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in 1968, the
Belgian government argued that Article 14 was not relevant unless there was a substantive breach. For the first time, the court rejected this argument. Following this case, the court considers that for Article 14 to be considered "it suffices that the facts of a case fall within the
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the court assumed that for
Article 14 to be relevant, a breach of one of the substantive Convention rights had to have occurred. If the court did find a substantive breach, it would not find it necessary to consider Article 14. In the
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Arnardóttir, Oddný Mjöll (2014). "The
Differences that Make a Difference: Recent Developments on the Discrimination Grounds and the Margin of Appreciation under Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights".
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expands on
Article 14 to include a freestanding prohibition of discrimination in "any right set forth by law". Introduced in 2000, it has been ratified by 20 of 47 Council of Europe states as of 2021.
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Arnardóttir, Oddný Mjöll (2015). "Cross-fertilisation, Clarity and
Consistency at an Overburdened European Court of Human Rights – the Case of the Discrimination Grounds under Article 14 ECHR".
62:, only in the areas covered by the Convention. However, the article covers an open-ended list of prohibited grounds for discrimination and has been expanded over time to include such grounds as
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acceptable in certain circumstances. According to the court's case law, any difference in treatment based on fixed status must be proportional to the justified aims pursued and the
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has especially narrowed with regard to different treatment based exclusively on ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, or disability. For example, in the 2013 case
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Dembour, Marie-Bénédicte (2009). "Still
Silencing the Racism Suffered by Migrants . . . The Limits of Current Developments under Article 14 ECHR".
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scheme that only recognized different-sex couples was ruled to be a violation of
Article 14 because it discriminated against same-sex couples.
38:"The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex,
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Fredman, Sandra (2016). "Emerging from the
Shadows: Substantive Equality and Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights".
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Cuenca, Encarna
Carmona (2012). "The Prohibition on Discrimination: New Content (Art. 14 ECHR and Protocol 12)".
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O'Connell, Rory (2009). "Cinderella comes to the Ball: Art 14 and the right to non-discrimination in the ECHR".
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Gerards, Janneke (2013). "The
Discrimination Grounds of Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights".
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Europe of Rights: A Compendium on the European Convention of Human Rights
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Proving Discriminatory Violence at the European Court of Human Rights
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Bell, Mark (2018). "Article 14 ECHR Prohibition of discrimination".
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rather than formal equality, and therefore it considers
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