1028:"I shall only add that if Kharaosta and his father Arta were Kambojas, the same may have been the case with Moga, and we understand why the Kambojas are sometimes mentioned with the Sakas and Yavanas"; See also: Ancient India, pp 320-21, Dr R. K. Mukerjee; Journal of Indian History - 1921, p viii, University of Kerala, University of Allahabad Department of Modern Indian History, University of Travancore; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, pp 41, 306-09, Dr J. L. Kamboj; These Kamboj People, 1979, p 141; Balocistān: Siyāsī Kashmakash, Muz̤mirāt Va Rujḥānāt, 1989, p 2, Munīr Aḥmad Marrīتاريخ قوم كمبوه: جديد تحقيق كى روشنى ميں, 1996, p 221, Yusuf Husain etc.
81:
361:) art and culture. It reflects the arrival and assimilation, by whatever geographic route or routes, of this ancient Central Asian/Iranian motif into the Gandharan world in Pre-Christian times. And lastly, the fluting in the surfaces of the silver reliquary is also an Iranian motif. Thus the Ibex motif combined with wine drinking culture of the goblet itself amply illustrates the influx of regional and extra-regional cultural elements into the eclectic art and culture of Gandhara of the Indo-Iranian/Indo-Scythian period which is indeed reflected in the silver reliquary of prince Indravarman.
113:
912:
Journal of the Royal
Asiatic Society, 1843, p 140; Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1874, p 260 fn; Die altpersischen Keilinschriften: Im Grundtexte mit Uebersetzung, Grammatik und Glossar, 1881, p 86, Friedrich Spiegel; Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p 133, fn, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Banerjee; The Achaemenids and India, 1974, p 13, Dr S Chattopadhyaya; Vishnu Purana, p 374, fn, H. H. Wilson; The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval India, Numdo Lal Dey).
145:
727:(i.e. tribal chief). Since this reference pertains to pre-Christian and therefore, pre-Kushana/Pre-Turkic times, this conclusively proves that the use of a title is no proof of a ruler's ethnic affinities. The silver reliquary definitely indicates some sort of connections between prince Kharaosta (Khara(y)osta) and the Apraca kings of Bajaur but it is hard to say if the connections are merely of succession only or were formed by blood or ethnic bonds also. The
759:(in which he is twice mentioned as Yuvaraja Kharaosta), than is usually attributed to him. Kharaosta is believed to have been the ruler of Cukhsa—a territory comprising districts of Peshawar, Hazara, Attock and Mianwal in northern Pakistan. The Apraca kings of Bajaur are believed to have been an important allies of Kharaosta in helping to protect his borders from ever-present threat of invasion from the west. It does not, therefore, seem unlikely that Arta (
152:
120:
88:
40:
296:(pre-Islamic Kafiristan) which area had formed integral parts of ancient Kapisa. Bajaur, the presumed provenance of the silver reliquary, was part of the ancient Kapisa. In this very region of Kafiristan or ancient Kapisa, the heirloom silver wine cups with features very similar to those of old Gandhara and Kapisa goblets are still found and before the
911:
It is worthy of note here that the warlike, highly independent and militarily dominating Siyah-posh clans like Kam/Kamoj/Kamtoj of
Kafiristan/Nuristan the modern representatives of the ancient Kambojas of Kapisa territory (See: Mountstuart Elphinstone, "An account of the kingdom of Caubol", fn p 619;
320:
and later of his successor prince
Indravarman who converted it into a sacred reliquary for the bones of Buddha". The Nuristani customs represents the survival in remote region of a local (Bajaur) tradition of ritual wine drinking which, in Buddhist world of Gandhara, may have been assimilated to and
867:
The item belongs to the Shumei
Culture Foundation in Otsu, Japan and was loaned to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, when it was studied by Richard Salomon of the University of Washington, who examined and studied the inscriptions and published his results in Journal of the American Oriental
288:(Kapisi). The lower part of the reliquary resembles the ceremonial drinking cups depicted in ancient Gandharan art and culture relief. Gandharan art of Bacchanalian or Dionysiac drinking scenes are the motifs which represent assimilation of local folk traditions of remote river valleys of the
955:
It is also important to note that the name of one of the kings of Apraca dynasty is
Aspavarman. This king has also been referred to simply as Aspa i.e. Aspa-bhrata-putrasa. Aspavarman was son of Apraca king Indravarman. The "Aspa" part of the name (Aspavarman) alludes to connections with the
249:
raised by
Indravarman. The inscriptions on the silver reliquary provide important new information not only about the history of the kings of Apraca dynasty themselves but also about their relationships with other rulers of the far north-western region of traditional India i.e. modern northern
630:
texts. Prashant
Srivastava of the University of Lucknow, has in a research monograph highlighted the significant role played by the family of the Apraca kings in ancient Indian history, and connected this family of the Apraca kings with the Ashvaka clan. But, the
605:
also establishes that king
Kharaosta was also the original owner and the silver vessel was later inherited by Apraca dynasty. Thus it very offers tantalizing hints of some close relationship between king Kharaosta and the Apraca kings of Bajaur.
1739:
1005:
11.1.1-4. Thus the fact that many kings of the Apraca dynasty used Varman last name indicates that the Apraca dynasty belonged to
Kshatriya lineage and hence most likely belonged to the Ashvaka branch of the Indo-Iranian Kamboja
495:𐨬𐨁𐨭𐨿𐨤𐨬𐨪𐨿𐨨𐨯𐨿𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨟𐨅𐨒𐨤𐨂𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨅 𐨀𐨁𐨎𐨡𐨿𐨪𐨬𐨪𐨿𐨨 𐨐𐨂𐨨𐨪𐨅 𐨯𐨧𐨪𐨿𐨩𐨀𐨅 𐨀𐨁𐨨𐨅 𐨭𐨪𐨁𐨪 𐨤𐨪𐨁𐨛𐨬𐨅𐨟𐨁 𐨟𐨞𐨂𐨐𐨀𐨨𐨁 𐨠𐨂𐨦𐨨𐨁 𐨬𐨁𐨭𐨿𐨤𐨬𐨪𐨿𐨨𐨆 𐨯𐨿𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨟𐨅𐨒𐨆 𐨭𐨁𐨭𐨁𐨪𐨅𐨞 𐨩 𐨯𐨿𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨟𐨅𐨒
592:
The inscriptions refer to several well-known historical figures and also introduce some previously unknown persons. Noteworthy among the former are prince
Indravarman and king Khara(y)osta who is to be identified with ruler
739:
on the same reliquary were later inscribed by Apraca king Indravarman which show the latter as the owner of the same vessel. Inscriptions also verify that Apraca king Indravarman had later converted the silver vessel to a
552:𐨬𐨁𐨭𐨿𐨤𐨬𐨪𐨿𐨨𐨯 𐨯𐨿𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨟𐨅𐨒𐨯 𐨤𐨂𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨅 𐨀𐨁𐨎𐨡𐨿𐨪𐨬𐨪𐨿𐨨 𐨐𐨂𐨨𐨪𐨅 𐨯𐨧𐨪𐨿𐨩𐨀𐨅 𐨀𐨁𐨨𐨅 𐨭𐨪𐨁𐨪 𐨤𐨿𐨪𐨟𐨁𐨛𐨬𐨅𐨟𐨁 𐨟𐨞𐨂𐨀𐨐𐨨𐨁 𐨠𐨂𐨦𐨨𐨁 𐨬𐨁𐨭𐨿𐨤𐨬𐨪𐨿𐨨𐨆 𐨯𐨿𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨟𐨅𐨒𐨆 𐨭𐨁𐨭𐨁𐨪𐨅𐨞 𐨩
311:
According to Dr Richard Salomon, "if the association is even approximately correct, it may explain what the new silver reliquary originally may have been. It was undoubtedly a ceremonial silver drinking cup of
497:𐨧𐨪𐨿𐨩 𐨤𐨂𐨩𐨀𐨁𐨟 𐨀𐨁𐨎𐨡𐨿𐨪𐨬𐨯𐨂 𐨀𐨤𐨕𐨪𐨗 𐨬𐨯𐨂𐨨𐨁𐨡𐨿𐨪 𐨕 𐨗𐨁𐨀𐨤𐨂𐨟𐨿𐨪 𐨤𐨂𐨩𐨀𐨁𐨟 𐨀𐨁𐨎𐨡𐨿𐨪𐨬𐨪𐨿𐨨𐨆 𐨯𐨿𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨟𐨅𐨒𐨆 𐨀𐨂𐨟𐨪 𐨩 𐨯𐨿𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨟𐨅𐨒𐨧𐨪𐨿𐨩 𐨤𐨂𐨩𐨀𐨁𐨟 𐨬𐨁𐨩𐨅
965:
Many kings of Apraca dynasty have used Varman as the surname or last name. Varman as surname implies Kshatriya caste and has been used by Ksatyriya lineages in ancient times (See entry "Varman" in
554:𐨯𐨿𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨟𐨅𐨒𐨧𐨪𐨿𐨩 𐨤𐨂𐨩𐨀𐨁𐨟 𐨀𐨁𐨎𐨡𐨿𐨪𐨬𐨯𐨂 𐨀𐨤𐨕𐨪𐨗 𐨬𐨯𐨂𐨨𐨁𐨟𐨿𐨪 𐨩 𐨗𐨁𐨬𐨤𐨂𐨟𐨿𐨪 𐨤𐨂𐨩𐨀𐨁𐨟𐨎 𐨀𐨁𐨎𐨡𐨿𐨪𐨬𐨪𐨿𐨨𐨆 𐨯𐨿𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨟𐨅𐨒𐨆 𐨤𐨂𐨩𐨀𐨁𐨟 𐨀𐨂𐨟𐨪
300:
of Kafiristan, these silver wine cups were important ritual objects and symbols of social status. Martha Carter associates the well attested wine festival tradition of the valleys of
276:
The lower part of the reliquary with fluted surface, carination and small stem and foot is extremely similar to the "drinking goblets" that have been found in good numbers mainly in
1294:
1446:
Baums, Stefan. 2012. “Catalog and Revised Texts and Translations of Gandharan Reliquary Inscriptions.” In: David Jongeward, Elizabeth Errington, Richard Salomon and Stefan Baums,
1832:
17:
575:
The son of the general Vispavarma, the prince Indravarma, together with his wive, here these relics establishes in his personal stupa. The general Vispavarma and Śiśireṇa,
1827:
579:
the wife of the general, is honoured. Vijatamitra, king of Avaca, together with his wife, is honoured. The community of all beings is honoured and all beings
755:
has raised chronological questions which call into doubt previously established norms about him and also seem to require a considerably earlier date for the
577:
the wife of the general, are honoured. Indravasu the Apaca king, and Vasumitra, who has a living son, are honoured. General Indravarma is honoured. Utara,
556:𐨯𐨿𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨟𐨅𐨒𐨧𐨪𐨿𐨩 𐨤𐨂𐨩𐨀𐨁𐨟 𐨬𐨁𐨩𐨅𐨨𐨁𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨆 𐨀𐨬𐨕𐨪𐨩𐨆 𐨯𐨧𐨪𐨿𐨩𐨀𐨆 𐨤𐨂𐨩𐨀𐨁𐨟 𐨯𐨪𐨿𐨬𐨙𐨡𐨁𐨯𐨓𐨆 𐨤𐨂𐨩𐨀𐨁𐨟 𐨯𐨪𐨿𐨬𐨯𐨟𐨿𐨬 𐨩
499:𐨨𐨁𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨆 𐨀𐨬𐨕𐨪𐨩𐨆 𐨯𐨧𐨪𐨿𐨩𐨀𐨆 𐨤𐨂𐨩𐨀𐨁𐨟𐨆 𐨯𐨪𐨿𐨬𐨙𐨡𐨁𐨯𐨓𐨆 𐨤𐨂𐨩𐨀𐨁𐨟 𐨯𐨪𐨿𐨬𐨯𐨟𐨿𐨬 𐨤𐨂𐨩𐨀𐨁𐨟 𐨯𐨬𐨯𐨟𐨿𐨬 𐨤𐨟𐨁𐨞𐨁𐨬𐨀𐨁𐨟𐨆
292:
where viticulture and wine festivals are known to have been widely practiced. Similar customs are also well documented in recent times in the region of
2071:
946:. Arrian calls them Assakenoi. They were the eastern branch of the Ashvakas mentioned as Ashvakayanas by Pāṇini's Ashtadhyayi, Ashvakas in Mahabharata.
877:
IMPORTANT: Kapisa formed the heart of ancient Kamboja. In fact, scholars assert that Kapisa is an alternative name for the Kamboja. See main article:
537:, the Avaca king, together with his wife, is honoured. The community of all relatives is honoured. All beings are honoured. All beings are brought to
803:
may also hold a clue that the Apraca dynasty was also probably a Kamuia (Kamboja) dynasty. The surname Kamuia is a Kharoshthised/Prakritised form of
787:) as well as the rulers of Apraca dynasty of Bajaur were probably all related and were connected by some sort of familial connections. The fact that
1254:
Taxila, An Illustrated Account of Archaeological Excavations Carried out at Taxila, Vol I, 1951, p 55, Cambridge University Press, Sir John Marshal.
1729:
1154:
258:
1070:
Dolke, Pokaler og Magiske Soer i Nuristan / Silver, Gold and Iron: Concerning Katara Urei, and Magic lake of Nuristan, KUML, 1974, pp 253-255,
1355:
205:, the silver reliquary consists of two parts—the base and the cover—both being fluted, and the cover being topped by a figure of long horned
1876:
1618:
1019:(reign 273 BCE to 232 BCE) located in Shabaz Garhi in Peshawar Valley and Mansehra District of North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan.
505:
Viśpavarmastrategaputre Iṃdravarma kumare sabharyae ime śarira pariṭhaveti taṇukaami thubami Viśpavarmo stratego Śiśireṇa ya stratega-
2086:
1389:
564:
Viśpavarmasa strategasa putre Iṃdravarma kumare sabharyae ime śarira pratiṭhaveti taṇuakami thubami Viśpavarmo stratego Śiśireṇa ya
1527:
80:
1689:
1427:
671:, including the names of several previously unknown persons, and on their relationship with Indo-Iranian king Kharayosta—the
1822:
507:
bharya puyaïta Iṃdravasu Apacaraja Vasumidra ca jiaputra puyaïta Iṃdravarmo stratego Utara ya strategabharya puyaïta Viye-
1608:
532:, and Vasumitra, who has a living son, are honoured. General Indravarma and Utara, the wife of the general, are honoured.
1387:
Salomon, Richard (1996). "An inscribed silver Buddhist reliquary of the time of King Kharaosta and Prince Indravarman".
1709:
1613:
1499:
209:. It has been dated to around the eighth or ninth decades of the 1st century BCE and bears six inscriptions written in
973:). It is worthy to note that the Kambojas have repeatedly been described as Kshatriyas in ancient Indian texts (See:
1714:
1704:
1470:
112:
2076:
1983:
655:. According to Dr Bailey, the dynastic/geographic title Apraca/Apaca/Avaca may underlie the modern toponym Bajaur.
1465:
Senior, R.C. (2006). Indo-Scythian coins and history. Volume IV. (in English). Classical Numismatic Group, Inc..
2061:
1374:
1108:"Dionysiac Festivals and Gandharan Imagery." Res Orientals 4 ("Banquets d'Orient"), 1992, p 57, Martha Carter.
2096:
1948:
1719:
144:
566:
strategabharya puyaïta Iṃdravasu Apacaraja Vasumitra ya jivaputra puyaïtaṃ Iṃdravarmo stratego puyaïta Utara
1684:
1532:
262:
2091:
2035:
1871:
568:
strategabharya puyaïta Viyemitro Avacarayo sabharyao puyaïta sarvañadisagho puyaïta sarvasatva ya
509:
mitro Avacarayo sabharyao puyaïto sarvañadisagho puyaïta sarvasatva puyaïta savasatva patiṇivaïto
350:
2081:
1978:
1542:
1492:
635:
clan was none else than a sub-branch of the greater Kamboja tribe spread on either side of the
1450:, pp. 233–234, Seattle: Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project (Gandharan Studies, Volume 1).
39:
1903:
614:
The territory around the findspot for the silver reliquary was the stronghold of the warlike
1161:,Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 116, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1996), pp. 418-452
1159:
An Inscribed Silver Buddhist Reliquary of the Time of King Kharaosta and Prince Indravarman
800:
756:
680:
8:
652:
648:
421:𐨨𐨱𐨐𐨿𐨮𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨤𐨤𐨂𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨯 𐨩𐨒𐨂𐨪𐨎𐨙 𐨑𐨪𐨩𐨆𐨯𐨿𐨟𐨯 𐨭 𐩅 𐩃 𐩃 𐨀𐨣 𐩃 𐨨 𐩀 𐩀
304:
with Dionysiac scenes in Gandharan art in general and heirloom silver cups of the modern
2003:
1968:
1958:
1883:
1861:
1734:
1598:
1547:
1406:
1349:
1319:
1311:
1145:. Gandhāran Buddhist Reliquaries. D. Jongeward. Seattle, University of Washington Press
838:
538:
1099:
Dionysiac Festivals and Gandharan Imagery, Res Orienttales 4, pp 51-59, Martha Carter
518:, the prince Indravarma, with his wife, here these relics establishes in his personal
321:
rationalized by the cosmological realm of the 'Sadamattas', who dwell on the slope of
2066:
1998:
1485:
1466:
1423:
1323:
843:
828:
285:
1015:
They find pre-eminent mention as Kambojas in the Rock Edicts V as well XIII of king
1582:
1522:
1398:
1303:
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of the Mathura Lion Capital Inscriptions or the Kshatrapa of the coins. First part
651:
in 326 BCE and later also constituted an important component of the grand army of
2019:
2013:
878:
687:
of the coins. Prince Kharaosta in the Bajaur silver vessel has been described as
325:. The figure of Ibex topping the cover of the reliquary definitely implies Trans-
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1963:
1953:
1837:
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1669:
1664:
1603:
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1552:
1537:
1071:
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who had been known from numismatics and Mathura Lion Capital inscriptions. The
342:
229:
reliquaries and is said to have been a wine goblet, similar to others found in
214:
1307:
2055:
2025:
1973:
1928:
1699:
1694:
1649:
1562:
1143:
Catalog and Revised Text and Translations of Gandhāran Reliquary Inscriptions
833:
615:
313:
974:
1913:
1908:
1817:
1807:
1792:
1754:
1644:
1292:
Bailey, H. W. (1978). "Two Kharoṣṭhī casket inscriptions from Avaca".
1002:
848:
529:
354:
234:
1193:
Mudrarakshasa Act II; History of Porus, 1967, pp 9, 89, Dr Buddha Praksha.
2008:
1988:
1923:
1918:
1866:
1853:
1769:
1679:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1443:
Afghanistan, carrefour en l'Est et l'Ouest" p. 373. Also Senior 2003
994:
986:
594:
534:
459:
433:
338:
251:
238:
190:
1315:
1842:
1764:
1659:
1654:
1460:
1372:
Salomon, Richard (1984). "A Kharosthi inscription on a silver goblet".
990:
978:
921:
Arrian calls them Aspasioi. The people derived their name from Iranian
515:
305:
289:
186:
1410:
1898:
1749:
1724:
998:
982:
788:
663:
The inscriptions provide important new information on the history of
636:
598:
525:
379:
317:
301:
242:
1635:
1508:
1402:
1331:
Caillat, Colette, ed. (1989). "Gandhari ecritic, Gandhari parlee".
808:
741:
735:
Khara(y)osata who was the first owner of the silver vessel and the
644:
640:
627:
623:
619:
334:
293:
277:
257:
The inscriptions on the silver reliquary have been investigated by
230:
226:
218:
198:
182:
1893:
1888:
1812:
1802:
1797:
1759:
1744:
1295:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
716:
658:
647:, had earlier offered stubborn resistance to Macedonian invader
632:
587:
322:
222:
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with Gandharan goblets in particular which is quite persuasive.
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1779:
1454:
1016:
823:
812:
796:
792:
772:
764:
676:
668:
664:
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mahakṣatrapaputrasa yaguraṃña Kharayostasa śa 20 4 4 ana 4 ma 2
326:
281:
202:
194:
193:
in the 1st century BCE, which has been found presumably in the
158:
126:
94:
780:
745:
519:
349:
valley. The Ibex motif is quintessentially characteristic of
346:
297:
246:
1477:
1420:
The Apracharajas: a History Based on Coins and Inscriptions
804:
206:
447:𐨀𐨁𐨎𐨡𐨿𐨪𐨬𐨪𐨿𐨨𐨯 𐨐𐨂𐨨𐨪𐨯 𐨯 𐩅 𐩃 𐩃 𐨡𐨿𐨪 𐩀
562:
503:
477:
451:
425:
403:
329:(Central Asian) influence and establishes a proof of
622:(Aspasian) who had formed the western branch of the
609:
473:𐨀𐨁𐨎𐨡𐨿𐨪𐨬𐨪𐨿𐨨𐨯 𐨐𐨂𐨨𐨪𐨯 𐨯 𐩅 𐩅 𐩀 𐩀 𐩀
370:Inscription of the Silver Reliquary of Indravarman
233:and Kapisa regions. The vessel was later reused by
225:. In form, the silver vessel is wholly atypical of
997:13.33.20-21); Cf also: (Mahabharata 13.35.17-18);
558:𐨤𐨂𐨩𐨀𐨁𐨟 𐨯𐨪𐨿𐨬𐨯𐨟𐨿𐨬 𐨤𐨪𐨁𐨞𐨁𐨬𐨀𐨁𐨟𐨆
643:.) These people, identified as sub-branch of the
581:are honoured. All beings are brought to nirvana.
2053:
522:. General Viśpavarma and Śiśireṇa, the general's
432:Of the son of the great satrap, the yagu king,
1342:Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol II, Part I
889:Fluting is an Iranian motif (Richard Salomon).
659:Kharayosta or Kharaosta king vs Apraca dynasty
588:Apracarajas' relations with yuvaraja Kharaosta
18:Apracaraja Indravarman's Silver Reliquary
1493:
1333:Dialectes dans les littératures indo-aryennes
1083:
1081:
1079:
345:of Central Asia or Scythian region) into the
971:Cologne Digital Sanskrit English Dictionary
967:Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary
364:
1500:
1486:
1417:
1354:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1182:
1076:
868:Society, Vol 116, No 3, 1996, pp 1418-452.
38:
2072:Archaeological discoveries in Afghanistan
1453:Baums, Stefan, and Andrew Glass. 2002– .
731:on the silver reliquary was inscribed by
267:Journal of the American Oriental Society.
44:Apracaraja Indravarman's Silver Reliquary
1390:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1362:
1206:
719:title, which is identified with popular
1528:Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley
1386:
1371:
1330:
1263:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1170:
1129:
1117:
1087:
1059:
1047:
254:around the beginning of Christian era.
14:
2054:
1291:
1202:
777:Agramahisi—the chief queen of Rajuvula
201:. Believed to have been fabricated at
1481:
1339:
1275:
453:Iṃdravarmasa kumarasa sa 20 4 4 dra 1
751:The connection of Apraca kings with
479:Iṃdravarmasa kumarasa sa 20 20 1 1 1
271:
1609:Hellenistic influence on Indian art
737:inscriptions no. III, IV, VI and VI
24:
1614:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1437:
1365:Political History of Ancient India
801:Mathura Lion Capital inscriptions
25:
2108:
757:Mathura Lion Capital Inscriptions
610:Bajaur, the home of Aspasioi clan
484:Of prince Indravarma, 43 staters
265:, in an article published in the
245:to enshrine Buddhist relics in a
2087:Iranian archaeological artifacts
1984:Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara
956:Aspasians or Aspasioi of Arrian.
436:, 28 staters, 4 dhānaka, 2 māṣa
150:
143:
118:
111:
86:
79:
2031:Silver Reliquary of Indravarman
1284:
1269:
1257:
1248:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1196:
1187:
1176:
1164:
1148:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1102:
1022:
1009:
959:
949:
932:
915:
905:
179:Silver Reliquary of Indravarman
33:Silver Reliquary of Indravarman
1448:Gandharan Buddhist Reliquaries
1375:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
1093:
1064:
1053:
1041:
969:; See also entry "Varman" in:
929:. Pāṇini calls them Aśvayanas.
892:
883:
871:
861:
795:have both been referred to as
570:puyaïta sarvasatva pariṇivaïto
151:
119:
87:
13:
1:
1949:Aramaic Inscription of Taxila
1418:Srivastava, Prashant (2007).
1363:Mukerjee, B. N. (1996).
1035:
1507:
854:
563:
504:
478:
452:
426:
404:
7:
817:
811:Kamboja. See main article:
10:
2113:
1941:
1851:
1778:
1634:
1627:
1619:Art of Gandhara by museum
1591:
1515:
1456:Catalog of Gāndhārī Texts
1340:Konow, Sten, ed. (1929).
1308:10.1017/S0035869X00134173
748:he had raised in Bajaur.
73:
65:
57:
49:
37:
32:
1533:Greek conquests in India
365:Contents of inscriptions
263:University of Washington
2077:Archaeology of Pakistan
2036:Hephthalite silver bowl
1422:. Agam Kala Prakashan.
1141:Baums, Stefan. (2012).
685:Kharaoṣta (Kharahostes)
514:The son of the general
462:, 28 staters, 1 drachm
185:reliquary dedicated by
181:is an inscribed silver
1979:Saptarishi Tila statue
1543:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
102:Show map of South Asia
2062:Indo-Scythian peoples
250:Pakistan and eastern
213:style, in Kharoshthi
2097:Buddhist reliquaries
1278:, pp. xxxvi, 36
834:Indravarma reliquary
681:Mathura Lion Capital
524:wife, are honoured.
388:English translation
166:Show map of Gandhara
134:Show map of Pakistan
981:Sutra 4.1.168-175;
753:Yagu-raja Kharaosta
703:used by Kharaosta (
653:Chandragupta Maurya
371:
2004:Treasure of Begram
1969:Buddhas of Bamiyan
1959:Kanishka reliquary
1599:Greco-Buddhist art
1548:Indo-Greek kingdom
1205:, p. 10; cf.
1050:, pp. 418–419
839:Kanishka reliquary
744:Reliquary for the
729:inscription no. II
673:Yuvaraya Kharaosta
603:Inscription no. II
369:
341:region (i.e., the
27:Buddhist reliquary
2049:
2048:
1999:Rukhuna reliquary
1937:
1936:
1872:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
1823:Lalchak monastery
1429:978-81-7320-074-8
1183:Srivastava (2007)
844:Rukhuna reliquary
829:Bimaran reliquary
791:and his daughter
691:as contrasted to
585:
584:
272:Form and function
175:
174:
16:(Redirected from
2104:
1632:
1631:
1583:Ghaznavid Empire
1523:Gandhara kingdom
1502:
1495:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1433:
1414:
1383:
1368:
1359:
1353:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1152:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1013:
1007:
963:
957:
953:
947:
936:
930:
919:
913:
909:
903:
896:
890:
887:
881:
875:
869:
865:
709:Yauvuga or Yauga
683:inscriptions or
572:
559:
511:
500:
481:
474:
455:
448:
429:
422:
407:
400:
385:Transliteration
380:Kharosthi script
372:
368:
167:
154:
153:
147:
135:
122:
121:
115:
103:
90:
89:
83:
42:
30:
29:
21:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2020:Brussels Buddha
2014:Standing Buddha
1933:
1877:Tapa-i Kafariha
1847:
1774:
1623:
1587:
1511:
1506:
1476:
1440:
1438:Further reading
1430:
1347:
1346:
1287:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1207:Mukerjee (1996)
1201:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1155:Richard Salomon
1153:
1149:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1086:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1014:
1010:
964:
960:
954:
950:
937:
933:
920:
916:
910:
906:
897:
893:
888:
884:
879:Kapisa Province
876:
872:
866:
862:
857:
820:
707:) is a form of
661:
612:
590:
580:
578:
576:
569:
567:
565:
557:
555:
553:
551:
533:
523:
508:
506:
498:
496:
494:
472:
446:
442:Inscription III
420:
398:
367:
331:early migration
274:
259:Richard Salomon
221:/north-western
171:
170:
169:
168:
165:
164:
163:
162:
161:
155:
138:
137:
136:
133:
132:
131:
130:
129:
123:
106:
105:
104:
101:
100:
99:
98:
97:
91:
61:1st century BCE
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2110:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2092:Silver objects
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2041:Gardez Ganesha
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1994:Shinkot casket
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1964:Stone palettes
1961:
1956:
1954:Bimaran Casket
1951:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1858:
1856:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1690:Sikri Yusufzai
1687:
1682:
1677:
1675:Loriyan Tangai
1672:
1670:Kanishka stupa
1667:
1665:Shaji-ki-Dheri
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1604:Greco-Buddhism
1601:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1558:Indo-Parthians
1555:
1553:Indo-Scythians
1550:
1545:
1540:
1538:Mauryan Empire
1535:
1530:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1482:
1475:
1474:
1463:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1415:
1403:10.2307/605147
1397:(3): 418–452.
1384:
1369:
1360:
1337:
1328:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1268:
1264:Salomon (1996)
1256:
1247:
1243:Salomon (1996)
1235:
1231:Salomon (1996)
1223:
1219:Caillat (1989)
1211:
1195:
1186:
1175:
1171:Salomon (1996)
1163:
1147:
1134:
1130:Salomon (1996)
1122:
1118:Salomon (1984)
1110:
1101:
1092:
1088:Salomon (1996)
1075:
1072:Schuyler Jones
1063:
1060:Salomon (1996)
1052:
1048:Salomon (1996)
1039:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1021:
1008:
958:
948:
938:From Sanskrit
931:
914:
904:
891:
882:
870:
859:
858:
856:
853:
852:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
819:
816:
660:
657:
618:people called
611:
608:
589:
586:
583:
582:
573:
560:
549:
547:Inscription VI
543:
542:
512:
501:
492:
486:
485:
482:
475:
470:
468:Inscription IV
464:
463:
456:
449:
444:
438:
437:
430:
423:
418:
416:Inscription II
412:
411:
408:
401:
396:
390:
389:
386:
383:
376:
366:
363:
343:Parama Kamboja
273:
270:
173:
172:
157:
156:
149:
148:
142:
141:
140:
139:
125:
124:
117:
116:
110:
109:
108:
107:
93:
92:
85:
84:
78:
77:
76:
75:
74:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2109:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2082:Ancient India
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:Bajaur casket
2024:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:Buner reliefs
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1929:Tepe Maranjan
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1695:Butkara Stupa
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1650:Sahr-i-Bahlol
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1563:Kushan Empire
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1472:
1471:0-9709268-6-3
1468:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1431:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1277:
1272:
1266:, p. 442
1265:
1260:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1233:, p. 441
1232:
1227:
1221:, p. 455
1220:
1215:
1209:, p. 701
1208:
1204:
1203:Bailey (1978)
1199:
1190:
1184:
1179:
1173:, p. 450
1172:
1167:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1144:
1138:
1132:, p. 439
1131:
1126:
1120:, p. 156
1119:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1090:, p. 437
1089:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1025:
1018:
1012:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
989:, 88.127-43;
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
962:
952:
945:
941:
935:
928:
924:
918:
908:
901:
895:
886:
880:
874:
864:
860:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
821:
815:
814:
810:
807:Kambojika or
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
785:Gandhara king
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
763:), Kharaosta
762:
761:Mahakshatrapa
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
699:of the title
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
625:
621:
617:
607:
604:
600:
596:
574:
571:
561:
550:
548:
545:
544:
540:
536:
531:
527:
521:
517:
513:
510:
502:
493:
491:
490:Inscription V
488:
487:
483:
480:
476:
471:
469:
466:
465:
461:
457:
454:
450:
445:
443:
440:
439:
435:
431:
428:
424:
419:
417:
414:
413:
409:
406:
402:
397:
395:
394:Inscription I
392:
391:
387:
384:
381:
377:
374:
373:
362:
360:
356:
355:Central Asian
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
315:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
269:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
160:
146:
128:
114:
96:
82:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2030:
2018:
1914:Sphola Stupa
1909:Khair Khaneh
1818:Kunala Stupa
1808:Mohra Muradu
1793:Dharmarajika
1755:Pushkalavati
1735:Saidu Sharif
1645:Takht-i-Bahi
1578:Hindu Shahis
1455:
1447:
1419:
1394:
1388:
1379:
1373:
1364:
1341:
1332:
1299:
1293:
1285:Bibliography
1276:Konow (1929)
1271:
1259:
1250:
1245:, p. 41
1238:
1226:
1214:
1198:
1189:
1178:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1142:
1137:
1125:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1066:
1055:
1043:
1024:
1011:
1003:Arthashastra
970:
966:
961:
951:
943:
939:
934:
926:
922:
917:
907:
899:
894:
885:
873:
863:
849:Apracharajas
784:
776:
768:
760:
752:
750:
736:
732:
728:
724:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
672:
662:
616:Indo-Iranian
613:
602:
591:
546:
489:
467:
441:
415:
393:
375:Inscription
358:
330:
314:Indo-Iranian
310:
298:Islamization
275:
266:
256:
210:
178:
176:
2009:Wardak Vase
1989:Kabul hoard
1924:Tepe Narenj
1919:Tapa Sardar
1904:Fondukistan
1867:Tapa Shotor
1854:Afghanistan
1770:Sikri stupa
1710:Shingardara
1680:Jamal Garhi
1628:Archaeology
1573:Turk Shahis
1568:Alchon Huns
1344:. Calcutta.
1302:(1): 3–13.
995:Mahabharata
987:Vayu Purana
902:in Waigali.
771:), Aiyasia
667:dynasty of
595:Kharahostes
535:Vijayamitra
434:Kharahostes
337:) from the
333:of people (
252:Afghanistan
239:Indravarman
191:Indravarman
2056:Categories
1843:Bhir Mound
1765:Hashtnagar
1715:Ali Masjid
1705:Aziz Dheri
1660:Aziz Dheri
1655:Baho Dheri
1036:References
991:Manusmriti
985:14.19-20;
979:Astadhyayi
679:" of the
528:, king of
516:Viśpavarma
460:Indravarma
458:Of prince
378:Original (
339:Transoxian
306:Nuristanis
290:Kafiristan
187:Apracaraja
66:Discovered
1942:Artifacts
1899:Mes Aynak
1750:Charsadda
1725:Ahin Posh
1685:Yusufzai
1350:cite book
1324:162458870
999:Kautiliya
993:X.43-44;
983:Harivamsa
855:Footnotes
789:Kharaosta
783:or Moga (
701:Yagu-raja
693:Yuva-raja
689:Yagu-raja
649:Alexander
637:Hindukush
599:Kharaosta
526:Indravasu
318:Kharaosta
302:Hindukush
243:Reliquary
211:pointillē
2067:Kambojas
1884:Shotorak
1852:Eastern
1838:Mankiala
1828:Badalpur
1636:Peshawar
1509:Gandhara
1316:25210913
818:See also
809:Sanskrit
769:Yuvaraja
742:Buddhist
733:yaguraja
645:Kambojas
641:Ashvakas
628:Sanskrit
624:Ashvakas
620:Aspasioi
359:Scythian
335:Kambojas
327:Pamirian
294:Nuristan
278:Gandhara
231:Gandhara
227:Buddhist
219:Gandhari
199:Gandhara
197:area of
183:Buddhist
50:Material
1894:Bimaran
1889:Paitava
1833:Bhallar
1813:Jandial
1803:Kalawan
1798:Jaulian
1760:Ranigat
1745:Barikot
1740:Chakpat
1700:Bhamala
1592:Culture
1516:History
1461:CKI 241
898:Called
799:in the
797:Kamuias
717:Kushana
713:Yaüvasa
639:. (See
633:Ashvaka
626:of the
539:nirvana
351:Iranian
323:Mt Meru
261:of the
223:Prakrit
58:Created
1788:Sirkap
1780:Taxila
1720:Sphola
1469:
1459:, no.
1426:
1411:605147
1409:
1322:
1314:
1017:Ashoka
1006:tribe.
975:Pāṇini
824:Cetiya
813:Kamuia
793:Aiyasi
773:Kamuia
765:Kamuio
723:title
721:Turkic
705:Kamuio
677:Kamuio
669:Bajaur
665:Apraca
530:Apraca
286:Kapisa
284:) and
282:Taxila
235:Apraca
215:script
203:Taxila
195:Bajaur
159:Bajaur
127:Bajaur
95:Bajaur
69:Bajaur
53:Silver
1862:Hadda
1638:basin
1407:JSTOR
1320:S2CID
1312:JSTOR
944:horse
940:Ashva
927:horse
781:Maues
746:stüpa
725:Yabgu
697:Yagu-
520:stupa
347:Kabul
316:king
247:stüpa
241:as a
237:king
189:king
1730:Swat
1467:ISBN
1424:ISBN
1356:link
923:Aspa
900:ürei
805:Pali
410:naṃ
399:𐨣𐨎
353:and
217:and
207:Ibex
177:The
1399:doi
1395:116
1304:doi
1001:'s
977:'s
779:),
715:—a
711:or
597:or
405:naṃ
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