2290:
literary evidence and other biodistance studies (e.g. McIlvaine et al. 2014). Epidam-nus and peripheral
Apollonia, however, did not cluster with the other groups. This separation suggests that Epidamnus had a larger Greek population than Apollonia. Peripheral Apollonia, on the other hand, is most likely an outlier on account of its small sample size. When all of the populations in the study (with the exception of peripheral Apollonia) were compared in a single test, no obvi-ous patterns could be discerned. What this reveals is that optimal scaling tests are best suited for regional studies and may not be capable of identifying Greek populations and/or multiple ethnic groups that are separated by considerable geographical distances (Sulosky Weaver and Kyle forthcoming). Similar outcomes derive from other non-metric studies of biodistance in colonial contexts.16 Cranial and dental non-metric traits were used to compare pre-colonial Illyrians (ca. 1100–900 bce) to colonial Apollonians (ca. 800–30 bce) and Greeks from Corinth (ca. 1600–30 bce). The results suggest that approximately 90 per cent of the individuals buried in the Apollonian necropo-lis were more phenotypically similar to Illyrians than Corinthian Greeks. When considered in the context of funerary practices, these results align with the material record. The use of tumulus burial, a traditional Illyrian burial form, persists after colonisation in the necropolis at Apollonia. Although the burial type is Illyrian, inside the tumuli there are large numbers of Greek grave goods and burial positions that might indicate cultural hybridity and/or intermar-riage between Greeks and Illyrians (McIlvaine et al. 2014)
1505:
1929:
Grave 60 in
Apollonia suggest this possibility. In contrast, not a single one of the grave goods found in these graves supports the notion of contacts in this direction.... The particularities of their style and manufacture clearly demonstrate that they were local products developed under the influence of Early Cycladic idols of the abstract-schematic type. On the other hand, pottery offerings display local characteristics... According to their description, the vessels from the Rakića Kuće tumulus and from Apollonia, which were not documented in full detail due to their poor preservation, would also belong to this cultural zone... a secure indicator that the buried individuals were members of communities of the local, south Adriatic expression in the Ljubljana culture identified within the time frame of the initial phase of the Early Bronze Age in the Adriatic region.
2413:, p. 76: "Ekzistenca e një vendi të ashtuquajtur Thronion dëshmohet nga mbishkrimi i Olimpies (CIGIME I, 2, 303), i cili është kopjuar në vend nga Pausania (V, 22, 2-4) dhe që dëshmon fitoren e apolloniatëve "në kufijtë e Abantidës" dhe plaçkën e luftës së marrë në Thronion në mes të shekullit V p.e.s. Thronion mund të ndodhet në sitin e Triportit, në veriperëndim të Vlorës, dhe jo në dy sitet e tjera arkeologjike të kësaj zone: Mavrovë e cila është Olympe antike dhe Plloça që korrespondon me Amantian antike. Ky lokalizim i Thronionit i korrespondon më mirë të dhënave të Pausanias, i cili e vendos këtë ... domethënë "përballë Maleve Akrokeraune": po aq sa ky pohim mund të aplikohet në sitin e Triportit, po aq ai nuk i përshtatet sitit të Amantias në fshatin Plloçë ose atij të Olympes në Mavrovë."
1481:
1946:: "Apollonia is located in southwestern Albania, approximately 10km from the present-day coast of the Adriatic Sea (Figure 1). Initial inhabitation of the region of Apollonia began in the Early Bronze Age (2100–1800 BC) as indicated by the presence of human remains representing indigenous Illyrians recovered from a burial mound in the Apollonia necropolis (Amore, 2010). The density of the local population prior to the establishment of the colony is debated. Surface survey of the region suggests there was very little use of the area until the colony was established (Stocker & Davis, 2006; Stocker, 2009). The discovery of the Early Bronze Age mound burials indicates that Illyrians viewed Apollonia as a part of their territory (Amore, 2010).
47:
2528:, p. 30:Another potential source of admixture and changing relationships could be Apollonia’s growth as a colony and extension of its territory. Later Greek colonists might have been incorporated into the colony after its foundation, but they were likely not offered citizenship. (..) As Apollonia grew in power, it became advantageous to extend its territory southward beyond the Aous River valley (Beaumont 1936; Hammond 1992). This extension led to a greater number of unprivileged Greek colonists and native people being more immediately incorporated into the Apolloniate economy (..) this division may have brought the unprivileged class of Greek colonists and the native Illyrians closer together
1469:
1457:
1421:
2161:
of the delta. Yet no colonies were planted in those areas. The reason must be that the coastal peoples in general were too well armed and formidable for any would - be settlers. Where settlements were made successfully, it was at the border between rival peoples: the
Akarnanes and the Amphilochoi (Argos), the Amphilochoi and the Thesprotoi (Ambrakia), the Thesprotoi and the Kassopaioi (Bouchetion), the Keraunian tribes and the Amantes (Orikos), and the Amantes and the Bylliones (Thronion), and the Bylliones and the Taulantioi (Apollonia). We may suspect that the settlers were able to exploit the enmities between rival peoples.
1493:
531:, archaeo-demographic studies show that the population of Apollonia grouped more with the Illyrian population of pre-colonial Lofkënd; this indicates that pre-colonial Illyrians constitute an important genetic contribution to the population of colonial Apollonia. About 90% of the population of Apollonia was phenotypically closer to Illyrians than to ancient Greek Corinthians. Archaeological findings corroborate that Illyrian customs were still used in Apollonia after the foundation of the colony and cultural fusion and/or intermarriage between Illyrians and ancient Greeks took place in the site.
567:
1893:, pp. 204–205: "Within southern Illyria, Apollonia occupied a strategic position because of its location at the crossroads of an ancient (prehistoric) trade route that both linked the northern Adriatic with the Aegean and the Adriatic coast with the interior. This route into the interior existed before the Greek colonists arrived and later became the Roman Via Egnatia. It was the more valuable because of the difficulties noted above of overland travel elsewhere in the region. Very few Greek goods moved inland along this byway, however, before Apollonia was founded.
1445:
74:
422:
990:, and that the polis consisted of citizens descended from original Greek colonists with power and offices filled by the local elite. According to Aristotle, the original Greek colonists and their descendants were "few out of the many" who held a privileged status over a population largely composed of local Illyrians. Whether local Illyrians were integrated as serfs in the economy of the city or whether they were slaves remains unclear, although the former is more likely. As such only direct descendants of the first Corinthian settlers had access to the
1342:
67:
618:. In this early era, Apollonia began to expand to the south of the Aous valley and incorporporated in the function of its economy other Greek colonists and natives who lived in this area. The social hierarchy didn't change and both native Illyrians and the unprivileged colonists to the south of Aous joined the lower classes of the expanded territory of Apollonia. This relatively fixed colonial division may have brought socially closer the native Illyrians and the colonists of the lower classes.
1209:
1521:
650:
8696:
8485:
6675:
2072:, p. 2: "Apollonia, located in southwestern Albania approximately 10 km from the coast of the Adriatic Sea (Fig. 1) (Amore, 2010), emerged as an important trade site following colonization in the beginning of the 6th century BC (Stipcˇevic´, 1977; Wilkes, 1992; Amore, 2005, 2010; Stocker and Davis, 2006), when 200 Corinthians "established good relations with the local Illyrians founded a joint settlement" (Hammond, 1992; p 31-32; Cabanes, 2008)."
6685:
400:, who interpreted the foreign coast of this sea in ways that were comfortable to them. It has been conjectured that at the site of Apollonia, in particular, those early Greek seafarers encountered a deserted landscape with abandoned tumuli interpreting them as monuments to their Homeric ancestors. Archaeological evidence shows that in the hinterland of Apollonia the earliest Greek pottery dates from the middle of the 7th century BC and is solely
8745:
2381:, pp. 191–192: "In the mid-fifth century the Apollonians expanded toward the Bay of Valona, conquering the city of Thronium. ... The Apollonian inscription speaks of booty taken from Thronium, at the "limits of the land of Abantis," a Homeric name for Euboea. Penetrating south to the left bank of the River Aous and conquering Thronium, near Oricum, the Apollonians were operating in an area replete with Euboean associations. ... The "
6695:
2307:
1433:
2401:, p. 171: "In about 450 B.C., Apollonia expanded towards the south, in the course of a war against the Abantes (or Amantes), the descendants of the Euboean colonists who had settled in Thronium (Pausanias 5. 22. 2–4), which should be located on the archaeological site of Treport on the coast, north-west of Aulon (Vlorë), and not in Amantia situated in Ploça village, south of the Aoos valley in the Vlorë hinterland."
1044:
2003:, p. 893: "These observations may in part explain why there were no indigenous people living in the immediate vicinity of Apollonia when Greek colonists arrived. Native settlement in Mallakastra at the time the apoikia was founded appears to have been confined to locations east of the Gjanica river valley." p. 317: "...; native settlement in and around Apollonia, if it existed at all, was very limited when the
2767:, p. 12:Apollonia is an interesting example because it shows that rigid institutions are capable of surviving ‘foreign’ domination. Relations with Rome speak volumes on this subject. The privileges received by the city of Gylax after the passage of young Octavian in 44 BC show the durability of the oligarchic institutions44. Rome liked aristocratic cities which maintained austere institutions and oligarchies
8684:
3138:
Apollonia in
Olympia after a victory over Thronion (our lemma no . 479 ; cf . a copy in Apollonia : I . Apollonia 4) and SEG XLIII 229 (= IG IX 12 which mentions the Αμφινεις, who possibly regarded a son of Hektor as their ancestor.There is evidence about a tradition of an earlier foundation of Apollonia which is connected with the Trojan migration to Epirus and south Illyris.
2087:: "Apollonia emerged as an important trade centre following colonisation in the beginning of the 6th century BC (Stipčević, 1977; Wilkes, 1992; Srejović, 1998; Amore, 2005, 2010; Stocker & Davis, 2006), when ‘200 sailed up the Vjosë (Aous) , established good relations with the local Illyrians, founded a joint settlement and made a riverine harbor’ (Hammond, 1992:31-32)."
457:(2013) there is no doubt that the small number of the colonizers enabled the Illyrians the opportunity to prevent the colonial settlement in the area if they wished, hence Apollonia was necessarily founded with the approval of the natives, certainly because of trade advantages the colonizers could grant them. The first colonizers were followed by others particularly from
2120:, p. 80: "Por nuk ka dyshim se numri i vogël i kolonëve të ardhur i lejonte ilirëve pa dyshim mundësinë të pengonin vendosjen e tyre në territor, nëse do të kishin dashur. Pra dy qytetet janë themeluar domodoshmërisht me aprovimin e fqinjëve të tyre, me siguri sepse ato sillnin me vete premtimin për marrëdhënie të frutshme me vendet përtej detit."
636:, but wolves attacked and devoured the animals. Evenius said nothing and planned on buying other sheep to make up for the loss, but the other Apollonians soon found out and gouged out his eyes. A famine then broke out as the earth ceased to bear fruit, because of Helios' wrath; the soil grew fertile again only after the Apollonians consulted the
381:) which moved southwards along the Adriatic from the northern Balkans. The same community built similar mounds in Montenegro (Rakića Kuće) and northern Albania (Shtoj). A part of the grave finds of the Adriatic tumuli included locally produced violin idols which were influenced by trends observed in the
1381:. This tradition had developed in Epirus and southern Illyria in reference to mythological constructions which linked the foundation of settlements to Trojan migration in the area. From 2nd century B.C Apollonia became a major center of Greek leaning. Apollonia was also a major centre for the study of
1175:
Apollonia has not been inhabited after its 4th century AD abandonment, with the exception of a monastery. As such, by the end of antiquity, the city was largely depopulated, hosting only a small
Christian community. This community (which probably is part of the site of the old city) built on a nearby
1083:
led by tribal leaders
Epicadus and Algalsus.a part of the captured fleet of Gentiues was presented to the people of Apollonia after the war. It is possible that by the 3rd century BC, Apollonia's colonial character changed or was lost as a high proportion of Illyrians in highly ranked positions began
3137:
Apollonia foundation myths: Apollonia. Foundation myths. In a study dedicated to myths and legends concerning a Trojan migration to
Epeiros and south Illyria, P . Cabanes in L. Braccesi - M. Luni (eds.), I Greci in Adriatico , 1 (Hesperia 15) (Rome 2002) 61 - 66 discusses the metrical dedication of
2670:
Stocker, 2009, p. 872: "By the 3rd century B.C. the hinterland around the citadel was occupied by people using non-indigenous ceramics: it appears that in terms of material culture the native
Illyrians had become "hellenized" by this time. Although many of the ceramics were locally produced, some of
2160:
There are two rich coastal plains in western Epirus-the
Thesprotian plain of the lower Acheron and the Chaonian plain (the Vourgos) each of which had defensible hills close to the sea. In addition there was the fertile delta of the Thyamis (Kalamas) river, which was then navigable to beyond the head
967:
Apollonia experienced significant growth of its population, increase in urbanisation and in large-scale trade networks. It is estimated that at its peak the city had about 60,000 inhabitants. Apollonia was located on a strategic position as a river-port and dominated over a vast plain that stretches
515:
population, rather than violent expulsion or exploitation of the local
Illyrian population. Though Corinth obtained benefits from colonization that resulted in health improvements for their population, the health of Apollonia deteriorated after the colonial establishment as a result of urbanization,
506:
One of the early actions of the settlers was to bring under their control a hill to the southeast of Apollonia, which the Illyrian tribes used as grazing grounds. The settlers proceeded to exploit the hill by taxing the Illyrian pastoralists for its use. According to most scholars, relations between
331:
It was one of 24 cities in the Ancient Greek world known as Apollonia. It was distinguished from other cities named Apollonia by being referred to as Ἀπολλωνία κατ᾿ Ἐπίδαμνον (Apollonia kat' Epidamnon) or Ἀπολλωνία πρὸς Ἐπίδαμνον (Apollonia pros Epidamnon), meaning "Apollonia towards Epidamnos," in
1030:
the economy of Apollonia adopted a more dispersed farmstead approach. Whether this expansion was the result of conquest, expansion, assimilation of local indigenous groups or cooperation between colonists and indigenous groups this is unclear. The city was for a time included among the dominions of
1016:
During the 3rd century B.C the hinterland of Apollonia was inhabited by a population that used non-indigenous ceramics. This suggests that the material culture of the neighbouring Illyrians had become hellenized since at that time all products are classified as Greek ones. The city grew rich on the
2172:
Stocker, 2009, p. 218-219: "The textual confusion lends credence to the hypothesis that the hinterland of the apoikia was virtually uninhabited during the Iron Age. Apollonia was probably located on the border between the Bylliones to the east and the Taulantii and/or Parthini to the north. The
1002:
to refer to citizens who enjoyed such rights. Such a social system suggests a strict endogamy and it was preserved three centuries after the foundation of the city. The aristocratic society of Apollonia maintained its special links with its metropolis, Corinth, for a long time. As such epigraphic
2289:
The test performed on the Illyrian sites yielded similar results. The pre-colonial and colonial Apollonia populations grouped with Lofkënd. This association most likely reflects a significant Illyrian contribution to the genetic composition of Apollonia, a conclusion that is supported by ancient
1928:
Given that all three graves with violin idols are, to a smaller or a greater extent, dug into the natural soil, they can be considered pit graves, and so the question ensues of their connection with the steppe culture under the same name. The shape of the pits and the position of the skeleton in
1709:
Stocker, 2009, p. 5-6: "In the 2nd century B.C., Apollonia became an important military staging ground and by the end of the Roman Republican period the city had become a major center of Greek learning. Its reputation in this regard was such that the young Octavian was studying there when, in 44
2516:, p. 30:It is possible that as early as the third century B.C.E., the typical character of a Greek colony was either changed or lost at Epidamnus and Apollonia. This suggestion is supported by the evidence of a high proportion of influential Illyrians, many controlling high ranked positions
407:
The local population's density before the establishment of the colony is debated. When Greek colonists arrived, there were no indigenous people inhabiting in the immediate vicinity of Apollonia, or, if a native settlement in and around Apollonia existed at all, it was very limited. Despite an
1240:
party in 1990 and reversion to capitalism, the archeological collection was plundered and the museum was temporarily closed. The ruins were also frequently dug up by plunderers for relics to be sold to collectors abroad. In December 2011, a new museum opened, under the directorship of Marin
1195:
In June 2020, part of the site was vandalized by unknown individuals. Two columns were knocked down, but were subsequently re-erected. According to the site's director, the damage might be "irreparable" and likely occurred during the COVID-19 lockdown. The incident was condemned by Albanian
234:. Corinthian colonial policy seems to have been relatively liberal, focused on resource extraction for the support of their homeland, rather than exploitation or expulsion of the local Illyrian population. Apollonia gradually gained political independence from Corinth and was organized as a
324:. The decision to change the name of the settlement can be possibly dated to the collapse of the Corinthian tyranny when the settlement was possibly refounded as Apollonia by a faction which opposed the Corinthian establishment. The name Apollonia appears in 588 BC and is a reference to
449:, which emerged as an important trade center. Stocker (2009) states that all textual evidence suggests otherwise, while McIlvaine et al. (2013) and Kyle et al. (2016) quotes Hammond's suggestion. Stallo (2007) states that the Corinthians and Corcyreans were recruited by the Illyrian
412:
non-Greek ceramics dating back to the pre-colonial period are very few. Such a pattern appears to conform to a gently trodden landscape, which likely was occupied only seasonally by Illyrians, as one should expect from an area inhabited by people who were organized in tribes.
1084:
to emerge. Another possible reason of admixture was Apollonia's growth and territorial expansion, with the incorporation of additional Greek colonists at a later era, though they probably did not enjoy full citizenship privileges. In 148 BC, Apollonia became part of the
1227:
In 1967, the archaeological site was seriously and irrevocably damaged by heavy machinery and the building of c. 400 concrete military bunkers at and near the ancient polis. Some of the team's archeological discoveries are on display within the monastery, known as the
1299:
in 458, Philocharis subscribes as Bishop of what the manuscripts call "Vallidus", and which editors think should be corrected to "Byllis". Whether Philocharis is to be considered Bishop also of Apollonia depends on the interpretation of the position of Felix in 431.
516:
poor sanitation, and exposure to new pathogens due to increased interaction with Mediterranean traders. Illyrians and Corinthians coexisted during the colonial period, and the low rate of skeletal trauma at Apollonia indicates that ethnic relations were peaceful.
1025:
which was a valuable commodity in ancient times, for example for caulking ships. The remains of a late sixth-century temple, located just outside the city, were reported in 2006; it is only the fifth known stone temple found in present-day Albania. Later in the
593:. By conquering Thronion, the Apolloniates had achieved two goals: they had substantially enlarged their territory towards the Illyrian hinterland and had also acquired a profitable source of money. It gave the Apolloniates control over the lower valley of the
1991:, p. 12: "Pre-colonial interaction is supported for this site by the discovery in tumulus 9 of a Corinthian Type A transport amphora, which is dated to the third to last quarter of the seventh century B.C.E., also preceding the foundation of the colony."
2132:, p. 98:It was Illyrian Taulantii from Epidamnus who occupied the site of Apollonia before the arrival of the Greek colonists around 600 BC. Once they were called in by the Greek settlers to seize Epidamnus, after they had been ejected by the Liburni.
404:. A Corinthian Type A transport amphora that is dated to between the third and last quarter of the 7th century BC, also prior to the foundation of the colony, was discovered inside a tumulus, confirming pre-colonial interaction for the site of Apollonia.
1975:, p. 205: "The earliest Greek pottery in the hinterland of Apollonia, in contrast, which dates no earlier than the mid-7th century B.C., is exclusively Corinthian, and its movement inland likely resulted, in part, from ritualized gift exchange (
320:) after its founder, Gylax. Apart from one inscription and a mention by Stephanus of Byzantium there is no other information which has been preserved about him. Gylax may have been a tyrant closely linked to the ruling dynasty of Corinthian tyrant
1279:, at another time as Bishop of Apollonia. Some assume that the two towns formed a single episcopal see, others suppose he was, strictly speaking, Bishop only of Apollonia, but was temporarily in charge also of Byllis during a vacancy of that see (
488:
it was also close to the Italian coast; furthermore it was suitable for a riverine port on the shore of the Aoos, and there was also the presence of quality pastureland and scarcity of indigenous settlements in the immediate hinterland of the
1958:, p. 891: "The Euboeans were the first post-Mycenaean Greek seafarers and traders in the Adriatic. They interpreted this foreign coast in ways comfortable to them and imbued their ports of call with familiar overtones by grafting Greek
2389:(lands in the mainland opposite), equally considered "Euboean". The "limits", therefore, should be understood in a reverse perspective: from the land, Thronium, vis-à-vis the bay, Oricum, and not from Thronium in relation to the hinterland.
2607:: "Apollonia grew following colonisation but remained modest in size until the Hellenistic period. During that time, Apollonia experienced significant population growth, increasingly extensive trade networks and urbanisation (Lafe, 2003)."
376:
shows that Illyrians viewed Apollonia as a part of their territory. The earliest EBA tumulus dates to 2679±174 calBCE (2852-2505 calBCE). These burial mounds belong to the southern expression of the Adriatic-Ljubljana culture (related to
1504:
1255:
In August 2010, a French-Albanian team of archaeologists unearthed a bust of a Roman soldier, 50 years after the discoveries of other full body statues in the 1958–1960 period expeditions, led by Albanian scholar Selim Islami and
1116:; it was there that he received news of Caesar's murder. The city received a series of privileges by Gaius Octavius which reaffirmed its oligarchic institutions, which were seen favorably by the emerging power structure in Rome.
408:
ancient tradition preserved by Stephanus of Byzantium that the site was first settled by Illyrians there is yet no clear evidence that it was settled by a non-Greek population before the arrival of the Greek colonists. Traces of
609:, located to the east of the confluence of the Shushicë into the Aoös. Through that expansion Apollonia benefitted from the exploitation of new fertile lands. With the spoils of Thronion, the Apolloniates erected a monument at
2906:
461:. According to Wilkes (1995) the site was located on the territory of the Illyrian Taulantii, while according to Hammond (1997) and Stocker (2009) it was probably located on the border between the Taulantii (and/or
1854:, p. 9:The change of name from Gylakeia to Apollonia can possibly be dated to this moment: the hypothesis that it was refounded by the Apolloniates, or by the Corinthians at odds with the tyranny, is plausible
613:
celebrating their victory and conquest. This turn may have also been the result of Apollonia's increasing power towards nearby Epirote lands. Apollonian land was bounded on the south-east by the territory of the
2036:, p. 112:Around 600 BC: Corinth is said to have responded to an Illyrian invitation and contributed 200 settlers to an already existing trading post. Others, especially from Corcyra, followed these..
1962:
onto the peoples and lands they encountered. At Apollonia these early Greek mariners encountered a deserted landscape filled with abandoned tumuli, burial mounds they read as monuments of their Homeric
484:. The placement was chosen because it occupied a strategic position at trade crossroads north–south along the eastern Adriatic coast and east–west with the interior of Illyria and Macedonia; across the
1480:
640:
and compensated the blinded man with property, while the gods gave him the gift of prophecy. This little anecdote attest to the divine introduction of prophecy, rather than a real biographical event.
357:. The route into the interior, which was the more valuable because it permitted overland travel elsewhere in the region, existed before the arrival of Greek colonists, and later it became the Roman
2057:, p. 2: "Albanian Apollonia may have been established by both Corcyra and Corinth, or by Corinth alone (ca. 600 BC) (Stocker and Davis, 2006; Tsetskhladze, 2006; Cabanes, 2008; Amore, 2010)."
1393:
and functioned as Apollonia's municipal building for council meetings. Its small capacity highlights that the oligarchic political organization of Apollonia was preserved in its early Roman era.
1003:
evidence points that the prytans maintained Greek names proof that the memories of the first colonists were preserved by the local aristocracy. Contrary to nearby Epidamnus, Apollonia pursued
2634:, p. 2: According to Aristotle, these Greeks and their descendants were "few out of many" who controlled a population composed largely of Illyrians (Aristotle, 1932; Hammond,1992; p 32).
277:, studied at Apollonia in his youth. The city began to decline in the 3rd century AD when its harbor started silting up as a result of an earthquake. It was abandoned in the 4th century AD.
1377:, while Apollo and other gods who supported the Trojans were placed to his right. The monument highlights that Apollonia had embraced a tradition which showed preference for the Trojans in
1192:. At the monastery a Greek language school was operating at 1684 which provided also 'higher education' that time. A school still existed at 1880 but with a limited number of students.
554:. It had its own mint, stamping coins showing a cow suckling her calf on the obverse and a double stellate pattern on the reverse, which have been found as far away as the basin of the
534:
Apollonia in Illyria developed to become one of the most important urban centres in the wider region and played a major role as a trade gateway to the central Balkans. Apollonia, like
1220:
occupation of 1916–1918 that the site was investigated by archaeologists. Their work was continued by a French team between 1924 and 1938. Parts of the site were damaged during the
3520:"Evidence for Long-Term Migration on the Balkan Peninsula Using Dental and Cranial Nonmetric Data: Early Interaction Between Corinth (Greece) and its Colony at Apollonia (Albania)"
1781:
538:
further north, became an important port on the Illyrian coast as the most convenient link between Brundusium and northern Greece, and as one of the western starting points of the
2096:
Stocker, 2009, p. 114: "Hammond goes so far as to support the theory that Apollonia was a joint Illyrian-Corinthian foundation, although all textual evidence suggests otherwise."
480:, and the only colonies established in Illyria by mainland Greeks. Apollonia in particular was one of the last colonies founded in the west by mainland Greeks during the Archaic
2369:, p. 225: "Most of the pre-Roman coins produced in the Illyrian lands were initially imitations of issues by Dyrrhachium and Apollonia which began in the fifth century BC."
349:
The site of Apollonia occupied a strategic position within southern Illyria because it was located at the crossroads of a prehistoric trade route, which both linked the eastern
3438:
Kyle, B.; Schepartz, L. A.; Larsen, C. S. (2016). "Mother City and Colony: Bioarchaeological Evidence of Stress and Impacts of Corinthian Colonisation at Apollonia, Albania".
2902:
1774:
1151:
among the 20 cities of the Illyrian provinces, as part of Epirus Nova. Its decline, however, began in the 3rd century AD, when an earthquake changed the path of the
3503:
Greek Colonization of the Balkans: Bioarchaeological Reconstruction of Behavior and Lifestyle during Corinthian Colonial Expansion into Ancient Apollonia, Albania
1468:
1021:
and local agriculture, as well as its large harbour, said to have been able to hold a hundred ships at a time. The city also benefited from the local supply of
9079:
368:
human remains recovered from a burial mound in the necropolis of Apollonia indicates that the initial inhabitation of the region of Apollonia began during the
7663:
242:
describes Apollonia's oligarchy as a small Greek elite class, largely descended from the original colonists, ruling over a largely local Illyrian population.
1775:"Menaxhimi Fiskal dhe Struktura Drejtuese e Sistemit të Parqeve Arkeologjike në Shqipëri në vëmendje të veçantë: Parqet Arkeologjike: Apolloni dhe Antigone"
2463:
1263:
A German-Albanian team has been working on the Hellenistic theatre at Albania, throwing light on the development of Greek theatres and also local variants
8521:
389:) culture in southern Greece. Surface surveys of the region suggest that there was very little general use of the area until the colonial establishment.
1812:, p. 9: Apart from an inscription which confirms his name, this is the only mention of Gylax, and therefore it does not help us date the expedition
7412:
2045:
Reboton, 2008, p. 7, 9: "Archaeologists have placed its foundation near the end of the 7th century, but little is known about Apollonia in this period"
7372:
9089:
3150:
1216:
The city seems to have sunk with the rise of Vlora. It was "rediscovered" by European classicists in the 18th century, though it was not until the
507:
the colonists and locals were friendly and mutually beneficial. Apollonia grew following its foundation, although it remained modest in size until
511:. The Corinthian colonial policy appears to have been relatively liberal, and was geared towards resource extraction so as to support the growing
3822:
2818:Η εκπαίδευση στη Βόρεια Ηπειρο κατά την ύστερη περίοδο της Οθωμανικής Αυτοκρατορίας: η ίδρυση, η οργάνωση και η λειτουργία των ελληνικών σχολείων
469:
to the east; both authors stated that the colonists probably took advantage of the enmity between those two supposedly rival Illyrian tribes.
7633:
1133:, a great and important city. Christianity was established in the city at an early stage, and bishops from Apollonia were present during the
2930:
8733:
3660:
2719:
2547:
7621:
3312:
Ceka, Olgita (2012). "Il koinon e la città. L'esempio di Byllis". In G. de Marinis; G.M. FabriniG. Paci; R. Perna; M. Silvestrini (eds.).
2322:
9134:
9109:
8711:
3007:
2173:
colonists likely took advantage of this territorial vacuum, and would have exploited the enmity between these two rival Illyrian tribes."
116:
3770:
2346:
2327:
8687:
7556:
5422:
2544:
1224:. After the war, an Albanian team undertook further work from 1948 onwards, although much of the site remains unexcavated to this day.
3486:. Center for Hellenic Studies colloquia. Vol. 5. Center for Hellenic Studies, Trustees for Harvard University. pp. 187–212.
2385:
of the land of Abantis" should be understood quite literally: Euboean Oricum, an offshore island in the Bay of Valona, probably had a
2108:, p. 19: "The Corinthians and Corcyreans were recruited by the Taulantians, and they cooperated in establishing these colonies."
9094:
9054:
7746:
1567:, p. 328: "Apollonia (Apolloniates) Map 49. Lat. 40.45, long. 19.30. Size of territory: probably 5. Type: A:α. The toponym is
281:
2952:
8514:
293:
8574:
2879:
1905:"The Stratigraphy of Tumulus 6 in Shtoj and the Appearance of the Violin Idols in Burial Complexes of the South Adriatic Region"
9064:
2982:
8584:
3759:
3491:
3386:
3323:
3130:
3094:
3074:
2589:
1836:
8619:
3178:, p. 12:Its small capacity strengthens the impression of oligarchic institutions which were preserved under the Empire.
9069:
4810:
66:
1785:
1456:
8456:
7967:
6752:
6731:
3815:
1252:
In 2006, archaeologists discovered a Greek temple which dates back to the 6th century BC just outside of the Apollonia.
1059:, the road permitted overland travel elsewhere in the region, and it was the principal land route from Rome to the east.
9114:
9104:
8699:
8507:
8314:
5432:
5122:
4815:
4749:
1010:
17:
8569:
3193:
Bereti, Vasil; Quantin, François; Cabanes, Pierre (2011). "Histoire et épigraphie dans la région de Vlora (Albanie)".
2823:
Education in Northern Epirus during the late Ottoman Empire: the founding, organisation and operation of greek schools
9129:
9074:
8451:
8424:
4820:
4795:
3738:
3713:
3681:
3616:
3470:
3428:
3407:
3344:
3242:
3217:
2859:
2844:
2799:
2274:
2153:
1737:
1229:
1159:-ridden swamp. The city became increasingly uninhabitable as the inland swamp expanded, and the nearby settlement of
3723:
Wilkes, J. J.; Fischer-Hansen, Tobias (2004). "The Adriatic". In Mogens Herman Hansen; Thomas Heine Nielsen (eds.).
3046:
1492:
8726:
6629:
5378:
4805:
4800:
1148:
445:
they established good relations with the local Illyrians founding a joint settlement with a riverine harbor on the
55:" was built in the 2nd century BC and functioned as Apollonia's municipal council meeting building in the Roman era
3480:
Malkin, Irad (2001). "Greek Ambiguities: Between "Ancient Hellas" and "Barbarian Epirus"". In Malkin, Irad (ed.).
9084:
7735:
5272:
5132:
5127:
4404:
2558:
8609:
8589:
8465:
8438:
8116:
7997:
7972:
7884:
7358:
7206:
6656:
5297:
4711:
3808:
1540:
951:
S o u t h e r n I l l y r i a
826:
581:
In c. 450 BC the territory of Apollonia was expanded towards the south after the victory of the Apollonians in
8554:
8188:
7654:
6651:
6208:
5701:
5217:
5137:
4835:
4545:
3662:
Isotopic Study of Migration: Differentiating Locals and Non-Locals in Tumulus Burials from Apollonia, Albania
3118:
1353:
which it defeated and gained control of its territory. The victory was commemorated by a monument erected in
46:
9119:
9099:
8564:
8478:
8266:
7126:
6624:
5153:
4607:
1420:
1079:
was based in Apollonia with Roman troops and 2,000 infantry and 200 cavalry from the Illyrian tribe of the
8741:
8719:
8604:
8128:
8111:
7529:
7066:
5679:
5287:
5163:
4825:
4779:
4734:
4510:
4199:
6218:
361:. Before the foundation of Apollonia, the Greek goods that moved inland along this route were very few.
9033:
9012:
8344:
8339:
8080:
7041:
6340:
6213:
5346:
5341:
5317:
5227:
4744:
3842:
1444:
1177:
1085:
602:
219:
7491:
3790:
953:
i n t h e 3rd – 2nd
230:, who established a trading settlement on a largely abandoned coastal site by invitation of the local
9124:
9007:
8329:
8324:
7071:
6698:
6641:
5597:
5400:
5385:
5307:
5242:
4562:
4457:
3931:
3865:
1271:
A bishopric was founded there circa 400 AD but suppressed around 599. One of the participants in the
1018:
5209:
5189:
4387:
4045:
2256:
8178:
5395:
5358:
5292:
4958:
4845:
2233:: "Apollonia grew following colonisation but remained modest in size until the Hellenistic period."
1134:
8942:
1520:
8407:
8334:
8151:
6724:
6678:
5802:
5602:
5587:
5390:
5373:
5353:
5322:
5222:
5158:
4774:
4759:
4729:
4690:
4567:
4419:
3921:
3730:
3609:
Making, Using and Resisting the Law in European History, 2008, ISBN 978-88-8492-549-7, págs. 1-18
2927:
2712:
2577:
1280:
8937:
8824:
1047:
Apollonia was strategically located at the beginning of one of the two starting branches of the
955:
c e n t u r i e s B C E
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8419:
8133:
8018:
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5639:
5410:
5368:
5302:
5267:
4719:
4703:
4399:
4340:
4189:
4184:
3554:
3253:
2142:
Hammond, N.G.L. (1997). "The Greek Heroes and the Greek Colonies". In M. V. Sakellariou (ed.).
1358:
313:
7914:
3604:
3518:
McIlvaine, Britney Kyle; Schepartz, Lynne A.; Larsen, Clark Spencer; Sciulli, Paul W. (2013).
3004:
2581:
1591:
both in the urban sense (Hdt. 9.93.1, 94.2; Ps.-Skylax 26) and in the political sense (Arist.
1009:, the expulsion of foreigners deemed injurious to the public welfare, similar to that used in
8972:
8844:
8579:
8559:
8183:
8036:
7909:
7876:
7141:
7111:
7076:
6688:
5917:
5907:
5897:
5882:
5572:
5312:
5282:
5237:
5232:
4863:
4830:
4632:
4537:
4523:
4179:
4050:
4014:
3676:. KLIO / Beihefte. Neue Folge (in German). Vol. 15. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
3673:
Korinth und seine Kolonien: Die Stadt am Isthmus im Mächtegefüge des klassischen Griechenland
3228:
2787:
2342:
1369:
heroes who faced each other and were observed by Zeus who stood at the center, surrounded by
1097:
1072:
1068:
382:
297:
2903:"UNESCO Office in Venice: Apollonia Archaeological Museum reopens after 20 years of closure"
2312:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
699:
P A R T H I N I
691:
T A U L A N T I
8987:
8967:
8599:
8304:
8205:
6986:
6160:
6154:
6140:
5624:
5582:
5554:
5439:
5252:
4482:
4278:
2838:
2551:
1291:
in 451, Eusebius subscribed simply as Bishop of Apollonia. In the letter of the bishops of
1288:
1246:
1138:
1112:
later known as Augustus studied in Apollonia in 44 BC under the tutelage of Athenodorus of
1105:
625:
386:
1486:
Tombstone with the Illyrian name Tritos, Platoros (Tritos, son of Plator), 2nd century BCE
8:
8638:
8299:
8156:
7321:
7216:
7166:
7101:
7081:
7036:
6291:
5649:
5544:
5539:
4976:
4291:
4204:
4174:
4128:
3891:
2573:
Caves and the Ancient Greek Mind: Descending Underground in the Search for Ultimate Truth
1305:
915:
3354:
Davis, J. L.; Korkuti, M.; Bejko, L.; Galaty, M. L.; Muçaj, S.; Stocker, Sh. R. (2007).
1904:
927:
594:
421:
8977:
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8171:
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7807:
7161:
7096:
6717:
6508:
6405:
6311:
5955:
5872:
5760:
5262:
5086:
4602:
4582:
4439:
4310:
4194:
3989:
3916:
3506:
3144:
2960:
2280:
1545:
1350:
1341:
1272:
1189:
1027:
964:
582:
566:
508:
485:
481:
441:
reports that Corinth is said to have responded to an Illyrian invitation. According to
9017:
8962:
8834:
7984:
7787:
3634:
3119:
Angelos Prof. Dr. Chaniotis, Thomas Dr. Corsten, R.S. Stroud, Rolf Dr. Tybout (2002).
8446:
8412:
8379:
8359:
8286:
8261:
8195:
8138:
8103:
8026:
7947:
7942:
7466:
7261:
7221:
7196:
7031:
6991:
6684:
6583:
6170:
5719:
5567:
5519:
5363:
5332:
5277:
5194:
5071:
4943:
4764:
4597:
4550:
4490:
4364:
4346:
4322:
4304:
4259:
4214:
4209:
3860:
3795:
3755:
3734:
3709:
3677:
3612:
3541:
3510:
3487:
3466:
3424:
3403:
3382:
3355:
3340:
3319:
3300:
3238:
3213:
3126:
3090:
3070:
2795:
2585:
2284:
2270:
2149:
1912:
1832:
1829:
Greek colonisation : an account of Greek colonies and other settlements overseas
1743:
1733:
1181:
1113:
1032:
262:
8927:
8854:
7823:
2986:
8887:
8879:
8758:
8653:
8374:
8294:
8166:
8099:
7959:
7904:
7889:
7777:
7694:
7519:
7498:
7338:
7176:
6981:
6938:
6513:
6045:
6010:
5827:
5684:
5562:
5449:
5444:
4769:
4724:
4555:
4462:
4078:
3911:
3896:
3886:
3754:. New York, New York and Oxford, United Kingdom: Routledge (Taylor & Francis).
3640:
3566:
3531:
3447:
3290:
3265:
2464:"The Actors of Cultural Contact in Ancient Epirus: Colonists, Traders and Pilgrims"
2262:
2258:
Marginalised Populations in the Ancient Greek World The Bioarchaeology of the Other
1366:
1221:
751:
682:
637:
425:
Apollonia and approximate Illyrian tribal distribution in the 7th-4th centuries BC.
393:
369:
254:
8947:
8902:
8776:
3605:"Making Colonial Institutions: The Example of Corinthian Apoikiai in the Adriatic"
3295:
3278:
3023:
882:
9059:
9002:
8982:
8849:
8816:
8766:
8349:
8243:
8238:
8161:
8143:
8121:
7932:
7723:
7706:
7700:
7659:
7593:
7576:
6765:
6528:
6286:
6074:
5887:
5629:
5495:
5427:
4754:
4352:
4334:
4328:
4242:
4219:
4093:
4004:
3964:
3901:
3749:
3724:
3703:
3692:
3671:
3481:
3460:
3418:
3397:
3376:
3334:
3313:
3232:
3207:
3120:
3011:
2792:
Tumulus as Sema: Space, Politics, Culture and Religion in the First Millennium BC
2571:
2143:
1721:
1511:
1354:
1296:
1160:
724:
610:
586:
512:
458:
401:
227:
223:
8992:
8864:
8791:
8786:
8781:
6553:
6266:
3584:
Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni Italiane in Oriente
1432:
1283:). One of the participants at a council held in Constantinople in 448 signed as
249:, which maintained a military base there for a time. The city flourished in the
8997:
8957:
8952:
8839:
8369:
8364:
7919:
7540:
7534:
7417:
7286:
7086:
6881:
6410:
6350:
6345:
6301:
6082:
6030:
6020:
6000:
5990:
5734:
5729:
5724:
4577:
4376:
4370:
4358:
4158:
4133:
3906:
3831:
3694:
Illyrian Apollonia: Toward a New Ktisis and Developmental History of the Colony
3234:
Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas
1326:
1064:
666:
D A R D A N I
524:
477:
476:
apparently were the only Greek colonies founded in the Adriatic Sea during the
454:
442:
378:
246:
181:
173:
7989:
2928:"Researchers Discover Greek Temple In Albania Dating Back To 6th Century B.C."
2816:
2713:"Researchers Discover Greek Temple In Albania Dating Back To 6th Century B.C."
2671:
them by indigenous potters, but in general they were classified as Greek type.
1722:"Sustainable development and territorial regeneration in archaeological areas"
1241:
Haxhimihali. It replaced an older museum dating from 1985, and was funded by
9048:
8869:
8806:
8801:
8771:
8668:
8530:
8233:
7894:
7281:
7241:
6802:
6646:
6563:
6538:
6228:
6150:
5832:
5775:
5674:
5664:
5634:
5616:
5490:
4642:
4424:
4316:
4272:
4234:
4073:
3994:
3304:
3038:
2880:"Αλβανία: Βανδαλισμός στο Νυμφαίο της αρχαιοελληνικής Απολλωνίας | ΣΚΑΪ"
2318:
2313:
1916:
1747:
1361:
who visited it many centuries later. The monument was an arrangement of five
1093:
274:
161:
131:
118:
8499:
7979:
3570:
3269:
1287:, but it is uncertain whether he was associated with this Apollonia. At the
1285:
Paulus Episcopus Apolloniada al. Apolloniatarum, civitatis sanctae ecclesiae
1249:
Joint Programme "Culture and Heritage for Social and Economic Development".
1208:
8912:
8907:
8859:
8829:
8278:
8046:
7924:
7829:
7674:
7251:
7236:
6463:
6415:
6281:
6135:
6005:
5644:
5480:
4986:
4948:
4647:
3545:
1330:
937:
590:
543:
438:
266:
250:
204:
189:
7860:
3318:. BAR International Series. Vol. 2419. Archaeopress. pp. 59–64.
2266:
649:
8796:
7865:
7471:
7397:
7382:
7231:
7186:
7061:
7026:
6832:
6792:
6483:
6375:
6355:
6183:
5691:
5669:
5659:
5654:
5577:
5534:
5081:
4991:
4981:
4868:
4858:
4622:
3999:
3974:
2864:
1386:
1310:
1292:
1125:
1089:
1048:
974:
657:
A R D I A E I
539:
358:
289:
208:
165:
93:
52:
6188:
3580:"The Roman Agora of Apollonia in Illyria: A space for the Imperial Cult"
1051:
in Illyria. Retracing a prehistoric trade route that linked the eastern
606:
8402:
8053:
8041:
7954:
7792:
7377:
7328:
7311:
7106:
7056:
6928:
6911:
6906:
6871:
6812:
6797:
6420:
6390:
6385:
6370:
6256:
6223:
5892:
5862:
5529:
5257:
5091:
4933:
4928:
4918:
4903:
4888:
4878:
4853:
4229:
3984:
3939:
3644:
3536:
3519:
2331:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 186.
1378:
1322:
1232:(opened in 1958) and other artifacts from Apollonia are in the capital
1143:
535:
354:
222:
of the same name. It was founded around 600 BC by Greek colonists from
192:
8063:
7802:
1236:. Unfortunately, during the anarchy that followed the collapse of the
769:
7752:
7711:
7546:
7503:
7481:
7392:
7343:
7201:
7151:
7016:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6896:
6827:
6780:
6740:
6395:
6321:
6306:
6276:
6271:
6203:
6127:
6112:
6097:
6040:
5940:
5592:
5524:
5096:
5076:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5001:
4996:
4966:
4913:
4873:
4652:
4518:
4472:
4452:
4083:
3954:
2537:
2433:
2431:
1403:
1382:
1318:
1237:
1197:
1005:
987:
983:
817:
715:
706:
690:
621:
615:
601:(modern Vjosa), and consolidated their control over the sanctuary of
547:
520:
473:
466:
450:
365:
333:
321:
280:
The name of the city is mentioned among the modern bishoprics of the
239:
231:
7762:
7550:
3579:
3451:
805:
8663:
8354:
8085:
8058:
7854:
7812:
7717:
7684:
7566:
7561:
7524:
7476:
7449:
7432:
7427:
7306:
7271:
7246:
7191:
7181:
7146:
7131:
7046:
7021:
7011:
7006:
6943:
6933:
6901:
6864:
6842:
6837:
6817:
6807:
6785:
6770:
6445:
6435:
6425:
6400:
6178:
6145:
6107:
6050:
5965:
5950:
5807:
5797:
5714:
5709:
5106:
5101:
5061:
5056:
5031:
5011:
4938:
4893:
4883:
4739:
4637:
4572:
4500:
4108:
2788:"The Complex of Tumuli 9, 10 and 11 in the Necropolis of Apollonia"
1257:
1109:
1080:
1052:
893:
698:
674:
462:
409:
397:
350:
270:
258:
7614:
7610:
7422:
6198:
2428:
1164:
986:
considers (Aristotle:4.3.8) the Apollonian government as a narrow
787:
8917:
8892:
8750:
8744:
8633:
8534:
8384:
8215:
8031:
8002:
7844:
7797:
7782:
7740:
7689:
7649:
7598:
7486:
7387:
7353:
7333:
7316:
7302:
7211:
7156:
7136:
6923:
6891:
6886:
6876:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6775:
6760:
6588:
6578:
6523:
6518:
6503:
6493:
6478:
6473:
6360:
6248:
6238:
6117:
6092:
6087:
6060:
6055:
6035:
6025:
6015:
5980:
5970:
5960:
5912:
5902:
5877:
5842:
5837:
5812:
5465:
5247:
4908:
4898:
4657:
4627:
4617:
4612:
4592:
4587:
4467:
4414:
4123:
4113:
4103:
4098:
4088:
3800:
3772:
Greek Colonial Expansion: Impacts on Illyrian Physical Activities
3227:
Cabanes, Pierre (2008). "Greek Colonisation in the Adriatic". In
2825:] (Thesis). Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. p. 251
1314:
1217:
1156:
1155:, causing the harbour to silt up and the inland area to become a
1076:
1043:
1022:
865:
665:
656:
629:
528:
500:
430:
373:
212:
196:
104:
6533:
5847:
1782:
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
1152:
632:
or Peithenius, who was tasked with guarding the sheep sacred to
8932:
8922:
8658:
8648:
8220:
8210:
8200:
8073:
8068:
7937:
7849:
7839:
7834:
7817:
7772:
7757:
7679:
7644:
7604:
7571:
7514:
7508:
7461:
7455:
7407:
7276:
7256:
7226:
7171:
7116:
7091:
7051:
7001:
6996:
6918:
6822:
6558:
6488:
6468:
6430:
6296:
6102:
5995:
5932:
5922:
5867:
5485:
5470:
5066:
5051:
5026:
5021:
5006:
4667:
4662:
4429:
4409:
4153:
4143:
4138:
4009:
3969:
3959:
3944:
3517:
2631:
2069:
2054:
1678:
1648:
1616:
1374:
1325:, It grants no such recognition to Byllis. Metropolitan of the
1276:
1242:
1233:
1120:
1101:
1056:
969:
905:
874:
856:
847:
796:
778:
733:
633:
571:
555:
551:
453:, cooperating in the establishment of the colony. According to
434:
325:
3315:
I processi formativi ed evolutividella città in area adriatica
1710:
B.C., he learned that Julius Caesar had died, naming him heir"
1275:
in 431 was a Felix who signed once as Bishop of Apollonia and
203:
river, approximately 10 km from the eastern coast of the
7767:
7669:
7639:
7627:
7587:
7581:
7444:
7438:
7367:
7266:
7121:
6963:
6568:
6543:
6440:
6380:
6365:
6233:
6193:
5945:
5857:
5852:
5822:
5817:
5792:
5475:
5016:
4971:
4923:
4495:
4447:
4148:
4118:
4065:
4040:
3979:
3949:
3791:
Official Site of the National Archeological Park of Apollonia
1390:
979:
760:
742:
598:
578:
Apollonia began to mint its own coins in the 5th century BC.
496:
235:
200:
185:
6709:
1720:
Bellone, Cinzia; Geropanta, Vasiliki; Kushi, Merita (2018).
1389:
monument was built in the 2nd century BC. It had a ten-tier
353:
coast with the interior, and the northern Adriatic with the
245:
From the second century BC Apollonia allied itself with the
8225:
7730:
6573:
6548:
6498:
5985:
5975:
3254:"Disa çështje mbi Amantët / Interrogations sur les Amantes"
1402:
Isocrates of Apollonia, rhetorician and pupil of the elder
1362:
491:
446:
2443:
2343:"Illyria, Apollonia - Ancient Greek Coins - WildWinds.com"
3100:
1370:
707:
D A S S A R E T I
437:
Gylax to an already existing trading post around 600 BC.
3209:
Epirus Vetus: The Archaeology of a Late Antique Province
2734:
2710:
1939:
1937:
1075:
who led the Roman campaign to defeat the Illyrian ruler
3353:
2953:"In Apollonia the bust of a Roman athlete is unearthed"
2416:
2016:
1862:
1860:
1119:
Apollonia flourished under Roman rule and was noted by
978:
describes Apollonia as a well-governed, self-governing
3636:
Shipping sheep: a zooarchaeology of Greek colonisation
994:
and therefore the magistracy. Aristotle uses the term
585:
on the borders of the land of the indigenous tribe of
429:
The colony at Apollonia was founded by a group of 200
3417:
Hansen, Mogens Herman; Nielsen, Thomas Heine (2004).
3399:
Migrations and Invasions in Greece and Adjacent Areas
1934:
1719:
1474:
Stele of Hermes accompanied by Hades, 3rd century BCE
499:
was located on a significant cultural border between
292:
of the Latin Church. The ruins were designated as an
3722:
3192:
3025:
Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus
2437:
2145:
Eprius: 4000 Years of Greek Culture and Civilization
1872:
1857:
1564:
396:
Greek mariners and traders in the Adriatic were the
3465:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
3437:
3423:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
2860:"The damaged columns in Apollonia are put in place"
2604:
2230:
2084:
1943:
1760:
1667:
1652:
1620:
2461:
1313:, thus recognizing that it was once a residential
683:P E N E S T A E
675:L A B E A T A E
1822:
1820:
1818:
605:and the area of the bitumen mines of present-day
184:trade colony which developed into an independent
9046:
3708:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing.
3339:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing.
416:
4036:
2509:
2507:
2505:
503:(the northernmost part of Epirus) and Illyria.
3169:
2758:
2627:
2625:
2080:
2078:
1815:
9080:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Albania
8727:
8529:
8515:
6725:
3816:
3446:(6). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: 1067–1077.
3416:
3396:Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1976).
2065:
2063:
1866:
3726:An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis
3555:"Ilirët, kolonitë greke, monedhat dhe lufta"
3420:An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis
3149:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2615:
2613:
2502:
2123:
2029:
2027:
2025:
1909:Godišnjak Centra za balkanološka ispitivanja
1845:
1803:
1705:
1703:
1196:archeologists and the President of Albania,
1063:In 229 BC, it came under the control of the
574:from Apollonia bearing the inscription ΑΠΟΛ.
218:Apollonia was perhaps the most important of
3276:
2711:University of Cincinnati (6 January 2006).
2622:
2449:
2261:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 210.
2075:
1826:
1663:
1661:
1141:(451). It was mentioned in the 6th century
168:: Ἀπολλωνία, ἡ; city-ethnic: Ἀπολλωνιάτης,
73:
8734:
8720:
8522:
8508:
6732:
6718:
4702:
3823:
3809:
2794:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG: 58.
2474:. Deutsches Archeologisches Institut: 234.
2200:
2060:
1949:
1902:
1349:Around 450 BC, Apollonia expanded towards
628:relate an anecdote concerning a man named
199:. It was located on the right bank of the
3577:
3535:
3524:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3500:
3440:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology
3378:Illyricum in Roman Politics, 229 BC–AD 68
3362:. Collection de l’École Française de Rome
3294:
3163:
2655:
2646:
2610:
2519:
2300:
2298:
2242:
2218:
2022:
1700:
1694:
1624:
265:which attracted students from across the
3669:
3237:. Vol. 2. Brill. pp. 155–186.
2814:
2569:
2422:
2317:
1658:
1587:II 4.I.18 (360)). Apollonia is called a
1340:
1207:
1042:
565:
420:
344:
332:reference to the nearby Greek colony of
282:Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania
9090:Buildings and structures in Fier County
3796:GCatholic - bishopric & titular see
3690:
3632:
3602:
3402:. Park Ridge, New Jersey: Noyes Press.
3395:
3332:
3251:
3226:
3175:
3106:
2857:
2764:
2410:
2398:
2194:
2182:
2141:
2000:
1972:
1955:
1890:
1851:
1809:
1612:
1067:, to which it was firmly loyal. In the
372:. The presence of the Early Bronze Age
14:
9047:
5756:
3768:
3747:
3701:
3658:
3552:
3483:Ancient Perceptions of Greek Ethnicity
3479:
3458:
3205:
2950:
2944:
2752:
2740:
2525:
2513:
2462:Domínguez Monedero, Adolfo J. (2020).
2378:
2366:
2295:
2254:
2206:
2129:
2117:
2105:
2033:
1988:
1878:
1682:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1608:
1604:
308:The settlement was initially known as
8715:
8503:
6713:
6613:
5755:
5184:
4688:
4035:
3855:
3804:
3374:
3212:. London, United Kingdom: Duckworth.
3028:, Parigi 1740, Vol. II, coll. 248-249
2786:Amore, Maria Grazia (11 April 2016).
2785:
2695:
2484:
643:
253:period, housing a renowned school of
8683:
6224:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
3856:
3778:(Thesis). Colorado State University.
3311:
2496:
2148:. Ekdotike Athenon. pp. 46–54.
1266:
211:, close to the village of Pojan, in
3665:(Thesis). University of Cincinnati.
3639:(Thesis). University of Cambridge.
1784:(UNESCO). p. 8. Archived from
561:
24:
9135:Tourist attractions in Fier County
9110:Former populated places in Albania
5185:
3830:
2951:Murati, Violeta (15 August 2010).
2680:
2438:Bereti, Quantin & Cabanes 2011
1345:Capital of Monument of Agonothetes
25:
9146:
8425:Prehistory of Southeastern Europe
3784:
3590:. All'Insegna del Giglio: 223–232
3530:(2). Wiley Periodicals: 236–248.
3505:(Thesis). Ohio State University.
3277:Castiglioni, Maria Paola (2018).
3089:(Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013
3069:(Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013
2983:"DAI Research Projects Apollonia"
2722:from the original on 24 July 2008
2605:Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016
2468:Menschen - Kulturen - Traditionen
2231:Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016
2085:Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016
1944:Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016
1761:Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016
1668:Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016
1653:Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016
1621:Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016
1396:
1230:Archaeological Museum of Apolonia
8743:
8695:
8694:
8682:
8484:
8483:
6693:
6683:
6674:
6673:
3501:McIlvaine, Britney Kyle (2012).
3097:), "Sedi titolari", pp. 819-1013
2305:
1772:
1565:Wilkes & Fischer-Hansen 2004
1519:
1503:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1431:
1419:
648:
207:. Its ruins are situated in the
72:
65:
45:
9095:Catholic titular sees in Europe
9055:Archaeological sites in Albania
6694:
3157:
3112:
3080:
3060:
3049:from the original on 2014-09-29
3031:
3016:
2999:Daniele Farlati-Jacopo Coleti,
2993:
2975:
2933:from the original on 2018-06-22
2920:
2909:from the original on 2014-04-21
2895:
2886:
2872:
2851:
2808:
2779:
2770:
2746:
2704:
2698:De mirabilibus auscultationibus
2689:
2674:
2664:
2637:
2598:
2563:
2531:
2490:
2478:
2455:
2404:
2392:
2372:
2360:
2349:from the original on 2014-02-09
2335:
2248:
2236:
2224:
2212:
2188:
2176:
2166:
2135:
2111:
2099:
2090:
2048:
2039:
2010:
1994:
1982:
1966:
1896:
1884:
1766:
1579:309 (C5m)). The city-ethnic is
1038:
982:presumably from its inception.
7998:Albanian traditional tattooing
7885:Central Bosnian cultural group
3751:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece
3462:Greek Nymphs: Myth, Cult, Lore
3459:Larson, Jennifer Lynn (2001).
3381:. Cambridge University Press.
3356:"The Hinterlands of Apollonia"
1831:. Leiden: Brill. p. 169.
1827:Tsetskladze, Gocha R. (2006).
1754:
1713:
1688:
1672:
1630:
1598:
1558:
1541:List of settlements in Illyria
1203:
27:Archaeological park in Albania
13:
1:
9065:6th-century BC establishments
8189:Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)
6739:
4295:
4282:
4263:
4246:
3296:10.15210/lepaarq.v15i29.11495
3185:
2959:(in Albanian). Archived from
2843:: CS1 maint: date and year (
589:, in the coastal area of the
417:Foundation and Archaic period
5423:Funeral and burial practices
4608:Military of Mycenaean Greece
2858:Mehmeti, Col (2 July 2020).
1903:Govedarica, Blagoje (2016).
1551:
1385:. The building known as the
1104:, but fell to Pompey's ally
570:A 4th-3rd century BC silver
238:under an oligarchic system.
7:
9070:Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast
8117:Alexander's Balkan campaign
8112:Illyrian invasion of Epirus
3691:Stocker, Sharon R. (2009).
3578:Piccinini, Jessica (2019).
1534:
1086:Roman province of Macedonia
364:The presence of indigenous
220:the several classical towns
10:
9151:
9034:List of castles in Albania
5347:Greek Revival architecture
4689:
3748:Wilson, Nigel Guy (2006).
3333:Chamoux, François (2003).
3039:"Louis Petit, "Byllis" in
3003:, vol. VII, Venezia 1817,
1409:
1336:
1178:Dormition of the Theotokos
968:c. 10 km in length.
597:river, a tributary of the
339:
317:
9115:Greek colonies in Illyria
9105:Cities in ancient Illyria
9026:
8878:
8815:
8757:
8677:
8618:
8541:
8474:
8437:
8395:
8277:
8254:
8098:
8017:
7875:
7352:
7295:
6974:
6751:
6747:
6669:
6620:
6614:
6609:
6454:
6331:
6320:
6247:
6169:
6126:
6073:
5931:
5783:
5774:
5770:
5751:
5700:
5615:
5553:
5515:
5508:
5458:
5418:
5409:
5331:
5208:
5204:
5180:
5146:
5115:
4957:
4844:
4788:
4755:Attalid kings of Pergamon
4710:
4701:
4697:
4684:
4563:Antigonid Macedonian army
4536:
4509:
4481:
4438:
4395:
4386:
4228:
4167:
4064:
4060:
4031:
3930:
3879:
3875:
3851:
3838:
3769:Wright, Jennifer (2016).
3659:Stallo, Jennifer (2007).
3279:"Les Grecs en Adriatique"
2892:Stocker, 2009, p. 222-223
2815:Koltsida, Athina (2008).
1867:Hansen & Nielsen 2004
1295:to the Byzantine Emperor
1170:
647:
519:Compared to pre-colonial
147:
110:
100:
89:
60:
44:
35:
9130:Populated places in Fier
9075:Albania in the Roman era
3553:Picard, Olivier (2013).
3336:Hellenistic Civilization
3252:Cabanes, Pierre (2011).
3206:Bowden, William (2003).
3087:Annuario Pontificio 2013
3067:Annuario Pontificio 2013
2661:Reboton, 2008, p. 12, 20
2570:Ustinova, Yulia (2009).
1321:of the archbishopric of
1135:First Council of Ephesus
8408:Origin of the Albanians
8129:Dardanian–Bastarnic war
3731:Oxford University Press
3670:Stickler, Timo (2014).
3603:Reboton, Joany (2008).
3571:10.3406/iliri.2013.2428
3375:Dzino, Danijel (2010).
3270:10.3406/iliri.2011.1100
2578:Oxford University Press
2328:Encyclopædia Britannica
2255:Weaver, Carrie (2022).
1281:apostolic administrator
1176:hill the church of the
465:) to the north and the
303:
296:on 7 April 2003 by the
288:). Apollonia is also a
9085:Archaeology of Illyria
8575:Fir of Hotovë-Dangelli
8420:History of the Balkans
8134:Invasions of Epidamnus
8019:Religion and mythology
4789:Artists & scholars
4704:List of ancient Greeks
4341:Second Athenian League
4190:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
4015:Ancient Greek colonies
3633:Sanford, Jane (2012).
3229:Tsetskhladze, Gocha R.
1357:. It was described by
1346:
1213:
1185:
1060:
575:
426:
177:
8144:Roman-Macedonian wars
7910:Glasinac-Mati culture
7547:Dyrrhachium/Epidamnus
7142:Glaucias of Taulantii
7112:Eleutherius and Antia
7077:Constantine the Great
5908:Sybaris on the Traeis
4633:Sacred Band of Thebes
4373:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
3887:Cycladic civilization
3702:Wilkes, John (1995).
3283:Cadernos do Lepaarque
3041:Catholic Encyclopedia
2632:McIlvaine et al. 2013
2267:10.1515/9781474415262
2070:McIlvaine et al. 2013
2055:McIlvaine et al. 2013
1679:McIlvaine et al. 2013
1649:McIlvaine et al. 2013
1617:McIlvaine et al. 2013
1344:
1309:lists Apollonia as a
1260:Professor Blavatski.
1211:
1073:Lucius Anicius Gallus
1069:Fourth Macedonian War
1046:
569:
424:
345:Pre-foundation period
298:government of Albania
132:40.72194°N 19.47250°E
8179:Roman–Dalmatian wars
7920:Monte Saraceno woman
6987:Anastasius I Dicorus
5433:mythological figures
5154:Ancient Greek tribes
4279:Peloponnesian League
3733:. pp. 321–337.
2776:Stocker, 2009, p. 82
2700:. pp. 842 b.27.
2652:Reboton, 2008, p. 11
2643:Reboton, 2008, p. 10
2619:Sanford, 2020, p. 27
1289:Council of Chalcedon
1139:Council of Chalcedon
1131:magna urbs et gravis
1106:Marcus Junius Brutus
9120:Hellenistic Albania
9100:Corinthian colonies
9013:Venetian Triangular
8898:Apollonia (Illyria)
8620:Archaeological park
8267:Proposed vocabulary
7915:Gradistë belt-plate
7217:Peter the Patrician
7167:Irenaeus of Sirmium
7102:Demetrius of Pharos
7082:Constantius Chlorus
7037:Bato the Daesitiate
5545:Tunnel of Eupalinos
5540:Theatre of Dionysus
5164:Ancient Macedonians
4780:Tyrants of Syracuse
4292:Amphictyonic League
3892:Minoan civilization
3360:Apollonia d'Illyrie
2685:. pp. VII.5.8.
1791:on 22 November 2020
1306:Annuario Pontificio
1167:) became dominant.
1055:coast with eastern
294:archaeological park
128: /
81:Location in Albania
32:
9008:Venetian Acropolis
8845:Justinian Fortress
8585:Lurë-Dejë Mountain
8184:Caesar's civil war
7818:Tragurion (Trogir)
7418:Aspalathos (Split)
7359:cities/settlements
7296:Political entities
7162:Gratianus Funarius
6219:Menestheus's Limin
5873:Pandosia (Lucania)
5761:Greek colonisation
5123:Athenian statesmen
4884:Diogenes of Sinope
4745:Kings of Macedonia
4735:Kings of Commagene
4603:Macedonian phalanx
4583:Hellenistic armies
4331:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
4195:Indo-Greek Kingdom
3917:Hellenistic Greece
3645:10.17863/CAM.15970
3537:10.1002/ajpa.22425
3109:, pp. 171–72.
3010:2016-12-22 at the
2743:, pp. 174–75.
2323:Apollonia s.v. (1)
2197:, pp. 316–317
1773:Tusa, Sebastiano.
1546:Tourism in Albania
1347:
1273:Council of Ephesus
1214:
1190:Ardenica Monastery
1088:, specifically of
1061:
1028:Hellenistic period
808:Dyrrhachion •
644:Hellenistic period
576:
486:Straits of Otranto
427:
286:Apollonia and Fier
137:40.72194; 19.47250
30:
18:Apollonia, Illyria
9042:
9041:
8709:
8708:
8570:Divjakë-Karavasta
8497:
8496:
8433:
8432:
8413:Albanian paganism
8380:Pannonia Superior
8360:Pannonia Inferior
8287:Illyrian emperors
8139:Illyro-Roman Wars
7586:Iader or Idassa (
7197:Marcellinus Comes
7032:Bato the Breucian
6992:Artas of Messapia
6707:
6706:
6665:
6664:
6605:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6597:
6596:
6171:Iberian Peninsula
6103:Lipara/Meligounis
6069:
6068:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5720:Cypriot syllabary
5611:
5610:
5520:Athenian Treasury
5504:
5503:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5171:
4765:Ptolemaic dynasty
4725:Archons of Athens
4680:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4551:Athenian military
4532:
4531:
4365:League of Corinth
4347:Thessalian League
4323:Chalcidian League
4305:Acarnanian League
4215:Ptolemaic Kingdom
4027:
4026:
4023:
4022:
3761:978-0-415-87396-3
3493:978-0-674-00662-1
3388:978-0-521-19419-8
3325:978-1-4073-1018-3
3132:978-90-04-15508-4
3095:978-88-209-9070-1
3075:978-88-209-9070-1
2963:on 17 August 2010
2591:978-0-19-954856-9
2017:Davis et al. 2007
1838:978-90-04-15576-3
1526:Saint Mary Church
1462:Ruins of a temple
1267:Episcopal history
1033:Pyrrhus of Epirus
1011:Lacedaemonian law
965:Hellenistic times
509:Hellenistic times
263:military training
155:
154:
51:The "Monument to
16:(Redirected from
9142:
9125:Illyrian Albania
8880:Southern Albania
8759:Northern Albania
8748:
8747:
8736:
8729:
8722:
8713:
8712:
8698:
8697:
8688:Commons category
8686:
8685:
8625:Park arkeologjik
8524:
8517:
8510:
8501:
8500:
8487:
8486:
8375:Pannonia Secunda
7980:Trebeništa masks
7960:Spectacle brooch
7803:Scodra (Shkodër)
7783:Scampa (Elbasan)
7499:Dardana Fortress
7368:Acruvium (Kotor)
7339:Illyrian kingdom
6749:
6748:
6734:
6727:
6720:
6711:
6710:
6697:
6696:
6687:
6677:
6676:
6611:
6610:
6329:
6328:
5828:Heraclea Lucania
5781:
5780:
5772:
5771:
5753:
5752:
5513:
5512:
5445:Twelve Olympians
5416:
5415:
5206:
5205:
5182:
5181:
4770:Seleucid dynasty
4750:Kings of Paionia
4699:
4698:
4686:
4685:
4556:Scythian archers
4463:Graphe paranomon
4393:
4392:
4300:
4297:
4287:
4284:
4268:
4265:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4062:
4061:
4033:
4032:
3912:Classical Greece
3897:Mycenaean Greece
3877:
3876:
3853:
3852:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3802:
3801:
3779:
3777:
3765:
3744:
3719:
3698:
3687:
3666:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3574:
3549:
3539:
3514:
3497:
3476:
3455:
3434:
3413:
3392:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3350:
3329:
3308:
3298:
3273:
3248:
3223:
3202:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3148:
3140:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3084:
3078:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3043:(New York 1908)"
3035:
3029:
3022:Michel Lequien,
3020:
3014:
3001:Illyricum Sacrum
2997:
2991:
2990:
2985:. Archived from
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2842:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2678:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2620:
2617:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2567:
2561:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2459:
2453:
2450:Castiglioni 2018
2447:
2441:
2435:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2302:
2293:
2292:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2073:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2020:
2014:
2008:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1970:
1964:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1824:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1790:
1779:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1676:
1670:
1665:
1656:
1634:
1628:
1602:
1596:
1562:
1523:
1514:, 2nd century CE
1507:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1435:
1423:
1222:Second World War
959:
958:
944:
940:
933:
932:
922:
918:
911:
910:
900:
896:
889:
887:
878:
877:
869:
868:
860:
859:
851:
850:
842:
841:
839:Apollonia •
833:
832:
821:
820:
818:• Lychnidos
812:
811:
800:
799:
791:
790:
782:
781:
773:
772:
764:
763:
755:
754:
746:
745:
737:
736:
728:
727:
719:
718:
710:
709:
701:
694:
693:
685:
678:
677:
669:
668:
660:
659:
652:
638:Oracle of Delphi
562:Classical period
542:leading east to
383:Early Cycladic I
370:Early Bronze Age
319:
255:Greek philosophy
143:
142:
140:
139:
138:
133:
129:
126:
125:
124:
121:
76:
75:
69:
49:
33:
29:
21:
9150:
9149:
9145:
9144:
9143:
9141:
9140:
9139:
9045:
9044:
9043:
9038:
9022:
8874:
8817:Central Albania
8811:
8753:
8742:
8740:
8710:
8705:
8673:
8622:
8614:
8605:Karaburun-Sazan
8555:Alps of Albania
8543:
8537:
8528:
8498:
8493:
8470:
8457:Illyrian tribes
8429:
8391:
8350:Moesia Superior
8273:
8250:
8201:Desilo shipyard
8122:Siege of Pelium
8094:
8013:
7985:Vače Belt-Plate
7973:Selca e Poshtme
7871:
7788:Selcë e Poshtme
7577:Hedum castellum
7511:(Lower Neretva)
7373:Ad Acroceraunia
7356:
7348:
7291:
7072:Cleitus Dardani
6970:
6743:
6738:
6708:
6703:
6661:
6616:
6593:
6456:
6450:
6333:
6324:
6316:
6287:Melaina Korkyra
6243:
6165:
6122:
6075:Aeolian Islands
6065:
5927:
5785:
5766:
5765:
5739:
5696:
5607:
5549:
5500:
5454:
5405:
5327:
5318:Wedding customs
5200:
5199:
5168:
5159:Thracian Greeks
5142:
5133:Olympic victors
5111:
4953:
4840:
4784:
4775:Kings of Sparta
4760:Kings of Pontus
4730:Kings of Athens
4706:
4693:
4672:
4568:Army of Macedon
4528:
4505:
4477:
4434:
4382:
4355:(370–c. 230 BC)
4353:Arcadian League
4337:(c. 400–188 BC)
4335:Aetolian League
4329:Boeotian League
4311:Hellenic League
4298:
4285:
4275:(c. 650–404 BC)
4266:
4260:Italiote League
4253:
4249:
4243:Doric Hexapolis
4233:
4224:
4220:Seleucid Empire
4163:
4056:
4055:
4019:
3926:
3902:Greek Dark Ages
3871:
3870:
3847:
3834:
3829:
3787:
3782:
3775:
3762:
3741:
3716:
3684:
3649:
3647:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3593:
3591:
3494:
3473:
3452:10.1002/oa.2519
3431:
3410:
3389:
3365:
3363:
3347:
3326:
3289:(29): 320–339.
3245:
3220:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3158:
3142:
3141:
3133:
3125:. J.C. Gieben.
3117:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3085:
3081:
3065:
3061:
3052:
3050:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3021:
3017:
3012:Wayback Machine
2998:
2994:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2949:
2945:
2936:
2934:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2912:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2882:. 14 June 2020.
2878:
2877:
2873:
2856:
2852:
2836:
2835:
2828:
2826:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2709:
2705:
2694:
2690:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2630:
2623:
2618:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2568:
2564:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2512:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2352:
2350:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2321:, ed. (1911). "
2306:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2277:
2253:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2167:
2156:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2023:
2015:
2011:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1971:
1967:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1935:
1921:
1919:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1825:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1780:(in Albanian).
1777:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1740:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1639:, p. 112;
1635:
1631:
1611:, p. 594;
1603:
1599:
1571:(Hdt. 9.92–93;
1563:
1559:
1554:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1515:
1512:Marcus Aurelius
1508:
1499:
1496:
1487:
1484:
1475:
1472:
1463:
1460:
1451:
1448:
1439:
1436:
1427:
1424:
1412:
1399:
1339:
1269:
1206:
1188:), part of the
1173:
1092:. It supported
1071:, the praetor
1041:
961:
960:
954:
952:
948:
947:
945:
941:
938:
936:
934:
929:
926:
925:
923:
919:
916:
914:
912:
907:
904:
903:
901:
897:
894:
892:
890:
885:
884:
881:
879:
873:
872:
870:
864:
863:
861:
855:
854:
852:
846:
845:
843:
837:
836:
834:
830:
828:
825:
824:
822:
816:
815:
813:
809:
807:
804:
803:
801:
795:
794:
792:
786:
785:
783:
779:Ulkinion •
777:
776:
774:
768:
767:
765:
759:
758:
756:
750:
749:
747:
741:
740:
738:
732:
731:
729:
723:
722:
720:
714:
713:
711:
705:
704:
702:
697:
695:
689:
688:
686:
681:
679:
673:
672:
670:
664:
663:
661:
655:
654:
646:
564:
419:
392:The first post-
347:
342:
306:
136:
134:
130:
127:
122:
119:
117:
115:
114:
85:
84:
83:
82:
79:
78:
77:
56:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9148:
9138:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9040:
9039:
9037:
9036:
9031:
9027:
9024:
9023:
9021:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8884:
8882:
8876:
8875:
8873:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8821:
8819:
8813:
8812:
8810:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8763:
8761:
8755:
8754:
8739:
8738:
8731:
8724:
8716:
8707:
8706:
8704:
8703:
8691:
8678:
8675:
8674:
8672:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8630:
8628:
8616:
8615:
8613:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8551:
8549:
8539:
8538:
8531:National parks
8527:
8526:
8519:
8512:
8504:
8495:
8494:
8492:
8491:
8481:
8475:
8472:
8471:
8469:
8468:
8463:
8462:
8461:
8460:
8459:
8443:
8441:
8435:
8434:
8431:
8430:
8428:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8416:
8415:
8405:
8399:
8397:
8393:
8392:
8390:
8389:
8388:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8370:Pannonia Savia
8367:
8365:Pannonia Prima
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8319:
8318:
8317:
8309:
8308:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8289:
8283:
8281:
8275:
8274:
8272:
8271:
8270:
8269:
8258:
8256:
8252:
8251:
8249:
8248:
8247:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8192:
8191:
8181:
8176:
8175:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8125:
8124:
8114:
8108:
8106:
8096:
8095:
8093:
8092:
8089:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8077:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8050:
8049:
8039:
8034:
8023:
8021:
8015:
8014:
8012:
8011:
8008:
8007:
8006:
8005:
8000:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7976:
7975:
7970:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7951:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7881:
7879:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7869:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7645:Mursa (Osijek)
7642:
7637:
7630:
7625:
7618:
7608:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7544:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7495:
7494:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7364:
7362:
7350:
7349:
7347:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7325:
7324:
7314:
7309:
7299:
7297:
7293:
7292:
7290:
7289:
7287:Valentinian II
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7087:Constantius II
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6978:
6976:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6968:
6967:
6966:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6915:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6868:
6867:
6862:
6852:
6847:
6846:
6845:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6789:
6788:
6783:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6757:
6755:
6745:
6744:
6737:
6736:
6729:
6722:
6714:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6701:
6691:
6681:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6607:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6599:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6460:
6458:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6337:
6335:
6326:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6253:
6251:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6175:
6173:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6132:
6130:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6079:
6077:
6071:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6021:Megara Hyblaea
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
6001:Hybla Gereatis
5998:
5993:
5991:Heraclea Minoa
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5937:
5935:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5789:
5787:
5778:
5768:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5757:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5735:Attic numerals
5732:
5730:Greek numerals
5727:
5725:Greek alphabet
5722:
5717:
5712:
5706:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5621:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5559:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5516:
5510:
5506:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5425:
5419:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5379:Musical system
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5338:
5336:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5214:
5212:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5192:
5186:
5178:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4963:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4850:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4811:Mathematicians
4808:
4803:
4798:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4720:Kings of Argos
4716:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4695:
4694:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4578:Cretan archers
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4548:
4542:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4515:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4487:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4444:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4377:Achaean League
4374:
4371:Euboean League
4368:
4362:
4359:Epirote League
4356:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4307:(c. 500–31 BC)
4302:
4289:
4276:
4270:
4257:
4239:
4237:
4235:Confederations
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4159:Lissus (Crete)
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3936:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3907:Archaic Greece
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3883:
3881:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3857:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3832:Ancient Greece
3828:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3786:
3785:External links
3783:
3781:
3780:
3766:
3760:
3745:
3739:
3720:
3714:
3699:
3688:
3682:
3667:
3656:
3630:
3617:
3600:
3575:
3550:
3515:
3498:
3492:
3477:
3471:
3456:
3435:
3429:
3414:
3408:
3393:
3387:
3372:
3351:
3345:
3330:
3324:
3309:
3274:
3249:
3243:
3224:
3218:
3203:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3168:
3164:Piccinini 2019
3156:
3131:
3111:
3099:
3079:
3059:
3030:
3015:
2992:
2989:on 2011-08-05.
2974:
2943:
2919:
2894:
2885:
2871:
2850:
2807:
2800:
2778:
2769:
2757:
2745:
2733:
2703:
2688:
2673:
2663:
2654:
2645:
2636:
2621:
2609:
2597:
2590:
2562:
2530:
2518:
2501:
2489:
2477:
2454:
2452:, p. 327.
2442:
2427:
2425:, p. 128.
2415:
2403:
2391:
2371:
2359:
2334:
2319:Chisholm, Hugh
2294:
2275:
2247:
2243:McIlvaine 2012
2235:
2223:
2219:McIlvaine 2012
2211:
2199:
2187:
2175:
2165:
2154:
2134:
2122:
2110:
2098:
2089:
2074:
2059:
2047:
2038:
2021:
2009:
1993:
1981:
1965:
1948:
1933:
1895:
1883:
1871:
1869:, p. 328.
1856:
1844:
1837:
1814:
1802:
1765:
1763:, p. 1071
1753:
1738:
1712:
1699:
1697:, p. 224.
1695:Piccinini 2019
1687:
1671:
1657:
1647:, p. 19;
1643:, p. 80;
1629:
1627:, p. 224.
1625:Piccinini 2019
1615:, p. 97;
1607:, p. 96;
1597:
1583:(Hdt. 9.92.2;
1556:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1518:
1516:
1510:Dedication to
1509:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1397:Notable people
1395:
1338:
1335:
1327:Roman province
1268:
1265:
1205:
1202:
1172:
1169:
1137:(431) and the
1110:Gaius Octavius
1065:Roman Republic
1040:
1037:
946:
935:
924:
913:
902:
891:
880:
871:
866:Amantia •
862:
853:
844:
835:
823:
814:
802:
793:
784:
775:
766:
757:
748:
739:
730:
721:
712:
703:
696:
687:
680:
671:
662:
653:
645:
642:
563:
560:
525:ancient Greeks
472:Apollonia and
443:N.G.L. Hammond
418:
415:
379:Cetina culture
346:
343:
341:
338:
305:
302:
247:Roman Republic
209:county of Fier
195:, in southern
188:, and later a
153:
152:
149:
145:
144:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
91:
87:
86:
80:
71:
70:
64:
63:
62:
61:
58:
57:
50:
42:
41:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9147:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9052:
9050:
9035:
9032:
9029:
9028:
9025:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8988:Porto Palermo
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8885:
8883:
8881:
8877:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8822:
8820:
8818:
8814:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8764:
8762:
8760:
8756:
8752:
8746:
8737:
8732:
8730:
8725:
8723:
8718:
8717:
8714:
8702:
8701:
8692:
8690:
8689:
8680:
8679:
8676:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8621:
8617:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8546:Park kombëtar
8542:National park
8540:
8536:
8532:
8525:
8520:
8518:
8513:
8511:
8506:
8505:
8502:
8490:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8476:
8473:
8467:
8464:
8458:
8455:
8454:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8448:
8445:
8444:
8442:
8440:
8436:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8414:
8411:
8410:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8400:
8398:
8394:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8322:
8320:
8316:
8313:
8312:
8310:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8292:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8284:
8282:
8280:
8276:
8268:
8265:
8264:
8263:
8260:
8259:
8257:
8253:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8190:
8187:
8186:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8152:Erigon Valley
8150:
8149:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8123:
8120:
8119:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8109:
8107:
8105:
8101:
8097:
8091:
8090:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8048:
8045:
8044:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8029:
8028:
8025:
8024:
8022:
8020:
8016:
8010:
8009:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7995:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7965:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7930:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7895:Daunian stele
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7882:
7880:
7878:
7874:
7867:
7863:
7862:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7825:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7748:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7726:
7725:
7720:
7719:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7702:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7665:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7635:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7623:
7619:
7616:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7606:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7589:
7585:
7583:
7582:Hija e Korbit
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7552:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7542:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7493:
7492:Lower Neretva
7490:
7489:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7457:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7440:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7355:
7351:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7323:
7320:
7319:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7304:
7301:
7300:
7298:
7294:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7282:Valentinian I
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7242:Pleuratus III
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6979:
6977:
6973:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6899:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6778:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6735:
6730:
6728:
6723:
6721:
6716:
6715:
6712:
6700:
6692:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6680:
6672:
6671:
6668:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6619:
6612:
6608:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6453:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6330:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6250:
6246:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6199:Hemeroscopion
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6168:
6162:
6159:
6156:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6125:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6076:
6072:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5776:Magna Graecia
5773:
5769:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5693:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5650:Arcadocypriot
5648:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5604:
5603:Zeus, Olympia
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5588:Hera, Olympia
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5507:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5491:Mount Olympus
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5459:Sacred places
5457:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5408:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5330:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5283:Olympic Games
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5273:Homosexuality
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4683:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4643:Seleucid army
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4317:Delian League
4315:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4293:
4290:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4273:Ionian League
4271:
4261:
4258:
4254: 560 BC
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3995:Magna Graecia
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3821:
3819:
3814:
3812:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3774:
3773:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3746:
3742:
3740:0-19-814099-1
3736:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3721:
3717:
3715:0-631-19807-5
3711:
3707:
3706:
3705:The Illyrians
3700:
3696:
3695:
3689:
3685:
3683:9783050089133
3679:
3675:
3674:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3657:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3631:
3620:
3618:9788884925497
3614:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3478:
3474:
3472:0-19-514465-1
3468:
3464:
3463:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3430:0-19-814099-1
3426:
3422:
3421:
3415:
3411:
3409:0-8155-5047-2
3405:
3401:
3400:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3373:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3346:0-631-22242-1
3342:
3338:
3337:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3244:9789047442448
3240:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3219:0-7156-3116-0
3215:
3211:
3210:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3177:
3172:
3166:, p. 224
3165:
3160:
3152:
3146:
3139:
3134:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3115:
3108:
3103:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3034:
3027:
3026:
3019:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2932:
2929:
2923:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2889:
2881:
2875:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2854:
2846:
2840:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2801:9783110267501
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2773:
2766:
2761:
2755:, p. 14.
2754:
2749:
2742:
2737:
2721:
2717:
2716:Science Daily
2714:
2707:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2677:
2667:
2658:
2649:
2640:
2633:
2628:
2626:
2616:
2614:
2606:
2601:
2593:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2498:
2493:
2486:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2446:
2440:, p. 11.
2439:
2434:
2432:
2424:
2423:Stickler 2014
2419:
2412:
2407:
2400:
2395:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2368:
2363:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2314:public domain
2301:
2299:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2276:9781474415262
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2251:
2245:, p. 224
2244:
2239:
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2227:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2203:
2196:
2191:
2184:
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2169:
2162:
2157:
2155:9789602133712
2151:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2131:
2126:
2119:
2114:
2107:
2102:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2056:
2051:
2042:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2018:
2013:
2007:was founded."
2006:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1985:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1930:
1918:
1914:
1911:(45): 22–25.
1910:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1881:, p. 24.
1880:
1875:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1853:
1848:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1811:
1806:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1739:9788849287301
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1696:
1691:
1684:
1681:, p. 2;
1680:
1675:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1654:
1651:, p. 2;
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1626:
1622:
1619:, p. 2;
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1498:Roman library
1494:
1489:
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1470:
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1259:
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1250:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1223:
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1212:Official Logo
1210:
1201:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
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1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:Julius Caesar
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
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1054:
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976:
971:
966:
957:
956:
943:
931:
921:
909:
899:
888:
876:
875:Orikos •
867:
858:
857:Byllis •
849:
848:• Dimale
840:
831:
819:
810:
798:
789:
788:• Lissos
780:
771:
770:Skodra •
762:
761:Buthoe •
753:
752:Doclea •
744:
743:• Meteon
735:
734:Rhizon •
726:
717:
708:
700:
692:
684:
676:
667:
658:
651:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
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612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
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588:
584:
579:
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568:
559:
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541:
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532:
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510:
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487:
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479:
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444:
440:
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423:
414:
411:
405:
403:
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
380:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
337:
335:
329:
327:
323:
315:
314:Ancient Greek
311:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
275:Roman emperor
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
226:and possibly
225:
221:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
191:
187:
183:
182:Ancient Greek
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
162:Ancient Greek
159:
150:
146:
141:
113:
109:
106:
103:
99:
95:
92:
88:
68:
59:
54:
48:
43:
39:
34:
19:
8897:
8693:
8681:
8643:
8624:
8545:
8311:Prefectures
8279:Roman period
8196:Batonian War
7968:Boka-Përçeva
7859:
7822:
7745:
7722:
7716:
7699:
7632:
7620:
7603:
7539:
7454:
7437:
7402:
7252:Scerdilaidas
7237:Pleuratus II
7042:Bato Dardani
6494:Dionysopolis
6464:Abonoteichos
6416:Pantikapaion
6261:
6006:Hybla Heraea
5342:Architecture
5298:Prostitution
4987:Aristophanes
4846:Philosophers
4816:Philosophers
4648:Spartan army
4379:(280–146 BC)
4367:(338–322 BC)
4361:(370–168 BC)
4349:(374–196 BC)
4343:(378–355 BC)
4325:(430–348 BC)
4319:(478–404 BC)
4313:(499–449 BC)
4000:Peloponnesus
3922:Roman Greece
3771:
3750:
3725:
3704:
3693:
3672:
3661:
3648:. Retrieved
3635:
3622:. Retrieved
3608:
3592:. Retrieved
3587:
3583:
3562:
3558:
3527:
3523:
3502:
3482:
3461:
3443:
3439:
3419:
3398:
3377:
3364:. Retrieved
3359:
3335:
3314:
3286:
3282:
3261:
3257:
3233:
3208:
3198:
3194:
3176:Reboton 2008
3171:
3159:
3136:
3121:
3114:
3107:Cabanes 2008
3102:
3086:
3082:
3066:
3062:
3051:. Retrieved
3040:
3033:
3024:
3018:
3000:
2995:
2987:the original
2977:
2965:. Retrieved
2961:the original
2956:
2946:
2935:. Retrieved
2922:
2911:. Retrieved
2897:
2888:
2874:
2863:
2853:
2827:. Retrieved
2822:
2817:
2810:
2791:
2781:
2772:
2765:Reboton 2008
2760:
2748:
2736:
2724:. Retrieved
2715:
2706:
2697:
2691:
2682:
2676:
2666:
2657:
2648:
2639:
2600:
2572:
2565:
2555:
2541:
2533:
2521:
2499:, p. 59
2492:
2487:, p. 81
2480:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2445:
2418:
2411:Cabanes 2011
2406:
2399:Cabanes 2008
2394:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2362:
2351:. Retrieved
2337:
2326:
2288:
2257:
2250:
2238:
2226:
2221:, p. 50
2214:
2209:, p. 27
2202:
2195:Stocker 2009
2190:
2185:, p. 63
2183:Stocker 2009
2178:
2168:
2159:
2144:
2137:
2125:
2113:
2101:
2092:
2050:
2041:
2019:, p. 18
2012:
2004:
2001:Stocker 2009
1996:
1984:
1976:
1973:Stocker 2009
1968:
1959:
1956:Stocker 2009
1951:
1927:
1920:. Retrieved
1908:
1898:
1891:Stocker 2009
1886:
1874:
1852:Reboton 2008
1847:
1828:
1810:Reboton 2008
1805:
1793:. Retrieved
1786:the original
1768:
1756:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1690:
1685:, p. 26
1674:
1632:
1613:Chamoux 2003
1600:
1595:129011–12)."
1592:
1588:
1584:
1581:Ἀπολλωνιάτης
1580:
1576:
1572:
1569:Ἀπολλωνία, ἡ
1568:
1560:
1348:
1331:Epirus Novus
1304:
1302:
1284:
1270:
1262:
1254:
1251:
1226:
1215:
1194:
1174:
1163:(modern-day
1142:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1062:
1039:Roman period
1015:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
973:
962:
950:
949:
838:
827:Royal •
797:Scupi •
620:
591:Bay of Aulon
580:
577:
544:Thessaloniki
533:
518:
505:
490:
482:colonization
471:
439:J. J. Wilkes
428:
406:
391:
387:Grotta-Pelos
363:
348:
330:
309:
307:
285:
279:
273:, the first
244:
217:
205:Adriatic Sea
170:Apolloniates
169:
157:
156:
37:
8978:Paleokastra
8943:Gjon Boçari
8938:Gjirokastër
8749:Castles in
8466:Settlements
8335:Epirus Nova
7990:Vače Situla
7866:Albanopolis
7731:Pola (Pula)
7634:Matohasanaj
7472:Chrysondyon
7398:Antipatreia
7383:Albanopolis
7232:Pleuratus I
7187:Justinian I
7062:Caravantius
7027:Bardylis II
6833:Daesitiates
6793:Atintanians
6642:Place names
6554:Salmydessus
6376:Kalos Limen
6356:Chersonesus
6346:Borysthenes
6051:Tauromenion
5863:Metapontion
5625:Proto-Greek
5578:Erechtheion
5573:Athena Nike
5535:Philippeion
5364:Mathematics
5335:and science
5218:Agriculture
5082:Stesichorus
4992:Bacchylides
4982:Archilochus
4869:Antisthenes
4859:Anaximander
4831:Seven Sages
4821:Playwrights
4801:Geographers
4796:Astronomers
4623:Pezhetairos
4250: 1100
4230:Federations
4129:Megalopolis
4066:City states
4041:City states
3650:24 December
3624:24 December
3594:18 December
3366:24 December
3005:pp. 395-396
2865:Koha Ditore
2839:cite thesis
2829:18 December
2753:Bowden 2003
2741:Wilkes 1995
2696:Aristotle.
2683:Geographica
2526:Stallo 2007
2514:Stallo 2007
2379:Malkin 2001
2367:Wilkes 1995
2207:Stallo 2007
2130:Wilkes 1995
2118:Picard 2013
2106:Stallo 2007
2034:Wilkes 1995
1989:Stallo 2007
1963:ancestors."
1879:Wright 2016
1795:14 December
1732:(1–2): 56.
1683:Wright 2016
1645:Stallo 2007
1641:Picard 2013
1637:Wilkes 1995
1609:Wilson 2006
1605:Wilkes 1995
1387:Agonothetes
1311:titular see
1293:Epirus Nova
1204:Archaeology
1126:Philippicae
1090:Epirus Nova
1049:Via Egnatia
1019:slave trade
975:Geographica
540:Via Egnatia
478:Archaic era
433:led by the
431:Corinthians
359:Via Egnatia
290:titular see
166:Koine Greek
135: /
111:Coordinates
94:Fier County
53:Agonothetes
9049:Categories
8403:Illyrology
8321:Provinces
8042:Deipaturos
7994:Tattooing
7955:Soleto Map
7793:Sesarethus
7450:Brundisium
7378:Ad Quintum
7344:Taulantian
7329:Dassaretan
7312:Autariatan
7107:Diocletian
6929:Osseriates
6872:Dassaretii
6818:Bassanitae
6813:Baridustae
6798:Autariatae
6544:Polemonion
6421:Phanagoria
6391:Kimmerikon
6386:Kerkinitis
6371:Hermonassa
6361:Dioscurias
6257:Aspalathos
6204:Kalathousa
6179:Akra Leuke
6108:Phoenicusa
5893:Scylletium
5878:Poseidonia
5798:Brentesion
5685:Pamphylian
5680:Macedonian
5598:Samothrace
5583:Hephaestus
5530:Long Walls
5509:Structures
5450:Underworld
5396:Technology
5359:Literature
5293:Philosophy
5258:Euergetism
5147:By culture
5092:Thucydides
4934:Pythagoras
4929:Protagoras
4919:Parmenides
4904:Heraclitus
4889:Empedocles
4879:Democritus
4864:Anaximenes
4854:Anaxagoras
4806:Historians
4299: 595
4286: 550
4267: 800
4252: – c.
4180:Cappadocia
3985:Ionian Sea
3975:Hellespont
3940:Aegean Sea
3186:References
3053:2013-12-09
2937:2018-02-28
2913:2012-10-03
2580:. p.
2556:Narrations
2485:Dzino 2010
2353:2013-10-07
1726:FormaMente
1379:Trojan War
1323:Dyrrachium
1144:Synecdemus
1108:in 48 BC.
996:eleutheroi
806:Epidamnos-
536:Dyrrachium
513:Corinthian
447:Aoos/Vjosë
402:Corinthian
201:Aoös/Vjosë
151:Settlement
123:19°28′21″E
120:40°43′19″N
8973:Margëlliç
8888:Ali Pasha
8644:Apollonia
8639:Antigonea
8345:Macedonia
8340:Illyricum
8315:Illyricum
8305:Macedonia
8300:Illyricum
8291:Dioceses
8157:Lyncestis
8081:Nymphaion
7948:Peucetian
7943:Messapian
7900:Education
7861:Zgërdhesh
7736:Poslishte
7712:Pituntium
7628:Lychnidus
7504:Delminium
7482:Damastion
7403:Apollonia
7393:Andetrium
7354:Geography
7334:Enchelean
7317:Dardanian
7202:Monounios
7152:Grabos II
7127:Flavianus
7017:Baraliris
6959:Taulantii
6954:Siculotae
6949:Sardiatae
6897:Iapygians
6828:Bylliones
6781:Docleatai
6741:Illyrians
6630:in Epirus
6579:Trapezous
6524:Mesambria
6509:Eupatoria
6479:Apollonia
6474:Anchialos
6436:Theodosia
6406:Nymphaion
6396:Myrmekion
6366:Gorgippia
6322:Black Sea
6307:Tragurion
6292:Nymphaion
6277:Epidauros
6272:Epidamnos
6262:Apollonia
6239:Zacynthos
6161:Ptolemais
6155:Apollonia
6128:Cyrenaica
6118:Therassía
6113:Strongyle
6093:Ereikousa
6016:Leontinoi
5956:Apollonia
5833:Hipponion
5630:Mycenaean
5593:Parthenon
5525:Lion Gate
5428:Mythology
5391:Sculpture
5354:Astronomy
5288:Pederasty
5263:Festivals
5248:Education
5128:Lawgivers
5097:Timocreon
5077:Sophocles
5072:Simonides
5047:Philocles
5042:Panyassis
5037:Mimnermus
5002:Herodotus
4997:Euripides
4967:Aeschylus
4914:Leucippus
4874:Aristotle
4653:Strategos
4519:Synedrion
4473:Ostracism
4453:Areopagus
4405:Free city
4200:Macedonia
4084:Byzantion
3990:Macedonia
3955:Cyrenaica
3932:Geography
3866:Geography
3565:: 79–97.
3511:127332199
3305:2316-8412
3264:: 75–98.
3145:cite book
3077:), p. 835
2967:19 August
2542:Histories
2538:Herodotus
2497:Ceka 2012
2285:250224916
1922:7 January
1917:0350-0020
1748:1970-7118
1552:Footnotes
1450:Nymphaeum
1404:Isocrates
1383:astronomy
1365:and five
1359:Pausanias
1319:suffragan
1238:communist
1198:Ilir Meta
1186:Shën Mëri
1149:Hyerocles
1098:civil war
1006:xenelasia
988:oligarchy
984:Aristotle
716:BYLLIONES
622:Herodotus
616:Bylliones
603:Nymphaion
548:Byzantium
521:Illyrians
474:Epidamnos
467:Bylliones
451:Taulantii
394:Mycenaean
334:Epidamnos
322:Periander
240:Aristotle
232:Illyrians
180:) was an
178:Apollonia
158:Apollonia
96:, Albania
38:Ἀπολλωνία
31:Apollonia
9030:See also
9018:Vokopolë
9003:Tepelena
8983:Pogradec
8968:Lëkurësi
8963:Libohovë
8850:Persqopi
8825:Bashtova
8767:Burgajet
8700:Category
8664:Phoenice
8595:Shebenik
8489:Category
8479:Timeline
8355:Pannonia
8330:Delmatia
8325:Dardania
8262:Illyrian
8255:Language
8172:Phoenice
8148:Battles
8104:weaponry
8086:Swastika
8059:Medaurus
8027:Religion
7929:Pottery
7855:Vendenis
7840:Ulkinium
7813:Tilurium
7808:Thronion
7718:Pogradec
7701:Persqopi
7685:Palaeste
7567:Eugenium
7562:Epicaria
7557:Enkelana
7525:Doracium
7477:Creonion
7433:Bassania
7428:Bargulum
7307:Labeatan
7303:Ardiaean
7272:Triteuta
7247:Pleurias
7207:Monunius
7192:Longarus
7182:Justin I
7147:Grabos I
7132:Galaurus
7047:Bircenna
7022:Bardylis
7012:Ballaios
7007:Aurelian
6944:Pirustae
6939:Penestae
6934:Parthini
6877:Enchelei
6865:Thuantai
6843:Tariotes
6838:Dalmatae
6808:Balaites
6786:Labeatae
6771:Amantini
6679:Category
6657:Theatres
6584:Tripolis
6519:Kerasous
6514:Heraclea
6446:Tyritake
6401:Nikonion
6312:Thronion
6234:Salauris
6189:Emporion
6146:Berenice
6136:Balagrae
6088:Euonymos
6061:Tyndaris
6046:Syracuse
6041:Selinous
6011:Kamarina
5966:Casmenae
5951:Akrillai
5868:Neápolis
5803:Caulonia
5784:Mainland
5715:Linear B
5710:Linear A
5640:Dialects
5617:Language
5411:Religion
5369:Medicine
5303:Religion
5268:Folklore
5253:Emporium
5228:Clothing
5223:Calendar
5107:Xenophon
5102:Tyrtaeus
5087:Theognis
5062:Polybius
5057:Plutarch
5032:Menander
5012:Hipponax
4939:Socrates
4894:Epicurus
4740:Diadochi
4638:Sciritae
4598:Hetairoi
4573:Ballista
4538:Military
4501:Gerousia
4491:Ekklesia
4458:Ecclesia
4440:Athenian
4388:Politics
4301:–279 BC)
4288:–366 BC)
4269:–389 BC)
4205:Pergamon
4175:Bithynia
4168:Kingdoms
4109:Pergamon
4051:Military
4046:Politics
3843:Timeline
3611:: 1–18.
3546:24227263
3047:Archived
3008:Archived
2957:Standard
2931:Archived
2907:Archived
2720:Archived
2681:Strabo.
2347:Archived
1573:I.Apoll.
1535:See also
1351:Thronion
1218:Austrian
1182:Albanian
1100:against
1081:Parthini
1053:Adriatic
992:politeia
917:Ceraunia
895:Kandavia
607:Selenicë
595:Shushicë
583:Thronion
463:Parthini
410:Iron Age
398:Euboeans
366:Illyrian
351:Adriatic
318:Γυλάκεια
310:Gylakeia
271:Augustus
259:rhetoric
90:Location
8998:Skrapar
8958:Këlcyrë
8953:Kardhiq
8928:Delvinë
8918:Butrint
8893:Amantia
8855:Petrelë
8840:Elbasan
8751:Albania
8669:Shkodër
8634:Amantia
8580:Llogara
8560:Butrint
8535:Albania
8385:Sirmium
8230:Sieges
8216:Liburna
8100:Warfare
8064:Perëndi
8032:Andinus
8003:Sicanje
7933:Daunian
7905:Fibulae
7890:Coinage
7877:Culture
7845:Ulpiana
7830:Tsangon
7824:Triport
7798:Setovia
7741:Promona
7690:Parthus
7655:Nikadin
7650:Nareste
7622:Lofkënd
7599:Kodrion
7530:Dresnik
7487:Daorson
7445:Bouthoe
7413:Arnissa
7388:Amantia
7322:Kingdom
7262:Tacitus
7212:Mytilos
7157:Gratian
7137:Gentius
6924:Narensi
6912:Peuceti
6907:Messapi
6892:Iapodes
6887:Grabaei
6860:Galabri
6855:Dardani
6776:Ardiaei
6766:Amantes
6699:Outline
6652:Temples
6589:Zaliche
6569:Thèrmae
6559:Sesamus
6529:Odessos
6504:Cytorus
6499:Cotyora
6249:Illyria
6214:Mainake
6209:Kypsela
6098:Hycesia
6056:Thermae
6036:Segesta
6026:Messana
5981:Helorus
5961:Calacte
5941:Akragas
5903:Sybaris
5888:Rhegion
5843:Krimisa
5793:Alision
5702:Writing
5675:Locrian
5665:Epirote
5635:Homeric
5568:Artemis
5555:Temples
5496:Olympia
5466:Eleusis
5401:Theatre
5386:Pottery
5313:Warfare
5308:Slavery
5243:Economy
5238:Cuisine
5233:Coinage
5210:Society
5195:Culture
5190:Society
5138:Tyrants
4977:Alcaeus
4959:Authors
4909:Hypatia
4899:Gorgias
4836:Writers
4658:Toxotai
4628:Sarissa
4618:Peltast
4613:Phalanx
4593:Hoplite
4588:Hippeis
4511:Macedon
4483:Spartan
4468:Heliaia
4415:Proxeny
4124:Larissa
4119:Kerkyra
4114:Eretria
4104:Miletus
4099:Ephesus
4094:Corinth
4089:Chalcis
4010:Taurica
3880:Periods
3861:History
3231:(ed.).
2726:16 July
2316::
2005:apoikia
1410:Gallery
1367:Achaean
1355:Olympia
1337:Culture
1315:diocese
1258:Russian
1157:malaria
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340:History
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197:Illyria
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9060:588 BC
8948:Kaninë
8933:Dimale
8923:Byllis
8903:Badhër
8870:Tujani
8835:Dorëzi
8807:Rozafa
8802:Rodoni
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8772:Drisht
8659:Oricum
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8649:Byllis
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8211:Lembus
8206:Helmet
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8074:Tomorr
8069:Prende
8037:Bindus
7964:Tombs
7938:Desilo
7925:Pileus
7850:Uscana
7835:Ugento
7778:Salvia
7773:Salona
7763:Romajë
7758:Rhizon
7753:Ragusa
7747:Rabije
7724:Castle
7695:Pelion
7680:Oricum
7660:Nikaia
7640:Meteon
7611:Lissus
7605:Kratul
7572:Gertus
7551:Durrës
7520:Doclea
7515:Dimale
7509:Desilo
7467:Chinna
7462:Byllis
7456:Bushat
7408:Arduba
7277:Valens
7257:Sirras
7227:Plator
7222:Pinnes
7177:Jovian
7172:Jerome
7117:Epulon
7092:Cynane
7052:Caeria
7002:Audata
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6975:People
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6689:Portal
6637:People
6625:Cities
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6549:Rhizos
6539:Phasis
6489:Bathus
6484:Athina
6469:Amisos
6431:Tanais
6426:Pityus
6351:Charax
6302:Pharos
6297:Orikon
6194:Helike
6184:Alonis
6151:Cyrene
6083:Didyme
5996:Himera
5971:Catana
5933:Sicily
5923:Thurii
5918:Terina
5883:Pixous
5838:Hydrus
5813:Croton
5645:Aeolic
5563:Aphaea
5486:Dodona
5471:Delphi
5440:Temple
5116:Others
5067:Sappho
5052:Pindar
5027:Lucian
5022:Ibycus
5007:Hesiod
4944:Thales
4712:Rulers
4691:People
4668:Xyston
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4524:Koinon
4430:Tyrant
4420:Stasis
4410:Koinon
4210:Pontus
4185:Epirus
4154:Sparta
4144:Rhodes
4139:Megara
4134:Thebes
4079:Athens
4005:Pontus
3970:Epirus
3960:Cyprus
3945:Aeolis
3758:
3737:
3712:
3680:
3615:
3559:Iliria
3544:
3509:
3490:
3469:
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3406:
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3303:
3258:Iliria
3241:
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2588:
2387:perata
2383:limits
2310:
2283:
2273:
2152:
1960:nostoi
1915:
1835:
1746:
1736:
1375:Thetis
1363:Trojan
1277:Byllis
1243:UNESCO
1234:Tirana
1171:Legacy
1161:Avlona
1121:Cicero
1114:Tarsus
1102:Pompey
1057:Thrace
970:Strabo
634:Helios
572:stater
556:Danube
552:Thrace
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455:Picard
435:oikist
374:tumuli
355:Aegean
326:Apollo
267:empire
261:, and
101:Region
8993:Skelë
8913:Borsh
8908:Berat
8865:Prezë
8860:Peqin
8830:Dajti
8792:Lezhë
8787:Krujë
8782:Ishëm
8610:Vjosa
8439:Lists
8396:Other
8295:Dacia
8162:Paxos
7768:Runik
7707:Petra
7670:Oneum
7615:Lezhë
7594:Kinna
7588:Zadar
7541:Dukat
7535:Duboc
7439:Berat
7423:Aulon
7267:Teuta
7122:Etuta
7097:Dando
7067:Celer
7057:Caius
6982:Agron
6964:Abroi
6902:Dauni
6882:Eneti
6803:Azali
6647:Stoae
6615:Lists
6534:Oinòe
6457:coast
6455:South
6441:Tyras
6411:Olbia
6381:Kepoi
6334:coast
6332:North
6325:basin
6267:Aulon
6229:Rhode
6141:Barca
6031:Naxos
5986:Henna
5946:Akrai
5913:Taras
5898:Siris
5858:Medma
5853:Locri
5818:Cumae
5808:Chone
5786:Italy
5692:Koine
5670:Ionic
5660:Doric
5655:Attic
5476:Delos
5374:Music
5017:Homer
4972:Aesop
4924:Plato
4826:Poets
4496:Ephor
4448:Agora
4425:Tagus
4400:Boule
4149:Samos
4074:Argos
3980:Ionia
3965:Doris
3950:Crete
3776:(PDF)
3507:S2CID
2821:[
2552:Conon
2281:S2CID
1977:xenia
1789:(PDF)
1778:(PDF)
1589:polis
1438:Odeon
1426:Ruins
1391:cavea
1297:Leo I
1247:MDG-F
1165:Vlorë
980:polis
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626:Conon
527:from
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8797:Peca
8565:Dajt
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8226:Sica
8102:and
8047:Zojz
7675:Oria
7664:Klos
6574:Tium
6341:Akra
6282:Issa
5976:Gela
5848:Laüs
5823:Elea
5481:Dion
5333:Arts
5323:Wine
4949:Zeno
4546:Wars
3756:ISBN
3735:ISBN
3710:ISBN
3678:ISBN
3652:2020
3626:2020
3613:ISBN
3596:2020
3542:PMID
3488:ISBN
3467:ISBN
3425:ISBN
3404:ISBN
3383:ISBN
3368:2020
3341:ISBN
3320:ISBN
3301:ISSN
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3214:ISBN
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3127:ISBN
3091:ISBN
3071:ISBN
2969:2010
2845:link
2831:2020
2796:ISBN
2728:2008
2586:ISBN
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2271:ISBN
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