318:
216:
204:
347:
a lightweight transportation device pulled by dogs. It consisted of two long poles attached by a harness at the dog's shoulders, with the butt ends dragging behind the animal; midway, a ladder-like frame, or a hoop made of plaited thongs, was stretched between the poles; it held loads that might
339:
Traditionally an
Arikara family owned 30–40 dogs. The people used them for hunting and as sentries, but most importantly for transportation in the centuries before the Plains tribes adopted the use of horses in the 1600s. Many of the Plains tribes had used the
1106:
335:
as temporary shelter. They were primarily an agricultural society, whose women cultivated varieties of corn (or maize). The crop was such an important staple of their society that it was referred to as "Mother Corn".
348:
exceed 60 pounds. Women also used dogs to pull travois to haul firewood or infants. The travois were used to carry meat harvested during the seasonal hunts; a single dog could pull a quarter of a
748:
by a very few elders. One of the last fluent speakers, Maude Starr, died on
January 20, 2010. She was a certified language teacher who participated in Arikara language education programs.
1002:
1170:
929:
Fiedel, Stuart J. (2005). "Man's best friend – mammoth's worst enemy? A speculative essay on the role of dogs in
Paleoindian colonization and megafaunal extinction,"
1313:
1148:
1323:
362:, which so reduced their population as to disrupt their social structure. Due to their reduced numbers, the Arikara started to live closer to the
1023:
1235:
226:
947:
1328:
1089:
248:
837:
829:
814:
314:, is an archeological site from this period, containing the remains of a fortified village with more than 44 lodges.
1052:
252:
1228:
886:
757:
858:
194:
176:
859:"2010 Census CPH-T-6. American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2010"
731:
726:
712:
707:
702:
697:
683:
678:
673:
668:
565:
550:
545:
527:
513:
508:
503:
498:
484:
479:
471:
466:
1318:
1221:
1080:
Traditional
Narratives of the Arikara Indians: Stories of Alfred Morsette, interlinear linguistic texts
753:
311:
271:
402:
1027:
784:
395:
295:
188:
796:, a mountain man who interacted with Arikara people and learned the language in the 19th century.
749:
391:
442:
264:
540:
307:
8:
1149:"Meet the man who taught Leonardo DiCaprio to speak the Arikara language in The Revenant"
491:
1203:
370:
tribes in the same area for mutual protection. They migrated gradually from present-day
317:
1078:
437:
168:
1244:
1085:
833:
825:
810:
789:
454:
241:
87:
943:
1333:
1261:
764:
432:
1274:
1268:
520:
449:
387:
260:
101:
96:
79:
1208:
181:
1294:
1255:
461:
303:
125:
1307:
580:
329:. While traveling or during the seasonal bison hunts, they erected portable
299:
37:
1198:
989:
355:
In the late 18th century, the tribe suffered a high rate of fatalities from
745:
635:
628:
379:
375:
291:
256:
48:
564:
Arikara distinguishes between the affricate and the consonant cluster /t+
152:
910:
768:
643:
326:
325:
During the sedentary seasons, the
Arikara lived primarily in villages of
807:
American Indian languages: The
Historical Linguistics of Native America
793:
662:
648:
720:
691:
583:
359:
161:
145:
1213:
215:
587:
371:
356:
275:
419:
367:
342:
245:
59:
772:
363:
223:
203:
968:
Parks, Douglas R., Janet Beltra, & Ella P. Waters (1979).
752:
efforts are continuing. As of 2014, speakers are centered on
383:
349:
287:
132:
274:
in 1804; their population of 30,000 was reduced to 6,000 by
776:
763:
Arikara is extensively documented, with several volumes of
760:, White Shield School, and at the Arikara Cultural Center.
590:
precedes a devoiced vowel, that sonorant devoices as well.
331:
298:. They are believed to have separated as a people from the
382:
in response to pressure from other tribes, especially the
422:: Notably, it is one of the very few languages without .
984:
982:
980:
978:
767:
of
Arikara stories, a learner's introductory text, and
286:
For several hundred years, the
Arikara lived as a semi-
1171:"Arikara man was adviser on DiCaprio's "The Revenant""
222:
Arikara is classified as
Critically Endangered by the
1125:
1098:
988:
AISRI Online
Arikara Dictionary. Available online at
944:"Lewis and Clark . Native Americans. Arikara Indians"
390:, in 1876 some Arikara served as scouts for Lt. Col.
1075:
975:
1069:
1077:
887:"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"
1305:
1209:OLAC resources in and about the Arikara language
1104:
1314:Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas
1114:. (Roseglen, N.D): White Shield School District
618:Arikara also has the following vowel phonemes:
995:
1229:
1003:"Tribe mourns loss of fluent Arikara speaker"
386:, and European-American settlers. During the
1076:Parks, Douglas R.; Alfred Morsette (1991).
270:The Arikara were apparently a group met by
1236:
1222:
851:
214:
202:
1134:Noun-verb relationships in Arikara syntax
1111:: An introduction to the Arikara language
1053:"Arikara app aims to revitalize language"
990:http://zia.aisri.indiana.edu/~dictsearch/
824:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
730:
725:
316:
227:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
1324:Native American language revitalization
1046:
1044:
1306:
1131:
1024:"MHA Nation – Three Affiliated Tribes"
782:The language is used in the 2015 film
1243:
1217:
1199:Arikara online dictionary search page
1146:
950:from the original on January 15, 2010
822:The Languages of Native North America
809:, New York: Oxford University Press.
779:Arikara language apps are available.
321:Arikara man, wearing a bearskin, 1908
1057:Minot Daily News, via KansasCity.com
1050:
1041:
970:Introduction to the Arikara Language
418:Arikara has the following consonant
401:The three tribes are settled on the
1168:
1026:. www.mhanation.com. Archived from
13:
579:Voiced consonants in Arikara have
14:
1345:
1192:
739:
1169:Lee, Stephen (11 January 2016).
16:Arikara Native American language
1162:
1140:
799:
758:Fort Berthold Community College
302:in about the 15th century. The
1204:Arikara Traditional Narratives
1016:
962:
936:
923:
903:
879:
1:
1147:Morin, Brandi (Jan 7, 2016).
972:. Bismarck, ND: Mary College.
844:
413:
208:Arikara language distribution
1329:Endangered Caddoan languages
756:. The language is taught at
711:
706:
701:
696:
682:
677:
672:
667:
538:
518:
489:
459:
408:
7:
1136:. University of New Mexico.
10:
1350:
1132:Merlan, Francesca (1975).
754:White Shield, North Dakota
597:'hello (male greeting)' =
312:National Historic Landmark
281:
259:. Arikara is close to the
1288:
1251:
1105:Douglas R. Parks (1998).
820:Mithun, Marianne (1999).
744:Arikara is now spoken in
633:
626:
623:
613:
403:Fort Berthold reservation
253:Fort Berthold Reservation
213:
201:
187:
175:
159:
143:
138:
122:
76:
66:
54:
43:
33:
26:
21:
1051:Rudy, Dan (2014-04-20).
296:United States of America
251:who reside primarily at
1084:. U of Nebraska Press.
805:Campbell, Lyle (1997).
750:Language revitalization
396:Little Bighorn Campaign
392:George Armstrong Custer
322:
992:. Accessed 12-27-2015
771:studies. As of 2014,
609:'his or her child' =
320:
265:mutually intelligible
308:Pierre, South Dakota
426:
263:, but they are not
425:
323:
310:, designated as a
1319:Caddoan languages
1301:
1300:
1295:extinct languages
1245:Caddoan languages
1091:978-0-8032-3691-2
1005:. nativetimes.com
931:World Archaeology
790:Leonardo DiCaprio
765:interlinear texts
737:
736:
562:
561:
405:in North Dakota.
306:near present-day
235:
234:
1341:
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733:
728:
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704:
699:
685:
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670:
621:
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567:
552:
547:
529:
515:
510:
505:
500:
486:
481:
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468:
427:
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249:Native Americans
242:Caddoan language
229:
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206:
197:
171:
155:
148:
128:
82:
19:
18:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1284:
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1242:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1175:Capital Journal
1167:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1130:
1126:
1117:
1115:
1109:Sáhniš wakuúnuʼ
1103:
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1092:
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1070:
1061:
1059:
1049:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1022:
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904:
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893:
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870:
868:
861:
857:
856:
852:
847:
802:
742:
616:
444:
416:
411:
388:Black Hills War
294:in present-day
284:
272:Lewis and Clark
261:Pawnee language
231:
230:
221:
209:
193:
167:
151:
144:
129:
124:
118:
83:
80:Language family
78:
69:
68:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
1347:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1299:
1298:
1289:
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1194:
1193:External links
1191:
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1124:
1097:
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1040:
1015:
994:
974:
961:
935:
922:
902:
891:www.unesco.org
878:
849:
848:
846:
843:
842:
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741:
740:Current status
738:
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415:
412:
410:
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304:Arzberger site
290:people on the
283:
280:
244:spoken by the
233:
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199:
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191:
185:
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139:Language codes
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126:Writing system
123:
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119:
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86:
84:
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72:10 (2007)
70:
67:
64:
63:
56:
52:
51:
47:North-central
45:
41:
40:
35:
34:Native to
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1101:
1093:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1072:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1030:on 2011-06-14
1029:
1025:
1019:
1004:
998:
991:
985:
983:
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949:
945:
939:
933:, 37:1, 15—16
932:
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888:
882:
867:
860:
854:
850:
839:
838:0-521-29875-X
835:
831:
830:0-521-23228-7
827:
823:
819:
816:
815:0-19-509427-1
812:
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766:
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747:
723:
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689:
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665:
664:
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655:
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642:
641:
637:
630:
622:
619:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
592:
591:
589:
586:. Whenever a
585:
582:
575:'knotweed' =
574:
571:
570:
569:
558:
556:
554:
549:
544:
542:
539:
535:
533:
531:
526:
524:
522:
519:
512:
507:
502:
497:
495:
493:
490:
483:
478:
475:
470:
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463:
460:
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453:
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436:
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431:
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428:
423:
421:
406:
404:
399:
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389:
385:
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109:
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103:
100:
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89:
85:
81:
75:
71:
65:
62:(2010 census)
61:
57:
53:
50:
46:
42:
39:
38:United States
36:
32:
29:
25:
20:
1290:
1279:
1267:
1260:
1178:. Retrieved
1174:
1164:
1152:. Retrieved
1142:
1133:
1127:
1116:. Retrieved
1110:
1107:
1100:
1079:
1071:
1060:. Retrieved
1056:
1032:. Retrieved
1028:the original
1018:
1007:. Retrieved
997:
969:
964:
952:. Retrieved
938:
930:
925:
914:. Retrieved
905:
894:. Retrieved
890:
881:
869:. Retrieved
865:
853:
821:
806:
800:Bibliography
785:The Revenant
783:
781:
762:
746:North Dakota
743:
719:
690:
661:
617:
606:
600:
594:
578:
572:
563:
417:
400:
380:North Dakota
376:South Dakota
354:
341:
338:
330:
327:earth lodges
324:
292:Great Plains
285:
269:
257:North Dakota
237:
236:
189:Linguasphere
160:
133:Latin script
107:
49:North Dakota
27:
954:January 28,
946:. pbs.org.
541:Approximant
1308:Categories
1118:2010-01-28
1062:2014-04-26
1034:2010-01-28
1009:2010-01-29
916:2015-08-29
896:2018-05-24
871:5 December
866:census.gov
845:References
794:Hugh Glass
769:linguistic
603:'three' =
584:allophones
414:Consonants
1293:indicate
911:"Arikara"
788:starring
581:voiceless
492:Fricative
409:Phonology
360:epidemics
162:Glottolog
146:ISO 639-3
55:Ethnicity
948:Archived
588:sonorant
445:alveolar
438:Alveolar
420:phonemes
372:Nebraska
357:smallpox
276:smallpox
195:64-BAA-a
169:arik1262
104:–Arikara
92:Northern
1334:Arikara
1291:Italics
1280:Arikara
1262:Wichita
1180:Apr 14,
1154:Apr 14,
832:(hbk);
638:
631:
624:
607:NAhaá'U
455:Glottal
394:in the
368:Hidatsa
343:travois
288:nomadic
282:History
246:Arikara
238:Arikara
182:Arikara
108:Arikara
95:Pawnee–
88:Caddoan
60:Arikara
22:Arikara
1275:Pawnee
1269:Kitsai
1088:
836:
828:
813:
773:iPhone
653:Front
634:
627:
614:Vowels
573:čipátš
433:Labial
364:Mandan
300:Pawnee
224:UNESCO
102:Pawnee
97:Kitsai
44:Region
28:Sáhniš
1256:Caddo
862:(PDF)
656:Back
644:Front
629:Short
601:táWIt
595:čiíRA
521:Nasal
450:Velar
443:Post-
384:Sioux
378:into
350:bison
332:tipis
240:is a
1182:2021
1156:2021
1086:ISBN
956:2010
873:2017
834:ISBN
826:ISBN
811:ISBN
777:iPad
775:and
663:High
649:Back
636:Long
462:Stop
374:and
366:and
58:792
792:as
721:Low
692:Mid
568:/:
476:c
255:in
177:ELP
153:ari
1310::
1173:.
1055:.
1043:^
977:^
889:.
864:.
732:aː
713:oː
708:eː
684:uː
679:iː
398:.
352:.
278:.
267:.
1237:e
1230:t
1223:v
1184:.
1158:.
1121:.
1094:.
1065:.
1037:.
1012:.
958:.
919:.
899:.
875:.
840:.
817:.
727:a
703:o
698:e
674:u
669:i
566:ʃ
551:r
546:w
528:n
514:h
509:x
504:ʃ
499:s
485:ʔ
480:k
472:t
467:p
345:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
