Army of the Danube

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experience to hold together a varied and demoralized force. Jourdan retired to Strasbourg, where he was, or claimed he was, indisposed. By the time Masséna arrived to take command, organization and discipline was in shambles. Only four divisional generals had remained at their posts: Klein, Ferino, Souham, and Vandamme. Decaen was under arrest in Strasbourg, pending a Courts-martial, as was d'Hautpoul, for his failure to organize a timely cavalry attack at Stockach. The others had disappeared to different parts of the southwest or had gone to France. No one knew where Bernadotte had gone, and Saint Cyr had retired to Mannheim. The latter was at least reachable. Lecourbe, who had been injured at Stockach, had withdrawn to Paris to recover; in a strategically astute move, he remained there until late November, when he was able to offer Napoleon direct assistance in his coup, and thus acquired Bonaparte's attention and gratitude.

2022: 2068: 38: 1825: 1642: 1479: 1280: 1115: 774: 2048: 995: 76: 1339:, Jean-Baptiste Jourdan and Archduke Charles again directed the French force of 40,000 and the Habsburg force of 80,000, respectively. While attempting to rally his troops, Jourdan was dismounted, nearly trampled to death by his soldiers, and barely escaped capture by the Austrians. Charles' personal intervention was crucial for the Austrians, and he was in the thick of the fighting, buying time for reinforcements to arrive. The French were defeated and driven back upon the Rhine. 982:, Jourdan could establish reasonable artillery positions, the softness of the marshland itself would diminish the impact of a cannonade on the Austrian line. The marsh was also prone to fogginess, which would hinder visual planning and tactics. Furthermore, the softness of the ground would make the use of cavalry difficult, and cavalry maneuvers would be made more difficult by the likelihood of fog. Finally, the major part of Charles' army had wintered immediately east of the 1569:

Gundeschwil, Schottikon, Wiesendangen, and Stogen, further west of Islikon, Hotze deployed two of his columns facing the French front, while a third angled to the French right, as Ney had expected he would. Soult never appeared (he was later court martialed for insubordination), and Ney withdrew his forces through Winterthur, regrouping with Tharreau's main force in the outskirts of Zurich. A day later, Hotze's force united with the main Habsburg force of Archduke Charles.

1565:'s division to support him; Ney understood this to mean he was to make a stand along the entire outpost line, and that he would not be isolated. His small force would receive reinforcements from Soult's division. Consequently, Ney directed the weakest brigade, under the command of Gazan, to move up a long valley toward Frauenfeld, and another brigade, under the command of Roget, to take the right, preventing any Austrian flanking maneuver. 1186:. Their goal was to cut the Austrian line at Switzerland, preventing the Coalition use of Switzerland as an overland route between central and southern Europe. This would ostensibly isolate the armies of the Coalition in northern Italy and Germany, and prevent them from assisting one another; furthermore, if the French held the interior passes in Switzerland, they could use the routes to move their own forces between the two theaters. 1837: 1813: 1630: 1468: 1268: 1103: 1718:, where he managed to fortify his positions. Hotze's force harassed their retreat, and secured the river shoreline. Despite Hotze's aggressive harassment of the French retreat, Charles did not follow up on the withdrawal; Masséna established himself on the opposite bank of the Limmat without threat of pursuit from the main body of the Habsburg Army, much to the annoyance of the Russian liaison officer, 810: 1752:, was horrified when he heard this: he depended upon a stable Austro-Russian presence in Switzerland to protect his flank and he expected to join this army by September or October at the latest. Although the order to Charles to recross the Rhine and march north was eventually countermanded, by the time such instructions reached him, he had gone too far to return to Zurich in time. 782:

troops to and from northern and southern theaters quickly. The river was a formidable barrier to what the French perceived as Austrian aggression, and the state that controlled its crossings controlled the river itself. Finally, control of the Upper Danube would allow France to move its troops from Italy to the North Sea, or any point in between, offering immense strategic value.

1748:. Charles stalled this operation as long as he could, but eventually he had to concede to Vienna's orders. Consequently, the Russian troops under a novice general replaced the Austrian troops and their seasoned commander in the strategically important city. Charles withdrew his force to the north of the Rhine and marched slowly toward Mainz. In Italy, the Russian generalissimo, 1714:, was killed. On the French side, 500 died, 800 were wounded and 300 captured; on the Austrian side, 730 killed, 1,470 wounded, and 2,200 captured. When the Austrians took the French positions in the city, they also captured over 150 guns. Ultimately, French general André Masséna yielded the city to the Austrians, under Archduke Charles. Massena retreated beyond the 806:, were equally short of manpower, supplies, ammunition, and training. Jourdan documented assiduously these shortages, pointing out in lengthy correspondence to the Directory the consequences of an under-manned and under-supplied army; his petitions seemed to have little effect on the Directory, which sent neither significant additional manpower nor supplies. 1938:, could not push the French back, and organized a retreat from the region, falling back to St. Gallen and losing another 8,000 men and some guns. By the time Suvorov arrived in St. Gallen in early October, the Austrians and the Russians had been pushed out and he was forced to lead his men over the Alps to the Vorarlberg, resulting in additional losses. 986:, which Jourdan knew, because he had sent agents into Germany with instructions to identify the location and strength of his enemy. This was less than 64 kilometers (40 mi) distant; any passage over the Lech was facilitated by available bridges, both of permanent construction and temporary pontoons and a traverse through friendly territory. 1018:, on 25 March 1799, the Habsburg army achieved a decisive victory over the French forces, and again pushed the French army west. Jourdan instructed his generals to take up positions in the Black Forest, and he himself established a base at Hornberg. From there, General Jourdan relegated command of the army to his chief of staff, 1343:

overnight, and pushed them to the village of Schwanndorf. Fearing that his forces would shortly be flanked, Charles directed reinforcements to back up the right wing. The Archduke himself led eight battalions of Hungarian grenadiers into the fight, and during this part of the action, both the Prince of

1906:

In the Second Battle of Zürich, the French regained control of the city, along with the rest of Switzerland. Notably, Masséna out-generaled Korsakov; surrounded him, tricked him, and then took more than half his army as a prisoner. Massena also captured the baggage train and most of Korsakov cannons,

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On the French right flank, General Ferino attempted to push the Austrians back, first with a cannonade, followed by an attack through the woods on both sides of the road between the hamlet of Asch and Stockach. A third charge succeeded in taking the road, but the Habsburg forces reformed the line and

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in 1799, amid rain and dense fog, on the marsh southeast of the village. Initially, on 20 March, the French were able to take, and hold, the village of Ostrach and the nearby hamlet of Hoßkirch. On the morning of 21 March, as General Jourdan later wrote, as the Habsburg army attacked, his

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Although casualties appeared even in numbers for both sides, the Austrians fielded a significantly larger fighting force of nearly 55,000 at Ostrach, with another 60,000 stretched along a line between Lake Constance and Ulm. French casualties amounted to more than 12 percent of their

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By mid-morning, Hotze's advanced guard had encountered moderate French resistance first from the two brigades Ney had at his disposal. The Austrian advance troops quickly overran the weaker brigade and took possession of the woods surrounding the village of Islikon. After securing the villages of

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The general engagement was brutal and bloody. Before daybreak on 25 March, the French left wing launched a headlong attack on the Austrian right wing, coordinated with assaults on the Austrian left. The ferocious attack forced the Austrians out of the woods in which they had been positioned

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from moving troops back and forth between the northern Italian and German theaters, and insure French access to these strategic passes. Ultimately, this positioning would allow the French to control all western roads leading to and from Vienna. Finally, to complete Vienna's isolation, the army of

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From October 1797 until the Army of the Danube crossed into Germany in March 1799, the signatories of the Treaty of Campo Formio had avoided armed conflict. Despite their agreement at Campo Formio, the two primary combatants, France and Austria, remained suspicious of each other's motives.

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The French army experienced a variety of command problems, especially in its early operations in southwestern Germany. After the defeat at Stockach, the army withdrew into the Black Forest. Jourdan relinquished command provisionally to Ernouf, who was a capable staff officer but had insufficient

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Military planners in Paris understood that the northern Rhine Valley, the south-western German territories, and Switzerland were strategically important for the defense of the Republic. The Swiss passes commanded access to northern Italy; consequently, the army that held those passes could move

1548:

on 27 May 1799 to stop the Austrian advance from eastern Switzerland. If the Austrians succeeded in uniting Hotze's army from the east with Nauendorf's directly north of Zurich, and Archduke Charles' which lay to the north and west, the French would be half encircled at Zurich and dangerously

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his left wing, and Saint Cyr's force was pressed back to the Pfullendorf heights. In the early morning, as the fog lifted, Jourdan could see the Archduke's formidable force arrayed on the plains below him. The archduke's arrangements made it clear that Jourdan could not keep the heights of

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assembled his force into three columns and marched toward Winterthur. Opposite him, Michel Ney deployed his force around the heights, the so-called Ober-Winterthur, a ring of low-lying hills some 6 kilometers (4 mi) north of the city. The overall commander of the forward line,

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The army advanced in four columns. First Division, the right wing, assembled at Hüningen, crossed at Basel and advanced eastward along the north shore of the Rhine toward Lake Constance. The Advanced Guard crossed at Kehl, and Vandamme led it north-east through the mountains via

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Although the Habsburg Infantry wore white coats, some grenadier and hussar units wore red. Jourdan himself says that the coats were red, and an English source confirms this. Jourdan, pp. 145–145; "Engagements Between The Grand Armies Of The Archduke and General Jourdan."

1363:, but Ferino's troops could not hold it and withdrew during the night. Jourdan then ordered a general withdrawal from the region, instructing his divisions to retreat along the lines of march they had followed into the region, and himself establishing a command post at 1702:, on 4–7 June 1799, approximately 45,000 French and 53,000 Austrians clashed on the plains around the city. On the left wing, Hotze had 20 battalions of infantry, plus support artillery, and 27 squadrons of cavalry, in total, 19,000 men. On the right wing, General 931:. This column eventually became the left flank. It was followed across the Rhine, also at Kehl, by the II. Division. The Third Division and the Reserve also crossed at Kehl, and then divided into two columns, III. Division traveling through the Black Forest via 797:

the security of the French border on the Rhine. Once there, Jourdan assessed the quality and disposition of the forces and identified needed supplies and manpower. He found the army woefully inadequate for its assignment. The Army, and its flanking armies, the

646:

By 1792, the French republican position had become increasingly difficult. Compounding internal economic and social problems, French émigrés agitated abroad for support of a counter-revolution that would restore an absolute monarchy. Chief among them were

765:, furthermore, was convinced that the Austrians were conniving to start another war. Indeed, the weaker the French Republic seemed, the more seriously the Austrians, the Neapolitans, the Russians and the English actually discussed this possibility. 1930:—the men held their muskets over their heads and waded across, through water to their chests—and protected the crossing site for the remainder of the force. Baron von Hotze, commander of the Habsburg force there, advanced on the position near 1014:, defeated French forces. The French suffered significant losses and were forced to retreat from the region, taking up new positions at Messkirch (also spelled Mößkirch or Meßkirch), and then at Stockach and Engen. At the second battle, in 978:, a Danube tributary, which drained out of the marshes and swamps of Pfrungenried; in the spring of most years, this was not the best choice of ground. Although from Pfullendorf and the more moderate heights to the north of the village of 954:

Although Jourdan could have established a position on the immediate eastern slope of the mountains—and indeed he might have been better advised to do so—he pushed eastward across the Danube plain, taking a temporary position between

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in 1797. Despite the Treaty, Austria and France remained suspicious of each other's motives, and the purpose of the Army of the Observation was to watch for Austrian border transgressions. Understanding that the negotiations at the

2093: 596:, the Army of the Danube withdrew after suffering heavy losses. After reorganization, in which elements of the army were combined with Massena's Army of Switzerland, it withdrew after an engagement with Charles' superior force at 626:

viewed the revolution in France as an event between the French king and his subjects, and not something in which they should interfere. As the rhetoric grew more strident, the monarchies started to view events with distrust.

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The formation of the army was part of the French Directory's long term strategy to undermine Habsburg influence in the Holy Roman Empire, and, conversely, to strengthen French hegemony in central Europe after the wars of the

726:

Several diplomatic incidents undermined the agreement. The French demanded additional territory not mentioned in the Treaty. The Habsburgs were reluctance to hand over designated territories, much less additional ones. The

1733:. In a vice-like operation, together with the Russians, they would surround André Masséna's smaller army on the banks of the Limmat, where it had taken refuge the previous spring. To divert this attack, General 643:, in which they declared the interest of the monarchs of Europe as one with the interests of Louis and his family. They threatened vague, but serious, consequences if anything should happen to the royal family. 682:(1792–98), France ranged itself against most of the European states sharing land or water borders with her, plus Portugal and the Ottoman Empire. Although the Coalition forces achieved several victories at 1022:, and traveled to Paris to ask for more and better troops and, ultimately, when these were not forthcoming, to request a medical leave. The Army was reorganized, and a portion placed under the command of 635:, and her children, with greater and greater alarm. As the revolution grew more and more radical, he still sought to avoid war, but in the late summer, he, in consultation with French émigré nobles and 1744:, the imperial body in Vienna charged with conduct of war, to overset his plan; Charles' troops were to leave Zurich in the supposedly capable hands of Korsokov, re-cross the Rhine and march north to 561:

were going no-where, the Army of Observation was instructed to cross the Rhine. Once across the Rhine, the Army of the Danube, was to secure strategic positions in southwestern Germany (present day

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The Army of Switzerland and portions of the Army of the Danube merged in a joint command under André Masséna in April 1799; in June, portions of the Army of the Danube were used to strengthen the

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men seemed to disappear in a cloud of redcoats, which referred to the Habsburg Hussar and Grenadier uniforms. That evening, after more than 15 hours in general engagement, the Austrians

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A History of the Commencement, Progress, and Termination of the Late War between Great Britain and France which continued from the first day of February 1793 to the first of October 1801.

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A History of the Commencement, Progress, and Termination of the Late War between Great Britain and France which continued from the first day of February 1793 to the first of October 1801.

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While this may have seemed like a good plan, Jourdan's choice of ground created problems for him later. The plain below Pfullendorf was riddled with such streams and brooks as the

1995:. Both the Army of the Rhine and the Army of the Danube subsequently merged in 24 November 1799 to form a new, enlarged army designated the Army of the Rhine. 163: 2861:

volume 5: "The armies of the Rhine in Switzerland, Holland, Italy, Egypt and the coup d'etat of Brumaire, 1797–1799," Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1939.

663:, immediately over the French border, they sought direct support for military intervention from the royal houses of Europe, and themselves raised a small 711: 483: 2844: 1911:, up to the gates of Zürich, and in part within the city itself. Zürich had declared itself neutral, and was spared general destruction. General 1706:

commanded another 18,000. The battle cost both sides dearly; General of Brigade Cherin was killed, on the French side, and on the Austrian side,

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Mountain warfare illustrated by the campaign of 1799 in Switzerland: being a translation of the Swiss narrative, compiled from the works of the

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Mountain warfare illustrated by the campaign of 1799 in Switzerland: being a translation of the Swiss narrative, compiled from the works of the

1387:. Archduke Charles' own sizable force—about 110,000 strong—crossed the Rhine west of Schaffhausen, and prepared to join with the armies of 734:

refused to pay tribute to France, followed by a general Neapolitan rebellion, the French suppression, and the subsequent establishment of the

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Mayence would sweep through the north, blocking further access to and from Vienna from any of the northern Provinces, or from Britain.

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A Memoir of the Operations of the Army of the Danube under the Command of General Jourdan, Taken from the Manuscripts of that Officer.

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A Memoir of the operations of the army of the Danube under the command of General Jourdan, taken from the manuscripts of that officer

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and the Army of the Danube, now both under the command of André Masséna, tried to prevent this merger of the Habsburr forces at the

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Once the Army of the Danube crossed the Rhine at Kehl and Huningen, most of its action centered around the Rhine's east-west shores

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Broda, Ruth. "Schlacht von Ostrach:" jährt sich zum 210. Mal – Feier am Wochenende. Wie ein Dorf zum Kriegsschauplatz wurde. In:

1207:, where on 25 March the armies engaged again, this time with greater losses on both sides, and a decisive Austrian victory. 2290:

Ruth Broda. "Schlacht von Ostrach:" jährt sich zum 210. Mal – Feier am Wochenende. Wie ein Dorf zum Kriegsschauplatz wurde. In:

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attacked the pontoon bridges over which the Austrians crossed the Rhine, destroying most of them, and making the rest unusable.

1968: 738:. Republicans in the Swiss cantons, supported by the French army, overthrew the central government in Bern and established the 773: 2875: 2809: 2788: 2774: 2194: 2170: 1719: 149: 2937: 1703: 1506: 1392: 1359:

the artillery, now at the head of a wedge, bombarded the French troops. In a bayonet charge, the French took the hamlet of

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and merged with the Army of Helvetia. Following the reorganization and change in command, the Army participated in the

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Jourdan's orders were to take the army into Germany and secure strategic positions, particularly on the roads through

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In March 1799, the Army of the Danube engaged in two major battles, both in the southwestern German theater. At the

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did the Army of the Danube secure an uncontested victory. In December 1799, the Army of the Danube merged with the

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A History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution in 1789 to the Restoration of the Bourbons,

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A History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution in 1789 to the Restoration of the Bourbons

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proved inept at orchestrating the transfer of territories to compensate the German princes for their losses.

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as Holy Roman Emperor-elect on the death of his father in July 1792 also contributed to their unease.

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would acquire strategic positions in Switzerland, in particular the St. Gotthard Pass, the passes above

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Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.

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Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.

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On 14 August 1799, a Russian force of 6,000 cavalry, 20,000 infantry, and 1,600 Cossacks, under

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pushed Austrian forces across the Italian-Austrian border and resulted in the negotiation of the

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and inflicted over 8,000 casualties. Most of the fighting took place on both banks of the river

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By mid-May, 1799, the Austrians had wrested control of the eastern portions of the newly formed

1174:, occurred 20–23 March 1799. In early March, the Army of the Danube pressed forward toward 2781:

The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2.

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Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1.

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Pfullendorf. As he withdrew, a portion of his right flank was cut off from the main force.

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Edinburg: Turnbull, 1802, vol. 2, pp. 230–345; Gallagher, p. 70–79; Jourdan, pp. 190–204.

2099: 1862: 935:, and the Reserve, with most of the artillery and horse, further south via the valley at 754: 675: 631:, who had succeeded Joseph as Emperor in 1791, saw the situation surrounding his sister, 529: 367: 327: 197: 131: 2073: 1980: 1956: 1923: 1858: 1853: 1726: 1659: 1562: 1023: 887: 837:, particularly Maienfeld (St. Luciensteig), and hold the central plateau in and around 830: 707: 574: 432: 377: 127: 1355:. The main French assault on the Austrian center was stalled by the superior numbers. 2871: 2805: 2784: 2770: 2746: 2738: 2587: 2190: 2166: 2035: 1830: 1749: 1647: 1484: 1380: 1284: 1195: 1119: 1003: 932: 739: 589: 578: 537: 422: 397: 212: 192: 90: 2021: 793:, to take command of the Army of Observation, so-called because its function was to 1866: 1400: 975: 846: 799: 762: 758: 699: 632: 570: 528:

valley. It was formed on 2 March 1799 by the simple expedient of renaming the

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The French (red) and Habsburg (yellow) armies converged on Ostrach in March 1799.

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Napoleon’s great adversaries: Archduke Charles and the Habsburg Army, 1792–1914,

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force, and Austrian, approximately four percent. The French were forced back to

967:. He planned to engage the Habsburg army under the Habsburg commander-in-chief 2896: 2868:

Napoleon’s great adversaries: Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army 1792–1914,

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to direct its defense, and was killed by a French musket ball. His successor,

141: 2916: 1396: 905: 803: 582: 2793:"Engagements Between The Grand Armies Of The Archduke and General Jourdan." 2559: 2546:. 15 January 2008 edition, accessed 18 October 2009'; Blanning, pp. 233–234. 2590:, had marched into northern Italy by a different route. Rothenberg, p. 74. 2568:

Katja Hürlimann, (Johann Konrad) Friedrich von Hotze; Blanning, pp. 233–34.

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The bravest of the brave, Michel Ney: marshal of France, duke of Elchingen

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Smith reports that the casualty figures are controversial. Smith, p. 158.

2291: 944: 939:, where they would find more forage, and then over the mountains past the 1931: 1417: 1175: 1074: 964: 20: 948: 786: 2610:

The art of victory: the life and achievements of Generalissimo Suvarov

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Other factors contributed to the rising tensions. On his way to Egypt,

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The Art of Victory: the Life and Achievements of Generalissimo Suvarov

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Rothenberg, pp. 70–74; Jourdan, pp. 65–88; 96–100; Blanning, p. 232;

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Hürlimann, "(Johann Konrad) Friedrich von Hotze"; Longworth, p. 270.

1784: 1601: 1414: 838: 532:, which had been observing Austrian movements on the border between 1383:

from the French as the forces of Hotze and pushed them out of the

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and Basel as units crossed, they took the name Army of the Danube.

818: 746: 42: 2656:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1902, p. 361; Thiers, p. 401–402. 2534: 963:. Eventually he directed the army to establish a line centered in 1384: 1070: 994: 979: 940: 660: 2067: 862:

of approximately 30,000 men in four divisions, crossed the

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Toward this end, in the early November 1798, Jourdan arrived in

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Advance Guard, with approximately 9,000 men under General

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II. Division, with approximately 7,000 men under General

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and the latter a nearby village of 300 belonging to the

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I. Division, with approximately 8,000 men under General

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Provisional Commander, appointed briefly after the November

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Hürlimann, Katja. (Johann Konrad) "Friedrich von Hotze" in

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commanded the French forces on the right bank and general

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The army participated in four battles. In the battles of

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Katja Hürlimann, (Johann Konrad) Friedrich von Hotze in

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New York: A.S. Barnes, 1850, p. 115; Young, pp. 229–231.

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led a small force, some 150 musket-men, across the river

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Napoleon's enfant terrible: General Dominique Vandamme,

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Napoleon's enfant terrible: General Dominique Vandamme,

1371:, where the horses could expect to find better forage. 1941: 1740:

Before Charles could regroup, orders arrived from the

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500 killed, 2400 wounded, 2,900 captured, 2 guns lost.

1326:

400 killed, 1600 wounded, 2,000 captured, 1 gun lost.

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Masséna sent the newly promoted General of Division

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Austrian victory and French withdrawal from region.

829:. Similarly, as commander of the Army of Helvetia, 1178:and Ostrach, the former an imperial city in Upper 911:III. Division, approximately 7,000 men under 845:. These positions would prevent the Allies of the 2909:In two volumes. Edinburg: Turnbull, 1802, vol. 2. 2797:(London), Friday, 5 April 1799; p. 2; col A. 1367:. He sent the cavalry to the western side of the 1006:, 20–22 March 1799, the first battle of the 918:Reserve, with approximately 3,000 men under 858:On March 1, 1799, the Army of Observation, in an 2914: 2472: 2460: 2181: 2179: 2143:, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 41–59. 1499:, Commanding elements of the Army of the Danube 524:in the 1799 southwestern campaign in the Upper 171: 2135: 2133: 2131: 1531:800 men killed, wounded or missing, four guns. 761:, who was the honorary head of the Order. The 2176: 157: 19:For a Russian army with a similar title, see 2745:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. 1720:Alexander Ivanovich, Count Ostermann-Tolstoy 667:. The ascension of young and uncompromising 2804:Tulsa: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008. 2247: 2245: 2243: 2165:Tulsa: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008, 2128: 577:, would secure such strategic locations as 2709:. New York: Appleton, 1854, v. 4., p. 370. 1755: 164: 150: 2379:Rothenberg, p. 74; Ramsey Weston Phipps, 2104:30 November – 11 December 1799 1955:Initially, the Army included five future 1572: 2870:Stroud, (Gloucester): Spellmount, 2007. 2859:The Armies of the First French Republic, 2668: 2558:Jens-Florian Ebert. Freiherr von Hotze. 2240: 2189:Stroud, (Gloucester): Spellmount, 2007, 1986: 1010:, Austrian forces, under the command of 993: 872: 808: 768: 2561:Die Österreichischen Generäle 1792–1815 2381:The Armies of the First French Republic 2058:8 April 1799 – 29 April 1799 1374: 1170:The Battle of Ostrach, also called the 62:24 November 1799 and units merged into 2915: 2818:. New York, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1902. 2121: 2078:29 April – 29 November 1799 1977:Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier 1950: 1561:, had informed Ney that he would send 1544:and part of the Army of the Danube to 2900:The history of the French revolution, 2845:"Order of Battle, Army of the Danube" 2586:Another 40,000 troops, under General 1210: 853: 651:(cousin of Louis XVI), Condé's son, 569:Habsburg army. In the meantime, the 145: 2707:The history of the French revolution 2444:London: Henry S. King, 1875, p. 107. 2414:Young, p. 230; Jourdan, pp. 198–204. 2330:, Friday, 5 April 1799; p. 2; col A. 1729:, joined Archduke Charles' force in 1704:Friedrich Joseph, Count of Nauendorf 1507:Friedrich Joseph, Count of Nauendorf 1393:Friedrich Joseph, Count of Nauendorf 1041: 622:Initially, such rulers of Europe as 2923:Armées of the French First Republic 2490:Blanning, p. 233; Shadwell, p. 108. 2277:Blanning, p. 232; Rothenburg, p. 74 2210:. London: Debrett, 1799, pp. 60–90. 1942:Organizational and command problems 777:Evolution of the Army of the Danube 718:(17 April 1797) and the subsequent 13: 772: 14: 2949: 2032:7 March – 8 April 1799 1534:1,000 killed, wounded or missing. 998:Battles of the Army of the Danube 757:from their possessions, angering 678:declared war on Austria. In this 544:, 1st Comte Jourdan (1762–1833). 2827:Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz 2536:Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz 2092: 2066: 2046: 2020: 1835: 1823: 1811: 1640: 1628: 1477: 1466: 1278: 1266: 1113: 1101: 600:in early June 1799; only in the 74: 36: 2902:New York: Appleton, 1854, v. 4. 2716: 2699: 2686: 2677: 2659: 2646: 2633: 2624: 2615: 2602: 2593: 2580: 2571: 2549: 2524: 2515: 2506: 2493: 2484: 2447: 2426: 2423:Jourdan, p. 204; Young, p. 230. 2417: 2408: 2399: 2390: 2373: 2364: 2355: 2346: 2333: 2319: 2310: 2297: 2280: 2271: 2254: 886:, and temporarily commanded by 825:, at the westernmost border of 637:Frederick William II of Prussia 2728:, New York: A.S. Barnes, 1850. 2692:Smith, "Clash at Winterthur." 2231: 2222: 2213: 2200: 2155: 2146: 989: 899:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino 657:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien 540:. It was commanded by General 45:of a French Revolutionary Army 1: 2814:Hug, Lina and Richard Stead. 2779:Clausewitz, Carl von (2021). 2765:Clausewitz, Carl von (2020). 2743:The French Revolutionary Wars 2731:Atteridge, Andrew Hilliarde. 2141:The French Revolutionary Wars 1998: 1034:and, three months later, the 674:On 20 April 1792, the French 649:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé 624:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 611: 2893:London: Henry S. King, 1875. 2847:. Accessed 15 November 2009. 2652:Lina Hug and Richard Stead. 2564:. Accessed 15 October 2009; 2264:to secure the Swiss town of 1973:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr 1554:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze 1503:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze 653:Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon 7: 2938:War of the Second Coalition 2735:. New York: Brentano, 1913. 2612:, London: np, 1965, p. 270. 1665:Archduke Charles of Austria 1413:Battle of Winterthur, near 1189:The battle occurred during 1008:War of the Second Coalition 920:Jean-Joseph Ange d'Hautpoul 915:constituted the left flank. 175:War of the Second Coalition 99:Battle of Winterthur (1799) 10: 2954: 2116: 1963:, its commander-in-chief, 1552:On the morning of 27 May, 1389:Friedrich, Baron von Hotze 680:War of the First Coalition 615: 520:) was a field army of the 54:2 March – 11 December 1799 18: 2933:French Revolutionary Wars 2453:Shadwell, p. 108; Smith, 2040:Battle of Stockach (1799) 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 1891: 1876: 1847: 1804: 1767: 1762: 1683: 1670: 1653: 1621: 1584: 1579: 1525: 1512: 1490: 1460: 1423: 1412: 1349:Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg 1320: 1307: 1290: 1259: 1222: 1218:Battle of Stockach (1799) 1217: 1155: 1142: 1125: 1094: 1053: 1048: 789:, near the Swiss city of 753:and forcibly removed the 618:French Revolutionary Wars 585:, and upper Rhine basin. 183: 117: 112: 95:Battle of Stockach (1799) 86: 69: 58: 50: 35: 30: 2683:Phipps, pp. 90–94. 2206:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan. 1965:François Joseph Lefebvre 1712:Olivier, Count of Wallis 971:on the Ostrach plateau. 884:François Joseph Lefebvre 655:, and Condé's grandson, 2857:Phipps, Ramsey Weston. 2665:Longworth, pp. 270–271. 2385:coup d'etat of Brumaire 2185:Gunther E. Rothenberg. 2086:Second Battle of Zurich 1763:Second Battle of Zürich 1756:Second Battle of Zürich 1184:Imperial Abbey of Salem 1036:Second Battle of Zürich 641:Declaration of Pillnitz 602:Second Battle of Zurich 107:Second Battle of Zurich 2928:Field armies of France 2865:Rothenberg, Gunther E. 2840:London: Debrett, 1799. 2834:Jourdan, Jean-Baptiste 2339:Sir Archibald Alison. 2152:Blanning, pp. 230–232. 2082:First Battle of Zurich 1848:Commanders and leaders 1710:(General of Infantry) 1700:First Battle of Zürich 1654:Commanders and leaders 1580:First Battle of Zürich 1573:First Battle of Zürich 1491:Commanders and leaders 1399:by Zürich. The French 1351:were killed by French 1291:Commanders and leaders 1126:Commanders and leaders 1032:First Battle of Zürich 999: 878: 814: 802:(Switzerland) and the 778: 720:Treaty of Campo Formio 554:Treaty of Campo Formio 517: 456:Mediterranean Campaign 103:First Battle of Zurich 2028:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 1987:Subsequent variations 1961:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 1919:, those on the left. 1892:Casualties and losses 1684:Casualties and losses 1526:Casualties and losses 1321:Casualties and losses 1297:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 1242:, present-day Germany 1156:Casualties and losses 1132:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 1061:20–23 March 1799 997: 876: 812: 776: 769:Purpose and formation 736:Parthenopean Republic 659:. From their base in 542:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 534:French First Republic 124:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 2881:Shadwell, Lawrence. 2054:Jean Augustin Ernouf 1969:Jean-Baptiste Drouet 1775:25–26 September 1799 1559:Jean Victor Tharreau 1375:Battle of Winterthur 1028:Battle of Winterthur 1020:Jean Augustin Ernouf 937:Freiburg im Breisgau 759:Paul, Tsar of Russia 2854:, London: np, 1965, 2850:Longworth, Philip. 2843:Kessinger, Roland. 2630:Thiers, p. 400–401. 2501:Clash at Winterthur 2455:Clash at Winterthur 2432:Lawrence Shadwell. 2396:Young, pp. 225–230. 2352:Young, pp. 229–231. 2237:Jourdan, pp. 96–97. 2122:Citations and notes 2100:Louis Marie Turreau 1951:School for marshals 1863:Friedrich von Hotze 732:Ferdinand of Naples 728:Congress at Rastatt 676:National Convention 573:, under command of 559:Congress of Rastatt 530:Army of Observation 132:Louis Marie Turreau 2905:Young, John, D.D. 2723:Alison, Archibald. 2639:Blanning, p. 253; 2608:Philip Longworth, 2542:2010-02-17 at the 2219:Jourdan, pp. 50–60 2139:Timothy Blanning. 2061:temporary command 2015:Battles/Campaigns 1957:Marshals of France 1922:At the same time, 1859:Alexander Korsakov 1727:Alexander Korsakov 1563:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 1337:Battle of Stockach 1211:Battle of Stockach 1000: 888:Dominique Vandamme 879: 854:Crossing the Rhine 815: 779: 708:Napoleon Bonaparte 514:Army of the Danube 31:Army of the Danube 2876:978-1-86227-383-2 2810:978-0-8061-3875-6 2800:Gallagher, John. 2789:978-0-7006-3034-9 2775:978-0-7006-3025-7 2762:vom 13. Mai 2009. 2739:Blanning, Timothy 2621:Blanning, p. 253. 2599:Blanning, p. 252. 2588:Alexander Suvorov 2481:Atteridge, p. 46. 2469:Shadwell, p. 108. 2405:Gallagher, p. 79. 2370:Smith, pp. 49–50. 2316:Blanning, p. 232. 2303:John Young, D.D. 2294:vom 13. Mai 2009. 2195:978-1-86227-383-2 2171:978-0-8061-3875-6 2114: 2113: 2036:Battle of Ostrach 1993:Army of the Rhine 1904: 1903: 1831:Habsburg Monarchy 1800: 1799: 1750:Alexander Suvorov 1696: 1695: 1648:Habsburg Monarchy 1617: 1616: 1538: 1537: 1485:Habsburg Monarchy 1456: 1455: 1381:Helvetic Republic 1333: 1332: 1285:Habsburg monarchy 1255: 1254: 1172:Battle by Ostrach 1168: 1167: 1120:Habsburg monarchy 1090: 1089: 1049:Battle of Ostrach 1042:Battle of Ostrach 1004:Battle of Ostrach 913:Laurent Saint-Cyr 740:Helvetic Republic 706:, the efforts of 606:Army of the Rhine 579:St. Gotthard Pass 567:Archduke Charles' 563:Baden-Württemberg 538:Holy Roman Empire 509: 508: 470:Italian and Swiss 463:Egyptian Campaign 137: 136: 91:Battle of Ostrach 64:Army of the Rhine 2945: 2897:Thiers, Adolphe. 2885:Archduke Charles 2823: 2757: 2710: 2705:Adolphe Thiers. 2703: 2697: 2690: 2684: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2657: 2650: 2644: 2642: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2622: 2619: 2613: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2591: 2584: 2578: 2575: 2569: 2567: 2557: 2553: 2547: 2532: 2528: 2522: 2519: 2513: 2510: 2504: 2497: 2491: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2470: 2467: 2458: 2451: 2445: 2436:Archduke Charles 2430: 2424: 2421: 2415: 2412: 2406: 2403: 2397: 2394: 2388: 2377: 2371: 2368: 2362: 2359: 2353: 2350: 2344: 2337: 2331: 2323: 2317: 2314: 2308: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2269: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2228:Jourdan, p. 140. 2226: 2220: 2217: 2211: 2204: 2198: 2183: 2174: 2161:John Gallagher. 2159: 2153: 2150: 2144: 2137: 2096: 2070: 2050: 2024: 2003: 2002: 1887:22,000 Austrians 1871: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1829: 1827: 1826: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1769: 1768: 1760: 1759: 1646: 1644: 1643: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1613:Austrian victory 1586: 1585: 1577: 1576: 1483: 1481: 1480: 1470: 1469: 1452:Austrian victory 1425: 1424: 1410: 1409: 1401:Army of Helvetia 1302:Archduke Charles 1283: 1282: 1281: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1224: 1223: 1215: 1214: 1137:Archduke Charles 1118: 1117: 1116: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1055: 1054: 1046: 1045: 1012:Archduke Charles 969:Archduke Charles 847:Second Coalition 800:Army of Helvetia 763:French Directory 722:(October 1797). 633:Marie Antoinette 571:Army of Helvetia 522:French Directory 500:Marengo Campaign 484:Italian Campaign 283:Vlieter incident 178: 176: 166: 159: 152: 143: 142: 79: 78: 40: 28: 27: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2943: 2942: 2913: 2912: 2821: 2755: 2719: 2714: 2713: 2704: 2700: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2651: 2647: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2565: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2544:Wayback Machine 2530: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2503:. pp. 156–157. 2498: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2473: 2468: 2461: 2457:. pp. 156–157. 2452: 2448: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2338: 2334: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2302: 2298: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2260:Masséna sent a 2259: 2255: 2251:Jourdan, p. 97. 2250: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2205: 2201: 2184: 2177: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2138: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2084: 2038: 2001: 1989: 1953: 1944: 1886: 1885:24,000 Russians 1867: 1861: 1836: 1834: 1833: 1824: 1822: 1812: 1810: 1788: 1758: 1735:Claude Lecourbe 1708:Feldzeugmeister 1641: 1639: 1629: 1627: 1605: 1575: 1505: 1478: 1476: 1467: 1444: 1377: 1316:80,000 soldiers 1313:40,000 soldiers 1279: 1277: 1267: 1265: 1243: 1213: 1114: 1112: 1102: 1100: 1078: 1044: 992: 860:order of battle 856: 804:Army of Mayence 771: 749:had stopped on 716:Peace of Leoben 620: 614: 550:First Coalition 518:Armée du Danube 510: 505: 451: 179: 174: 172: 170: 140: 130: 126: 119: 105: 101: 97: 93: 73: 46: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2951: 2941: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2911: 2910: 2903: 2894: 2891:, and other... 2879: 2862: 2855: 2848: 2841: 2831: 2819: 2812: 2798: 2791: 2777: 2763: 2753: 2736: 2729: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2698: 2685: 2676: 2674:Phipps, p. 57. 2667: 2658: 2645: 2632: 2623: 2614: 2601: 2592: 2579: 2570: 2548: 2523: 2514: 2512:Smith, p. 158. 2505: 2492: 2483: 2471: 2459: 2446: 2442:, and other... 2425: 2416: 2407: 2398: 2389: 2372: 2363: 2361:Smith, p. 148. 2354: 2345: 2332: 2318: 2309: 2296: 2279: 2270: 2253: 2239: 2230: 2221: 2212: 2199: 2175: 2154: 2145: 2126: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2105: 2102: 2097: 2089: 2088: 2079: 2076: 2071: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2051: 2043: 2042: 2033: 2030: 2025: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2000: 1997: 1988: 1985: 1952: 1949: 1943: 1940: 1936:Franz Petrasch 1917:Joseph Mortier 1902: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1873: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1820: 1818:First Republic 1807: 1806: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1796:French victory 1794: 1790: 1789: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1765: 1764: 1757: 1754: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1637: 1635:First Republic 1624: 1623: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1582: 1581: 1574: 1571: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1500: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1487: 1474: 1472:First Republic 1463: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1421: 1420: 1376: 1373: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1310: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1275: 1273:First Republic 1262: 1261: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1220: 1219: 1212: 1209: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1110: 1108:First Republic 1097: 1096: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1086:French retreat 1084: 1080: 1079: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1051: 1050: 1043: 1040: 991: 988: 924: 923: 916: 909: 902: 895: 855: 852: 827:Lake Constance 770: 767: 688:Kaiserslautern 616:Main article: 613: 610: 594:first Stockach 507: 506: 504: 503: 496: 493:Dutch Campaign 489: 488: 487: 480: 477:Swiss Campaign 466: 459: 450: 449: 444: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 184: 181: 180: 169: 168: 161: 154: 146: 138: 135: 134: 121: 115: 114: 110: 109: 88: 84: 83: 81:First Republic 71: 67: 66: 60: 56: 55: 52: 48: 47: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2950: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2908: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2761: 2754: 2752: 2751:0-340-56911-5 2748: 2744: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2708: 2702: 2696:, p. 156–157. 2695: 2689: 2680: 2671: 2662: 2655: 2649: 2636: 2627: 2618: 2611: 2605: 2596: 2589: 2583: 2574: 2563: 2562: 2552: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2527: 2518: 2509: 2502: 2496: 2487: 2478: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2456: 2450: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2429: 2420: 2411: 2402: 2393: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2367: 2358: 2349: 2342: 2336: 2329: 2322: 2313: 2306: 2300: 2293: 2283: 2274: 2267: 2263: 2257: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2234: 2225: 2216: 2209: 2203: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2149: 2142: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2127: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2074:André Masséna 2072: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2018: 2004: 1996: 1994: 1984: 1982: 1981:André Masséna 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1948: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1854:André Masséna 1852: 1851: 1846: 1843: 1832: 1821: 1819: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1787:, Switzerland 1786: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1742:Aulic Council 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1660:André Masséna 1658: 1657: 1652: 1649: 1638: 1636: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1604:, Switzerland 1603: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1592:4–7 June 1799 1591: 1588: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1570: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1486: 1475: 1473: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1443:, Switzerland 1442: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1397:Swiss Plateau 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1340: 1338: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1289: 1286: 1276: 1274: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1230:25 March 1799 1229: 1226: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1208: 1206: 1200: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1163: 1161:2,257 (12.5%) 1160: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1121: 1111: 1109: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1024:André Masséna 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 996: 987: 985: 981: 977: 972: 970: 966: 962: 958: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 921: 917: 914: 910: 907: 906:Joseph Souham 903: 900: 896: 893: 889: 885: 881: 880: 875: 871: 869: 865: 861: 851: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 831:André Masséna 828: 824: 820: 811: 807: 805: 801: 796: 792: 788: 783: 775: 766: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 743: 741: 737: 733: 729: 723: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 672: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 644: 642: 639:, issued the 638: 634: 630: 625: 619: 609: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 586: 584: 583:Swiss Plateau 580: 576: 575:André Masséna 572: 568: 565:) and engage 564: 560: 555: 551: 545: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 502: 501: 497: 495: 494: 490: 486: 485: 481: 479: 478: 474: 473: 472: 471: 467: 465: 464: 460: 458: 457: 453: 452: 448: 447:Porto Ferrajo 445: 442: 438: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 303:Gotthard Pass 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 185: 182: 177: 167: 162: 160: 155: 153: 148: 147: 144: 139:Military unit 133: 129: 128:André Masséna 125: 122: 116: 111: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 89: 85: 82: 77: 72: 68: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 44: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 2906: 2899: 2882: 2867: 2858: 2851: 2837: 2826: 2815: 2801: 2794: 2780: 2766: 2759: 2742: 2732: 2725: 2717:Bibliography 2706: 2701: 2693: 2688: 2679: 2670: 2661: 2653: 2648: 2635: 2626: 2617: 2609: 2604: 2595: 2582: 2573: 2560: 2551: 2535: 2526: 2517: 2508: 2500: 2495: 2486: 2454: 2449: 2433: 2428: 2419: 2410: 2401: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2366: 2357: 2348: 2340: 2335: 2327: 2321: 2312: 2304: 2299: 2282: 2273: 2266:Schaffhausen 2262:Demi-brigade 2256: 2233: 2224: 2215: 2207: 2202: 2186: 2162: 2157: 2148: 2140: 2108: 1990: 1954: 1945: 1921: 1905: 1868: 1805:Belligerents 1739: 1731:Schaffhausen 1724: 1707: 1697: 1622:Belligerents 1567: 1551: 1539: 1461:Belligerents 1407:crossroads. 1378: 1369:Black Forest 1357: 1341: 1334: 1260:Belligerents 1201: 1188: 1171: 1169: 1095:Belligerents 1001: 973: 953: 929:Freudenstadt 925: 857: 823:Schaffhausen 816: 794: 784: 780: 755:Hospitallers 744: 724: 710:in northern 673: 645: 621: 587: 546: 513: 511: 498: 491: 482: 475: 468: 461: 454: 363:2nd Stockach 203:1st Stockach 25: 2822:(in German) 2816:Switzerland 2756:(in German) 2654:Switzerland 2641:(in German) 2577:Smith, 158. 2566:(in German) 2556:(in German) 2531:(in German) 2288:(in German) 2109:coup d'etat 1932:Richterswil 1431:27 May 1799 1418:Switzerland 1176:Pfullendorf 1075:Salem Abbey 990:Engagements 965:Pfullendorf 418:Hohenlinden 398:3rd Marengo 388:Iller River 313:Linth River 278:Callantsoog 258:2nd Marengo 228:1st Marengo 87:Engagements 21:Danube Army 2917:Categories 2197:pp. 70–74. 1999:Commanders 1546:Winterthur 1542:Michel Ney 1497:Michel Ney 1441:Winterthur 1405:Winterthur 1164:2,113 (4%) 961:Tuttlingen 843:Winterthur 692:Neerwinden 612:Background 428:Copenhagen 393:Montebello 358:Hohentwiel 318:Muottental 308:2nd Zurich 288:Krabbendam 243:1st Zurich 238:Winterthur 233:Frauenfeld 223:Bassignana 120:commanders 113:Commanders 16:Field army 2795:The Times 2760:Südkurier 2328:The Times 2292:Südkurier 1549:exposed. 1361:Wahlweiss 1353:case shot 1191:Holy Week 1077:(Germany) 945:Löffingen 933:Oberkirch 892:Stuttgart 835:Feldkirch 516:(French: 433:Algeciras 403:Höchstädt 383:Chiusella 378:Fort Bard 368:Messkirch 328:Castricum 198:Feldkirch 59:Disbanded 2694:Databook 2540:Archived 1877:Strength 1780:Location 1671:Strength 1597:Location 1513:Strength 1436:Location 1365:Hornberg 1308:Strength 1240:Stockach 1235:Location 1205:Stockach 1143:Strength 1066:Location 1030:and the 1016:Stockach 957:Rottweil 949:Hüfingen 819:Stockach 787:Hüningen 747:Napoleon 704:Würzburg 552:and the 536:and the 373:Biberach 348:Wiesloch 343:3rd Novi 333:2nd Novi 293:Mannheim 43:Fusilier 2499:Smith, 2117:Sources 1913:Oudinot 1897:Unknown 1869:† 1698:In the 1395:on the 1385:Grisons 1335:At the 1196:flanked 1071:Ostrach 980:Ostrach 976:Ostrach 941:Titisee 795:observe 669:Francis 661:Koblenz 629:Leopold 590:Ostrach 413:Ampfing 408:Neuburg 323:Alkmaar 253:Trebbia 218:Cassano 213:Magnano 193:Ostrach 118:Notable 70:Country 2889:Jomini 2874: 2808: 2787: 2773: 2749: 2440:Jomini 2193: 2173:p. 70. 2169: 2012:Dates 2006:Image 1975:, and 1909:Limmat 1900:22,000 1882:75,000 1865: 1842:Russia 1828: 1793:Result 1785:Zürich 1716:Limmat 1679:40,000 1676:30,000 1645: 1610:Result 1602:Zürich 1482: 1449:Result 1415:Zürich 1345:Anhalt 1248:Result 1180:Swabia 1151:52,000 1148:18,000 1083:Result 839:Zürich 700:Amberg 684:Verdun 598:Zürich 581:, the 526:Danube 423:Mincio 338:Genola 298:Bergen 273:Amsteg 263:Mantua 248:Modena 208:Verona 51:Active 2009:Name 1928:Linth 1924:Soult 1746:Mainz 1692:3,500 1689:1,700 1521:8,000 1518:7,000 864:Rhine 791:Basel 751:Malta 712:Italy 696:Mainz 353:Genoa 188:Corfu 2872:ISBN 2806:ISBN 2785:ISBN 2771:ISBN 2747:ISBN 2191:ISBN 2167:ISBN 1772:Date 1589:Date 1428:Date 1391:and 1347:and 1227:Date 1058:Date 984:Lech 959:and 947:and 868:Kehl 841:and 821:and 702:and 665:army 592:and 512:The 268:Novi 2836:. 943:to 866:at 698:, 441:2nd 437:1st 2919:: 2887:, 2741:. 2474:^ 2462:^ 2438:, 2242:^ 2178:^ 2130:^ 1983:. 1971:, 1967:, 1959:: 1722:. 1073:, 1038:. 951:. 742:. 694:, 690:, 686:, 608:. 439:• 2878:. 922:. 908:. 901:. 894:. 443:) 435:( 165:e 158:t 151:v 23:.

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Knowledge

Army of the Danube

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