37:
469:
that workers rear the young of the queen altruistically due to relatedness of females, this fluctuation may lead to conflicts between castes in large nests. Due to this, in cases where the nest has multiple queens, these queens have little control over their reproductive outputs. Accordingly, as few as 1.5% of queens may be functional within a nest.
429:
particularly thick, to help with the insulation of the structure. This technique is successful at maintaining a mean temperature of 27.3 °C in the nest. During the day when temperature fluctuations are greater, the generation of metabolic heat from individuals in the nest appears to be key to the temperature stabilization of the nest.
481:
nests, workers appear to have behavioral control. This may be caused by the low relatedness between females or the distinct morphological caste differences. Workers have been observed to behaviorally police the queen's reproductive output by biting and harassment. In large nests with multiple queens,
468:
can rotate between polygyny (multiple queens) and monogyny (one queen). Due to this, the relatedness of workers to the queen or queens varies through time. Large nests typically have more queens, so relatedness between individuals could correlate with the size of the nest. Since it is often believed
455:
exhibit underdeveloped ovaries with no visible oocytes. This physical morphological caste difference means that the ability of an individual to reproduce does not change in respect to environmental constraints or in respect to the life stage of the nest. This means there are no intermediates between
498:
is observed to survive primarily on nectar brought back to the nest to feed young and queens during night foraging. Most of the materials brought back to the nest are given to a small collection of nest-mates who are tasked with distributing the food to feed both larvae and other adults. Recent
428:
are observed to be dormant during the day, the species appears to have developed a behavior to regulate the temperature of the nest. This is done by coating the roof of the nest with oral secretions and attaching plant fibers to the roof of the nest. The central part of the roof is made to be
381:
colony can be broken into three phases. The first phase is the pre-emergence phase. In this phase, no adult offspring have been produced, only eggs and young larvae. In the second stage, female workers are produced. The third stage is characterized by the production of males and queens.
403:
indicate that adult wasps are dormant without any visible movement during the daytime. The only exception is when the colony is disturbed and swarms in a communal defense of the nest. While in this dormant state, the individuals in the colony rest on the under surface of the comb.
415:
correspond with phases of the moon as frequency of foraging significantly increases during the full and last quarter moon. This indicates that the presence of light is an important determinant of the nocturnal activities of the species.
302:
Nests are also a defining feature as they only have one comb. Young nests tend to appear hexagonal and grow by curving downward and becoming increasingly rounded and oval. The texture of the nests are described as felt-like.
446:
queens is physically pre-determined. Workers have under developed ovaries and are incapable of producing offspring throughout their entire lifestyle. Queens are the only females with developed ovaries and have long
712:
Yamane, Sôichi; Mateus, Sidnei; Hozumi, Satoshi; Kudô, Kazuyuki; Zucchi, Ronaldo (April 2005). "How does a colony of Apoica flavissima (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Epiponini) maintain a constant temperature?".
515:
has a dorsal tooth modification of the inner surface of its mandibles where the tooth is elongated and blade-like, making it potentially possible for the species to consume the flesh of bigger organisms.
187:. The species is distinguishable by its light coloring, unique single comb nests, and nocturnal nature. A notable feature of this species is the size dimorphism between queens and workers. Unlike most
411:
begin to abruptly depart the nest in an explosive swarm. Frequencies of departure appear to be affected by environmental factors such as cloudiness or rain. In addition, the foraging activities of
535:
appear to be subject to the latter, acting as a secondary host to trigonalid species who invade the nest and grow their young. Recent research indicates that some species of trigonalids may use
213:
because of similar color and physical characteristics. It was not until 1972 that J. Van Der Vecht identified that three distinct species were mistakenly being categorized as one. Today,
275:
exhibit a morphological caste difference in which the queen is smaller than workers in overall size and in other notable measurements. Specifically, workers have larger
895:
Van der Vecht (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) by
Seminota marginata (Westwood) (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae): Are Social Paper Wasps Primary or Secondary Hosts of Trigonalidae?"
377:
differ from many other wasp species during this emigration because some males swarm along with females during this flight. Once a colony is founded, the cycle of an
769:
Noll, F. B.; Zucchi, R. (March 2002). "Castes and the influence of the colony cycle in swarm-founding polistine wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Epiponini)".
482:
workers have even been known to remove queens from the nest. These conflicts indicate that the workers play a part in the reproductive output of the nest.
291:, and mandible, while workers exhibit a light yellow coloring. Workers typically have a dark brown coloring of the basal half of the first gastral
264:
of the species are widely separated from the eyes. In addition, the wing length is typically 15.5–19 millimetres (0.61–0.75 in). Colonies of
1005:
295:
while queens are typically light yellow. The most striking morphological difference between queens and workers relates to the lateral tip of the
346:
region, which has some of the greatest biodiversity on earth. Nests are typically found in wooded areas that can provide shade to help with the
507:, or the consumption of flesh, on larger vertebrates and invertebrate carcasses. Evidence of this behavior is a structural modification of the
1018:
890:
584:"Morphological Caste Differences in Some Neotropical Swarm-founding Polistine Wasps : I. Apoica flavissima (Hymenoptera, Vespidae)"
979:
283:. In addition to being smaller, the queens also exhibit color differences from the workers. Queens typically have a darker brown
625:
225:
are identified by differences in male genitalia. In addition, distinction can be made through slight color differences. While
1059:
1069:
676:
386:
exhibits pre-imaginal determination of caste, meaning that an individual's caste is determined in the larval stage.
1023:
842:
O'Donnell, Sean (March 1995). "Necrophagy by
Neotropical Swarm-Founding Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Epiponini)".
811:"Foraging patterns in a nocturnal swarm-founding wasp, Apoica flavissima van der Vecht (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)"
531:
are known for their parasitic nature, relying on hosts to ingest their eggs or provide homes for their young.
644:
288:
361:, the overall abundance of the species is unknown. It is assumed that the species is relatively common.
666:
195:
queens are smaller than their worker counterparts which results in unique intraspecies relationships.
260:(the enlarged posterior of the abdomen) is pale yellow along with the humeral plate. The posterior
36:
257:
253:
1010:
921:
898:
299:. Queens exhibit a tip that is gradually rounded while workers have a more acutely curved tip.
373:
are produced by the colony emigration of a swarm of at least one queen and multiple workers.
168:
151:
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as a primary host, using the species to inject their larvae and transfer it to the nest via
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851:
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8:
855:
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31:
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are occasionally subjected to parasitism by other wasp species. Wasps in the family
442:
While some species of wasp select their queen on the basis of size, the selection of
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are mostly yellow but have brown legs. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that
582:
Shima, Sulene Noriko; Yamane, Soichi; Zucchi, Ronaldo (December 25, 1994).
540:
528:
256:
segment of the insect) that is dark yellow with outstanding bristles. The
992:
583:
343:
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can be identified morphologically by having smaller queens than workers.
88:
456:
queens and workers, creating a strict social hierarchy within the nest.
984:
871:
504:
108:
997:
652:
626:"Revision and Cladistic Analysis of the Nocturnal Social Wasp Genus,
448:
354:
339:
118:
68:
48:
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863:
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are located in South
America. The species can be primarily found in
938:
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Nascimento, Fabio S.; Tannure-Nascimento, Ivelize C. (April 2005).
508:
335:
323:
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188:
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128:
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630:
Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae, Epiponini)"
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10.1206/0003-0082(2007)397[1:RACAOT]2.0.CO;2
711:
459:
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with two or three mature oocytes. In contrast, worker
668:
social wasps of the
Americas excluding the Vespinae
624:Pickett, Kurt M.; Wenzel, John W. (May 16, 2007).
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671:. British Museum (Natural History). 1978.
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252:typically have a mesoscutum (the middle
891:"Biological Notes on the Parasitism of
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460:Genetic relatedness within colonies
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183:is a paper wasp found primarily in
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727:10.1111/j.1479-8298.2009.00328.x
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35:
828:10.1590/S1519-566X2005000200005
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342:. This species is found in the
207:was thought to be a variety of
486:Interaction with other species
244:
1:
546:
519:
1060:Hymenoptera of South America
499:studies have indicated that
7:
389:
237:is most closely related to
10:
1086:
438:Pre-determination of caste
271:Unlike most wasp species,
229:are entirely pale yellow,
1070:Insects described in 1972
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783:10.1007/s00040-002-8281-3
637:American Museum Novitates
420:Thermoregulation of nests
157:
150:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
307:Distribution and habitat
490:
897:. 2013. Archived from
815:Neotropical Entomology
199:Taxonomy and phylogeny
715:Entomological Science
473:Worker-queen conflict
279:length and number of
856:1995Biotr..27..133O
747:. November 24, 2011
745:Vander Vecht, 1973"
901:on October 6, 2014
143:A. flavissima
1047:
1046:
1032:Open Tree of Life
930:Apoica flavissima
922:Taxon identifiers
893:Apoica flavissima
743:Apoica flavissima
503:may also exhibit
501:Apoica flavissima
496:Apoica flavissima
479:Apoica flavissima
384:Apoica flavissima
379:Apoica flavissima
371:Apoica flavissima
359:Apoica flavissima
235:Apoica flavissima
205:Apoica flavissima
193:Apocia flavissima
180:Apoica flavissima
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25:Apoica flavissima
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771:Insectes Sociaux
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511:of the species.
399:Observations of
395:Nocturnal nature
348:thermoregulation
312:Apoica flavissma
163:
40:
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21:
20:
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16:Species of wasp
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850:(1): 133–136.
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407:At nightfall,
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239:Apoica pallens
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537:A. flavissima
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533:A. flavissima
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525:A. flavissima
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513:A. flavissima
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466:A. flavissima
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453:A. flavissima
450:
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444:A. flavissima
433:Kin selection
430:
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413:A. flavissima
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409:A. flavissima
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401:A. flavissima
387:
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375:A. flavissima
372:
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350:of the nest.
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328:French Guiana
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227:A. flavissima
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185:South America
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152:Binomial name
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903:. Retrieved
899:the original
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749:. Retrieved
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596:. Retrieved
594:(4): 811–822
591:
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541:trophallaxis
536:
532:
529:Trigonalidae
524:
523:
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464:Colonies of
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426:A. flavissma
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369:Colonies of
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365:Colony cycle
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273:A flavissima
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203:Originally,
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129:
24:
18:
993:iNaturalist
353:Due to the
344:Neotropical
245:Description
105:Subfamily:
89:Hymenoptera
1054:Categories
844:Biotropica
639:(397): 1.
547:References
520:Parasitism
505:necrophagy
357:nature of
231:A. pallens
215:A. pallens
109:Polistinae
69:Arthropoda
945:Q14423246
777:: 62–74.
653:2246/5852
449:ovarioles
355:nocturnal
340:Argentina
223:A. gelida
137:Species:
119:Epiponini
55:Kingdom:
49:Eukaryota
1065:Vespidae
1011:11051204
939:Wikidata
509:mandible
390:Behavior
336:Paraguay
324:Suriname
297:pronotum
277:alitrunk
254:thoracic
189:Vespidae
99:Vespidae
95:Family:
65:Phylum:
59:Animalia
45:Domain:
985:1310493
972:1011727
872:2388911
852:Bibcode
293:tergite
289:clypeus
191:wasps,
171:, 1972)
125:Genus:
115:Tribe:
85:Order:
79:Insecta
75:Class:
1037:591860
1024:284959
998:344112
870:
675:
628:Apoica
424:Since
338:, and
332:Brazil
320:Guyana
316:Panama
281:hamuli
262:ocelli
258:gaster
221:, and
130:Apoica
1006:IRMNG
868:JSTOR
821:(2).
633:(PDF)
285:frons
169:Vecht
1019:NCBI
980:GBIF
959:FTCX
907:2014
753:2014
686:2014
673:ISBN
600:2014
491:Diet
967:EoL
954:CoL
860:doi
823:doi
779:doi
723:doi
649:hdl
641:doi
477:In
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
