, aortic arch, or descending aneurysms.
2781:
2701:
2406:
977:"Systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based mortality from ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm"
697:
692:
621:
700:
is a minimally invasive alternative to open surgery repair. It involves the placement of an endo-vascular
556:(CMS) now provides payment for one ultrasound study in all smokers aged 65 years or older ("SAAAVE Act").
2796:
2791:
2518:
2508:
632:
445:
2897:
2548:
2523:
2340:
2269:
2199:
1273:"A review of current reporting of abdominal aortic aneurysm mortality and prevalence in the literature"
460:
371:. Rupture may be indicated by the presence of free fluid in the abdomen. A contrast-enhanced abdominal
3115:
2922:
2865:
2513:
2466:
2316:
2279:
282:
266:
229:
186:
3036:
2907:
2720:
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223:
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2426:
2421:
2385:
2355:
1711:
487:
402:
368:
152:
84:
2106:
Paravastu SC, Jayarajasingam R, Cottam R, Palfreyman SJ, Michaels JA, Thomas SM (January 2014).
1246:
204:. Aortic aneurysms resulted in about 152,000 deaths worldwide in 2013, up from 100,000 in 1990.
2934:
2917:
2912:
2902:
2743:
2679:
2321:
2222:
1677:
Torsney E, Pirianov G, Charolidi N, Shoreim A, Gaze D, Petrova S, et al. (November 2012).
613:
136:
1312:
Vu KN, Kaitoukov Y, Morin-Roy F, Kauffmann C, Giroux MF, Thérasse E, et al. (June 2014).
2939:
2684:
2543:
2535:
2503:
2390:
466:
269:, a branch of the vagus nerve that winds around the aortic arch to supply the muscles of the
1314:"Rupture signs on computed tomography, treatment, and outcome of abdominal aortic aneurysms"
2853:
2848:
2652:
2444:
976:
735:
589:
within tight blood pressure parameters may decrease the rate of expansion of the aneurysm.
476:
422:
417:
412:
326:
201:
1412:"Effects of weekend admission on the outcomes and management of ruptured aortic aneurysms"
170:
Aortic aneurysms result from a weakness in the wall of the aorta and increase the risk of
8:
3014:
2929:
2696:
725:
663:
372:
336:
2132:
2107:
1880:"Cerebrospinal fluid drainage for thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery"
909:
884:
248:
Most intact aortic aneurysms do not produce symptoms. As they enlarge, symptoms such as
117:
to greater than 1.5 times normal size. Typically, there are no symptoms except when the
2843:
2753:
2335:
2042:
2015:
1996:
1904:
1879:
1819:
1771:
1754:
1574:
1526:
1493:
1436:
1411:
1387:
1362:
1338:
1313:
1181:
1103:
1078:
1043:
1018:
957:
428:
74:
2014:
Thomas DM, Hulten EA, Ellis ST, Anderson DM, Anderson N, McRae F, et al. (2014).
1807:
1460:
1034:
568:
196:
is indicated in those at high risk. Prevention is by decreasing risk factors, such as
3047:
2634:
2583:
2483:
2172:
2137:
2088:
2047:
2000:
1988:
1947:
1909:
1860:
1811:
1776:
1700:
1659:
1566:
1531:
1513:
1441:
1392:
1343:
1294:
1228:
1186:
1168:
1108:
1048:
996:
961:
949:
914:
848:
821:
783:
730:
318:
179:
121:
96:
58:
3076:
3019:
1823:
1578:
1549:
Saratzis A, Bown MJ (June 2014). "The genetic basis for aortic aneurysmal disease".
760:
Johnston KW, Rutherford RB, Tilson MD, Shah DM, Hollier L, Stanley JC (March 1991).
2639:
2288:
2191:
2164:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2078:
2037:
2027:
1978:
1939:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1850:
1803:
1766:
1690:
1651:
1558:
1521:
1505:
1472:
1431:
1423:
1382:
1374:
1333:
1325:
1284:
1224:
1216:
1176:
1160:
1098:
1090:
1038:
1030:
988:
941:
904:
896:
813:
773:
740:
67:
305:
303:, the nutrient-supplying blood vessels within the wall of the aorta. Most AAA are
3041:
2831:
2826:
2738:
2416:
2296:
1837:
CinĂ CS, Abouzahr L, Arena GO, LaganĂ A, Devereaux PJ, Farrokhyar F (July 2004).
1599:
1562:
1164:
900:
628:
533:
450:
322:
160:
1983:
1966:
1712:"Early evidence shows 'good' cholesterol could combat abdominal aortic aneurysm"
1611:
1016:
975:
Reimerink JJ, van der Laan MJ, Koelemay MJ, Balm R, Legemate DA (October 2013).
135:
remains an area of active research. Known causes include trauma, infection, and
3088:
3082:
3079:
2880:
2730:
2593:
2553:
2488:
2449:
2360:
2168:
2083:
2066:
1289:
1272:
1148:
945:
636:
582:
439:
387:
352:
249:
171:
164:
125:
3085:
1855:
1838:
1695:
1678:
1655:
1477:
1427:
1378:
1329:
1220:
3104:
3052:
2748:
2411:
1517:
1172:
367:
The diagnosis of an abdominal aortic aneurysm can be confirmed by the use of
310:
3004:
2575:
1943:
287:
2889:
2801:
2616:
2306:
2249:
2176:
2141:
2092:
2051:
1992:
1951:
1913:
1864:
1780:
1704:
1663:
1570:
1535:
1445:
1396:
1347:
1298:
1232:
1190:
1112:
1094:
1052:
1000:
953:
918:
852:
825:
778:
761:
597:
586:
407:
314:
300:
148:
144:
89:
2032:
1815:
1591:
Routine screening in the management of AAA, UK Department of Health study
817:
804:
Kent KC (November 2014). "Clinical practice. Abdominal aortic aneurysms".
787:
159:
leading to arterial wall weakening. They are most commonly located in the
2954:
2350:
539:
529:
585:
control. This does not treat the aortic aneurysm per se, but control of
2870:
2860:
2821:
2765:
2758:
2588:
2105:
680:
647:
503:
193:
175:
140:
101:
63:
2987:
1925:
1923:
1509:
3071:
2624:
2365:
2301:
2257:
2240:
2235:
992:
492:
481:
253:
185:
According to a review of global data through 2019, the prevalence of
536:
as a screening tool for those most at risk: men over the age of 65.
2838:
2440:
2377:
2311:
2262:
1920:
932:
Anagnostakos J, Lal BK (March 2021). "Abdominal aortic aneurysms".
673:
516:
471:
393:
several factors including a delay in prompt surgical intervention.
258:
156:
132:
118:
1077:
Mathur A, Mohan V, Ameta D, Gaurav B, Haranahalli P (April 2016).
839:
Upchurch GR, Schaub TA (April 2006). "Abdominal aortic aneurysm".
128:, which causes sudden, severe pain in the abdomen and lower back.
44:
1017:
974:
643:
512:
433:
375:
is the best test to diagnose an AAA and guide treatment options.
296:
197:
3030:
332:
212:
Aortic aneurysms are classified by their location on the aorta.
2999:
2231:
1676:
704:
through small incisions at the top of each leg into the aorta.
669:
593:
270:
2154:
1640:
1361:
Mell M, White JJ, Hill BB, Hastie T, Dalman RL (2024-03-14).
1311:
701:
360:
356:
114:
1271:
Stather PW, Sidloff DA, Rhema IA, et al. (March 2014).
759:
2607:
2064:
1363:"No Increased Mortality With Early Aortic Aneurysm Disease"
1929:
1239:
2013:
1752:
1409:
1410:
Groves EM, Khoshchehreh M, Le C, Malik S (August 2014).
1270:
1836:
1964:
1730:"SAAAVE Act Background | Society for Vascular Surgery"
1076:
2071:
European
Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
1277:
European
Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
1206:
2977:
2221:
1459:
Rizk JG, Slejko JF, Heil EL, Seo D, Qato DM (2024).
639:
are all important factors in the overall treatment.
581:
Medical therapy of aortic aneurysms involves strict
339:
reconstruction image of an abdominal aortic aneurysm
2065:Biancari F, Catania A, D'Andrea V (November 2011).
1755:"Abdominal aortic aneurysm: A comprehensive review"
1492:Yu X, Feng X, Xia L, Cao S, Wei X (November 2020).
1360:
2108:"Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm"
1971:The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
1683:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
883:Song P, He Y, Adeloye D, et al. (June 2023).
635:or similar connective tissue disorders, and other
139:. Risk factors include cigarette smoking, extreme
1458:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
3102:
1753:Aggarwal S, Qamar A, Sharma V, Sharma A (2011).
882:
1452:
931:
654:diameter of less than 5.5 cm (2 in).
532:levels. There have been proposals to introduce
351:Before rupture, an AAA may present as a large,
1059:
838:
2207:
1548:
1491:
276:
2112:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1932:European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery
1884:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1877:
1153:Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery
2787:Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
2214:
2200:
1083:Journal of Translational Internal Medicine
799:
797:
753:
698:Endovascular treatment of aortic aneurysms
554:Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
43:
2131:
2082:
2041:
2031:
1982:
1903:
1854:
1770:
1694:
1525:
1476:
1435:
1386:
1337:
1288:
1180:
1149:"Hoarseness Due to Aortic Arch Aneurysms"
1119:
1102:
1042:
1012:
1010:
908:
777:
178:results and, unless treated immediately,
567:
507:A 6.5 cm AAA with a 3 cm lumen
502:
331:
291:Abdominal aortic aneurysms (3,4 cm)
286:
174:. When rupture occurs, massive internal
27:Excessive enlargement of the human aorta
1202:
1200:
794:
14:
3103:
1007:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
832:
113:is an enlargement (dilatation) of the
2559:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
2195:
348:55-64% of people having AAA rupture.
243:
200:, and treatment is either by open or
2564:Generalized essential telangiectasia
1759:Experimental and Clinical Cardiology
1354:
1251:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1197:
1146:
803:
1878:Khan SN, Stansby G (October 2012).
1373:(5). NIH Public Access: 1246–1251.
968:
934:Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
859:
806:The New England Journal of Medicine
24:
1802:(9141): 1649–1655. November 1998.
576:
498:
25:
3132:
2187:
381:
218:aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva
207:
163:, but can also be located in the
2714:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
2148:
2099:
2058:
2007:
1958:
1871:
1830:
1787:
1746:
1722:
1670:
1634:
1604:
1585:
1542:
1485:
1403:
1305:
1264:
1140:
711:
686:
657:
396:
309:that involve all three layers (
2665:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
2124:10.1002/14651858.CD004178.pub2
1896:10.1002/14651858.CD003635.pub3
981:The British Journal of Surgery
925:
13:
1:
2477:Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
2331:Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis
1808:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)10137-X
1035:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
746:
559:
523:
2782:Chronic venous insufficiency
2407:Aortoiliac occlusive disease
1563:10.1136/heartjnl-2013-305130
1247:"Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms"
1165:10.21470/1678-9741-2019-0352
901:10.1097/SLA.0000000000005716
693:Endovascular aneurysm repair
622:endovascular aneurysm repair
546:
216:An aortic root aneurysm, or
79:abdominal pain and back pain
7:
2797:Inferior vena cava syndrome
2792:Superior vena cava syndrome
2519:Vertebral artery dissection
2509:Intracranial berry aneurysm
1984:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.03.034
1843:Journal of Vascular Surgery
1612:"Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm"
1416:Journal of Vascular Surgery
1367:Journal of Vascular Surgery
1209:Journal of Vascular Surgery
766:Journal of Vascular Surgery
719:
446:Peripheral vascular disease
10:
3137:
2898:Hypertensive heart disease
2549:Arteriovenous malformation
2524:Familial aortic dissection
2169:10.1016/j.crad.2014.09.010
2084:10.1016/j.ejvs.2011.07.011
1290:10.1016/j.ejvs.2013.11.007
946:10.1016/j.pcad.2021.03.009
690:
661:
606:
385:
280:
230:Abdominal aortic aneurysms
3062:
2981:
2953:
2923:Renovascular hypertension
2888:
2879:
2866:Hepatic artery thrombosis
2814:
2774:
2729:
2633:
2615:
2606:
2574:
2534:
2514:Carotid artery dissection
2467:Abdominal aortic aneurysm
2439:
2399:
2376:
2317:Intermittent claudication
2287:
2280:Peripheral artery disease
2278:
2248:
2230:
1856:10.1016/j.jvs.2004.03.017
1696:10.1161/ATVBAHA.112.00009
1656:10.1016/j.ahj.2008.09.022
1478:10.1136/bmjoq-2024-002925
1428:10.1016/j.jvs.2014.02.052
1379:10.1016/j.jvs.2012.04.023
1330:10.1007/s13244-014-0327-3
1221:10.1016/j.jvs.2024.02.025
1127:"Crawford classification"
841:American Family Physician
283:Abdominal aortic aneurysm
277:Abdominal aortic aneurysm
267:recurrent laryngeal nerve
224:Thoracic aortic aneurysms
187:abdominal aortic aneurysm
95:
83:
73:
57:
51:
42:
37:
2908:Hypertensive nephropathy
2721:Post-thrombotic syndrome
2702:Paget–Schroetter disease
2494:Coronary artery aneurysm
2472:Thoracic aortic aneurysm
2963:Orthostatic hypotension
2945:White coat hypertension
2422:Fibromuscular dysplasia
2386:Carotid artery stenosis
633:Ehlers–Danlos syndromes
488:obstructive sleep apnea
403:Coronary artery disease
237:Crawford classification
153:coronary artery disease
2935:Pulmonary hypertension
2918:Secondary hypertension
2913:Essential hypertension
2903:Hypertensive emergency
2744:Portacaval anastomosis
2680:Portal vein thrombosis
2322:Critical limb ischemia
2223:Cardiovascular disease
1644:American Heart Journal
1095:10.1515/jtim-2016-0008
779:10.1067/mva.1991.26737
614:cardiovascular disease
573:
508:
340:
292:
137:inflammatory disorders
3111:Diseases of the aorta
2940:Systolic hypertension
2685:Renal vein thrombosis
2544:Arteriovenous fistula
2536:Vascular malformation
2504:Intracranial aneurysm
2391:Renal artery stenosis
1944:10.1093/ejcts/ezad221
1318:Insights into Imaging
818:10.1056/NEJMcp1401430
571:
506:
467:Bicuspid Aortic Valve
335:
290:
239:describes five types.
3121:IgG4-related disease
2854:Paradoxical embolism
2849:Cholesterol embolism
2675:May–Thurner syndrome
2670:Budd–Chiari syndrome
2653:Deep vein thrombosis
2648:primarily lower limb
2427:Raynaud's phenomenon
477:IgG4-related disease
423:Hyperhomocysteinemia
418:Hypercholesterolemia
413:Loeys-Dietz Syndrome
327:hypercholesterolemia
202:endovascular surgery
2930:Benign hypertension
2033:10.1155/2014/149243
1498:Clinical Cardiology
726:Aortic valve repair
664:Open aortic surgery
456:Fluoroquinolone use
3063:External resources
2844:Pulmonary embolism
2754:Esophageal varices
2692:upper limb / torso
2336:Arteriolosclerosis
2157:Clinical Radiology
1598:2007-02-05 at the
574:
509:
429:C-reactive protein
341:
293:
244:Signs and symptoms
3098:
3097:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2815:Arteries or veins
2810:
2809:
2635:Venous thrombosis
2602:
2601:
2584:Cherry hemangioma
2484:Aortic dissection
2435:
2434:
2270:Buerger's disease
1709:*Lay summary in:
1689:(11): 2678–2686.
1650:(2): 352–360.e2.
1510:10.1002/clc.23438
1504:(11): 1266–1272.
1253:. 16 October 2020
1079:"Aortic aneurysm"
1029:(9963): 117–171.
889:Annals of Surgery
812:(22): 2101–2108.
736:Cardarelli's sign
731:Aortic dissection
596:and occasionally
319:tunica adventitia
107:
106:
97:Diagnostic method
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3128:
3116:Vascular surgery
2979:
2978:
2886:
2885:
2697:Mondor's disease
2640:Thrombophlebitis
2613:
2612:
2289:Arteriosclerosis
2285:
2284:
2246:
2245:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2181:
2180:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2135:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2086:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2045:
2035:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1986:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1927:
1918:
1917:
1907:
1890:(10): CD003635.
1875:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1774:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1718:. March 6, 2013.
1708:
1698:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1608:
1602:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1529:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1465:BMJ Open Quality
1456:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1390:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1341:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1292:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1227: 11193635.
1204:
1195:
1194:
1184:
1147:Yuan SM (2020).
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1106:
1074:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1014:
1005:
1004:
993:10.1002/bjs.9235
972:
966:
965:
929:
923:
922:
912:
880:
857:
856:
847:(7): 1198–1204.
836:
830:
829:
801:
792:
791:
781:
757:
534:ultrasound scans
143:, advanced age,
68:Vascular surgery
47:
35:
34:
21:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3058:
3057:
2990:
2976:
2967:
2949:
2875:
2832:Microangiopathy
2827:Macroangiopathy
2806:
2770:
2739:Gastric varices
2725:
2638:
2629:
2598:
2570:
2530:
2462:Aortic aneurysm
2448:
2431:
2417:Erythromelalgia
2395:
2372:
2297:Atherosclerosis
2274:
2238:
2226:
2220:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2153:
2149:
2118:(1): CD004178.
2104:
2100:
2063:
2059:
2020:ISRN Cardiology
2012:
2008:
1977:(1): 16–23.e7.
1963:
1959:
1928:
1921:
1876:
1872:
1835:
1831:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1751:
1747:
1738:
1736:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1710:
1675:
1671:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1600:Wayback Machine
1590:
1586:
1557:(12): 916–922.
1547:
1543:
1490:
1486:
1457:
1453:
1408:
1404:
1359:
1355:
1310:
1306:
1269:
1265:
1256:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1215:(1): 81–88.e1.
1205:
1198:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1075:
1060:
1015:
1008:
987:(11): 1405–13.
973:
969:
930:
926:
881:
860:
837:
833:
802:
795:
758:
754:
749:
722:
714:
695:
689:
666:
660:
629:Marfan syndrome
609:
579:
577:Medical therapy
562:
552:trials, the US
549:
526:
501:
499:Pathophysiology
451:Marfan syndrome
399:
390:
384:
355:mass above the
323:atherosclerosis
285:
279:
246:
210:
192:Screening with
161:abdominal aorta
111:aortic aneurysm
38:Aortic aneurysm
33:
28:
23:
22:
18:Aortic aneurism
15:
12:
11:
5:
3134:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3044:
3033:
3022:
3007:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:Classification
2973:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2883:
2881:Blood pressure
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2731:Varicose veins
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2644:
2642:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2594:Spider angioma
2591:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2576:Vascular nevus
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2554:Telangiectasia
2551:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2496:
2491:
2489:Aortic rupture
2486:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2454:
2452:
2450:pseudoaneurysm
2437:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2361:Oxycholesterol
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2293:
2291:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2254:
2252:
2243:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2196:
2189:
2188:External links
2186:
2183:
2182:
2163:(2): 183–196.
2147:
2098:
2077:(5): 571–576.
2057:
2006:
1957:
1919:
1870:
1829:
1786:
1745:
1721:
1669:
1633:
1603:
1584:
1541:
1484:
1451:
1422:(2): 318–324.
1402:
1353:
1324:(3): 281–293.
1304:
1283:(3): 240–242.
1263:
1238:
1196:
1159:(6): 970–976.
1139:
1118:
1058:
1006:
967:
924:
895:(6): 912–919.
858:
831:
793:
772:(3): 452–458.
751:
750:
748:
745:
744:
743:
738:
733:
728:
721:
718:
713:
710:
691:Main article:
688:
685:
662:Main article:
659:
656:
637:co-morbidities
608:
605:
583:blood pressure
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420:
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398:
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388:Aortic rupture
386:Main article:
383:
382:Aortic rupture
380:
306:true aneurysms
281:Main article:
278:
275:
250:abdominal pain
245:
242:
241:
240:
233:
227:
221:
209:
208:Classification
206:
172:aortic rupture
165:thoracic aorta
105:
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2749:Caput medusae
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2451:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2425:
2423:
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2415:
2413:
2412:Degos disease
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
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2212:
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2198:
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2174:
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2166:
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2158:
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2139:
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2017:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
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1926:
1924:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1897:
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1889:
1885:
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1874:
1866:
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1857:
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1848:
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1833:
1825:
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1778:
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1717:
1716:Science Daily
1713:
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1697:
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1688:
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1665:
1661:
1657:
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1622:(3). May 1996
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756:
752:
742:
741:Oliver's sign
739:
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732:
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727:
724:
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709:
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684:
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651:
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623:
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598:beta blockers
595:
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2890:Hypertension
2802:Venous ulcer
2708:
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2617:Inflammation
2498:
2461:
2457:
2346:Hyperplastic
2307:Fatty streak
2250:Inflammation
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587:hypertension
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315:tunica media
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301:vasa vasorum
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145:dyslipidemia
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2955:Hypotension
2499:head / neck
2351:Cholesterol
2241:capillaries
1471:(e002925).
1132:13 February
540:Anacetrapib
530:cholesterol
157:proteinases
3105:Categories
3048:DiseasesDB
2871:Vasculitis
2861:Thrombosis
2822:Angiopathy
2766:Varicocele
2759:Hemorrhoid
2589:Halo nevus
2445:dissection
2236:arterioles
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1257:2021-06-25
747:References
681:paraplegia
650:imaging).
648:ultrasound
560:Management
524:Prevention
369:ultrasound
194:ultrasound
141:alcoholism
102:ultrasound
64:Cardiology
3077:emerg/942
3072:eMedicine
2625:Phlebitis
2366:Trans fat
2302:Foam cell
2258:Arteritis
2225:(vessels)
2001:216361355
1616:Bandolier
1518:0160-9289
1173:1678-9741
962:233192017
940:: 34–43.
547:Screening
493:Psoriasis
482:Pregnancy
427:Elevated
357:umbilicus
353:pulsatile
254:back pain
59:Specialty
3089:med/3443
3083:emerg/27
3080:med/2783
2839:Embolism
2441:Aneurysm
2378:Stenosis
2312:Atheroma
2263:Aortitis
2232:Arteries
2177:25443774
2142:24453068
2133:10749584
2093:21820922
2052:25006502
1993:32334886
1952:37233116
1914:23076900
1865:15218460
1824:24733279
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1664:19185645
1596:Archived
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1571:24842835
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1446:24709439
1397:22832264
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674:Gore-Tex
517:collagen
486:Chronic
472:Syphilis
176:bleeding
133:etiology
126:ruptures
122:dissects
119:aneurysm
75:Symptoms
53:kidneys.
3086:radio/1
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2660:abdomen
2341:Hyaline
2043:4004021
1905:7173760
1816:9853436
1772:3076160
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1182:7731862
1104:5290913
1044:4340604
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644:CT scan
607:Surgery
594:statins
513:elastin
463:type IV
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373:CT scan
297:elastin
259:embolus
198:smoking
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958:S2CID
702:stent
361:bruit
180:shock
115:aorta
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3026:OMIM
3015:9-CM
2709:head
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2173:PMID
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2048:PMID
2024:2014
1989:PMID
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