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Funding for translation of scientific texts in other languages was ongoing throughout the reign of certain caliphs, and it turned out that certain scholars became experts in the works they translated, and in turn received further support for continuing to develop certain sciences. As these sciences received wider attention from the elite, more scholars were invited and funded to study particular sciences. An example of a translator and mathematician who benefited from this type of support was
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questions, including those involving the level of pension contributions required to produce a certain retirement income and the way in which a company should invest resources to maximize its return on investments in light of potential risk. Using their broad knowledge, actuaries help design and price insurance policies, pension plans, and other financial strategies in a manner which will help ensure that the plans are maintained on a sound financial basis.
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856:: it is possible to study abstract entities with respect to their intrinsic nature, and not be concerned with how they manifest in the real world. Even though the pure and applied viewpoints are distinct philosophical positions, in practice there is much overlap in the activity of pure and applied mathematicians.
571:– 415). She succeeded her father as librarian at the Great Library and wrote many works on applied mathematics. Because of a political dispute, the Christian community in Alexandria punished her, presuming she was involved, by stripping her naked and scraping off her skin with clamshells (some say roofing tiles).
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models without necessarily establishing a link to financial theory, taking observed market prices as input. Mathematical consistency is required, not compatibility with economic theory. Thus, for example, while a financial economist might study the structural reasons why a company may have a certain
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was to pursue scientific knowledge. The German university system fostered professional, bureaucratically regulated scientific research performed in well-equipped laboratories, instead of the kind of research done by private and individual scholars in Great
Britain and France. In fact, RĂĽegg asserts
574:
Science and mathematics in the
Islamic world during the Middle Ages followed various models and modes of funding varied based primarily on scholars. It was extensive patronage and strong intellectual policies implemented by specific rulers that allowed scientific knowledge to develop in many areas.
887:
Many careers in mathematics outside of universities involve consulting. For instance, actuaries assemble and analyze data to estimate the probability and likely cost of the occurrence of an event such as death, sickness, injury, disability, or loss of property. Actuaries also address financial
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Several well known mathematicians have written autobiographies in part to explain to a general audience what it is about mathematics that has made them want to devote their lives to its study. These provide some of the best glimpses into what it means to be a mathematician. The following list
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To develop accurate models for describing the real world, many applied mathematicians draw on tools and techniques that are often considered to be "pure" mathematics. On the other hand, many pure mathematicians draw on natural and social phenomena as inspiration for their abstract research.
682:, arguably more authentically implementing Humboldt's idea of a university than even German universities, which were subject to state authority. Overall, science (including mathematics) became the focus of universities in the 19th and 20th centuries. Students could conduct research in
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methodology, approach many of the imposing problems presented in related scientific fields. With professional focus on a wide variety of problems, theoretical systems, and localized constructs, applied mathematicians work regularly in the study and formulation of
659:'s liberal ideas; the goal was to demonstrate the process of the discovery of knowledge and to teach students to "take account of fundamental laws of science in all their thinking." Thus, seminars and laboratories started to evolve.
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brought an increased emphasis on mathematics and science to Europe. During this period of transition from a mainly feudal and ecclesiastical culture to a predominantly secular one, many notable mathematicians had other occupations:
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As time passed, many mathematicians gravitated towards universities. An emphasis on free thinking and experimentation had begun in
Britain's oldest universities beginning in the seventeenth century at Oxford with the scientists
557:, whose doctrine it was that mathematics ruled the universe and whose motto was "All is number". It was the Pythagoreans who coined the term "mathematics", and with whom the study of mathematics for its own sake begins.
647:. Moving into the 19th century, the objective of universities all across Europe evolved from teaching the "regurgitation of knowledge" to "encourag productive thinking." In 1810, Humboldt convinced the king of
527:); he has been hailed as the first true mathematician and the first known individual to whom a mathematical discovery has been attributed. He is credited with the first use of deductive reasoning applied to
1822:. Although US-centric, a useful resource for anyone interested in a career as a mathematician. Learn what mathematicians do on a daily basis, where they work, how much they earn, and more.
939:
In 1938 in the United States, mathematicians were desired as teachers, calculating machine operators, mechanical engineers, accounting auditor bookkeepers, and actuary statisticians.
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that the German system is responsible for the development of the modern research university because it focused on the idea of "freedom of scientific research, teaching and study."
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Abattouy, Mohammed; Renn, JĂĽrgen; Weinig, Paul (2001). "Transmission as
Transformation: The Translation Movements in the Medieval East and West in a Comparative Perspective".
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in mathematics, though sometimes mathematicians have won the Nobel Prize in a different field, such as economics or physics. Prominent prizes in mathematics include the
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British universities of this period adopted some approaches familiar to the
Italian and German universities, but as they already enjoyed substantial freedoms and
1049:, and other mathematical societies offer several prizes aimed at increasing the representation of women and minorities in the future of mathematics.
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concerns itself with mathematical methods that are typically used in science, engineering, business, and industry; thus, "applied mathematics" is a
579:. A notable feature of many scholars working under Muslim rule in medieval times is that they were often polymaths. Examples include the work on
1907:
762:. Mathematicians and applied mathematicians are considered to be two of the STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) careers.
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contains some works that are not autobiographies, but rather essays on mathematics and mathematicians with strong autobiographical elements.
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specialty in which mathematicians work on problems, often concrete but sometimes abstract. As professionals focused on problem solving,
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serves to test both the breadth and depth of a student's understanding of mathematics; the students who pass are permitted to work on a
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1272:"Medieval Sourcebook: Socrates Scholasticus: The Murder of Hypatia (late 4th Cent.) from Ecclesiastical History, Bk VI: Chap. 15"
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Miscellaneous Tracts on Some
Curious and Very Interesting Subjects in Mechanics, Physical Astronomy and Speculative Mathematics
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and began to produce doctoral theses with more scientific content. According to
Humboldt, the mission of the
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Many professional mathematicians also engage in the teaching of mathematics. Duties may include:
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753:. Applied mathematicians are mathematical scientists who, with their specialized knowledge and
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Mathematicians involved with solving problems with applications in real life are called
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Essays on
Several Curious and Useful Subjects in Speculative and Mixed Mathematicks
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1816:. Information on the occupation of mathematician from the US Department of Labor.
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Short biographies of select mathematicians assembled by middle school students.
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with specialized knowledge. The term "applied mathematics" also describes the
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Mathematicians usually cover a breadth of topics within mathematics in their
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Tradition and Reform of the
University under an International Perspective
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1427:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 135.
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As another example, mathematical finance will derive and extend the
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Career
Information for Students of Math and Aspiring Mathematicians
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Mathematics without apologies / portrait of a problematic vocation
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1732:(Reprinted with foreword ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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619:(earliest founder of probability and binomial expansion);
153:), Greek mathematician, known as the "Father of Geometry"
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RĂĽegg, Walter (2004). "Themes". In RĂĽegg, Walter (ed.).
1441:, November 2005, American Mathematical Society, p.1173.
1219: – Popular history book of mathematics by E.T. Bell
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Sloan Career Cornerstone Center: Careers in Mathematics
1211: – 1940 essay by British mathematician G. H. Hardy
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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The first woman mathematician recorded by history was
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supervising undergraduate and graduate research; and
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1560:I Am a Mathematician / The Later Life of a Prodigy
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1301:
947:occupations in mathematics include the following.
783:formulation, study, and use of mathematical models
1203: – Humor about mathematics or mathematicians
27:Person with an extensive knowledge of mathematics
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1835:. A comprehensive list of detailed biographies.
1313:Röhrs, "The Classical Idea of the University",
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645:Lucasian Professor of Mathematics & Physics
461:is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of
1901:
538:The number of known mathematicians grew when
512:One of the earliest known mathematicians was
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797:, and other areas of mathematical practice.
1915:
1826:The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
1759:. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press.
1494:The Book of My Life (De Vita Propria Liber)
1087:(republished as Littlewood's miscellany) -
655:, to build a university in Berlin based on
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1894:
1526:
849:Another insightful view put forth is that
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1670:(1–2). Cambridge University Press: 1–12.
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1229:Timeline of ancient Greek mathematicians
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872:teaching university mathematics courses;
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505:For broader coverage of this topic, see
1791:The Mathematical Association of America
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1437:Andy Magid, Letter from the Editor, in
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1757:A History of the University in Europe
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1814:Occupational Outlook: Mathematicians
1612:Enigmas of Chance / An Autobiography
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1277:Internet History Sourcebooks Project
1047:Association for Women in Mathematics
851:pure mathematics is not necessarily
469:. Mathematicians are concerned with
60:adding citations to reliable sources
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1871:Middle School Mathematician Project
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1398:See for example titles of works by
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734:, mathematical theorist and teacher
615:(notable engineer and bookkeeper);
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1614:, University of California Press,
1187:List of films about mathematicians
531:, by deriving four corollaries to
465:in their work, typically to solve
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1839:The Mathematics Genealogy Project
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1465:Dictionary Of Occupational Titles
945:Dictionary of Occupational Titles
2510:Mathematical science occupations
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1496:, The New York Review of Books,
1461:"020 OCCUPATIONS IN MATHEMATICS"
1302:Abattouy, Renn & Weinig 2001
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2366:Computational complexity theory
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1284:from the original on 2014-08-14
878:serving on academic committees.
818:that studies entirely abstract
47:needs additional citations for
1638:, Princeton University Press,
1538:, Cambridge University Press,
1530:(1990) , Béla Bollobás (ed.),
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1586:Adventures of a Mathematician
1150:Mathematics Without Apologies
1112:Adventures of a Mathematician
1043:American Mathematical Society
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722:
678:emphasized the importance of
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517:
1787:A Mathematician comes of age
1714:I Want to Be a Mathematician
1103:I Want to be a Mathematician
1084:A Mathematician's Miscellany
1053:Mathematical autobiographies
7:
1590:, Charles Scribner's Sons,
1402:from the mid-18th century:
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10:
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2416:Films about mathematicians
846:, and other applications.
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711:. In some universities, a
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355:Relationship with sciences
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2003:
1985:Philosophy of mathematics
1960:
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1728:A Mathematician's Apology
1705:The Mathematical Universe
1676:10.1017/S0269889701000011
1208:A Mathematician's Apology
1073:A Mathematician's Apology
960:Mathematical Statistician
639:, and at Cambridge where
613:Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia
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2421:Recreational mathematics
1693:A History of Mathematics
1634:Harris, Michael (2015),
1558:Wiener, Norbert (1956),
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657:Friedrich Schleiermacher
2306:Mathematical statistics
2296:Mathematical psychology
2266:Engineering mathematics
2200:Algebraic number theory
1534:Littlewood's miscellany
1424:Encyclopædia Britannica
1418:"Simpson, Thomas"
1182:Lists of mathematicians
963:Mathematical Technician
824:speculative mathematics
705:undergraduate education
2452:Mathematics portal
2301:Mathematical sociology
2281:Mathematical economics
2276:Mathematical chemistry
2205:Analytic number theory
2086:Differential equations
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779:applied mathematicians
751:applied mathematicians
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507:History of mathematics
225:private corporations,
2431:Mathematics education
2361:Theory of computation
2081:Hypercomplex analysis
1712:Halmos, Paul (1985).
982:Prizes in mathematics
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717:doctoral dissertation
467:mathematical problems
18:Applied mathematician
2411:Informal mathematics
2291:Mathematical physics
2286:Mathematical finance
2271:Mathematical biology
2210:Diophantine geometry
1582:Ulam, S. M. (1976),
1562:, The M.I.T. Press,
1094:I Am a Mathematician
920:Valuation of options
864:Mathematics teaching
771:mathematical science
692:University of Berlin
668:Age of Enlightenment
653:Fredrick William III
320:Discrete mathematics
227:financial industry,
56:improve this article
2426:Mathematics and art
2336:Operations research
2091:Functional analysis
1857:"Unsolved Problems"
1063:The Book of My Life
955:Operations-Research
906:stochastic calculus
853:applied mathematics
767:applied mathematics
760:mathematical models
745:Applied mathematics
739:Applied mathematics
540:Pythagoras of Samos
254:Part of a series on
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2371:Numerical analysis
1980:Mathematical logic
1975:Information theory
1854:Weisstein, Eric W.
1844:2009-02-19 at the
1831:2019-11-14 at the
1716:. Springer-Verlag.
1664:Science in Context
1610:Kac, Mark (1987),
1447:2016-03-03 at the
1439:Notices of the AMS
1216:Men of Mathematics
1174:Mathematics portal
941:
924:Financial modeling
765:The discipline of
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699:Required education
555:Pythagorean school
553:) established the
421:Mathematics Portal
201:Education required
134:
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2496:
2096:Harmonic analysis
1800:978-0-88385-578-2
1783:Krantz, Steven G.
1766:978-0-521-36107-1
1739:978-1-107-60463-6
1645:978-0-691-15423-7
1528:Littlewood, J. E.
1490:Cardano, Girolamo
1377:, pp. 17–18.
1223:Mental calculator
1201:Mathematical joke
1121:Enigmas of Chance
943:According to the
514:Thales of Miletus
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189:analytical skills
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1067:Girolamo Cardano
1036:Nevanlinna Prize
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807:Pure mathematics
801:Pure mathematics
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33:
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19:
2486:
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2238:Differential
2162:Differential
2129:Order theory
2124:Graph theory
2028:Group theory
1860:
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1655:Bibliography
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1473:. Retrieved
1469:the original
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1286:. Retrieved
1275:
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1207:
1149:
1138:
1134:Neal Koblitz
1129:
1120:
1111:
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1040:
1032:Schock Prize
1024:Steele Prize
1012:Balzan Prize
1000:Fields Medal
986:There is no
985:
973:Statistician
942:
917:
893:mathematical
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778:
775:professional
764:
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748:
732:Emmy Noether
702:
688:laboratories
661:
641:Isaac Newton
637:Robert Boyle
633:Robert Hooke
629:
607:(founder of
605:Luca Pacioli
597:
573:
559:
537:
511:
458:
456:
240:statistician
235:Related jobs
181:Competencies
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
2488:WikiProject
2331:Game theory
2311:Probability
2048:Homological
2038:Multilinear
2018:Commutative
1995:Type theory
1962:Foundations
1918:mathematics
1722:Hardy, G.H.
1004:Gauss Prize
996:Chern Medal
988:Nobel Prize
931:Occupations
910:derivatives
902:share price
844:engineering
816:mathematics
791:engineering
600:Renaissance
463:mathematics
386:Linguistics
376:Computation
371:Geosciences
334:Probability
260:Mathematics
185:Mathematics
176:Description
2504:Categories
2316:Statistics
2195:Arithmetic
2157:Arithmetic
2023:Elementary
1990:Set theory
1516:Hardy 2012
1475:2013-01-20
1387:RĂĽegg 2004
1375:RĂĽegg 2004
1363:RĂĽegg 2004
1351:RĂĽegg 2004
1339:RĂĽegg 2004
1327:RĂĽegg 2004
1288:2014-11-19
1259:Boyer 1991
1247:Boyer 1991
1078:G.H. Hardy
1034:, and the
1028:Wolf Prize
1020:Shaw Prize
992:Abel Prize
883:Consulting
828:navigation
723:Activities
627:(lawyer).
609:accounting
549: – c.
547: 582
523: – c.
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396:Philosophy
339:Statistics
329:Set theory
229:government
219:employment
159:Occupation
112:April 2021
82:newspapers
2243:Geometric
2233:Algebraic
2172:Euclidean
2147:Algebraic
2043:Universal
1881:MathMajor
1862:MathWorld
1748:942496876
1724:(2012) .
1684:145190232
897:numerical
840:economics
832:astronomy
676:Cambridge
589:astronomy
483:structure
401:Education
391:Economics
366:Chemistry
217:Fields of
149:(holding
2464:Category
2220:Topology
2167:Discrete
2152:Analytic
2139:Geometry
2111:Discrete
2066:Calculus
2058:Analysis
2013:Abstract
1952:Glossary
1935:Timeline
1842:Archived
1829:Archived
1785:(2012),
1703:(1994).
1492:(2002),
1445:Archived
1282:Archived
1160:See also
1125:Mark Kac
971:Applied
820:concepts
795:business
684:seminars
680:research
664:autonomy
529:geometry
479:quantity
315:Analysis
311:Calculus
301:Geometry
170:Academic
151:calipers
2476:Commons
2258:Applied
2228:General
2005:Algebra
1930:History
967:Actuary
957:Analyst
912:of the
836:physics
787:science
649:Prussia
562:Hypatia
501:History
471:numbers
381:Biology
361:Physics
306:Algebra
269:History
244:actuary
96:scholar
2177:Finite
2033:Linear
1940:Future
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1947:Lists
1920:areas
1879:from
1680:S2CID
1235:Notes
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585:maths
487:space
325:Logic
289:Areas
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103:JSTOR
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