1574:
ships into chartered
Chilean fishing boats, and then in carrying them ashore in rubber dinghies (Zodiacs). (249) Chilean authorities also reported that Cuba, Nicaragua and the Soviet Union provided $ 20 million through an International Guerrilla Coordinating Committee (CCGI) to finance the landing of weapons and explosives in the northern zone of Chile and the subsequent failed assassination attempt made by the FPMR against General Pinochet. In that action on September 7, 1986, fifteen FPMR terrorists attacked the General's motorcade with grenades and automatic weapons, killing five members of the presidential guard and wounding ten military escorts. (250) According to Chile's director general of Investigative Police, both the FPMR and MIR receive urban guerrilla training in Cuba at the Punto Cero, Pinar del Rio, Trinidad, and Havana camps. The official added that Cuba provides logistical support, whereas the Soviet Union gives them financial and propaganda assistance, and other aid comes from Nicaragua and Libya. (251) Chile's Attorney General Ambrosio Rodríguez reported on January 22, 1988, that Cuban and Nicaraguan agents were commanding a newly created International Guerrilla Coordinating Board (presumably the CCGI) that had politically reunited the MIR and FPMR under Cuban command. He added that MIR and FPMR cadres were being trained in Cuba and East Germany.(252)"
1248:
shot and killed 27-year-old army lieutenant Julio
Briones Rayo in Copiapó in northern Chile. On 2 November 1984, a bus carrying carabineros was attacked with a grenade during Chile's national cycling championship; four carabineros were killed. On 4 November 1984, five guerrillas riding in a van hurled bombs and fired automatic weapons at a suburban Santiago police station, killing two carabineros and wounded three more. On 7 December 1984, urban guerrillas killed a carabinero and bombed a subway station, wounding 6 people. On 25 March 1985, MIR guerrillas planted a bomb in Hotel Araucano in Concepcion that killed marine sergeant René Osvaldo Lara Arriagada and army sergeant Alejandro del Carmen Avendaño Sánchez, who were attempting to defuse the bomb. On 6 December 1985, a carabinero (Patricio Rodriguez Núñez) was shot to death by four guerrillas who opened fire on him with submachine-guns as he walked home. That same month, 15 city buses were destroyed with gasoline bombs and urban guerrillas hurled a bomb under an incoming train in Santiago, before making good their escape after a shootout with policemen. The total number of documented terrorist actions during 1984 and 1985 was 866.
1126:
sergeant Waldo
Morales Neal and private Clemente Santibáñez Vargas. On 7 November 1973, guerrillas open fire on an army truck in the suburb of La Florida in Santiago, killing private Agustín Correa Contreras. On 13 November, MIR guerrillas killed army corporal Juan Castro Vega. On 27 November, MIR guerrillas kill army corporal Ramón Madariaga Valdebenito. On 3 December 1973, MIR guerrillas kill two army corporals, Rodolfo Peña Tapia and Luis Collao Salas and a private, Julio Barahona Aranda. On 13 December 1973, guerrillas open fire and kill two army sergeants, Sergio Cañón Lermanda and Pedro Osorio Guerrero. On 15 December 1973, guerrillas shoot and kill army corporal Roberto Barra Martínez in the suburb of La Reina in Santiago. On 26 December 1973, guerrillas open fire on an army jeep, killing private José Luis Huerta Abarca. By the end of the year, the Chilean police would claim to have uncovered a huge arms cache, that included 5,000 HK-33 sub-machineguns and corresponding ammunition numbering in the millions and large quantities of 20-mm anti-tank gun shells.
995:, a Christian Democrat and former interior minister. That same month, another marxist guerrilla (46-year-old Heriberto Salazar) of the VOP walked into police headquarters in Santiago with a sub-machinegun and kills three detectives (Gerardo Romero Infante, Heriberto Mario Marín and Carlos Pérez Bretti) before blowing himself up with dynamite, and a carabineer corporal (Jorge Cartes) is killed by MIR guerrillas in the MIR stronghold of Concepción. On 1 December 1971, 50,000-200,000 women took to the streets of Santiago to protest against Salvador Allende's UP government. Their peaceful march turned ugly when UP radicals attacked the women with rocks. However, their
1290:
women. On 26 January, MIR guerrillas planted a bomb in a house in La
Cisterna that killed 42-year-old Major Julio Eladio Benimeli Ruz, commander of the carabineros special operations group. In June 1988, MIR guerrillas conducted a series of bombings in Santiago, at various banks. FPMR guerrillas that month killed 43-year-old Lieutenant-Colonel Miguel Eduardo Rojas Lobos of the Chilean Army, after he had parked his car in the Santiago suburb of San Joaquín. On 19 July 1988, leftists planted a bomb near a Church in Valparaíso, wounding three local churchgoers (Juan Salazar Olivares, Nelson Pérez and Luis Herrera) In October 1988, several platoons of the
328:
1179:) in the process, and four more store dumps were uncovered by the end of the first week in July. Another gun-battle took place on 28 June, but it took some time before Basauri's men could corner the guerrilla force. Nevertheless, seven MIR guerrillas were reported killed in an ambush in the third week of September, just after the 8th-anniversary of the 1973 military coup, but the survivors were able to escape and blend in with the local population. On 19 September 1981, Army Private Victor Manuel Nahuelpan Silva is killed during operations in Neltume. On 16 October 1981, Juan Angel Ojeda Aguayo (nom de guerre
1286:
being arrested by the security forces. On 28 October 1986, MIR guerrillas operating in
Limache shot and wounded five policemen. One carabinero NCO (36-year-old Luis Serey Abarca) later died of his wounds. On 5 November 1986, guerrillas threw an incendiary bomb into a bus in Viña del Mar, seriously injuring three women (Rosa Rivera Fierro, Sonia Ramírez Salinas and Marta Sepúlveda Contreras). 37-year-old Rosa Rivera Fierro, later died of her wounds. On 28 November 1986, MIR guerrillas after having been stopped by a police vehicles, shot and killed 31-year-old carabinero Lieutenant Jaime Luis Sáenz Neira.
1316:. In retaliation, Chile's Investigations Police execute Antonioletti with a shot in the forehead. On 24 January 1991, MJL guerrillas ambushed and killed two carabineros. On 28 February 1991, a carabinero policeman died in a shoot-out in Santiago with leftist guerrillas of the Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front. On 1 April, FPMR guerrillas assassinated right-wing senator Jaime Guzman, killing him as he left a university campus in Santiago. On 9 September three guerrillas kidnapped Cristian Edwards, whose family run El Mercurio newspaper. After his family paid $ 1 million in ransom, the
295:
284:
519:
779:
478:
466:
422:
273:
1054:), suffered heavy casualties in the coup's immediate aftermath, and most of its members fled the country. Andreas Pascal Allende, a nephew of President Allende led the MIR from 1974 to 1976, then made his way to Cuba. Nevertheless, in the first three months of military rule, the Chilean forces recorded 162 military deaths. It is claimed that a total of 756 servicemen and police are reported to have been killed or wounded in clashes with guerrillas in the 1970s. Among the killed and disappeared during the military regime were at least 663 Marxist
369:
586:
262:
240:
316:
1295:
Queñes. On 10 July 1989, 26-year-old carabineros corporal
Patricio Rubén Canihuante Astudillo was shot in the head at point-blank range as he guarded a building in Viña del Mar. In December 1989, Canadian police reported that 30 Brazilian business executives had been targeted for abduction by MIR guerrillas that included two Canadians, Christine Lamont and David Spencer who had joined the movement after meeting two exiled Chileans, Sergeo Olivares and Martin Urtubia, who came to Canada in 1978.
1175:
guerrillas that had sought refuge in her house, and not wanting to be later accused of collaborating with the enemy had sent her 15-year-old son Juan Carlos Henríquez
Jaramillo to warn the local police station. Carabineros soon surrounded her house and opened fire, killing all the guerrillas and destroying the house, but not before warning Mrs Jaramillo to get out. The Special Forces involved discovered the first guerrilla arms cache on 25 June killing Raúl Rodrigo Obregón Torres (nom de guerre
214:
804:
715:
703:
435:
396:
340:
554:
764:
1558:"In September 1973 and again in September 1981, the forest complex of Panguipulli (especially Neltume), only 115 kilometres east of Valdivia, became the focal point of alleged subversive attacks and shoot-outs and a site of massive military operations leading to executions. Panguipulli indeed served as a zone of political organizing, land invasion, and agrarian reform during 1970–73, and as a camping zone for MIRistas reentering Chile under Operacion Retorno in 1980-81."
201:
531:
227:
113:
565:
382:
1220:
495:
352:
543:
673:
661:
649:
637:
625:
189:
507:
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wounded. On 19 September 1981, Army
Private Victor Manuel Nahuelpan Silva was killed during counter-insurgency operations in the Neltume area. In November 1981, MIR guerrillas killed three member of Police Investigations as they stood in front of the home of the chief minister of the presidential staff. In sweeps carried out from June to November 1981, security forces destroyed two MIR bases in the mountains of
813:
754:
742:
409:
1140:
a hail of automatic weapons fire, killing a carabinero and a girl. On 28 April 1976, MIR guerrillas shot and killed a 29-year-old carabineros corporal (Bernardo Arturo
Alcayaga Cerda) while he was walking home in the Santiago suburb of Pudahuel. On 16 October 1977, MIR guerrillas exploded 10 bombs in Santiago. In 1978 the MIR sought to reestablish a guerrilla front in southern Chile and launched Operation
38:
1014:(Jorge Albino Sosa Gil) working in Chile, shoots and kills Second Lieutenant Héctor Lacrampette Calderón as the young army officer was waiting for a bus in the suburb of Providencia in Santiago. The next day, two farm workers (José Toribio Núñez and Celsa Fuentes) died of horrific burns after being caught in the bomb blast targeting the pipeline between Santiago and
1004:
16-year-old Germán
Enrique González and 17-year-old Sergio Oscar Vergara, both members of the Christian Democrat Party were killed while resisting the takeover of the La Reina estate. On 2 April 1973, MIR guerrillas operating in Santiago shoot and kill a police detective, Gabriel Rodríguez Alcaíno. In May 1973, Mario Aguilar, a member of the
1663:"Starting in the southern provinces of Cautin and Malleco the MIR organised a series of violent tomas working slowly northwards up into the provinces of Nuble and Linares and the province of Santiago itself." The Santiago Model-2: Polarisation of Politics, Volume 2, Robert Moss, p. 4, Institute for the Study of Conflict, 1973
1289:
On 11 September 1987, a police vehicle was completely destroyed in a bomb attack in Santiago, killing two carabineros. On 20 January 1988, a bomb planted by MIR guerrillas in the Capredena Medical Center in Valparaiso killed a 64-year-old female pensioner (Berta Rosa Pardo Muñoz) and wounded 15 other
1256:
into a bus, seriously injuring six people, including two children. On 25 July 1986, a bomb planted in a trash can exploded at a crowded bus stop a few yards from the presidential palace, wounding 36 people. On 6 August 1986, security forces discovered 80 tons of weapons at the tiny fishing harbor of
1202:
that had earlier on taken part in the land and business takeovers under Salvador Allende were killed with 80 only spared after having been rounded up in and around Neltume and held for long periods in secret detention camps. Guillermina Reinante, had three brothers rounded up and forcibly disappeared
1174:
The Chilean Army moved against the guerrillas in Neltume in June 1981, in a massive operation spearheaded by the Chilean Para-Commandos (elite Black Berets) all under the command of Colonel Orlando Basauri, with support from 10 Puma and Lama helicopters. Flora Jaramillo had fed and attended three MIR
1139:
guerrillas killed a 19-year-old army conscript (Private Hernán Patricio Salinas Calderón). On 24 February 1976, MIR guerrillas in a gunbattle with Chilean secret police, shot and killed a 41-year-old carabinero sergeant (Tulio Pereira Pereira). The Chilean secret police on this occasion were met with
1013:
in a confrontation that also involved Brazilian militants. On 27 August 1973, Sergio Aliaga, while driving through a confrontation between anti-Allende striking truckers and leftist militants, was killed after being caught in the crossfire and shot in the throat. On 29 August 1973, a Mexican militant
979:
by socialist militants, and VOP guerrillas in Santiago killed 33-year-old Raúl Méndez Espinosa at his sweet shop for not paying protection money to the guerrillas targeting small businesses. That same month in the expropriation of land on the part of leftist militants and guerrillas, Rolando Matus is
967:
and businesses, and assaulting outspoken conservatives/rightist members of the public and security forces. According to police figures submitted to the Chilean senate, 1,458 farms were illegally occupied between November 1970 and December 1971. Starting in the southern provinces of Cautin and Malleco
947:
Consequently, the MIR had no option but to go largely underground and into hiding. In the ensuing police and military operations against the MIR, a guerrilla training camp is discovered in San José de Maipo (Guayacán) and another at Corral (Chaihuín). Nevertheless, MIR guerrillas continue to operate,
1573:
Cuban American National Foundation, 1988: "A State Department official confirmed that U.S. experts had positively established that Cuba sent the weapons. (248) According to Chilean officials, more than 200 individuals participated in transferring the weapons from Soviet and Cuban merchant or fishing
1331:
The following month, MJL guerrillas killed carabineer Luis Moyano Farías during the robbery of Banco Security in Santiago. In clashes with protesters commemorating the 35th anniversary of the military coup, 29 carabineros were wounded in September 2008. In September 2009, 19 Carabineros were wounded
1247:
On 31 March 1984, a police bus in downtown Santiago was destroyed with a bomb, killing a carabinero and injuring at least 11. On 29 April 1984, MIR guerrillas exploded 11 bombs, derailing a subway train in Santiago and injuring 22 passengers, including seven children. On 5 September 1984, guerrillas
1008:
is gunned down by leftists in downtown Santiago. On 27 July 1973, a farmer and member of the Christian Democrat Party, Jorge Mena, is surrounded by leftists and clubbed to death in Osorno. The next day, another farmer, Juan Luis Urrutia, dies resisting the takeover of his land in Bulnes. On 30 July,
903:
During 1968, the MIR presence continued to be felt in various universities with armed actions increasing in 1969 through multiple acts of vandalism, intimidation and physical assaults on conservative/right wing students and faculty members. On 1 May 1969, fifteen MIR activists armed with knives took
876:
arms smuggling operation in August 1986 and the attempted killing of Pinochet in September that same year. After the return to democracy was initiated in 1990 the bulk of the armed groups demobilized. However, splinter groups that reportedly switched targets after the dictatorship fell, continued to
927:
soon surrounded the University of Concepción and forced the students to release the newspaper director unharmed. A specially appointed judge was soon named and a criminal suit was filed with the Courts of Appeals of Concepción against the MIR and 13 of its identified leaders for breaking the Law of
1327:
On 11 September 1998, three police stations—La Pincoya, La Granja and La Victoria—were attacked with firearms, incendiary bombs and rocks and 36 were carabineros were wounded in violence related to the 25th anniversary commemorations of the military coup. In 2006, on the 33rd anniversary of the 11
1285:
guerrillas attempted to kill Pinochet. Pinochet narrowly escaped the assassination attempt on his motorcade, but five army corporals were killed and eleven soldiers and carabineros were wounded in the ambush. This failed operation led to an internal crisis of the group, many of its leading members
1134:
On 19 February 1975, four captured MIR commanders went on national television to urge their guerrillas to lay down their arms. According to them, the MIR leadership was in ruins: of the 52 commanders of the MIR, nine had been killed, 24 were prisoners, ten were in exile, one had been expelled from
1125:
after being shot by a sniper. The Chilean Army suffered 12 killed in various clashes with MIR guerrillas and GAP fighters in October 1973. On 18 November 1974, guerrillas open fire on an army vehicle, killing Corporal Francisco Cifuentes Espinoza. On 17 November, MIR guerrillas shoot and kill army
1311:
Colonel Luis Fontaine, a former head of the antiterrorist unit of the carabiniers, Chile's national police force. Two policemen were killed on 10 August 1990, in a working-class Santiago suburb and two more were injured in an attack on a bus. In September 1990, leftist militants detonate 53 bombs
1251:
On 5 February 1986, a car bomb destroyed a bus filled with riot police, mutilating 16 policemen. One carabinero (41-year-old Sergeant Luis Rival Valdés) later died of his wounds. The MIR claimed responsibility for the bombing. On 17 February 1986, two trains crashed in an area of Limache that had
1144:
which involved clandestine entry, recruitment, bombings and bank robberies in Santiago that briefly shook the military regime. In February 1979 MIR guerrillas bombed the US-Chile Cultural Institute in Santiago, causing considerable damage. In 1979, about 40 bombings were blamed on MIR guerrillas.
1312:
that kill or wound 83 Chileans. On 14 November 1990, gendarmes transferred Marco Ariel Antonioletti, a senior MJL leader from jail to a hospital for treatment. MJL guerrillas fought their way into the Sótero del Río Hospital but were forced to withdraw, after having killed four gendarmes and one
1243:
Leftist guerrillas, waiting in a yellow pick-up truck, ambushed on 30 August 1983 the governor of Santiago, retired Major-General Carol Urzua Ibáñez as he left his home, killing him and two of his bodyguards (army corporals Carlos Riveros Bequiarelli and José Domingo Aguayo Franco) in a hail of
1294:
take over four important towns throughout the country, Aguas Grandes, La Mora, Los Queñes and Pichipellahuén. Considerable fighting takes place, before the Chilean military and police are able to recover the towns. Corporal Juvenal Sepúlveda Vargas is killed defending the Police Station in Los
1235:
claimed to have carried out more than 100 attacks during 1980, among them the bombing of electricity pylons in Santiago and Valparaiso on 11 November which caused widespread blackouts, and bomb attacks on three banks in Santiago on 30 December in which one carabinero was killed and three people
1227:
On 15 July 1980, three guerrillas in blue overalls and yellow hardhats ambushed the car of Lieutenant-Colonel Roger Vergara Campos, director of the Chilean Army Intelligence School, and killed him and wounded his driver in a barrage of bullets from AK-47 assault rifles. On 30 December 1980, MIR
1085:
or ERP) in Argentina in the protracted fight to control Tucumán Province. Some 30,000 former Chilean conscripts that served between 1973 and 1990, claiming to be suffering from post-traumatic stress after taking part in the cordon and search operations and night curfews, are currently seeking
984:, and Jorge Baraona and Domitila Palma died resisting the takeover of their farms in southern Chile. On 24 May 1971, VOP guerrillas in an armed robbery of a bank money transfer van shoot and mortally wound a carabinier (Corporal José Arnaldo Gutiérrez Urrutia) and wound two other accompanying
1003:
On 30 August 1972, carabineer corporal Exequiel Aroca Cuevas was killed in the city of Concepción, when socialist militants open fire on the bus he was travelling. On 27 February 1973, MIR guerrillas attacked the Llanquihue police station, shooting and wounding 10 carabineers. In March 1973,
1252:
been reduced to one track after MIR guerrillas had destroyed a nearby bridge, killing 100 and wounding 500 civilians. On 26 February 1986, unidentified guerrillas or their sympathizers shoot and kill carabineer Lieutenant Alfonso Mauricio Rivera López. In May 1986 MIR guerrillas threw
1101:
fighter-bombers, may have handicapped many GAP fighters from further action. On the military side, there were 34 deaths: two army sergeants, three army corporals, four army privates, 2 navy lieutenants, 1 navy corporal, 4 naval cadets, 3 navy conscripts and 15 carabineros. Most of the
1730:"Opposition newspapers in Chile reported anywhere from 50,000 and 200, 000 demonstrators. Well-dressed upper-class women arrived in cars, while working-class women and members of the pobladora and peasant organizations came in buses." Why Women Protest: Women's Movements in Chile,
1190:
The Pinochet regime launched another counterinsurgency operation in August 1984 to wipe out the remaining guerrillas, concentrating in the areas around Concepción, Valdivia and Los Angeles, killing seven more MIR fighters and forcing the remainder to go into permanent hiding.
1328:
September 1973, military coup, 79 carabineros were wounded in clashes with rioters. In September 2007, a carabinero policeman was killed after being shot in the face and around 40 were wounded during clashes with leftists marking the 34th anniversary of the military coup.
2815:
El 19 de julio de 1988, explotó en Valparaíso, en la cercanía de una iglesia, una bomba de tiempo. Resultando gravemente heridos algunos feligreses que se disponían a entrar para participar en una ceremonia religiosa: Juan Salazar Olivares, Nelson Pérez y Luis
1776:"To keep the memory of the debacle fresh, women banged on pots every night between 8 and 10 PM for several months after the march." Women and Revolution in Africa, Asia and the New World, Mary Ann Tétreault, p. 404, University of South Carolina Press, 1994
1097:) were killed, some of them in combat with the soldiers that took the Moneda. Allende's Cuban-trained guard would have had about 300 elite commando-trained GAP fighters at the time of the coup, but the use of brute military force, especially the use of
1332:
in clashes with protestors marking the 36th anniversary of the coup. The lootings and other forms of appropriation that took place in the aftermath of the devastating 2010 earthquake in Chile, were in part promoted and legitimated by the MIR movement.
1244:
submachine-gun fire. In October and November 1983, MIR guerrillas bombed four US-associated targets. Guerrillas killed two policemen (carabinieri Francisco Javier Pérez Brito and sergeant Manuel Jesús Valenzuela Loyola) on 28 December 1983.
904:
over the Bio Bio radio station in Concepción and transmitted a special broadcast calling for the locals to take up arms and overthrow the government of Frei. On 2 May 1969, MIR activists operating in Concepción attacked the branches of
1070:) in the role of couriers and other clandestine tasks. Nevertheless, MIR leadership declared in an official document of March 1975: "Almost all of our imprisoned comrades have had exemplary behavior in the face of torture and murder".
999:
signaled the beginning of a massive coordinated anti-Allende movement. To keep the memory afresh of the march, women in the middle-class and affluent suburbs of Santiago banged on pots every night for two hours for several months.
1145:
Several police, military and civilians caught in the crossfire and bomb blasts were killed in the renewed MIR attacks in the Chilean capital and at least 70 soldiers and policemen were wounded battling the marxist guerrillas.
1307:'s accession to power, leftist militants showed that they remained committed to armed struggle and were responsible for a number of terrorist incidents. On 10 May 1990, two guerrillas wearing school uniforms killed
2850:
A comienzos de noviembre se logra desarticular al grupo terrorista perteneciente al FMR que ha atacado en octubre el retén de la localidad fronteriza de Los Queñes, hecho enmarcado en la llamada Guerra Popular
1586:
Determinants of Gross Human Rights Violations by State and State Sponsored Actors in Brazil, Uruguay, Chile and Argentina: 1960–1990, Wolfgang S. Heinz, Hugo Frühling, p. 423, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,
1991:
2863:
El 21 de octubre de 1988, Cabo 2o de Carabineros Juvenal VARGAS SEPULVEDA, de 34 años, perteneciente a la dotación del Retén Los Queñes, provincia de Curicó, fue asesinado en un ataque a su unidad.
1183:) who had escaped the mountain fighting was caught and executed while resting at his parents' home. Miguel Cabrera Fernández was himself killed on 15 October 1981, in a clash with policemen at
2319:
3022:"Chile Rising: Women in the Resistance – Chilean women fought for a democratic government under Allende, against the fascist dictator Pinochet and now demand peace and economic justice." by
1114:
22-year-old Corporal Hugo Yáñez Durán would be among the army fallen, killed on 15 September 1973 in a shootout with leftists students holding out in the grounds of the University of Chile.
1110:. In mid-September, the Chilean military junta claimed its troops suffered another 16 dead and 100 injured by gunfire in mop-up operations against Allende supporters, and Pinochet warned,
3042:
Women in the Chilean resistance : two members of the MIR (Movement of the Revolutionary Left) speak of their experiences as political prisoners and active members of the resistance
900:
sought to defuse the situation through intermediaries and obtained the release of the policeman in exchange for dropping charges against students earlier arrested in the confrontations.
1164:
Battalion infiltrated into the mountains of Neltume in southern Chile and reestablished a guerrilla front. The MIR spearhead was commanded by 30-year-old Miguel Cabrera Fernández (
1026:
After the coup, left-wing guerrilla organizations tried to recruit resistance fighters against the Pinochet regime. Some of them had commando-training, having belonged to the GAP (
1207:
Infantry Regiment in late 1973. When she enquired about their whereabouts a female military official informed her that they had been executed. In the 2012 Chilean TV documentary
1858:
52:
2976:
1062:, has admitted that the Marxist guerrillas lost 1,500-2,000 fighters killed or disappeared. Several hundred other young men and women, sympathetic to the guerrillas, were
2210:"La última víctima fue un sargento de Carabineros. Y más o menos 70 quedaron heridos en combate" Los Comunistas y la Democracia, Luis Corvalán, p. 49, Lom Ediciones, 2008
896:
were seeking to arrest those responsible for destroying a police vehicle, but students reorganized and kidnapped carabinier Héctor Gutiérrez Orellana. Chilean president
2995:
1240:, seizing large caches of munitions and killing a number guerrillas. MIR guerrillas retaliated and carried out twenty-six bomb attacks during March and April 1983.
892:
The first major action by the MIR took place in September 1967 during violent clashes between MIR-led students from the University of Concepción and riot police.
3139:
17:
2912:"Así llega a cuadruplicarse a fines del mismo año, cuando en el mes de septiembre detonaron 53 bombas, resultando de ello 83 víctimas entre muertos y heridos."
1696:
Ferrada de Noli, M (2020): "El atentado de la VOP", in "Rebeldes Con Causa". Libertarian Books Europe, Stockholm/Bergamo. Pages 243-248. ISBN 978-91-981615-2-6
1154:
2241:"En los informes sobre derechos humanos se establece que en este período hubo 41 ejecutados políticos y más de 80 detenidos desaparecidos de origen mapuche."
1881:
2113:
849:, with the United States backing the Chilean military and the Soviet Union backing the guerrillas. The main armed resistance groups of the period were the
923:
in nearby Talcahuano (15.6 kilometres), in an effort to silence the in depth reporting on the leftist violence in Concepción. Police Investigations and
3099:
Latin American Theater Review 1999,p.204- Lepeley, Osear, "The Cueca of the Last Judgment: Politics of Chilean. Resistance in Tres Marías y una Rosa"
2288:
2327:
1618:
The complete list in: Ferrada de Noli, M (2020) "Rebeldes Con Causa". Libertarian Books Europe, Stockholm/Bergamo. Page 258. ISBN 978-91-981615-2-6
608:
1066:. An unknown number among those involved in resistance operations may have confessed under torture, most likely among non-combatant supporters (
2649:
2550:
2082:
1721:
La Violencia Política Popular en las "Grandes Alamedas": La Violencia en Chile, 1947–1987, Gabriel Salazar Vergara, p, 260, Lom Ediciones, 2006
1675:
La Violencia Política Popular en las "Grandes Alamedas": La Violencia en Chile, 1947–1987, Gabriel Salazar Vergara, p, 259, Lom Ediciones, 2006
948:
and in Santiago alone carry out 12 armed robberies of banks and businesses between August 1969 and September 1970 to finance their operations.
834:
194:
1640:"Entre agosto de ese año y septiembre siguiente realiza en Santiago no menos de 12 asaltos a mano armada contra Bancos y locales comerciales."
2694:
1907:
1803:
Los Hechos de Violencia en Chile, María de los Angeles Aylwin Ramírez, Soledad Reyes del Villar, p.421, Fundación Libertad y Desarrollo, 2003
2614:
2373:
2391:
2253:
56:
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1705:
1078:
547:
1030:), they had previously served as bodyguards of President Allende. Many activists created resistance groups from refugees abroad. The
2947:
2828:
1866:
2422:
1112:"sadly there are still some armed groups who insist on attacking, which means that the military rules of wartime apply to them."
1973:
2624:
2195:
1891:
1642:
Régimen de Gobierno y Partidos Políticos en Chile 1924–1973, Bernardino Bravo Lira, p. 301, Editorial Jurídica de Chile, 1986
1630:
Régimen de Gobierno y Partidos Políticos en Chile 1924–1973, Bernardino Bravo Lira, p. 301, Editorial Jurídica de Chile, 1986
2668:
1228:
guerrillas kill two carabineer corporals, 31-year-old Washington Godoy Palma and 27-year-old Daniel Alberto Leiva González.
1171:), who along with 120-150 Chileans had completed their training for this operation in Czechoslovakia, Cuba and North Korea.
287:
1320:
freed him. On 22 January 1992, two FPMR guerrillas (Fabián López Luque and Alex Muñoz Hoffman) were killed trying to rob a
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1136:
1090:
1055:
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952:
850:
439:
400:
298:
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1262:
854:
413:
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La Verdad Olvidada del Terrorismo en Chile, 1968–1996, Arturo Castillo Vicencio, Pagen 150, Editorial Maye Ltda., 2007
2818:
La Verdad Olvidada del Terrorismo en Chile, 1968–1996, Arturo Castillo Vicencio, Pagen 150, Editorial Maye Ltda., 2007
1628:"En 1969 se descubre una escuela de guerrilleros en San José de Maipo (Guayacán) y en 1970 otra en Corral (Chaihuín)."
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2432:
1483:
1303:
The election of a civilian government in Chile did not end guerrilla activities. Within a few months after President
1153:
In order to reinforce urban guerrilla warfare waged in the main cities, the MIR commanders in 1978 had set in motion
78:
1958:: Disciplina y desacato: mandatos militantes y traición en el Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria (MIR) en Chile.
1211:
Reinante claimed that the military had executed her brothers in revenge for taking part in the land expropriations.
1106:
were killed after two busloads of policemen were heavily engaged by armed leftists in the Pro-Allende shantytown of
2639:
La Verdad Olvidada del Terrorismo en Chile, 1968–1996, Arturo Castillo Vicencio, p. 131, Editorial Maye Ltda, 2007]
157:
2935:
1198:
was set in motion) and 1984 when the MIR insurgency was finally defeated in southern Chile. Another 41 supporting
2568:
2490:
2460:
2166:
2061:
La Verdad Olvidada del Terrorismo en Chile, 1968–1996, Arturo Castillo Vicencio, p. 87, Editorial Maye Ltda, 2007
1845:
La Verdad Olvidada del Terrorismo en Chile, 1968–1996, Arturo Castillo Vicencio, p. 81, Editorial Maye Ltda, 2007
884:
states provided minor financial assistance), while the Chilean security forces were backed by the United States.
838:
168:
60:
2117:
1824:
La Verdad Olvidada del Terrorismo en Chile, 1968–1996, Arturo Castillo Vicencio, p.82, Editorial Maye Ltda, 2007
1815:
La Verdad Olvidada del Terrorismo en Chile, 1968–1996, Arturo Castillo Vicencio, p.80, Editorial Maye Ltda, 2007
1794:
La Verdad Olvidada del Terrorismo en Chile, 1968–1996, Arturo Castillo Vicencio, p.77, Editorial Maye Ltda, 2007
929:
719:
1933:
1499:
277:
2044:
1532:
826:
3154:
3129:
3108:
Karaxu : the music of the Chilean Resistance; an analysis of composition and performance J Fairley 1987.
2309:
Chile, Crónica de un asedio, 4 t., Luis Heinecke Scott, p 34, Sociedad Editora y Grafica Santa Catalina, 1992
2093:
Chile: Crónica de un asedio, 4 t., Luis Heinecke Scott, p 27, Sociedad Editora y Grafica Santa Catalina, 1992
1596:]. “A través de la historia terrorista del Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria”. Santiago, 25 August 1973.
1121:, became the first fatal casualty of the counterinsurgency operations in the mountainous area of Alquihue in
897:
3149:
356:
332:
2964:
2587:
2284:
1522:
Los Allende: con ardiente paciencia por un mundo mejor. By Günther Wessel, Page 155, Editorial TEBAR, 2004
3124:
1411:"TO AMEND S.2662. THE KENNEDY AMENDMENT PROHIBITS MILITARY AID TO … -- Senate Vote #642 -- Feb 18, 1976"
2006:
1385:
1117:
On 23 October 1973, 23-year-old Army Corporal Benjamín Alfredo Jaramillo Ruz, who was serving with the
1031:
1434:
Qaddafi, Terrorism, and the Origins of the U.S. Attack on Libya, Brian Lee Davis, p.17, ABC-CLIO, 1990
861:. These groups had a long-standing rivalry, including over Marxist orthodoxy and its implementation.
569:
445:
1390:
1035:
933:
858:
482:
470:
320:
2702:
1911:
1745:"Women and Pots and Pans: Chile Then and Venezuela Today - Democratic Socialists of America (DSA)"
1059:
707:
3134:
3053:
1765:"The peaceful march turned violent when young UP supporters pelted the demonstrators with rocks."
3096:
47:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
426:
1473:
972:
working slowly northwards up into the provinces of Nuble and Linares and eventually Santiago.
629:
2883:
2351:
1074:
1063:
992:
941:
928:
Interior Security of the State. The "fugitives from justice-list" consisted of Luciano Cruz,
1961:
1093:
and GAP continued to fight the following day. In all, 46 of Allende's elite guard (the GAP,
2766:
2741:
2716:
2525:
1089:
Fewer than 60 individuals died as a direct result of fighting on 11 September although the
265:
205:
1606:
1015:
450:
294:
283:
8:
3144:
1444:
975:
In April 1971, Juan Millalonco, a member of Christian Democratic Youth, was shot dead in
964:
864:
Key events during the armed resistance were the attempt to set up guerrilla camps around
2511:
746:
604:
117:
1410:
3072:
3028:
2674:
2620:
2428:
2191:
2020:
The Nixon Administration and the Death of Allende's Chile: A Case of Assisted Suicide
1887:
1609:(renamed "La Estrella de Concepción in 1984), 9 July 1969 issue. www.estrellaconce.cl
1570:
1479:
1266:
919:
In June 1969, the MIR kidnapped journalist Hernán Osses Santa María, Director of the
595:
386:
245:
758:
2231:
Chile Under Pinochet, Mark Ensalaco, p. 146, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010
1785:
Breve Historia de la Unidad Popular, Teresa Donoso Loero, p. 300, El Mercurio, 1973
960:
830:
723:
653:
590:
344:
162:
100:
665:
261:
1934:"CAIDOS DEL MIR EN DIFERENTE PERIODOS. CEME (CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS MIGUEL ENRIQUEZ)"
1500:"Caidos del MIR en diferentes periodos. CEME (Centro de Estudios Miguel EnrÍquez"
1357:
1304:
1073:
Nearly . Further, 700 civilians disappeared in the 1974–1977 period, after being
3009:
2887:
2320:"Latin America Review - Chile: Terrorism still counterproductive - CIA document"
1744:
1533:"Aquellos que todo lo dieron. El Rodriguista, 11 Años de Lucha y Dignidad, 1994"
976:
877:
carry out assassinations, bombings, kidnappings and armed robberies until 2010.
1237:
1098:
937:
677:
112:
1324:
cash delivery armoured van at the Pontifical Catholic University in Santiago.
963:
and was allowed to operate again openly, encouraging and carrying out illegal
3118:
3076:
2875:
1992:"Propuesta del Gobierno no dejó satisfechos a ex conscriptos de la dictadura"
1258:
1253:
1165:
873:
868:
from 1970 to 1973 and from 1980 to 1981, the February 1986 sabotaging of the
842:
763:
641:
374:
252:
1571:"Coordinating Cuba's Support for Marxist-Leninist Violence in the Americas."
1560:
Battling for Hearts and Minds, Steve J. Stern, p. 288, Duke University Press
955:
were absolved of criminal charges under an amnesty under the Popular Unity (
880:
The insurgency was supported by Cuba, Libya, Nicaragua and North Korea (the
59:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
3023:
2977:"Unos 31 heridos y 234 detenidos en aniversario del golpe militar en Chile"
2604:"Informe de la Comisión Nacional de verdad y Reconciliación" Tomo 2 pp. 686
1767:
International Journal of Group Tensions, Volume 24, Sage Publications, 1994
1360:, particularly by women. Among the publications from this movement are the
940:(later Chile's ambassador to the U.S.), Nelson Gutiérrez, Aníbal Matamala,
232:
219:
3066:
2243:
Los Comunistas y la Democracia, Luis Corvalán, p. 74, Lom Ediciones, 2008
1731:
1278:
881:
536:
200:
2853:
Chile Ecoge La Libertad, Gonzalo Rojas Sánchez, Page 784, Zig Zag, 1998
1219:
1184:
1194:
Some forty MIR fighters lost their lives between 1978 (when Operation
1380:
1353:
558:
500:
1371:
The movement has further led to a number of works in various media.
1034:
or Lautaro Youth Movement (MJL) was formed in December 1982 and the
1536:
1345:
1122:
1107:
846:
104:
2936:
Chile: coup anniversary brings heavy repression, 23 September 1998
1231:
In a message sent to Santiago press agencies in February 1981 the
981:
1274:
1199:
1160:
In 1980, a platoon of thirty well-equipped MIR combatants of the
869:
865:
1859:"Terrorism review - Chile: Change in MIR Tactics - CIA document"
1445:"Informe Rettig - Memoria Chilena, Biblioteca Nacional de Chile"
2948:"Shooting, looting and arson on Chile September 11 anniversary"
2102:
Victoria sin guerra, Graf Hans Huyn, p. 280, Andres Bello, 1987
1582:
1580:
1349:
1157:(Operation Return), ordering exiled militants back into Chile.
1135:
the group, and eight were still at large. On 18 November 1975,
2392:"AROUND THE WORLD – Bomb Derails Subway In Chile, Injuring 22"
2374:"AROUND THE WORLD – Bomb Kills Policeman On a Bus in Santiago"
1077:. Remnants of the MIR also joined Marxist guerrillas from the
3097:
https://journals.ku.edu/index.php/latr/article/view/1287/1262
2996:"Tres jvenes muertos en Chile en protestas antipinochetistas"
1836:, Arturo Castillo Vicencio, p. 82, Editorial Maye Ltda., 2007
1687:, Arturo Castillo Vicencio, p. 67, Editorial Maye Ltda., 2007
1652:
The Overthrow of Allende and the Politics of Chile, 1964–1976
1270:
672:
660:
648:
636:
624:
524:
141:
1900:
1577:
2829:"Chile. Una historia del FPMR: La última orden de Benjamín"
2588:"100 muertos y 500 heridos en un choque de trenes en Chile"
2411:, Volume II, Page 680, Santiago, Chile, 1991. (SM, V, Chro)
2156:, Volume II, Page 605, Santiago, Chile, 1991. (SM, V, Chro)
1368:
published by the Support Committee for Chilean Resistance.
1317:
1282:
1039:
512:
2914:
Estudios Públicos, (Issues 41-42), p. 477, El Centro, 1991
2793:, Volume I, Page 692, Santiago, Chile, 1991. (SM, V, Chro)
2791:
Informe de la Comisión Nacional de Verdad y Reconciliación
2409:
Informe de la Comisión Nacional de Verdad y Reconciliación
2271:
Informe de la Comisión Nacional de verdad y Reconciliación
2154:
Informe de la Comisión Nacional de Verdad y Reconciliación
2073:, Volume I, Page 441, Santiago, Chile, 1991. (SM, V, Chro)
2071:
Informe de la Comisión Nacional de Verdad y Reconciliación
1962:
https://journals.openedition.org/nuevomundo/64899?lang=pt
1654:, Paul E. Sigmund, p. 139, University of Pittsburgh, 1977
2666:
980:
shot dead resisting the takeover of the Carén farm in
2285:"Inauguration of President Pinochet for Further Term"
2149:
2147:
1834:
La Verdad Olvidada Del Terrorismo en Chile, 1968–1996
1685:
La Verdad Olvidada Del Terrorismo en Chile, 1968–1996
3010:"MIR in Chile: 'Expropriation is a people's right'"
2569:"The Montreal Gazette – Google News Archive Search"
1811:
1809:
1265:(FPMR). The shipment of Carrizal Bajo included C-4
1009:MIR guerrillas kill Manuel Garrido, an employee of
770:
Dirección Nacional Complejo Partidario MAPU Lautaro
2506:
2504:
2144:
2032:The Dictator's Shadow: Life Under Augusto Pinochet
1873:
2585:
968:the MIR organized a series of armed takeovers or
798:77 casualties (1977–1990), (military and police)
3116:
1974:"New Chilean Leader Announces Political Pardons"
1926:
1806:
796:15 casualties (1973–1977), (military and police)
2650:"The Deseret News – Google News Archive Search"
2501:
2111:
1960:Chapter IV, Section 20. Open Edition Journals.
1038:set up an armed wing, which became in 1983 the
829:, an armed leftist resistance movement against
3068:Oops, something went wrong | WorldCat.org
2114:"Chile's MIR: The Revolutionary Left Movement"
2551:"The Miami News – Google News Archive Search"
2254:"Chile's Intelligence Chief Killed in Ambush"
1671:
1669:
1467:
1465:
1298:
3044:by Gladys Díaz; Carmen Castillo OCLC 6233253
2767:"Museo de la Memoria y los Derechos Humanos"
2742:"Museo de la Memoria y los Derechos Humanos"
2717:"Museo de la Memoria y los Derechos Humanos"
2526:"Museo de la Memoria y los Derechos Humanos"
2083:MÁRTIRES DE LAS FF.AA., DE ORDEN Y SEGURIDAD
2022:, Jonathan Haslam, page 64, Verso Press 2005
1344:activities were initiated in this period by
887:
120:protesters during street riots on 1 May 1984
2993:
1966:
1853:
1851:
1075:detained by the Chilean military and police
3140:Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)
1666:
1462:
1148:
1086:compensation from the Chilean government.
1046:). The main guerrilla group, known as the
1021:
2034:, Heraldo Muñoz, p. 19, Basic Books, 2008
2004:
1734:, p. 78, Cambridge University Press, 2002
596:
79:Learn how and when to remove this message
2420:
1848:
1218:
2876:"Brazil probes Canadians' terror links"
2282:
1879:
1223:Peaceful protest against Pinochet, 1985
1079:People's Revolutionary Army (Argentina)
14:
3117:
2586:Ediciones El País (18 February 1986).
2183:
1471:
1281:rifles. On 7 September 1986, about 30
1064:detained and tortured and often killed
1052:Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria
609:Commander-in-chief of the Chilean Army
2695:"Chile Pinochet's New State of Siege"
2007:"Pinochet Stripped of Legal Immunity"
1335:
2427:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
991:In June 1971, VOP guerrillas killed
153:Tactical Chilean government victory
31:
2701:. 22 September 1986. Archived from
2167:"Shootout kills 5 in Chile capital"
1356:organisations in opposition to the
1261:, smuggled into the country by the
944:, Arturo Villabela and other five.
24:
18:Armed resistance in Chile (1973–90)
1292:Frente Patriótico Manuel Rodríguez
1277:rocket launchers as well as 3,383
1083:Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo
1044:Frente Patriótico Manuel Rodríguez
855:Frente Patriótico Manuel Rodríguez
132:11 September 1973 – 5 October 1988
25:
3166:
2994:Levante-EMV (13 September 2009).
1706:Chilean kills 2 Officers, Himself
1535:. 4 November 2005. Archived from
1437:
912:newspaper and the offices of the
3102:
3090:
3059:
3047:
3035:
3016:
3002:
2987:
2969:
2958:
2901:Chicago Tribune', 12 August 1990
2771:interactivos.museodelamemoria.cl
2746:interactivos.museodelamemoria.cl
2721:interactivos.museodelamemoria.cl
2530:interactivos.museodelamemoria.cl
2187:State Terrorism in Latin America
1880:Scheina, Robert L. (July 2003).
1263:Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front
997:March of the Empty Pots and Pans
951:The Revolutionary Left Movement
841:. This conflict was part of the
811:
802:
777:
762:
752:
740:
713:
701:
671:
659:
647:
635:
623:
584:
563:
552:
541:
529:
517:
505:
493:
476:
464:
433:
420:
407:
394:
380:
367:
350:
338:
326:
314:
293:
282:
271:
260:
238:
225:
212:
199:
187:
111:
36:
2940:
2929:
2917:
2905:
2894:
2868:
2856:
2843:
2821:
2808:
2796:
2784:
2759:
2734:
2709:
2687:
2667:Ozren Agnic Krstulovic (2006).
2660:
2642:
2633:
2607:
2598:
2579:
2561:
2543:
2518:
2491:"Terrorists Raid Train Station"
2483:
2471:
2453:
2441:
2414:
2402:
2384:
2366:
2340:
2334:
2312:
2303:
2291:from the original on 7 May 2009
2276:
2264:
2246:
2234:
2225:
2213:
2204:
2177:
2159:
2132:
2105:
2096:
2087:
2076:
2064:
2055:
2037:
2025:
2013:
1998:
1984:
1950:
1839:
1827:
1818:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1758:
1737:
1724:
1715:
1699:
1690:
1678:
1657:
1645:
1633:
1621:
1612:
1599:
1590:
1058:guerrillas. The MIR commander,
169:Chilean transition to democracy
2222:(Chilean TV documentary), 2012
1908:"El terrorismo de los años 70"
1886:. Potomac Books Incorporated.
1883:Latin America's Wars Volume II
1563:
1551:
1525:
1516:
1492:
1428:
1403:
857:(FPMR), the armed wing of the
13:
1:
2805:. Volume II. Page 695. Chile)
2141:. Volume II. Page 605. Chile)
2045:"Chile Warns Armed Civilians"
1396:
898:Eduardo Nicanor Frei Montalva
808:1,500-2,000 guerrillas killed
2190:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1214:
1203:up by soldiers from the 8th
1129:
1006:Movimiento Patria y Libertad
61:Knowledge's inclusion policy
7:
2116:. About.com. Archived from
1374:
851:Revolutionary Left Movement
10:
3171:
2465:Google News Archive Search
2184:Wright, Thomas C. (2007).
1386:Day of the Young Combatant
1362:Chilean Resistance Courier
1299:Post-dictatorship violence
1095:Grupo de Amigos Personales
1032:Movimiento Juvenil Lautaro
1028:Grupo de Amigos Personales
837:developed until 1990 when
2497:. AUPI. 10 December 1985.
888:Pre-dictatorship violence
790:
783:Guillermo Ossandón Cañas
575:
180:
124:
110:
98:
94:Armed Resistance in Chile
93:
2616:Terrorist Group Profiles
1472:Wessel, Günther (2004).
1391:Chile bombings from 2005
1036:Communist Party of Chile
934:Marcello Ferrada de Noli
859:Communist Party of Chile
827:1973 Chilean coup d'état
2461:"The Milwaukee Journal"
2421:Ensalaco, Mark (2000).
1956:Ruiz, Olga Maria (2013)
1149:Neltume Guerrilla Front
1022:September–December 1973
988:supermarket employees.
965:expropriations of farms
733:Dirección Nacional FPMR
27:Armed conflict in Chile
1366:Human Rights for Chile
1224:
908:, the building of the
839:democracy was restored
576:Commanders and leaders
2112:Christopher Minster.
1710:The Milwaukee Journal
1449:www.memoriachilena.cl
1222:
1060:Andrés Pascal Allende
993:Edmundo Perez Zujovic
959:or UP) government of
942:Bautista van Schouwen
791:Casualties and losses
708:Andrés Pascal Allende
451:Cordones industriales
3155:Resistance movements
3130:Communist rebellions
3032:v. 82, no. 7, (2003)
2983:. 12 September 2008.
2705:on 21 December 2008.
2424:Chile Under Pinochet
2049:The Montreal Gazette
921:Noticias de la Tarde
817:49 guerrillas killed
266:Carabineros de Chile
206:Chilean Armed Forces
3150:Rebellions in Chile
2514:. country-data.com.
2512:"Chile – Terrorism"
2009:. globalpolicy.org.
1605:Diario Crónica de
1539:on 20 November 2008
1478:. Editorial Tebar.
559:Tupamaros (Uruguay)
3125:Cold War conflicts
2998:. levante-emv.com.
2273:Tomo 2 pp. 674–675
2120:on 25 January 2016
1869:on 4 October 2013.
1342:Chilean Resistance
1336:Unarmed resistance
1267:plastic explosives
1225:
906:National City Bank
872:train tracks, the
692:Comité Central MIR
688:Prominent rebels:
605:President of Chile
458:Political support:
3029:Political Affairs
2831:. 21 October 2017
2626:978-1-56806-864-0
2480:, 8 December 1985
2450:, 5 November 1984
2348:"Despierta chile"
2197:978-0-7425-3721-7
2171:Bangor Daily News
1994:. Cooperativa.cl.
1893:978-1-57488-452-4
1340:A broad range of
1155:Operación Retorno
1011:Paños Continental
823:
822:
819:hundreds captured
307:Political support
246:Chilean Air Force
176:
175:
89:
88:
81:
16:(Redirected from
3162:
3109:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2973:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2944:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2825:
2819:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2398:. 30 April 1984.
2388:
2382:
2381:
2380:. 31 March 1984.
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2350:. Archived from
2344:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2326:. Archived from
2316:
2310:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1980:. 13 March 1990.
1970:
1964:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1910:. Archived from
1904:
1898:
1897:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1865:. Archived from
1855:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1741:
1735:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1703:
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1694:
1688:
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1673:
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1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1584:
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1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1529:
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1496:
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1469:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1407:
831:Augusto Pinochet
816:
815:
814:
807:
806:
805:
782:
781:
780:
766:
757:
756:
755:
745:
744:
743:
728:
718:
717:
716:
706:
705:
704:
676:
675:
664:
663:
654:Fernando Matthei
652:
651:
640:
639:
628:
627:
612:
598:
591:Augusto Pinochet
589:
588:
587:
568:
567:
566:
557:
556:
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546:
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355:
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331:
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297:
286:
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264:
244:
242:
241:
231:
229:
228:
218:
216:
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203:
192:
191:
190:
163:Augusto Pinochet
126:
125:
115:
101:Operation Condor
91:
90:
84:
77:
73:
70:
64:
40:
39:
32:
21:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3164:
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3159:
3115:
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3112:
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3095:
3091:
3081:
3079:
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3040:
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3008:
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2988:
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2801:
2797:
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2740:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2665:
2661:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2619:. DIANE. 1990.
2613:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2584:
2580:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2549:
2548:
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2534:
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2510:
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2459:
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2454:
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2435:
2419:
2415:
2407:
2403:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2355:
2354:on 30 June 2009
2346:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2330:on 4 June 2011.
2318:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2294:
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2209:
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2178:
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2160:
2152:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2110:
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2101:
2097:
2092:
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2081:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2060:
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2042:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2005:Administrator.
2003:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1878:
1874:
1857:
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1849:
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1823:
1819:
1814:
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1798:
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1725:
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1716:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
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1638:
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1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1542:
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1531:
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1526:
1521:
1517:
1507:
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1453:
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1443:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1377:
1358:Pinochet regime
1338:
1305:Patricio Aylwin
1301:
1217:
1151:
1132:
1024:
930:Miguel Enríquez
890:
845:theater in the
818:
812:
810:
809:
803:
801:
797:
786:
778:
776:
753:
751:
747:Sergio Apablaza
741:
739:
724:
720:Miguel Enríquez
714:
712:
702:
700:
697:
696:
682:
670:
658:
646:
634:
622:
619:
618:
602:
601:
585:
583:
564:
562:
561:
553:
551:
550:
548:EPR (Argentina)
542:
540:
539:
530:
528:
527:
518:
516:
515:
506:
504:
503:
494:
492:
491:
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477:
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429:
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395:
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381:
379:
368:
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361:
351:
349:
339:
337:
327:
325:
315:
313:
304:
272:
270:
239:
237:
226:
224:
213:
211:
198:
188:
186:
158:1988 referendum
144:
116:
85:
74:
68:
65:
51:Please help by
50:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3168:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3135:Guerrilla wars
3132:
3127:
3111:
3110:
3101:
3089:
3058:
3046:
3034:
3015:
3012:. workers.org.
3001:
2986:
2968:
2957:
2939:
2928:
2926:, 5 March 1991
2916:
2904:
2893:
2867:
2855:
2842:
2820:
2807:
2803:Informe Rettig
2795:
2783:
2758:
2733:
2708:
2686:
2679:
2673:RIL Editores.
2659:
2641:
2632:
2625:
2606:
2597:
2578:
2560:
2542:
2517:
2500:
2482:
2470:
2452:
2440:
2433:
2413:
2401:
2396:New York Times
2383:
2378:New York Times
2365:
2339:
2333:
2311:
2302:
2275:
2263:
2245:
2233:
2224:
2212:
2203:
2196:
2176:
2158:
2143:
2139:Informe Rettig
2131:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2075:
2063:
2054:
2036:
2024:
2012:
1997:
1983:
1978:New York Times
1965:
1949:
1925:
1914:on 15 May 2011
1899:
1892:
1872:
1847:
1838:
1826:
1817:
1805:
1796:
1787:
1778:
1769:
1757:
1736:
1723:
1714:
1712:, 17 June 1971
1698:
1689:
1677:
1665:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1611:
1598:
1589:
1576:
1562:
1550:
1524:
1515:
1491:
1484:
1461:
1436:
1427:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1376:
1373:
1337:
1334:
1300:
1297:
1254:sulphuric acid
1216:
1213:
1150:
1147:
1131:
1128:
1099:Hawker Hunters
1023:
1020:
957:Unidad Popular
889:
886:
843:South American
825:Following the
821:
820:
799:
793:
792:
788:
787:
785:
784:
774:
773:
772:
759:Raúl Pellegrin
749:
737:
736:
735:
710:
695:
694:
687:
686:
685:
683:
681:
680:
678:Rodolfo Stange
668:
656:
644:
632:
616:
615:
614:
578:
577:
573:
572:
486:
485:
473:
377:
360:
359:
347:
335:
323:
303:
302:
291:
280:
268:
249:
248:
235:
222:
183:
182:
178:
177:
174:
173:
172:
171:
166:
160:
150:
146:
145:
140:
138:
134:
133:
130:
122:
121:
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107:
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44:
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3:
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3120:
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3098:
3093:
3078:
3074:
3070:
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3050:
3043:
3038:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3011:
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2997:
2990:
2982:
2981:El Colombiano
2978:
2972:
2966:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2943:
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2932:
2925:
2920:
2913:
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2804:
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2680:9789562845212
2676:
2672:
2671:
2670:Pinochet S.A.
2663:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2636:
2628:
2622:
2618:
2617:
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2434:0-8122-3520-7
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2283:Devo Forbes.
2279:
2272:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2242:
2237:
2228:
2221:
2216:
2207:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2188:
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2084:
2079:
2072:
2067:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2033:
2028:
2021:
2016:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1935:
1929:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1876:
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1800:
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1569:Hudson, Rex.
1566:
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1538:
1534:
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1519:
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1487:
1485:9788473602020
1481:
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1259:Carrizal Bajo
1255:
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1239:
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1229:
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1212:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1192:
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1167:
1166:nom de guerre
1163:
1162:Toqui Lautaro
1158:
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1146:
1143:
1138:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
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1100:
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914:Weigner Stein
911:
907:
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874:Carrizal Bajo
871:
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666:César Mendoza
662:
657:
655:
650:
645:
643:
642:Gustavo Leigh
638:
633:
631:
626:
621:
620:
613:
610:
606:
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593:
592:
580:
579:
574:
571:
570:ELN (Bolivia)
560:
549:
538:
526:
514:
502:
490:
489:Supported by:
484:
474:
472:
462:
461:
460:
459:
454:
452:
447:
441:
428:
415:
402:
390:
389:
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376:
375:United States
364:
363:Supported by:
358:
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346:
336:
334:
324:
322:
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311:
310:
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300:
296:
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289:
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253:Police forces
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72:
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54:
48:
45:This article
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
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3092:
3080:. Retrieved
3067:
3061:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3027:
3024:Gladys Marin
3018:
3004:
2989:
2980:
2971:
2965:Courier Mail
2960:
2951:
2942:
2931:
2924:Miami Herald
2923:
2919:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2896:
2879:
2870:
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2845:
2833:. Retrieved
2823:
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2810:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2774:. Retrieved
2770:
2761:
2749:. Retrieved
2745:
2736:
2724:. Retrieved
2720:
2711:
2703:the original
2698:
2689:
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2662:
2653:
2644:
2635:
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2609:
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2591:
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2533:. Retrieved
2529:
2520:
2495:The Bulletin
2494:
2485:
2478:Miami Herald
2477:
2473:
2464:
2455:
2448:Miami Herald
2447:
2443:
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2404:
2395:
2386:
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2368:
2356:. Retrieved
2352:the original
2342:
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2328:the original
2324:www.faqs.org
2323:
2314:
2305:
2293:. Retrieved
2278:
2270:
2266:
2257:
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2240:
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2227:
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2122:. Retrieved
2118:the original
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2078:
2070:
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2019:
2015:
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1957:
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1940:. Retrieved
1928:
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1867:the original
1863:www.faqs.org
1862:
1841:
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1820:
1799:
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1760:
1748:. Retrieved
1739:
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1692:
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1541:. Retrieved
1537:the original
1527:
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1494:
1474:
1452:. Retrieved
1448:
1439:
1430:
1418:. Retrieved
1414:
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835:dictatorship
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427:MAPU Lautaro
392:
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306:
305:
251:
250:
233:Chilean Navy
220:Chilean Army
204:
193:
181:Belligerents
152:
75:
69:January 2014
66:
53:spinning off
46:
29:
3054:OCLC record
2851:Prolongada.
1732:Lisa Baldez
1475:Los Allende
1415:GovTrack.us
1309:carabineros
1104:carabineros
925:Carabineros
894:Carabineros
882:Warsaw Pact
630:José Merino
537:North Korea
443:(1987–1994)
430:(1982–1994)
417:(1983–1997)
404:(1973–1987)
301:(1977–1990)
290:(1974–1977)
3145:Proxy wars
3119:Categories
3082:13 October
2952:MercoPress
2835:13 October
2776:13 October
2751:13 October
2726:13 October
2573:google.com
2535:13 October
2220:Neltume 81
1942:13 October
1750:13 October
1607:Concepción
1543:11 October
1508:13 October
1454:13 October
1420:13 October
1397:References
1314:carabinero
1209:Neltume 81
1185:Choshuenco
1016:Concepción
916:business.
853:(MIR) and
440:MIR-EGP-PL
388:Guerrillas
165:steps down
57:relocating
3077:221275250
2888:436081902
2654:google.ca
2555:google.ca
2358:15 August
2295:15 August
2258:Star-News
2124:2 January
1918:31 August
1381:Dirty War
1354:political
1215:1980–1989
1130:1974–1979
1119:Cazadores
1068:ayudistas
938:José Goñi
910:La Patria
501:Nicaragua
118:Left-wing
2884:ProQuest
2880:The Star
2816:Herrera.
2289:Archived
1375:See also
1346:cultural
1322:Prosegur
1273:and 180
1123:Valdivia
1108:La Ligua
847:Cold War
137:Location
105:Cold War
103:and the
99:Part of
2592:EL PAÍS
1275:M72 LAW
1238:Neltume
1205:Tucapel
1200:Mapuche
1181:Pequeco
986:Miramar
961:Allende
870:Limache
866:Neltume
726:†
617:Others:
594: (
453:(1973)
3075:
2886:
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1482:
1350:social
1269:, 123
1196:Return
1142:Return
761:
722:
534:
522:
510:
498:
448:(1973)
372:
243:
230:
217:
149:Result
2260:. AP.
2173:. AP.
2051:. AP.
1937:(PDF)
1503:(PDF)
1271:RPG-7
1177:Pablo
1169:Paine
982:Pucón
977:Aysén
970:tomas
953:(MIR)
525:Libya
195:Junta
142:Chile
3084:2023
3073:OCLC
2837:2023
2778:2023
2753:2023
2728:2023
2699:Time
2675:ISBN
2621:ISBN
2537:2023
2429:ISBN
2360:2009
2297:2009
2192:ISBN
2126:2014
1944:2023
1920:2009
1888:ISBN
1752:2023
1587:1999
1545:2013
1510:2023
1480:ISBN
1456:2023
1422:2023
1364:and
1352:and
1318:FPMR
1283:FPMR
1279:M-16
1040:FPMR
513:Cuba
483:PCCh
471:PSCh
414:FPMR
288:DINA
129:Date
1233:MIR
1137:MIR
1091:MIR
1056:MIR
1048:MIR
833:'s
597:WIA
446:GAP
401:MIR
357:UDI
299:CNI
278:PDI
55:or
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