27:
200:. Peter the Venerable's aim was to convert Muslims to Christianity, and for that reason it can be argued that his interpretation of Islam was inherently negative, but he did manage to set out "a more reasoned approach to Islam…through using its own sources rather than those produced by the hyperactive imagination of some earlier Western Christian writers". After circulating in manuscript, Peter the Venerable's so-called
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The dating proposed by Muir has also been disputed with it being the object of serious disagreements between orientalists. L. Massignon believes the composition to be later than Muir's suggestion, suggesting the 4th century hijri (10th century CE), arguing that the author borrowed from
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is controversial. The earliest surviving manuscripts of the Arabic text are seventeenth century. However, the Arabic manuscripts are predated by a twelfth-century Latin translation made in Spain, where the Arabic text is assumed to have been circulating among
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around the year 1000 as the
Epistle of "Abd al Masîh ibn Ishâc, Al Kindy". Both Muir and van Koningsveld favour a ninth-century date for the Apology. Muir is more specific about the date, identifying the Caliph, who remains unnamed in the epistles, as
283:, living in the Caliph's castle and being well versed in Christian theology. He is also described as having a close and trusted Christian friend called "Abd al-Masih ibn Ishaq al-Kindi" (which translates as "Servant of
256:: The Muslim first invites the Christian to embrace Islam. The Christian declines this and in turn invites the Muslim to embrace Christianity. The Christian's answer comprises some six-sevenths of the text.
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concludes that the
Christian author took these criticisms from al-Rawandi and therefore he argues the letter was composed at the beginning of the 4th AH/10th CE century, agreeing with Massignon.
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It is attributed to an Arab
Christian referred to as Abd al-Masih ibn Ishaq al-Kindi. This Al-Kindi is otherwise unknown, and is clearly different from the Muslim philosopher
377:
Newman, N. A. The Early
Christian-Muslim Dialogue: A Collection of Documents from the First Three Islamic Centuries, 632-900 A.D.: Translations with Commentary.
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The significance of the work lies in its availability to Europe's educated elite from as early as the twelfth century as a source of information about Islam.
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on the part of the translator. While Peter of Toledo's Arabic appears to have been less than perfect, it was better than his Latin, and a French scholar
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219:'s translation of 1882. Like its Latin predecessor, Muir's (partial) translation was intended for missionary purposes, as he states in the preface.
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Muir acknowledged difficulties in obtaining a reliable version of the Arabic text, but he defended the authenticity of the work, noting that the
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was the main translator. Professor van
Koningsveld has identified various errors in the Latin translation attributable to a limited knowledge of
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422:, Religious Polemics in Context: papers presented to the Second International Conference of the Leiden Institute for the Study of Religions
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making a case for
Christianity and drawing attention to alleged flaws in Islam. The word "apology" is a translation of the Arabic word
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Scholars continue to argue as to whether the letters derive from actual persons or represent a work of fiction by a single author.
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352:(d. 329 AH/940 CE). Arguing for a parallel between criticisms contained in the letter and in the work of the Muslim heretic
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The translation into Latin was a collaborative work on which a
Spaniard
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polished the Latin text. Both men were part of a team recruited by
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was published in print in the sixteenth century with a preface by
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515:. ex officina typographica B. Belleri. Book 23, Chapters 41-69.
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325:"the manner in which the Caliph is throughout referred to..."
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Muslim-Christian
Encounters. Perceptions and Misperceptions
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ibn Ismail al-Hashimy" (which translates as "Servant of
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Description and links to various formats of the text
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the "freedom of our Author's treatment of Islam"...
328:the "political allusions" contained in the book...
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403:The full name is Abd al-Masih ibn Ishaq al-Kindi
244:purports to be a record of a dialogue between a
299:Controversy regarding the dating of the Apology
671:Christian texts of the medieval Islamic world
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383:Interdisciplinary Biblical Research Institute
486:. J. Jetley for Asian Educational Services.
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434:Robert of Ketton's translation of the Qur'an
469:. Chicago: New Amsterdam Books. p. 95.
279:), is described as a cousin of the unnamed
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111:Learn how and when to remove this message
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345:(d. 310 AH/923 CE) his criticism of the
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259:The two participants are referred to by
467:A History of Muslim-Christian Relations
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632:, referring to the Apology of Al Kindi
592:(2 ed.). Brill Reference Online.
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448:Peter the Venerable's Journey to Spain
373:Latin translations of the 12th century
232:, a major 13th century encyclopaedia.
47:Please improve this article by adding
666:Christianity in the Abbasid Caliphate
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215:became available in English through
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588:. In Bearman; et al. (eds.).
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252:. In fact, the book contains two
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548:The Apology of Al-Kindy
537:The Apology of Al-Kindy
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646:1882 non-fiction books
590:Encyclopaedia Of Islam
418:P.S. van Koningsveld,
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36:relies excessively on
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465:Hugh Goddard (2000).
304:Views of William Muir
60:"Apology of al-Kindi"
356:(d. 298 AH/910 CE),
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224:Vincent of Beauvais
213:Apology of al-Kindy
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125:Apology of al-Kindi
211:Excerpts from the
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261:pseudonyms
101:March 2008
71:newspapers
38:references
455:40 (1956)
343:al-Tabari
319:Al-Ma'mun
287:, son of
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254:apologies
250:Christian
507:(1624).
367:See also
236:Contents
175:Mozarabs
130:al-Kindy
347:Hanbali
310:Apology
273:Ishmael
242:Apology
170:Apology
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85:scholar
603:2 June
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293:Kindah
285:Christ
281:Caliph
248:and a
246:Muslim
198:Qur'an
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269:Allah
265:Allah
141:رسالة
92:JSTOR
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