1150:. Consequently, it is difficult to place it in the family with much certainty. Athabaskanists have concluded that it is a Northern Athabaskan language consistent with its geographical occurrence, and that it might have some relation to its distant neighbor Tahltan. Tsetsaut, however, shares its primary hydronymic suffix ("river, stream") with Sekani, Beaver, and Tsuut'ina – PA *-ɢah – rather than with that of Tahltan, Tagish, Kaska, and North and South Tutchone – PA *-tuʼ (Kari 1996; Kari, Fall, & Pete 2003:39). The ambiguity surrounding Tsetsaut is why it is placed in its own subgroup in the Rice–Goddard–Mithun classification.
163:
3478:
967:
rather than sound linguistic comparisons. Despite this inadequacy, current comparative
Athabaskan literature demonstrates that most Athabaskanists still use the three-way geographic grouping rather than any of the proposed linguistic groupings given below, because none of them has been widely accepted. This situation will presumably change as both documentation and analysis of the languages improves.
926:'s 2010 advances, the reconstructions of Na-Dene (or Athabascan–Eyak–Tlingit) consonants, this latter grouping is considered by Alaskan linguists to be a well-demonstrated family. Because both Tlingit and Eyak are fairly remote from the Athabaskan languages in terms of their sound systems, comparison is usually done between them and the
1490:
The
Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie language is debatably part of the Pacific Coast subgroup, but has marginally more in common with the Northern Athabaskan languages than it does with the Pacific Coast languages (Leer 2005). It thus forms a notional sort of bridge between the Northern Athabaskan languages and
1181:
of east-central Alaska. There are many homologies between Proto-Athabaskan vocabulary and patterns reflected in archaeological sites such as Upward Sun, Swan Point and Broken
Mammoth (Kari 2010). The Northern Athabaskan group also contains the most linguistically conservative languages, particularly
1117:
The
Northern group is particularly problematic in its internal organization. Due to the failure of the usual criteria of shared innovation and systematic phonetic correspondences to provide well-defined subgroupings, the Athabaskan family – especially the Northern group – has been called a "cohesive
1728:
methods, Sicoli & Holton (2014) proposed the following classification for the
Athabaskan languages based exclusively on typological (non-lexical) data. However, this phylogenetic study was criticized as methodologically flawed by Yanovich (2020), since it did not employ sufficient input data to
341:
in his 1836 (written 1826) classification of the languages of North
America. He acknowledged that it was his choice to use this name for the language family and the associated ethnic groups: "I have designated them by the arbitrary denomination of Athabascas, which derived from the original name of
520:
The following list gives the
Athabaskan languages organized by their geographic location in various North American states, provinces and territories (including some languages that are now extinct). Several languages, such as Navajo and Gwich'in, span the boundaries: these languages are repeated by
1113:
Neither subgrouping has found any significant support among other
Athabaskanists. Details of the Athabaskan family tree should be regarded as tentative. As Tuttle and Hargus put it, "we do not consider the points of difference between the two models ... to be decisively settled and in fact expect
966:
The internal structure of the
Athabaskan language family is complex, and its exact shape is still a hotly debated issue among experts. The conventional three-way split into Northern, Pacific Coast, and Southern is essentially based on geography and the physical distribution of Athabaskan peoples
512:
The seven
Southern Athabaskan languages are isolated by considerable distance from both the Pacific Coast languages and the Northern languages. Reflecting an ancient migration of peoples, they are spoken by Native Americans in the American Southwest and the northwestern part of
400:, which is how many of their native speakers identify it. They are applying these terms to the entire language family. For example, following a motion by attendees in 2012, the annual Athabaskan Languages Conference changed its name to the Dené Languages Conference.
1065:
Branches 1–7 are the Northern Athabaskan (areal) grouping. Kwalhioqua–Clatskanai (#7) was normally placed inside the Pacific Coast grouping, but a recent consideration by Krauss (2005) does not find it very similar to these languages.
1129:
Debate continues as to whether the Pacific Coast languages form a valid genealogical grouping, or whether this group may instead have internal branches that are tied to different subgroups in Northern Athabaskan. The position of
496:
The seven or more Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages are spoken in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. These include Applegate, Galice, several Rogue River area languages, Upper Coquille, Tolowa, and Upper Umpqua in
2867:
Krauss, Michael E. (1986). "Edward Sapir and Athabaskan Linguistics, with Preliminary Annotated Bibliography of Sapir's Work on Athabaskan and Na-Dene". In Cowan, William; Foster, Michael; Koerner, K. (eds.).
1138:
are so poor – Krauss describes them as "too few and too wretched" (Krauss 2005) – that it is difficult to make any reliable conclusions about it. Nicola may be intermediate between Kwalhioqua–Tlatskanai and
4000:
947:, for example, takes the position that recent improved data on Haida have served to conclusively disprove the Haida-inclusion hypothesis. Haida has been determined to be unrelated to Athabaskan languages.
975:
Besides the traditional geographic grouping described previously, there are a few comparatively based subgroupings of the Athabaskan languages. Below the two most current viewpoints are presented.
958:
of Western Washington University summarized ten years of research, based on verbal morphology and reconstructions of the proto-languages, indicating that these languages might be related.
1126:
or family tree model of genetic classification may be inappropriate. The languages of the Southern branch are much more homogeneous and are the only clearly genealogical subgrouping.
1456:
The Nicola language is so poorly attested that it is impossible to determine its position within the family. It has been proposed by some to be an isolated branch of Chilcotin.
3237:
1173:
The Northern Athabaskan languages are the largest group in the Athabaskan family, although this group varies internally about as much as do languages in the entire family. The
537:
British Columbia: Babine–Witsuwit'en, Bearlake, Beaver, Chilcotin, Dakelh/Carrier, Hare, Kaska, Mountain, Nicola Athapaskan, Sekani/Tsek'ene, Slavey, Tagish, Tahltan, Tsetsaut
5851:
5846:
5790:
990:(1999). It represents what is generously called the "Rice–Goddard–Mithun" classification (Tuttle & Hargus 2004:73), although it is almost entirely due to Keren Rice.
4189:
5841:
4047:
4816:
2593:
525:
Alaska: Ahtna, Deg Hit'an, Dena'ina/Tanaina, Gwich'in/Kutchin, Hän, Holikachuk, Koyukon, Lower Tanana, Middle Tanana, Tanacross, Upper Tanana, Upper Kuskokwim
3490:
3015:
Leer, Jeff (2010). "The Palatal Series in Athabascan-Eyak-Tlingit, with an Overview of the Basic Sound Correspondences". In Kari, J.; Potter, B. (eds.).
4807:
3467:
200:
292:). Kari and Potter (2010:10) place the total territory of the 53 Athabaskan languages at 4,022,000 square kilometres (1,553,000 sq mi).
5800:
2603:. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series. Vol. 5. Fairbanks: University of Alaska. pp. 194–222. Archived from
5836:
5696:
4343:
2634:
Kari, James; Potter, Ben A. (2010). "The Dene-Yeniseian Connection: Bridging Asian and North America.". In Kari, James; Potter, Ben A. (eds.).
2941:. Alaska Native Language Center research papers. Vol. 5. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska, Alaska Native Language Center. CA962KL1981.
1757:
2686:
3436:
1008:(Deg Hit'an, Holikachuk/Kolchan, Koyukon, Upper Kuskokwim, Lower Tanana, Tanacross, Upper Tanana, N. Tutchone, S. Tutchone, Gwich'in, Hän)
1819:
923:
930:
Proto-Athabaskan language. This resembles both Tlingit and Eyak much more than most of the daughter languages in the Athabaskan family.
5831:
5795:
2870:
New Perspectives in Language, Culture, and Personality: Proceedings of the Edward Sapir Centenary Conference (Ottawa, 1–3 October 1984)
3915:
3263:
2896:
1069:
A different classification by Jeff Leer is the following, usually called the "Leer classification" (Tuttle & Hargus 2004:72–74):
2266:
1134:
is also debated, since it may fall in either the Pacific Coast group – if that exists – or into the Northern group. The records of
3149:
Sapir, Edward (1931). "The concept of phonetic law as tested in primitive languages by Leonard Bloomfield". In Rice, S. A. (ed.).
5856:
3019:. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series. Vol. 5. Fairbanks: University of Alaska. pp. 168–193.
2498:
Hoijer, Harry (1971). "The position of the Apachean languages in the Athpaskan stock". In Basso, Keith H.; Opler, M. E. (eds.).
4800:
3460:
3231:. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series. Vol. 5. Fairbanks: University of Alaska. pp. 33–99.
1729:
generate a robust tree that does not depend on the initial choice of the "tree prior", i.e. the model for the tree generation.
1014:(Tagish, Tahltan, Kaska, Sekani, Dunneza/Beaver, Slavey, Mountain, Bearlake, Hare, Tłįchǫ Yat'iì/Dogrib, Dëne Sųłiné/Chipewyan)
2638:. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series. Vol. 5. Fairbanks: University of Alaska. pp. 1–24.
549:
Oregon: Applegate, Clatskanie, Galice, Rogue River (Chasta Costa, Euchre Creek, Tututni, Upper Coquille), Tolowa, Upper Umpqua
4820:
3765:
3336:
3257:
3083:
2983:
2885:
2652:
2412:
2151:
361:—are in approximately equal use. Particular communities may prefer one spelling over another (Krauss 1987). For example, the
3506:
943:
in their definition of the Na-Dene family, linguists who work actively on Athabaskan languages discount this position. The
281:
3377:
2904:. Sitka, AK: Division of Alaska State Museums and the Friends of the Alaska State Museum. pp. 105–108. Archived from
2662:
Kibrik, Andrej A. (1996). "Transitivity decrease in Navajo and Athabaskan: Actor-affecting propositional derivations". In
1153:
For detailed lists including languages, dialects, and subdialects, see the respective articles on the three major groups:
5669:
3498:
2952:. Alaska Native Language Center research papers. Vol. 1. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Language Center. CA965L1979b.
4583:
4549:
4336:
4305:
2643:
Kibrik, Andrej A. (1993). "Transitivity increase in Athabaskan languages". In Comrie, Bernard; Polinsky, Maria (eds.).
2604:
2502:. Anthropological papers of the University of Arizona. Vol. 21. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. pp. 3–6.
417:
106:
1165:. For the remainder of this article, the conventional three-way geographic grouping will be followed except as noted.
5749:
4793:
3453:
3398:
3051:
3033:
2993:
Leer, Jeff (2005). "How stress shapes the stem-suffix complex in Athabaskan". In Hargus, Sharon; Rice, Keren (eds.).
2675:
2624:
2387:
2368:
2328:
2061:
521:
location in this list. For alternative names for the languages, see the classifications given later in this article.
252:
3188:
Saville-Troike, Muriel (1985). "On variable data and phonetic law: A case from Sapir's Athabaskan correspondences".
5805:
4147:
3785:
3700:
3179:
Sapir, Edward; Golla, Victor (2001). "Hupa Texts, with Notes and Lexicon". In Golla, Victor; O'Neill, Sean (eds.).
2898:
Faces, Voices & Dreams: A celebration of the centennial of the Sheldon Jackson Museum, Sitka, Alaska, 1888–1988
901:
5199:
5168:
4246:
3403:
182:
2307:
2007:
1081:(Ahtna, Dena'ina, Deg Hit'an, Koyukon, Holikachuk/Kolchan, Lower Tanana, Tanacross, Upper Tanana, Gwich'in, Hän)
3945:
3870:
3705:
2493:. University of California publications in linguistics. Vol. 29. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2404:
2127:
1509:
1427:
1398:
Very little is known about Tsetsaut, and for this reason it is routinely placed in its own tentative subgroup.
4515:
3308:"Recent advances in AET comparison: Paper prepared for the Dene-Yeniseian Symposium. Fairbanks, Feb. 26, 2008"
5826:
4785:
4690:
4685:
4670:
4360:
4329:
1880:
944:
875:
531:
Northwest Territories: Bearlake, Dëne Sųłiné/Chipewyan, Gwich'in, Hare, Mountain, Slavey, Tłįchǫ Yatiì/Dogrib
422:
412:
366:
111:
101:
288:, located in western North America in three areal language groups: Northern, Pacific Coast and Southern (or
4222:
3985:
2764:
Krauss, Michael E. (1968). "Noun-classification systems in the Athapaskan, Eyak, Tlingit and Haida verbs".
408:
Linguists conventionally divide the Athabaskan family into three groups, based on geographic distribution:
390:
is prevalent in linguistics and anthropology, there is an increasing trend among scholars to use the terms
2978:. Trends in Linguistics: Studies and monographs. Vol. 45. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 73–98.
196:
192:
5517:
4092:
3895:
3445:
2872:. Studies in the History of the Language Sciences. Vol. 41. Amsterdam: Benjamins. pp. 147–190.
2284:. University Museum Anthropological Publications. Vol. 8. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
528:
Yukon: Gwich'in/Kutchin, Hän, Kaska, Mountain, Tagish, Northern Tutchone, Southern Tutchone, Upper Tanana
5861:
5754:
5135:
4210:
4194:
4015:
3990:
3960:
3905:
3715:
2735:
Krauss, Michael E. (1965). "The proto-Athapaskan–Eyak and the problem of Na-Dene, II: The morphology".
1954:
1948:
1725:
1594:
17:
4530:
4127:
4117:
3980:
3935:
3720:
2706:
Krauss, Michael E. (1964). "The proto-Athapaskan–Eyak and the problem of Na-Dene, I: The phonology".
2647:. Studies in Language Comparison Series. Vol. 23. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. pp. 47–68.
1131:
927:
89:
3319:
Saxon, Leslie (2024). "Dene – Athabaskan". In Carmen Dagostino; Marianne Mithun; Keren Rice (eds.).
5764:
5615:
5597:
5260:
4843:
4443:
4152:
4107:
3840:
3685:
3481:
1774:
1244:
1158:
905:
832:
362:
2695:
2536:
Kari, James (1989). "Affix positions and zones in the Athapaskan verb complex: Ahtna and Navajo".
4700:
4112:
4077:
4067:
4062:
4052:
3950:
3850:
3820:
3815:
3795:
3790:
3710:
3347:
1685:
4520:
3415:
3227:
Vajda, Edward (2010). "A Siberian Link with Na-Dene Languages". In Kari, J.; Potter, B. (eds.).
904:, extensive shared vocabulary, and cross-linguistically unique homologies in both verb and noun
5591:
5549:
5358:
5324:
5042:
4738:
4234:
4142:
4072:
3930:
3810:
3805:
3780:
3120:. Memoirs of the Canadian Geological Survey. Vol. 90. Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau.
1643:
897:
178:
3433:
2926:
Krauss, Michael E.; Golla, Victor (1981). "Northern Athapaskan languages". In Helm, J. (ed.).
2835:
Krauss, Michael E. (1979a). "Na-Dene and Eskimo". In Campbell, Lyle; Mithun, Marianne (eds.).
5759:
5705:
5624:
5602:
5243:
5125:
4655:
4448:
4423:
4251:
4215:
4157:
4020:
3940:
3860:
3730:
3622:
3307:
3281:
3158:
Sapir, Edward (1936). "Linguistic evidence suggestive of the northern origin of the Navaho".
3003:
2947:
2936:
2823:
1903:
1896:
1829:
1477:
1252:
1046:
855:
442:
5657:
5650:
4569:
2958:
2855:
2845:
5584:
5432:
4998:
4173:
4025:
3835:
3534:
2566:
2226:
Yanovich, Igor (2020). "Phylogenetic linguistic evidence and the Dene-Yeniseian homeland".
2180:
2015:, another trade language based on at least Dëne Sųłiné (Chipewyan) and Gwich'in (Loucheux).
1942:
1788:
1602:
1385:
1289:
1205:
694:
625:
486:
334:
4401:
4380:
3477:
3115:
2905:
1423:(also known as "British Columbian" in contrast with "Cordilleran" = Tahltan–Tagish–Kaska)
8:
5769:
5608:
5566:
5506:
5485:
5279:
5215:
5158:
5106:
5091:
5064:
5032:
4848:
4412:
4132:
4097:
4082:
4037:
4030:
4005:
3975:
3965:
3920:
3825:
3588:
2378:
Cook, Eung-Do; Rice, Keren (1989). "Introduction". In Cook, Eung-Do; Rice, Keren (eds.).
2080:
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1740:
1661:
1228:
1162:
1154:
951:
740:
322:
35:
4310:
3408:
2398:
2351:
2270:
2184:
5680:
5636:
5560:
5460:
5446:
5376:
5266:
5082:
5026:
5019:
4930:
4914:
4716:
4464:
4438:
4396:
3855:
3519:
3205:
2781:
2752:
2723:
2553:
2524:
2468:
2243:
2203:
2168:
1909:
1700:
1668:
1559:
1443:
1261:
1220:
1140:
1135:
809:
786:
648:
506:
466:
295:
4903:
152:
5744:
5686:
5439:
5422:
5397:
5383:
5238:
5101:
5096:
5058:
4941:
4563:
4474:
4433:
4428:
3900:
3890:
3875:
3800:
3735:
3637:
3332:
3253:
3249:
3209:
3129:
3121:
3079:
3047:
3029:
2979:
2916:
Krauss, Michael E. (2005). "Athabaskan tone". In Hargus, Sharon; Rice, Keren (eds.).
2881:
2785:
2756:
2727:
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2648:
2620:
2557:
2528:
2472:
2418:
2408:
2383:
2364:
2324:
2285:
2247:
2208:
2147:
1857:
1767:
1411:
1348:
1282:
1275:
1147:
1119:
1054:
915:
462:
72:
1087:(Tsetsaut, N. Tutchone, S. Tutchone, Tagish, Tahltan, Kaska, Sekani, Dunneza/Beaver)
5774:
5719:
5712:
5630:
5571:
5499:
5492:
5411:
5369:
5334:
5292:
5273:
5248:
5209:
5188:
5182:
5145:
5052:
4950:
4896:
4889:
4882:
4861:
4761:
4641:
4618:
4611:
4525:
4499:
4418:
4227:
3830:
3627:
3596:
3324:
3245:
3197:
3167:
3102:
2873:
2773:
2744:
2715:
2578:
2545:
2516:
2460:
2439:
2347:
2235:
2198:
2188:
1981:
1976:
1890:
1851:
1811:
1747:
1552:
1435:
1322:
1236:
911:
763:
446:
214:
3171:
3106:
2930:. Vol. 6: Subarctic. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 67–85.
2806:. Current trends in linguistics. Vol. 1. The Hague: Mouton. pp. 903–978.
2443:
2112:
302:
is spoken by the largest number of people of any native language north of Mexico.
5577:
5534:
5527:
5404:
5390:
5340:
5254:
5229:
5152:
5118:
5112:
5009:
4975:
4875:
4837:
4695:
4648:
4635:
4556:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4469:
3885:
3676:
3601:
3515:
3440:
3416:"Oregon Athapaskan Languages: Bibliography of the Athapaskan Languages of Oregon"
3381:
3137:
2382:. Trends in Linguistics. Vol. 15. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 1–61.
2293:
2193:
2143:
The Dene-Yeniseian Connection: Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska
2141:
2065:
2012:
1929:
1844:
1836:
1677:
1612:
1464:
1377:
1356:
1340:
1315:
1042:
1035:(Upper Umpqua, Tututni, Galice–Applegate, Tolowa, Hupa, Mattole, Eel River, Kato)
987:
490:
476:
338:
299:
67:
31:
4406:
3321:
The Languages and Linguistics of Indigenous North America: A Comprehensive Guide
2279:
1921:
1297:
717:
5643:
5475:
5453:
5306:
5285:
5177:
5071:
4991:
4984:
4923:
4868:
4776:
4753:
4721:
4599:
4479:
4375:
4277:
3770:
3755:
3750:
3494:
3374:
2663:
2001:
1985:
1935:
1874:
1781:
1707:
1567:
1514:
1330:
1198:
1099:(Dëne Sųłiné/Chipewyan, Slavey, Mountain, Bearlake, Hare, Tłįchǫ Yat'iì/Dogrib)
940:
602:
318:
4815:
3328:
3294:
3133:
2583:
2567:"A Preliminary View of Hydronymic Districts in Northern Athabaskan Prehistory"
5820:
5347:
5313:
5299:
4957:
4854:
4605:
3745:
3690:
3581:
3541:
2422:
1997:
1751:
1544:
1178:
889:
671:
314:
310:
298:
is spoken over the largest area of any North American native language, while
285:
60:
30:"Athabaskan" redirects here. For any of the ships named HMCS Athabaskan, see
3183:. Vol. 14: Northwest California Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
2895:
Krauss, Michael E. (1987). "The name Athabaskan". In Corey, Peter L. (ed.).
2877:
2338:
Cook, Eung-Do (1981). "Athabaskan linguistics: Proto-Athapaskan phonology".
2298:
1105:(Tsuut'ina/Sarsi, Apachean, Pacific Coast Athabaskan, Kwalhioqua–Tlatskanai)
4239:
3392:
3141:
2971:
2289:
2212:
1582:
1268:
1050:
983:
955:
454:
429:
The 32 Northern Athabaskan languages are spoken throughout the interior of
3475:
2480:
Hoijer, Harry (1963). "The Athapaskan languages". In Hoijer, Harry (ed.).
2239:
2058:
337:
and therefore not itself an Athabaskan language. The name was assigned by
136:
4285:
3428:
1114:
them to be debated for some time to come." (Tuttle & Hargus 2004:74)
517:. This group comprises the six Southern Athabaskan languages and Navajo.
3076:
Morpheme Order and Semantic Scope: Word Formation in the Athapaskan Verb
2359:
Cook, Eung-Do (1992). "Athabaskan languages". In Bright, William (ed.).
4321:
4269:
3557:
2321:
American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America
2312:
Native American Studies Collection, Ethnic Studies Library, UC Berkeley
979:
935:
892:
and Athabaskan together form a genealogical linguistic grouping called
502:
375:
162:
2837:
The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment
3845:
3574:
3550:
3524:
3093:
Sapir, Edward (1915). "The Na-Dene languages, a preliminary report".
2169:"Linguistic Phylogenies Support Back-Migration from Beringia to Asia"
2123:
1798:
145:
129:
125:
3323:. Vol. 2. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 875–930.
2451:
Hoijer, Harry (1956). "The Chronology of the Athapaskan languages".
3661:
3653:
3645:
3614:
3567:
3201:
2795:
On the classification in the Athapascan, Eyak, and the Tlingit verb
2777:
2748:
2719:
2688:
A typologically oriented portrait of the Athabaskan language family
2549:
2520:
2464:
1491:
the Pacific Coast languages, along with Nicola (Krauss 1979/2004).
1174:
458:
289:
188:
3125:
3117:
Time perspective in aboriginal American culture: A study in method
2812:
Krauss, Michael E. (1976). "Na-Dene". In Sebeok, Thomas A. (ed.).
2802:
Krauss, Michael E. (1973). "Na-Dene". In Sebeok, Thomas A. (ed.).
2617:
Shem Pete's Alaska: The territory of the Upper Cook Inlet Denaʼina
3370:
2970:
Leer, Jeff (1990). "Tlingit: A portmanteau language family?". In
2594:"The concept of geolinguistic conservatism in Na-Dene prehistory"
2380:
Athapaskan linguistics: Current perspectives on a language family
450:
2824:"Proto-Athabaskan–Eyak fricatives and the first person singular"
2507:
Hymes, Dell H. (1957). "A note on Athapaskan glottochronology".
2092:
1598:(also known as Tututni, Chasta Costa, Euchre Creek and Coquille)
3348:"Athabaskan Languages and the Schools: A Handbook for Teachers"
2668:
Athabaskan language studies: Essays in honor of Robert W. Young
1431:(also known as Northern Carrier, Bulkley Valley/Lakes District)
978:
The following is an outline of the classification according to
514:
498:
489:(Kutchin, Loucheux), and the Northern and Southern variants of
434:
430:
330:
2856:"On the history and use of comparative Athapaskan linguistics"
950:
A symposium in Alaska in February 2008 included papers on the
914:
is distantly related to the Athabaskan–Eyak group to form the
501:; Eel River, Hupa, Mattole–Bear River, and Tolowa in northern
244:
3061:
Rice, Keren (1997). "A reexamination of Proto-Athabaskan y".
552:
California: Eel River, Hupa, Mattole–Bear River, Kato, Tolowa
438:
3221:. Vol. 1–20. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
2076:
1146:
Similarly to Nicola, there is very limited documentation on
391:
223:
3561:
3529:
3387:
2670:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico. pp. 259–304.
2430:
Hoijer, Harry (1938). "The southern Athapaskan languages".
1606:(also known as Galice/Taltushtuntede, Applegate/Dakubetede)
564:
New Mexico: Chiricahua, Mescalero, Jicarilla, Lipan, Navajo
226:
2484:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 1–29.
2054:
1182:
Koyukon, Ahtna, Dena'ina, and Dakelh/Carrier (Leer 2008).
3153:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 297–306.
235:
220:
2281:
Grammatical notes on the language of the Tlingit Indians
1023:(Babine–Witsuwit'en, Dakelh/Carrier, Chilcotin, Nicola?)
383:
in naming the language family and individual languages.
3434:
ATHAPBASCKAN-L mailing list for Athabaskan linguistics
2666:; Midgette, Sally; Rice, Keren; Saxon, Leslie (eds.).
1389:(also known as Chipewyan, Dëne Sųłiné, Dene Soun'liné)
847:
842:
837:
824:
819:
814:
801:
796:
791:
778:
773:
768:
755:
750:
745:
732:
727:
722:
709:
704:
699:
686:
681:
676:
663:
658:
653:
640:
635:
630:
617:
612:
607:
540:
Alberta: Beaver, Dëne Sųłiné, Slavey, Tsuut'ina/Sarcee
2363:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 122–128.
253:
241:
238:
217:
5852:
Indigenous languages of the North American Subarctic
5847:
Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest
2269:. University of California, Berkeley. Archived from
232:
187:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3223:(As of January 2024, vols. 18–20 not yet published)
1311:Tahltan–Tagish–Kaska (also known as "Cordilleran")
939:still gives the Athabaskan family as a relative of
229:
167:
Geographic distribution of the Athabaskan languages
1616:(also known as Smith River, Chetco, Siletz Dee-ni)
1563:(also known as Wailaki, Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone)
546:Washington: Kwalhioqua-Clatskanai (Willapa, Suwal)
5842:Indigenous languages of the North American Plains
2949:Proto-Athabaskan verb stem variation I: Phonology
2797:. Baltimore: Waverly Press by Indiana University.
2614:
1057:, Mescalero–Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan, Plains)
874:Information in this table was retrieved from the
5818:
2976:Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology
2034:Native American Place Names of the United States
1224:(also known as Deg Hitʼan, Ingalik (deprecated))
201:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
3413:
2615:Kari, James; Fall, James A.; Shem Pete (2003).
2308:"California Indian Library Collections Project"
1177:of the Athabaskan family is most likely in the
1093:(Babine–Witsuwit'en, Dakelh/Carrier, Chilcotin)
580:
470:
5516:
3187:
2997:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 278–318.
2922:Revision of unpublished manuscript dated 1979.
2036:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, pg. 52
1548:(also known as Hupa-Chilula, Chilula, Whilkut)
27:Group of indigenous languages of North America
4801:
4337:
3461:
3190:International Journal of American Linguistics
2959:"Navajo and comparative Athabaskan stem list"
2920:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 51–136.
2766:International Journal of American Linguistics
2737:International Journal of American Linguistics
2708:International Journal of American Linguistics
2619:. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska Press.
2538:International Journal of American Linguistics
2509:International Journal of American Linguistics
2453:International Journal of American Linguistics
1719:
2166:
480:
5695:
2925:
2694:. ALT-IV. Santa Barbara, CA. Archived from
2140:Kari, James M.; Potter, Ben Austin (2011).
1526:
561:Arizona: Chiricahua, Navajo, Western Apache
4808:
4794:
4344:
4330:
3468:
3454:
3399:Athabaskan Satellites & ASL Ion-Morphs
3216:
3178:
2934:
2633:
2139:
961:
884:
4817:Indigenous language families and isolates
3916:Lesser Slave Lake Indian Regional Council
3046:. Summer Institute of Linguistics. 1973.
2850:(Published with revisions as Krauss 2005)
2599:. In Kari, James; Potter, Ben A. (eds.).
2582:
2361:International encyclopedia of linguistics
2297:
2202:
2192:
1481:(also known as Sarcee, Sarsi, Tsuu T'ina)
1293:(also known as Kutchin, Loucheux, Tukudh)
329:' there are reeds one after another') in
5421:
4351:
4001:Stoney Nakoda - Tsuut'ina Tribal Council
3345:
2377:
2318:
2225:
2093:"Dené (Athabaskan) Languages Conference"
505:; and possibly Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie in
465:in the Northwest Territories, including
3350:. Juneau: Alaska Native Language Center
2938:Athabaskan, Eyak, and Tlingit sonorants
2935:Krauss, Michael E.; Leer, Jeff (1981).
2834:
14:
5819:
3151:Methods in social science: A case book
3023:
2915:
2894:
2866:
2853:
2843:
2821:
2811:
2801:
2792:
2763:
2734:
2705:
2684:
2661:
2642:
2500:Apachean culture history and ethnology
2497:
2488:
2479:
2450:
2429:
2167:Sicoli, Mark A.; Holton, Gary (2014).
1625:
1362:Slavey (also known as Southern Slavey)
1168:
34:. For the ethnic group in Alaska, see
5837:Indigenous languages of North America
4789:
4325:
3766:Confederacy of Treaty 6 First Nations
3449:
3318:
3235:
3226:
3157:
3148:
3113:
3092:
3026:The Languages of Native North America
2816:. New York: Plenum. pp. 283–358.
2506:
2396:
2323:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1517:–Tlatskanie or Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai)
3414:Don Macnaughtan (10 February 2014).
3305:
3292:
3279:
3217:Sturtevant, William C., ed. (1978).
3073:
3060:
3024:Mithun, Marianne (4 November 1999).
3014:
3001:
2992:
2969:
2956:
2945:
2854:Krauss, Michael E. (November 1981).
2839:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
2591:
2564:
2535:
2358:
2337:
2277:
1595:Lower Rogue River and Upper Coquille
191:. For the distinction between ,
3004:"Recent advances in AET comparison"
2491:Studies in the Athapaskan languages
2482:Studies in the Athapaskan languages
2352:10.1146/annurev.an.10.100181.001345
1970:
1468:(also known as Stuwix, Similkameen)
570:Oklahoma: Chiricahua, Plains Apache
24:
4306:List of Indian reserves in Alberta
3375:Pan-Athapaskan Comparative Lexicon
3272:
3219:Handbook of North American Indians
2928:Handbook of North American Indians
2081:Language Family Trees – Athapaskan
2004:based on Slavey, French, and Cree.
1415:(also known as Tsʼetsʼaut, Wetalh)
418:Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages
25:
5873:
5832:First Nations languages in Canada
3364:
2146:. Alaska Native Language Center.
1421:Central British Columbia subgroup
1209:(also known as Tanaina, Kenaitze)
445:, as well as in the provinces of
433:and the interior of northwestern
3476:
3395:(University of Alaska Fairbanks)
3295:"Comparative Athabaskan Lexicon"
2814:Native languages of the Americas
1240:(also known as Denaakkʼe, Tenʼa)
461:. Five Athabaskan languages are
213:
161:
3238:"The Dené-Yeniseian Hypothesis"
3236:Vajda, Edward J. (2023-01-12).
3181:Collected Works of Edward Sapir
2258:
2219:
1689:(also known as Coyotero Apache)
183:International Phonetic Alphabet
5857:Languages of the United States
3871:Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council
3393:Comparative Athabaskan Lexicon
3373:(PanDeneComPlex; formerly the
3312:Alaska Native Language Archive
3299:Alaska Native Language Archive
3286:Alaska Native Language Archive
3250:10.1093/obo/9780199772810-0064
3078:. Cambridge University Press.
3028:. Cambridge University Press.
3008:Alaska Native Language Archive
2860:Alaska Native Language Archive
2828:Alaska Native Language Archive
2405:University of California Press
2160:
2133:
2128:University of Alaska Fairbanks
2117:
2106:
2085:
2070:
2048:
2039:
2026:
1758:South Pacific Coast Athabaskan
1539:California Athabaskan subgroup
1499:Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie subgroup
982:, based on those published in
13:
1:
3388:Alaska Native Language Center
3229:The Dene–Yeniseian Connection
3172:10.1525/aa.1936.38.2.02a00040
3107:10.1525/aa.1915.17.3.02a00080
3017:The Dene–Yeniseian Connection
2963:Alaska Native Language Center
2636:The Dene–Yeniseian Connection
2601:The Dene–Yeniseian Connection
2565:Kari, James (December 1996).
2444:10.1525/aa.1938.40.1.02a00080
2340:Annual Review of Anthropology
2124:Alaska Native Language Center
2055:Alaska Native Language Center
2045:Albert Gallatin, 1836:116–17.
2019:
1988:of the Athabaskan languages.
1215:Central Alaska–Yukon subgroup
1122:(1973, 1982). Therefore, the
945:Alaska Native Language Center
876:Alaska Native Language Center
423:Southern Athabaskan languages
413:Northern Athabaskan languages
367:Alaska Native Language Center
4204:Not headquartered in Alberta
3404:Yukon Native Language Center
3371:Pan-Dene Comparative Lexicon
2804:Linguistics in North America
2194:10.1371/journal.pone.0091722
1647:(also known as Kiowa-Apache)
1381:(also known as Tłįchǫ Yatiì)
1307:Northwestern Canada subgroup
581:Alaskan Athabaskan languages
471:
403:
326:
7:
4093:Western Cree Tribal Council
3074:Rice, Keren (18 May 2000).
3063:Anthropological Linguistics
2844:Krauss, Michael E. (1979).
2822:Krauss, Michael E. (1977).
2808:(Reprinted as Krauss 1976.)
2793:Krauss, Michael E. (1969).
2645:Causatives and Transitivity
2489:Hoijer, Harry, ed. (1963).
2400:California Indian languages
1991:
1447:(also known as Tsilhqot'in)
970:
865:
862:
859:
846:
841:
836:
823:
818:
813:
800:
795:
790:
777:
772:
767:
754:
749:
744:
731:
726:
721:
708:
703:
698:
685:
680:
675:
662:
657:
652:
639:
634:
629:
616:
611:
606:
558:Colorado: Jicarilla, Navajo
10:
5878:
4195:Lubicon Lake Indian Nation
3961:North Peace Tribal Council
2685:Kibrik, Andrej A. (2001).
1974:
1726:computational phylogenetic
1720:Sicoli & Holton (2014)
1586:(also known as Etnemitane)
1577:Oregon Athabaskan subgroup
1368:Bearlake (Northern Slavey)
1365:Mountain (Northern Slavey)
29:
5783:
5737:
5668:
5548:
5474:
5357:
5323:
5228:
5198:
5167:
5134:
5081:
5041:
5008:
4974:
4940:
4913:
4827:
4770:
4752:
4730:
4709:
4678:
4669:
4628:
4591:
4582:
4541:
4508:
4457:
4389:
4368:
4359:
4301:
4262:
4203:
4182:
4166:
4128:Yellowhead Tribal Council
4126:
4091:
4046:
3999:
3959:
3914:
3901:Whitefish Lake (Atikameg)
3869:
3816:Whitefish Lake (Goodfish)
3764:
3729:
3684:
3673:
3636:
3612:
3505:
3488:
3329:10.1515/9783110712742-039
3282:"Na-La-Dene cognate sets"
3280:Leer, Jeff (1992-03-17).
2584:10.1179/nam.1996.44.4.253
2267:"Athapaskan Bibliography"
1695:Eastern Apachean subgroup
1653:Western Apachean subgroup
1503:Lower Columbia Athapaskan
1344:(also known as Tsekʼehne)
1193:Southern Alaskan subgroup
1033:Pacific Coast Athabaskan
1021:Central British Columbia
870:
543:Saskatchewan: Dëne Sųłiné
160:
144:
124:
119:
95:
85:
68:Linguistic classification
66:
53:
48:
43:
4509:Central British Columbia
4183:Not federally recognized
3686:Athabasca Tribal Council
3482:First Nations in Alberta
2818:(Reprint of Krauss 1973)
2032:Bright, William (2004).
2008:Dené–Yeniseian languages
1534:Pacific Coast Athabaskan
1527:Pacific Coast Athabaskan
1159:Pacific Coast Athabaskan
363:Tanana Chiefs Conference
107:Pacific Coast Athabaskan
3409:Athapascan Bibliography
3346:Thompson, Chad (1984).
3160:American Anthropologist
3095:American Anthropologist
3044:Tlingit Verb Dictionary
2878:10.1075/sihols.41.08kra
2432:American Anthropologist
2319:Campbell, Lyle (1997).
1439:(also known as Carrier)
1334:(also known as Nahanni)
1326:(also known as Nahanni)
1248:(also known as Kolchan)
962:Internal classification
920:Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit
885:External classification
567:Texas: Mescalero, Lipan
481:
392:
280:) is a large family of
179:phonetic transcriptions
5801:Unclassified languages
4542:Other North Athabaskan
4048:Tribal Chiefs Ventures
3507:Ethnolinguistic groups
3114:Sapir, Edward (1916).
2397:Golla, Victor (2011).
2064:June 25, 2010, at the
1986:reconstructed ancestor
1794:West Alaska (Koyukon)
1681:(also known as Navaho)
1638:Plains Apache subgroup
1371:Hare (Northern Slavey)
1352:(also known as Beaver)
1257:(also known as Tanana)
1232:(also known as Innoko)
954:and Na-Dené families.
176:This article contains
4592:California Athabaskan
4550:Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie
3986:Little Red River Cree
3731:Blackfoot Confederacy
3623:Blackfoot Confederacy
3429:California Athapascan
2240:10.1075/dia.17038.yan
2059:"The Name Athabascan"
1657:Chiricahua–Mescalero
1571:(also known as Cahto)
1510:Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie
1132:Kwalhioqua–Clatskanai
1047:White Mountain Apache
1030:Kwalhioqua–Clatskanai
1006:Central Alaska–Yukon
902:sound correspondences
576:Chihuahua: Chiricahua
443:Northwest Territories
333:. Cree is one of the
5827:Athabaskan languages
4390:Central Alaska–Yukon
4353:Athabaskan languages
3509:(by language family)
2592:Kari, James (2010).
2278:Boas, Franz (1917).
1917:Northwestern Canada
1012:Northwestern Canada
534:Nunavut: Dëne Sųłiné
369:prefer the spelling
335:Algonquian languages
282:Indigenous languages
276:, and also known as
5750:Algonquian–Wakashan
4458:Northwestern Canada
3701:Athabasca Chipewyan
3674:Tribal councils and
3306:Leer, Jeff (2008).
3293:Leer, Jeff (1996).
3002:Leer, Jeff (2008).
2957:Leer, Jeff (1982).
2946:Leer, Jeff (1979).
2185:2014PLoSO...991722S
1881:Southern Athabaskan
1820:North Pacific Coast
1633:Southern Athabaskan
1626:Southern Athabaskan
1301:(also known as Han)
1188:Northern Athabaskan
1169:Northern Athabaskan
1163:Southern Athabaskan
1155:Northern Athabaskan
1103:Southerly Outlying
900:through consistent
345:The four spellings—
112:Southern Athabaskan
102:Northern Athabaskan
36:Alaskan Athabaskans
5738:Proposed groupings
4828:Language families
4516:Babine–Witsuwitʼen
4190:Aseniwuche Winewak
3439:2010-06-01 at the
3380:2021-06-20 at the
2995:Athabaskan Prosody
2918:Athabaskan Prosody
1553:Mattole–Bear River
1428:Babine–Witsuwit'en
573:Sonora: Chiricahua
463:official languages
386:Although the term
5862:Na-Dene languages
5814:
5813:
5796:Extinct languages
5733:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5544:
5543:
5470:
5469:
5224:
5223:
5200:Takelma–Kalapuyan
4783:
4782:
4777:extinct languages
4748:
4747:
4665:
4664:
4649:Upper Rogue River
4642:Lower Rogue River
4629:Oregon Athabaskan
4578:
4577:
4434:Southern Tutchone
4429:Northern Tutchone
4319:
4318:
4297:
4296:
4290:
4282:
4274:
4255:
4243:
4231:
4219:
4136:
4101:
4056:
4009:
3969:
3924:
3891:Lubicon Lake Band
3879:
3774:
3739:
3706:Chipewyan Prairie
3694:
3666:
3658:
3650:
3638:Numbered Treaties
3338:978-3-11-071274-2
3259:978-0-19-977281-0
3085:978-0-521-58354-1
2985:978-3-11-011908-4
2887:978-90-272-4522-9
2846:"Athabaskan tone"
2654:978-1-55619-375-0
2414:978-0-520-94952-2
2153:978-1-55500-112-4
2113:Dena'ina#Language
1955:Southern Tutchone
1949:Northern Tutchone
1603:Upper Rogue River
1406:Tsetsaut subgroup
1283:Northern Tutchone
1276:Southern Tutchone
1255:and Middle Tanana
1106:
1100:
1094:
1091:British Columbia
1088:
1082:
1058:
1055:San Carlos Apache
1036:
1024:
1015:
1009:
1003:
1002:(Dena'ina, Ahtna)
882:
881:
597:Percent Speakers
172:
171:
16:(Redirected from
5869:
5806:Linguistic areas
5693:
5692:
5514:
5513:
5419:
5418:
5132:
5131:
4911:
4910:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4787:
4786:
4762:Proto-Athabaskan
4710:Eastern Apachean
4679:Western Apachean
4676:
4675:
4589:
4588:
4531:Southern Carrier
4369:Southern Alaskan
4366:
4365:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4323:
4322:
4311:Métis in Alberta
4288:
4280:
4272:
4249:
4237:
4225:
4213:
4130:
4095:
4063:Beaver Lake Cree
4053:Beaver Lake Cree
4050:
4003:
3963:
3918:
3873:
3791:Beaver Lake Cree
3768:
3733:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3677:band governments
3664:
3656:
3648:
3628:Iron Confederacy
3480:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3447:
3446:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3342:
3315:
3302:
3289:
3267:
3262:. Archived from
3232:
3222:
3213:
3184:
3175:
3154:
3145:
3110:
3089:
3070:
3057:
3039:
3020:
3011:
2998:
2989:
2966:
2953:
2942:
2931:
2921:
2912:
2910:
2903:
2891:
2863:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2817:
2807:
2798:
2789:
2760:
2731:
2702:
2700:
2693:
2681:
2658:
2639:
2630:
2611:
2609:
2598:
2588:
2586:
2561:
2532:
2503:
2494:
2485:
2476:
2447:
2426:
2393:
2374:
2355:
2334:
2315:
2303:
2301:
2274:
2252:
2251:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2206:
2196:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2137:
2131:
2121:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2089:
2083:
2074:
2068:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2030:
1982:Proto-Athabaskan
1977:Proto-Athabaskan
1971:Proto-Athabaskan
1887:Alaska-Canada-1
1870:Plains-Apachean
1825:Alaska-Canada-2
1763:(unnamed clade)
1124:Stammbaumtheorie
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1040:
1034:
1022:
1013:
1007:
1001:
1000:Southern Alaska
918:, also known as
849:
844:
839:
826:
821:
816:
803:
798:
793:
780:
775:
770:
757:
752:
747:
734:
729:
724:
711:
706:
701:
688:
683:
678:
665:
660:
655:
642:
637:
632:
619:
614:
609:
585:
584:
484:
474:
447:British Columbia
395:
260:
256:
251:
250:
247:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
198:
194:
165:
156:
155:
140:
139:
90:Proto-Athabaskan
41:
40:
21:
5877:
5876:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5817:
5816:
5815:
5810:
5779:
5725:
5691:
5673:linguistic area
5672:
5664:
5553:linguistic area
5552:
5540:
5512:
5466:
5417:
5362:linguistic area
5361:
5353:
5327:linguistic area
5326:
5319:
5220:
5194:
5163:
5130:
5077:
5037:
5004:
4970:
4936:
4909:
4829:
4823:
4814:
4784:
4779:
4766:
4744:
4731:Plains Apachean
4726:
4705:
4661:
4624:
4574:
4537:
4504:
4453:
4444:Upper Kuskokwim
4385:
4355:
4350:
4320:
4315:
4293:
4258:
4247:Smith's Landing
4199:
4178:
4162:
4122:
4087:
4042:
3995:
3955:
3910:
3886:Loon River Cree
3865:
3806:Ermineskin Cree
3760:
3725:
3675:
3669:
3632:
3608:
3501:
3484:
3474:
3441:Wayback Machine
3420:
3418:
3382:Wayback Machine
3367:
3362:
3353:
3351:
3339:
3275:
3273:Further reading
3270:
3260:
3086:
3054:
3042:
3036:
2986:
2908:
2901:
2888:
2698:
2691:
2678:
2664:Jelinek, Eloise
2655:
2627:
2607:
2596:
2415:
2390:
2371:
2331:
2306:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2255:
2224:
2220:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2138:
2134:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2075:
2071:
2066:Wayback Machine
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2013:Loucheux Pidgin
1994:
1979:
1973:
1968:
1775:Upper Kuskokwim
1722:
1717:
1628:
1623:
1529:
1524:
1513:(also known as
1488:
1454:
1396:
1245:Upper Kuskokwim
1171:
1111:
1063:
1027:Tsuut'ina/Sarsi
973:
964:
894:Athabaskan–Eyak
887:
833:Upper Kuskokwim
583:
406:
339:Albert Gallatin
264:; also spelled
258:
254:
216:
212:
206:
205:
204:
168:
151:
150:
135:
134:
55:
39:
32:HMCS Athabaskan
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5875:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5791:Classification
5787:
5785:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5765:Macro-Chibchan
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5716:
5709:
5701:
5699:
5690:
5689:
5684:
5676:
5674:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5654:
5647:
5640:
5633:
5628:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5612:
5600:
5598:Tequistlatecan
5595:
5588:
5581:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5556:
5554:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5531:
5523:
5521:
5511:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5481:
5479:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5457:
5450:
5443:
5436:
5428:
5426:
5416:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5394:
5387:
5380:
5373:
5365:
5363:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5344:
5337:
5331:
5329:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5296:
5289:
5282:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5261:Tequistlatecan
5258:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5235:
5233:
5226:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5205:
5203:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5185:
5180:
5174:
5172:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5149:
5141:
5139:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5088:
5086:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5056:
5048:
5046:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5023:
5015:
5013:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4995:
4988:
4980:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4946:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4927:
4919:
4917:
4908:
4907:
4900:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4833:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4813:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4790:
4781:
4780:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4758:
4756:
4754:Proto-language
4750:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4701:Western Apache
4698:
4693:
4688:
4682:
4680:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4603:
4595:
4593:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4349:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4326:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4283:
4275:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4244:
4232:
4220:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4139:
4137:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4104:
4102:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4057:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4012:
4010:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3972:
3970:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3927:
3925:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3896:Peerless Trout
3893:
3888:
3882:
3880:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3679:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3659:
3651:
3642:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3539:
3527:
3512:
3510:
3503:
3502:
3491:Cultural areas
3489:
3486:
3485:
3473:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3431:
3426:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3385:
3366:
3365:External links
3363:
3361:
3360:
3343:
3337:
3316:
3314:. CA965L2008b.
3303:
3290:
3288:. CA965L1992b.
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3266:on 2024-01-15.
3258:
3233:
3224:
3214:
3202:10.1086/465977
3196:(4): 572–574.
3185:
3176:
3166:(2): 224–235.
3155:
3146:
3111:
3101:(3): 534–558.
3090:
3084:
3071:
3058:
3052:
3040:
3034:
3021:
3012:
3010:. CA965L2008b.
2999:
2990:
2984:
2967:
2954:
2943:
2932:
2923:
2913:
2911:on 2008-07-23.
2892:
2886:
2864:
2851:
2841:
2832:
2830:. CA961K1977a.
2819:
2809:
2799:
2790:
2778:10.1086/465014
2772:(3): 194–203.
2761:
2749:10.1086/464810
2732:
2720:10.1086/464766
2714:(2): 118–131.
2703:
2701:on 2016-07-01.
2682:
2676:
2659:
2653:
2640:
2631:
2625:
2612:
2610:on 2022-05-23.
2589:
2577:(4): 253–271.
2562:
2550:10.1086/466129
2544:(4): 424–454.
2533:
2521:10.1086/464422
2515:(4): 291–297.
2504:
2495:
2486:
2477:
2465:10.1086/464374
2459:(4): 219–232.
2448:
2427:
2413:
2394:
2388:
2375:
2369:
2356:
2335:
2329:
2316:
2304:
2275:
2273:on 2014-10-10.
2262:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2218:
2159:
2152:
2132:
2116:
2105:
2084:
2069:
2047:
2038:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2010:
2005:
2002:trade language
1993:
1990:
1975:Main article:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1939:
1925:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1900:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1868:
1867:
1866:
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1840:
1833:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1802:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1761:
1755:
1744:
1731:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1686:Western Apache
1682:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1564:
1556:
1549:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1472:Sarsi subgroup
1469:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1440:
1432:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1249:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1202:
1184:
1170:
1167:
1120:Michael Krauss
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1071:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1004:
992:
972:
969:
963:
960:
916:Na-Dene family
886:
883:
880:
879:
868:
867:
864:
861:
858:
852:
851:
845:
840:
835:
829:
828:
822:
817:
812:
806:
805:
799:
794:
789:
783:
782:
776:
771:
766:
760:
759:
753:
748:
743:
737:
736:
730:
725:
720:
714:
713:
707:
702:
697:
691:
690:
684:
679:
674:
668:
667:
661:
656:
651:
645:
644:
638:
633:
628:
622:
621:
615:
610:
605:
599:
598:
595:
592:
589:
582:
579:
578:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
427:
426:
420:
415:
405:
402:
398:Dené languages
319:Lake Athabasca
199:⟩, see
175:
174:
173:
170:
169:
166:
158:
157:
148:
142:
141:
132:
122:
121:
120:Language codes
117:
116:
115:
114:
109:
104:
97:
93:
92:
87:
86:Proto-language
83:
82:
81:
80:
70:
64:
63:
57:
51:
50:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5874:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
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5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5736:
5722:
5721:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5660:
5659:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5617:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5589:
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5586:
5582:
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5579:
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5555:
5551:
5547:
5537:
5536:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5518:Calusa–Tunica
5515:
5509:
5508:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5473:
5463:
5462:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5356:
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5349:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5262:
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4887:
4885:
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4878:
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4871:
4870:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4826:
4822:
4821:North America
4818:
4811:
4806:
4804:
4799:
4797:
4792:
4791:
4788:
4778:
4774:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4741:
4740:
4739:Plains Apache
4736:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4584:Pacific Coast
4581:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4347:
4342:
4340:
4335:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4287:
4284:
4279:
4276:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4253:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4211:Acho Dene Koe
4209:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4118:Sturgeon Lake
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4016:Stoney Nakoda
4014:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3906:Woodland Cree
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3716:Fort McMurray
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3691:Fort McMurray
3687:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3672:
3663:
3660:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3611:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3471:
3466:
3464:
3459:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3417:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3301:. CA965L1996.
3300:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3053:0-933769-25-3
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3035:0-521-23228-7
3031:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2972:Baldi, Philip
2968:
2965:. CA965L1982.
2964:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2899:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2862:. CA961K1981.
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:. CA961K1978.
2847:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2679:
2677:0-8263-1705-7
2673:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2626:1-889963-56-9
2622:
2618:
2613:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2389:0-89925-282-6
2385:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2370:0-19-505196-3
2366:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2330:0-19-509427-1
2326:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2234:(3): 410–46.
2233:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2179:(3): e91722.
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2155:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2136:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2109:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2042:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1998:Broken Slavey
1996:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1644:Plains Apache
1641:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1501:(also called
1500:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:Tanana Valley
1176:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
998:
997:
994:
993:
991:
989:
985:
981:
976:
968:
959:
957:
953:
948:
946:
942:
938:
937:
931:
929:
928:reconstructed
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
877:
873:
869:
857:
854:
853:
834:
831:
830:
811:
808:
807:
788:
785:
784:
765:
762:
761:
742:
739:
738:
719:
716:
715:
696:
693:
692:
673:
670:
669:
650:
647:
646:
627:
624:
623:
604:
601:
600:
596:
593:
590:
587:
586:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
523:
522:
518:
516:
510:
508:
504:
500:
494:
492:
488:
483:
482:Tłı̨chǫ Yatıì
478:
473:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
425:or "Apachean"
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
409:
401:
399:
394:
389:
384:
382:
378:
377:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:Cree language
313:version of a
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
291:
287:
286:North America
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:
249:
210:
202:
190:
186:
184:
180:
164:
159:
154:
149:
147:
143:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
118:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
99:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
79:
76:
75:
74:
71:
69:
65:
62:
61:North America
58:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
5755:Aztec–Tanoan
5718:
5711:
5706:Guanahatabey
5704:
5697:Pre-Arawakan
5679:
5656:
5649:
5642:
5635:
5623:
5614:
5607:
5592:Oto-Manguean
5590:
5583:
5576:
5559:
5550:Mesoamerican
5533:
5526:
5505:
5498:
5491:
5484:
5459:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5359:Coahuiltecan
5346:
5339:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5272:
5265:
5253:
5208:
5187:
5169:Coast Oregon
5151:
5144:
5111:
5070:
5063:
5051:
5043:Macro-Siouan
5025:
5018:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4964:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4929:
4922:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4836:
4830:and isolates
4772:
4737:
4656:Upper Umpqua
4654:
4647:
4640:
4617:
4610:
4598:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4449:Upper Tanana
4424:Lower Tanana
4411:
4352:
4167:Unaffiliated
4083:Kehewin Cree
3946:Sucker Creek
3826:Kehewin Cree
3721:Mikisew Cree
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3542:
3535:
3419:. Retrieved
3352:. Retrieved
3320:
3311:
3298:
3285:
3264:the original
3241:
3228:
3218:
3193:
3189:
3180:
3163:
3159:
3150:
3116:
3098:
3094:
3075:
3069:(3): 423–26.
3066:
3062:
3043:
3025:
3016:
3007:
2994:
2975:
2962:
2948:
2937:
2927:
2917:
2906:the original
2897:
2869:
2859:
2836:
2827:
2813:
2803:
2794:
2769:
2765:
2743:(1): 18–28.
2740:
2736:
2711:
2707:
2696:the original
2687:
2667:
2644:
2635:
2616:
2605:the original
2600:
2574:
2570:
2541:
2537:
2512:
2508:
2499:
2490:
2481:
2456:
2452:
2438:(1): 75–87.
2435:
2431:
2403:. Berkeley:
2399:
2379:
2360:
2343:
2339:
2320:
2311:
2280:
2271:the original
2259:Bibliography
2231:
2227:
2221:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2142:
2135:
2119:
2108:
2096:. Retrieved
2087:
2072:
2050:
2041:
2033:
2028:
1980:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1908:
1904:Lower Tanana
1902:
1897:Upper Tanana
1895:
1873:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1810:
1804:
1797:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1760:(California)
1734:
1723:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1684:
1676:
1667:
1660:
1652:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1611:
1601:
1593:
1583:Upper Umpqua
1581:
1576:
1566:
1558:
1551:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1489:
1476:
1471:
1463:
1455:
1442:
1434:
1426:
1420:
1410:
1405:
1397:
1384:
1376:
1355:
1347:
1339:
1329:
1321:
1314:
1306:
1296:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1269:Upper Tanana
1267:
1260:
1253:Lower Tanana
1251:
1243:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1214:
1204:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1172:
1152:
1145:
1128:
1123:
1118:complex" by
1116:
1112:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1051:Tonto Apache
995:
977:
974:
965:
956:Edward Vajda
949:
934:
932:
922:(AET). With
919:
910:
898:demonstrated
896:(AE) – well-
893:
888:
871:
856:Upper Tanana
555:Utah: Navajo
519:
511:
495:
455:Saskatchewan
428:
407:
397:
387:
385:
380:
374:
370:
358:
354:
350:
346:
344:
306:
304:
294:
277:
273:
269:
265:
208:
207:
195:and ⟨
177:
96:Subdivisions
77:
56:distribution
5760:Macro-Mayan
5625:Uto-Aztecan
5603:Totozoquean
5433:Coahuilteco
5244:Palaihnihan
5126:Tsimshianic
4465:Dene Suline
3856:Samson Cree
3851:Saddle Lake
3613:Historical
3575:Dënesųłı̨ne
3242:Linguistics
2228:Diachronica
1386:Dene Suline
986:(1996) and
342:the lake."
5821:Categories
5616:Mixe–Zoque
5585:Misumalpan
5507:Chitimacha
4999:Algonquian
4965:Athabaskan
4844:Yuki–Wappo
4686:Chiricahua
4413:Holikachuk
4397:Deg Hitʼan
4270:Papaschase
4263:Terminated
4235:Onion Lake
4223:Kelly Lake
4133:Morinville
4113:Horse Lake
4098:Valleyview
4078:Heart Lake
3966:High Level
3951:Swan River
3921:Slave Lake
3831:Louis Bull
3821:Heart Lake
3801:Enoch Cree
3711:Fort McKay
3558:Athapascan
3520:Algonquian
3421:2018-05-30
3134:1085619259
3126:gs17000020
2346:: 253–73.
2077:Ethnologue
2020:References
1806:Holikachuk
1735:Athabaskan
1662:Chiricahua
1515:Kwalhioqua
1357:Slave–Hare
1229:Holikachuk
1075:Athabaskan
996:Athabaskan
980:Keren Rice
936:Ethnologue
906:morphology
741:Holikachuk
591:Population
507:Washington
503:California
472:Dënesųłıné
388:Athabaskan
381:Athapaskan
376:Ethnologue
371:Athabascan
359:Athapascan
355:Athapaskan
351:Athabascan
347:Athabaskan
323:Moose Cree
311:anglicized
307:Athabaskan
274:Athapascan
270:Athapaskan
266:Athabascan
209:Athabaskan
78:Athabaskan
54:Geographic
44:Athabaskan
18:Athapaskan
5770:Tolatecan
5670:Caribbean
5658:Alagüilac
5651:Purépecha
5637:Cuitlatec
5609:Totonacan
5567:Jicaquean
5486:Muskogean
5461:Mamulique
5447:Comecrudo
5377:Karankawa
5280:Jicaquean
5267:Chimariko
5216:Kalapuyan
5159:Sahaptian
5107:Yok-Utian
5092:Chinookan
5065:Iroquoian
5033:Chimakuan
4849:Chumashan
4775:indicate
4717:Jicarilla
4691:Mescalero
4570:Tsuutʼina
4521:Chilcotin
4439:Tanacross
4278:Sharphead
4143:Alexander
4073:Frog Lake
4068:Cold Lake
4038:Tsuut'ina
4006:Tsuut'ina
3981:Dene Tha'
3936:Kapawe'no
3931:Driftpile
3811:Frog Lake
3796:Cold Lake
3781:Alexander
3589:Tsuut'ina
3582:Dene Tha'
3551:Saulteaux
3525:Blackfoot
3499:Subarctic
3210:144286904
2786:143582680
2757:144404147
2728:144615266
2558:143799443
2529:143745953
2473:144276480
2423:755008853
2299:24180632M
2248:209542004
1910:Tanacross
1799:Deg Xinag
1741:Yeniseian
1701:Jicarilla
1669:Mescalero
1560:Eel River
1478:Tsuut'ina
1444:Chilcotin
1262:Tanacross
1221:Deg Xinag
1141:Chilcotin
1039:Apachean
952:Yeniseian
933:Although
924:Jeff Leer
810:Tanacross
649:Deg Xinag
467:Chipewyan
404:Languages
327:Āðapāskāw
317:name for
305:The word
296:Chipewyan
146:Glottolog
126:ISO 639-2
5681:Arawakan
5561:Chibchan
5440:Cotoname
5398:Quinigua
5384:Maratino
5083:Penutian
5027:Wakashan
5020:Salishan
4931:Eskimoan
4915:Eskaleut
4671:Southern
4564:Tsetsaut
4402:Gwichʼin
4381:Denaʼina
4361:Northern
4174:Bigstone
4158:Sunchild
4153:O'Chiese
4108:Duncan's
4021:Bearspaw
3991:Tallcree
3941:Sawridge
3876:Atikameg
3861:Sunchild
3841:O'Chiese
3736:Standoff
3662:Treaty 8
3654:Treaty 7
3646:Treaty 6
3615:polities
3543:Woodland
3437:Archived
3378:Archived
3142:7099707M
2213:24621925
2173:PLOS ONE
2126:(ANLC).
2098:18 March
2062:Archived
1992:See also
1858:Dane-zaa
1830:Gwich’in
1822:(Oregon)
1789:Dena'ina
1768:Tsetsaut
1412:Tsetsaut
1349:Dane-zaa
1290:Gwich'in
1206:Dena'ina
1175:urheimat
1148:Tsetsaut
1097:Eastern
1079:Alaskan
1018:Tsetsaut
971:Overview
695:Gwich'in
626:Dena'ina
594:Speakers
588:Language
487:Gwich'in
459:Manitoba
290:Apachean
193:/ /
189:Help:IPA
153:atha1247
59:Western
5745:Amerind
5720:Ciguayo
5713:Macorix
5687:Cariban
5661: ?
5520: ?
5500:Atakapa
5493:Natchez
5478: ?
5425: ?
5423:Pakawan
5412:Tonkawa
5370:Aranama
5325:Pueblo
5293:Salinan
5274:Esselen
5239:Shastan
5232: ?
5210:Takelma
5202: ?
5189:Siuslaw
5171: ?
5146:Klamath
5138: ?
5136:Plateau
5102:Maiduan
5097:Wintuan
5085: ?
5059:Caddoan
5045: ?
5012: ?
4951:Tlingit
4942:Na-Dene
4897:Waikuri
4890:Timucua
4883:Kutenai
4862:Beothuk
4773:Italics
4619:Wailaki
4612:Mattole
4500:Tahltan
4475:Dunneza
4419:Koyukon
4026:Chiniki
3836:Montana
3756:Siksika
3751:Piikani
3568:Daneẕaa
2974:(ed.).
2290:1678979
2204:3951421
2181:Bibcode
1984:is the
1852:Carrier
1812:Koyukon
1748:Tlingit
1323:Tahltan
1237:Koyukon
984:Goddard
912:Tlingit
872:Source:
764:Koyukon
451:Alberta
437:in the
181:in the
73:Na-Dene
5775:Waroid
5631:Xincan
5572:Lencan
5535:Calusa
5528:Tunica
5405:Solano
5391:Naolan
5335:Tanoan
5249:Pomoan
5183:Coosan
5178:Alsean
5153:Molala
5113:Yokuts
5053:Siouan
4904:Pericú
4876:Cayuse
4696:Navajo
4636:Tolowa
4557:Nicola
4526:Dakelh
4495:Tagish
4490:Slavey
4485:Sekani
4470:Dogrib
4289:(1958)
4286:Michel
4281:(1897)
4273:(1891)
4148:Alexis
4031:Wesley
3976:Beaver
3786:Alexis
3746:Kainai
3665:(1899)
3657:(1877)
3649:(1876)
3602:Nakoda
3597:Siouan
3536:Plains
3495:Plains
3354:2 July
3335:
3256:
3208:
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3132:
3124:
3082:
3050:
3032:
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2201:
2150:
1930:Slavey
1928:South
1891:Tanana
1863:Beaver
1845:Slavey
1843:North
1837:Dogrib
1724:Using
1678:Navajo
1613:Tolowa
1465:Nicola
1436:Dakelh
1378:Dogrib
1341:Sekani
1316:Tagish
1136:Nicola
1085:Yukon
1043:Navajo
988:Mithun
787:Tanana
641:<10
636:<50
515:Mexico
499:Oregon
491:Slavey
477:Dogrib
435:Canada
431:Alaska
357:, and
331:Canada
309:is an
300:Navajo
197:
5784:Lists
5644:Huave
5578:Mayan
5454:Garza
5341:Keres
5307:Washo
5286:Karuk
5255:Yuman
5230:Hokan
5119:Utian
5072:Yuchi
5010:Mosan
4992:Yurok
4985:Wiyot
4976:Algic
4924:Aleut
4869:Bidai
4838:Haida
4722:Lipan
4480:Kaska
4376:Ahtna
3771:Enoch
3516:Algic
3206:S2CID
2909:(PDF)
2902:(PDF)
2782:S2CID
2753:S2CID
2724:S2CID
2699:(PDF)
2692:(PDF)
2608:(PDF)
2597:(PDF)
2571:Names
2554:S2CID
2525:S2CID
2469:S2CID
2244:S2CID
1936:Kaska
1875:Sarsi
1782:Ahtna
1708:Lipan
1331:Kaska
1199:Ahtna
941:Haida
769:2,300
700:1,100
603:Ahtna
439:Yukon
379:uses
185:(IPA)
5476:Gulf
5348:Zuni
5314:Yana
5300:Seri
4958:Eyak
4855:Adai
4606:Hupa
4600:Kato
3846:Paul
3562:Dene
3530:Cree
3356:2020
3333:ISBN
3254:ISBN
3130:OCLC
3122:LCCN
3080:ISBN
3048:ISBN
3030:ISBN
2980:ISBN
2882:ISBN
2672:ISBN
2649:ISBN
2621:ISBN
2419:OCLC
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2365:ISBN
2325:ISBN
2286:OCLC
2209:PMID
2148:ISBN
2100:2020
2000:, a
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890:Eyak
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825:29.6
779:13.0
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618:16.0
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365:and
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259:BASK
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4407:Hän
3325:doi
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3198:doi
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