30:
204:, wrote the business plan, and was appointed as CEO of the new company when it was launched. Greenberg led the company as CEO through 2015 (and was chairman of the board through 2018). The first version of the prosthesis, the Argus I, was clinically tested on six people starting in 2002. The second version, the Argus II, was designed to be smaller and easier to implant, and was co-invented by Mark Humayun of the
261:, at an EU market price of US$ 115,000. When the Argus II launched in the United States in February 2013, Second Sight announced that it would be priced at around $ 150,000, excluding the cost of surgery and usage training. In August 2013, Second Sight announced that reimbursement payments had been approved for the Argus II for blind
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and improvements ranged from just under 2.9 to 1.6 LogMAR – the equivalent of 20/1262 reading ability. 96% of the subjects were better able to identify a white square on a black computer screen; 57% were more able to determine the direction in which a white bar moved across a black computer screen.
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that enrolled thirty people with severe retinitis pigmentosa; the longest follow-up on a trial subject was 38.3 months. People in the trial received the implant in only one eye and tests were conducted with the device switched on, or switched off as a control. With the device switched on, about 23%
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mounted on eyeglass frames, which obtains images of the user's surroundings; signals from the camera are transmitted wirelessly to a computerised image processor. The processor is in turn connected by cables to the implant itself, which is surgically implanted on the surface of the person's retina
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The resolution of the 6 dot by 10 dot rectangular grid image (produced by the 6 by 10 array of 60 electrode, of which 55 are enabled ) in a person's vision is very low relative to normal visual acuity. This allows visual detection of edges of large areas of high contrast, such as door frames and
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company operated by Mann, approached Mann about founding a company to develop a similar product for the eye, and Mann called a meeting with the two of them and Robert
Greenberg, who worked at Mann's foundation. Greenberg had previously worked on retinal prosthetics as a graduate student at
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and any membranes on the retina where the implant will be placed. The implant is attached to the surface of the retina with a tack. The cables connecting the implant to the processor are run through the
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With the device switched on, about 60% were able to accurately walk to a door that was 20 feet away, as opposed to only 5% with the device switched off; 93% had no change in their perception of light.
68:. The Argus II system costs about US$ 150,000, excluding the cost of the implantation surgery and training to learn to use the device. Second Sight had its IPO in 2014 and was listed on
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In 2020, Second Sight stopped providing technical support for the Argus, as well as for the successor device, Argus II, and for the brain implant, Orion; an investigation by
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The Argus II received approval for commercial use in the
European Union in March 2011. In February 2013, the FDA approved the Argus II under a
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Among the thirty subjects in the clinical trial, there were nine serious adverse events recorded, including lower than normal
129:. There is also a risk of bacterial infection from the implanted cables that connect the implant to the signal processor.
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Production and development of the prosthesis was discontinued in 2020, but taken over by the company
Cortigent in 2023.
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in 2006, and then a 30-person clinical trial was conducted in 10 medical centers across Europe and the United States.
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456:"IPG519: Interventional procedure overview of insertion of an epiretinal prosthesis for retinitis pigmentosa"
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195:, California, in 1998, by Alfred Mann, Samuel Williams, and Gunnar Bjorg. Williams, an investor in a
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208:, who had been involved in the clinical testing of the Argus I. The Argus II was first tested in
735:"Medicare Designates Argus® II Retinal Prosthesis System as New Technology and Provides Payment"
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revealed that users risk – and in some cases, have already experienced – a return to blindness.
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sidewalks, to give the individual the capability to navigate in their environment more safely.
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The implantation procedure takes several hours, with the person receiving the implant under
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Chuang, AT; Margo, CE; Greenberg, PB (July 2014). "Retinal implants: a systematic review".
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Interventional
Procedures Programme. Updated December 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
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571:. Medical Device & Diagnostic Industry. 6 March 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
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in March 2011, and it received approval in the US in
February 2013 under a
587:"Second Sight announces milestone in groundbreaking retinal implant trial"
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The implant's manufacturer, Second Sight
Medical Products, was founded in
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365:"Second Sight's Implant Technology Gets a Second Chance - IEEE Spectrum"
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The Argus II was initially available at a limited number of clinics in
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60:. The Argus II version of the system was approved for marketing in the
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322:"Second Sight sees double: Year's 6th IPO to soar 100% on day one"
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528:"With 'bionic eye' booming, Second Sight is on analysts' radar"
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473:"FDA clears Argus II 'bionic eye' for sale in the US (video)"
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The Argus II is specifically designed to treat people with
744:. Second Sight. 15 August 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
663:"FDA approves first retinal implant for rare eye disease"
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499:"Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System Doctors Users Manual"
353:; published 15 February 2022; retrieved 17 February 2022
589:. Gizmag. 19 February 2008. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
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company Second Sight
Medical Products. It is used as a
87:. The device was approved with data from a single-arm
569:"Argus II Bionic Eye Gives Second Sight to the Blind"
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to improve the vision of people with severe cases of
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345:Their Bionic Eyes Are Now Obsolete and Unsupported
171:and tacked into place. The implant consists of 60
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92:of the subjects had improvements in their
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277:for ten patients began in 2017.
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639:. 7 March 2011. Archived from
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273:A trial in England funded by
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143:removes the vitreous humor
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202:Johns Hopkins University
38:Argus retinal prosthesis
18:Argus Retinal Prosthesis
740:2 February 2019 at the
550:"Visions of the future"
800:Biomedical engineering
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636:MIT Technology Review
233:Pricing and insurance
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548:Duncan Graham-Rowe.
111:intraocular pressure
85:retinitis pigmentosa
58:retinitis pigmentosa
48:manufactured by the
825:American inventions
810:Implants (medicine)
301:Bionic contact lens
216:Society and culture
139:general anaesthesia
127:retinal detachments
44:, is an electronic
830:2011 introductions
722:The New York Times
697:. 14 February 2013
671:. 14 February 2013
643:on 29 January 2013
479:. 15 February 2013
133:Surgical procedure
40:, also known as a
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815:Medical equipment
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526:Ronald D. White.
221:Regulatory status
206:USC Eye Institute
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483:17 February
327:10 February
275:NHS England
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175:, each 200
115:conjunctiva
79:Medical use
789:Categories
307:References
173:electrodes
148:pars plana
42:bionic eye
820:Blindness
701:5 January
612:5 January
376:18 August
281:Aftermath
738:Archived
555:Wired UK
477:Engadget
434:25193594
426:24403565
295:See also
269:Research
263:Medicare
50:American
795:Bionics
668:Reuters
243:Germany
187:History
177:microns
158:touch.
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210:Mexico
193:Sylmar
162:Device
156:sclera
125:, and
70:Nasdaq
502:(PDF)
430:S2CID
247:Italy
763:2016
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422:PMID
378:2023
370:IEEE
329:2023
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