2946:
of a small hole in the ceiling. There was nothing more that the people inside could do. And so they only screamed in bitter, lamentable voices. Others complained in voices full of despair, and others still sobbed spasmodically and sent up a dire, heart-rending weeping. ... And in the meantime, their voices grew weaker and weaker ... Because of the great crowding, people fell one atop another as they died, until a heap arose consisting of five or six layers atop the other, reaching a height of one meter. Mothers froze in a seated position on the ground embracing their children in their arms, and husbands and wives died hugging each other. Some of the people made up a formless mass. Others stood in a leaning position, while the upper parts, from the stomach up, were in a lying position. Some of the people had turned completely blue under the influence of the gas, while others looks entirely fresh, as if they were asleep.
1800:
3026:
3318:
2831:
1762:
1406:
955:
4660:, 2000): "June 14 : The first transport of Polish political prisoners arrived from the Tarnów prison: 728 men sent to Auschwitz by the commander of the Sipo u. SD (Security Police and Security Service) in Cracow. These prisoners were given camp serial numbers 31 to 758. The transport included many healthy young men fit for military service, who had been caught trying to cross the Polish southern border in order to make their way to the Polish Armed Forces being formed in France. The organizers of this illegal emigration operation were also in this transport, along with resistance organizers, political and community activists, members of the Polish intelligentsia, Catholic priests, and Jews, arrested in the 'AB' (Außerordentliche Befriedungsaktion) operation organized by
1027:
2859:
3720:
4718:, Oxford University Press, 2012): "Gunter Faerber, for example, recalled the moment in February 1942 when the Jews of Beuthen (Bytom in Polish), where his grandmother lived, were brought through Bedzin on their way to Auschwitz. ... Two large army trucks of Jewish women from Beuthen were brought 'straight to the station, they were queuing at the station ... I was still given a chance to say goodbye because we knew already ... that the women of Beuthen are arriving' ... I went down to the station, I saw the long queue of women.' Faerber asked permission of a Gestapo guard to go up to his grandmother, who was with her sister, 'and I said goodbye, and that was the last I saw of them and the whole transport was moved out by train ...'"
2880:. A rail spur leading to crematoria II and III in Auschwitz II was completed that May, and a new ramp was built between sectors BI and BII to deliver the victims closer to the gas chambers (images top right). On 29 April the first 1,800 Jews from Hungary arrived at the camp. From 14 May until early July 1944, 437,000 Hungarian Jews, half the pre-war population, were deported to Auschwitz, at a rate of 12,000 a day for a considerable part of that period. The crematoria had to be overhauled. Crematoria II and III were given new elevators leading from the stoves to the gas chambers, new grates were fitted, and several of the dressing rooms and gas chambers were painted. Cremation pits were dug behind crematorium V. The incoming volume was so great that the
2170:, had escaped; following an escape in 1941, a group of prisoners was picked out from the escapee's barracks and sent to block 11 to be starved to death. After roll call, prisoners retired to their blocks for the night and received their bread rations. Then they had some free time to use the washrooms and receive their mail, unless they were Jews: Jews were not allowed to receive mail. Curfew ("nighttime quiet") was marked by a gong at nine o'clock. Inmates slept in long rows of brick or wooden bunks, or on the floor, lying in and on their clothes and shoes to prevent them from being stolen. The wooden bunks had blankets and paper mattresses filled with wood shavings; in the brick barracks, inmates lay on straw. According to
4248:
3476:
3281:
3299:
4472:
4452:
1599:
2913:
3907:
2538:
1532:
the walls and numbered pegs for clothing. Victims would be led from these rooms to a five-yard-long narrow corridor, which in turn led to a space from which the gas chamber door opened. The chambers were white inside, and nozzles were fixed to the ceiling to resemble showerheads. The daily capacity of the crematoria (how many bodies could be burned in a 24-hour period) was 340 corpses in crematorium I; 1,440 each in crematoria II and III; and 768 each in IV and V. By June 1943 all four crematoria were operational, but crematorium I was not used after July 1943. This made the total daily capacity 4,416, although by loading three to five corpses at a time, the
1980:
2424:
4812:(1986), Levi wrote that the concentration camps represented the epitome of the totalitarian system: "ever has there existed a state that was really "totalitarian" ... Never has some form of reaction, a corrective of the total tyranny, been lacking, not even in the Third Reich or Stalin's Soviet Union: in both cases, public opinion, the magistrature, the foreign press, the churches, the feeling for justice and humanity that ten or twenty years of tyranny were not enough to eradicate, have to a greater or lesser extent acted as a brake. Only in the Lager was the restraint from below nonexistent, and the power of these small
1392:
2112:
98:
2026:
2597:
528:
2565:
wrong, the flogging resumed from the beginning. Punishment by "the post" involved tying prisoners' hands behind their backs with chains attached to hooks, then raising the chains so the prisoners were left dangling by the wrists. If their shoulders were too damaged afterwards to work, they might be sent to the gas chamber. Prisoners were subjected to the post for helping a prisoner who had been beaten, and for picking up a cigarette butt. To extract information from inmates, guards would force their heads onto the stove, and hold them there, burning their faces and eyes.
2130:
3789:
3454:. The British reticence stemmed from a Foreign Office concern that the public might pressure the government to respond or provide refuge for the Jews, and that British actions on behalf of the Jews might affect its relationships in the Middle East. There was similar reticence in the United States, and indeed within the Polish government-in-exile and the Polish resistance. According to Fleming, the scholarship suggests that the Polish resistance distributed information about the Holocaust in Auschwitz without challenging the Allies' reluctance to highlight it.
783:
2041:(old Jewish ramp), part of the Oświęcim freight railway station, was used from 1942 to 1944 for Jewish transports. Located between Auschwitz I and Auschwitz II, arriving at this ramp meant a 2.5 km journey to Auschwitz II and the gas chambers. Most deportees were forced to walk, accompanied by SS men and a car with a Red Cross symbol that carried the Zyklon B, as well as an SS doctor in case officers were poisoned by mistake. Inmates arriving at night, or who were too weak to walk, were taken by truck. Work on a new railway line and ramp
2956:
2806:
3889:
2845:
2224:
2070:
87:
3977:. Local volunteers helped until the Red Cross team arrived from Kraków in early February. In Auschwitz II, the layers of excrement on the barracks floors had to be scraped off with shovels. Water was obtained from snow and from fire-fighting wells. Before more help arrived, 2,200 patients there were looked after by a few doctors and 12 PCK nurses. All the patients were later moved to the brick buildings in Auschwitz I, where several blocks became a hospital, with medical personnel working 18-hour shifts.
1865:, about 6,335 people (6,161 of them men) worked for the SS at Auschwitz over the course of the camp's existence; 4.2 percent were officers, 26.1 percent non-commissioned officers, and 69.7 percent rank and file. In March 1941, there were 700 SS guards; in June 1942, 2,000; and in August 1944, 3,342. At its peak in January 1945, 4,480 SS men and 71 SS women worked in Auschwitz; the higher number is probably attributable to the logistics of evacuating the camp. Female guards were known as SS supervisors (
2408:—paid RM 150 each for 150 female inmates from Auschwitz (the camp had asked for RM 200 per woman), who were transferred to a Bayer facility to test an anesthetic. A Bayer employee wrote to Rudolf Höss: "The transport of 150 women arrived in good condition. However, we were unable to obtain conclusive results because they died during the experiments. We would kindly request that you send us another group of women to the same number and at the same price." The Bayer research was led at Auschwitz by
2900:
and superficial inspection by an SS doctor not to be fit for work. Practically any fault—scars, bandages, boils and emaciation—might provide reason enough to be deemed unfit. Children might be made to walk toward a stick held at a certain height; those who could walk under it were selected for the gas. Inmates unable to walk or who arrived at night were taken to the crematoria on trucks; otherwise, the new arrivals were marched there. Their belongings were seized and sorted by inmates in the
2822:; they were ordered to undress outside, then were locked in the building and gassed. After its decommissioning as a gas chamber, the building was converted to a storage facility and later served as an SS air raid shelter. The gas chamber and crematorium were reconstructed after the war. Dwork and van Pelt write that a chimney was recreated; four openings in the roof were installed to show where the Zyklon B had entered; and two of the three furnaces were rebuilt with the original components.
2374:
1436:
3611:
1203:
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3361:
4542:—one that had been used during the pope's mass—behind block 11 to commemorate 152 Polish inmates shot by the Germans in 1941. After a long dispute, Pope John Paul II intervened and the nuns moved the convent elsewhere in 1993. The cross remained, triggering the "War of the Crosses", as more crosses were erected to commemorate Christian victims, despite international objections. The Polish government and Catholic Church eventually agreed to remove all but the original.
2058:
had to service thousands of prisoners. In sectors BIa and BIb in
Auschwitz II, two buildings containing latrines and washrooms were installed in 1943. These contained troughs for washing and 90 faucets; the toilet facilities were "sewage channels" covered by concrete with 58 holes for seating. There were three barracks with washing facilities or toilets to serve 16 residential barracks in BIIa, and six washrooms/latrines for 32 barracks in BIIb, BIIc, BIId, and BIIe.
2238:
4486:
765:
1041:
4030:
2576:). Split into four sections, each section measured less than 1.0 m (11 sq ft) and held four prisoners, who entered it through a hatch near the floor. There was a 5 cm × 5 cm (2 in × 2 in) vent for air, covered by a perforated sheet. Strzelecka writes that prisoners might have to spend several nights in cell 22; Wiesław Kielar spent four weeks in it for breaking a pipe. Several rooms in block 11 were deemed the
3931:(also part of the Red Army) arrived in Auschwitz I and II around 3 pm. They found 7,000 prisoners alive in the three main camps, 500 in the other subcamps, and over 600 corpses. Items found included 837,000 women's garments, 370,000 men's suits, 44,000 pairs of shoes, and 7,000 kg of human hair, estimated by the Soviet war crimes commission to have come from 140,000 people. Some of the hair was examined by the Forensic Science Institute in
2925:). SS officers told the victims they had to take a shower and undergo delousing. The victims undressed in the dressing room and walked into the gas chamber; signs said "Bade" (bath) or "Desinfektionsraum" (disinfection room). A former prisoner testified that the language of the signs changed depending on who was being killed. Some inmates were given soap and a towel. A gas chamber could hold up to 2,000; one former prisoner said it was around 3,000.
1009:
4702:, 2000): "February 15, 1942: "The first transport of Jews arrested by the Stapo (State Police) in Katowice and fated to die at Auschwitz arrived from Beuthen. They were unloaded at the ramp on the camp railroad siding and ordered to leave their baggage there. The camp SS flying squad received the Jews from the Stapo and led the victims to the gas chamber in the camp crematorium. There, they were killed with the use of Zyklon B gas."
1591:
line of exhausted inmates walking through the town of Oświęcim might harm German-Polish relations, the inmates were told to shave daily, make sure they were clean, and sing as they walked. From late July they were taken to the factory by train on freight wagons. Given the difficulty of moving them, including during the winter, IG Farben decided to build a camp at the plant. The first inmates moved there on 30 October 1942. Known as
16792:
1902:
16804:
4234:
2254:, arrived on 26 March 1942. Classified as criminal, asocial and political, they were brought to Auschwitz as founder functionaries of the women's camp. Rudolf Höss wrote of them: "It was easy to predict that these beasts would mistreat the women over whom they exercised power ... Spiritual suffering was completely alien to them." They were given serial numbers 1–999. The women's guard from Ravensbrück,
1551:
1465:, about three kilometers from Auschwitz I. The initial plan was that Auschwitz II would consist of four sectors (Bauabschnitte I–IV), each consisting of six subcamps (BIIa–BIIf) with their own gates and fences. The first two sectors were completed (sector BI was initially a quarantine camp), but the construction of BIII began in 1943 and stopped in April 1944, and the plan for BIV was abandoned.
3816:
from the concentration camps falls alive into the hands of the enemy." The plundered goods from the "Kanada" barracks, together with building supplies, were transported to the German interior. Between 1 December 1944 and 15 January 1945, over one million items of clothing were packed to be shipped out of
Auschwitz; 95,000 such parcels were sent to concentration camps in Germany.
3531:(no. 6438), and Józef Lempart (no. 3419)—escaped successfully on 20 June 1942. After breaking into a warehouse, three of them dressed as SS officers and stole rifles and an SS staff car, which they drove out of the camp with the fourth handcuffed as a prisoner. They wrote later to Rudolf Höss apologizing for the loss of the vehicle. On 21 July 1944, Polish inmate
3407:
2086:: for example, there is the good Häftling , portrayed stripped to the waist, about to diligently soap his sheared and rosy cranium, and the bad Häftling, with a strong Semitic nose and a greenish colour, bundled up in his ostentatiously stained clothes with a beret on his head, who cautiously dips a finger into the water of the washbasin. Under the first is written: "
4797:, "Höss neither protected anyone nor evaded his own responsibility. His stance came as a surprise to many, especially those who viewed him as a bloodthirsty beast. Instead, he viewed his crimes in terms of the technical obstacles and challenges with which he had to cope. Höss stated that he led the killings in Auschwitz on express orders of Reichsführer Himmler."
2321:
ragged clothes, which never came off our bodies, thus adding to the horror of our existence by the terrible smell that surrounded us like a cloud. The latrine consisted of a deep ditch with planks thrown across it at certain intervals. We squatted on those planks like birds perched on a telegraph wire, so close together that we could not help soiling one another.
3962:: "They think that I am provoking them. They begin to hide. And only when I said to them: 'Do not be afraid, I am a colonel of Soviet Army and a Jew. We have come to liberate you' ... Finally, as if the barrier collapsed ... they rushed toward us shouting, fell on their knees, kissed the flaps of our overcoats, and threw their arms around our legs."
3953:
or submit to, some outrage: the shame the
Germans did not know, that the just man experiences at another man's crime; the feeling of guilt that such a crime should exist, that it should have been introduced irrevocably into the world of things that exist, and that his will for good should have proved too weak or null, and should not have availed in defence.
2103:
depended on the officers' mood, and whether there had been escapes or other events attracting punishment. Guards might force the prisoners to squat for an hour with their hands above their heads or hand out beatings or detention for infractions such as having a missing button or an improperly cleaned food bowl. The inmates were counted and re-counted.
1325:(RSHA). On 30 March the first RHSA transport arrived from France. "Selection", where new arrivals were chosen for work or the gas chamber, began in April 1942 and was conducted regularly from July. Piper writes that this reflected Germany's increasing need for labour. Those selected as unfit for work were gassed without being registered as prisoners.
1520:" ("to disinfection"). A second brick cottage, the "little white house" or bunker 2, was converted and operational by June 1942. When Himmler visited the camp on 17 and 18 July 1942, he was given a demonstration of a selection of Dutch Jews, a mass-murder in a gas chamber in bunker 2, and a tour of the building site of Auschwitz III, the new
1165:, Poland. They were given serial numbers 31 to 758. In a letter on 12 July 1940, Höss told Glücks that the local population was "fanatically Polish, ready to undertake any sort of operation against the hated SS men". By the end of 1940, the SS had confiscated land around the camp to create a 40-square-kilometer (15 sq mi) "zone of interest" (
2451:, and those with hereditary disease, Mengele set up a kindergarten in barracks 29 and 31 for children he was experimenting on, and for all Romani children under six, where they were given better food rations. From May 1944, he would select twins and dwarfs from among the new arrivals during "selection", reportedly calling for twins with "
2787:, which warned that the remaining family-camp inmates would be gassed soon. The BBC also became aware of the report; its German service broadcast news of the family-camp murders during its women's programme on 16 June 1944, warning: "All those responsible for such massacres from top downwards will be called to account." The Red Cross
2753:, beginning on 8 September 1943 with a transport of 2,293 male and 2,713 female prisoners. Placed in sector BIIb as a "family camp", they were allowed to keep their belongings, wear their own clothes, and write letters to family; they did not have their hair shaved and were not subjected to selection. Correspondence between
4503:
moved to Warsaw to be used on building sites. Dwork and van Pelt write that, in addition, Auschwitz I played a more central role in the persecution of the Polish people, in opposition to the importance of
Auschwitz II to the Jews, including Polish Jews. An exhibition opened in Auschwitz I in 1955, displaying prisoner
4589:, wrote that Cywiński had experienced "50 days of incessant hatred". After discussions with Israel's prime minister, amid international concern that the new law would stifle research, the Polish government adjusted the amendment so that anyone accusing Poland of complicity would be guilty only of a civil offence.
4049:, female SS officers were treated more harshly than male; of the 17 women sentenced, four received the death penalty and the others longer prison terms than the men. He writes that this may have been because there were only 200 women overseers, and therefore they were more visible and memorable to the inmates.
3066:
least 2,500,000 people had been gassed there, and that another 500,000 had died of starvation and disease. He testified that the figure of over two million had come from
Eichmann. In his memoirs, written in custody, Höss wrote that Eichmann had given the figure of 2.5 million to Höss's superior officer
2017:, overlaid by a second triangle if they also belonged to a second category. The nationality of the inmate was indicated by a letter stitched onto the cloth. A racial hierarchy existed, with German prisoners at the top. Next were non-Jewish prisoners from other countries. Jewish prisoners were at the bottom.
2604:
The courtyard between blocks 10 and 11, known as the "death wall", served as an execution area, including for Poles in the
General Government area who had been sentenced to death by a criminal court. The first executions, by shooting inmates in the back of the head, took place at the death wall on 11
1889:
units). Other SS staff worked in the medical or political departments, or in the economic administration, which was responsible for clothing and other supplies, including the property of dead prisoners. The SS viewed
Auschwitz as a comfortable posting; being there meant they had avoided the front and
3065:
Earlier estimates of the death toll were higher than Piper's. Following the camp's liberation, the Soviet government issued a statement, on 8 May 1945, that four million people had been murdered on the site, a figure based on the capacity of the crematoria. Höss told prosecutors at
Nuremberg that at
2945:
It would be difficult to even imagine that so many people would fit in such a small . Anyone who did not want to go inside was shot or torn apart by the dogs. They would have suffocated from the lack of air within several hours. Then all the doors were sealed tight and the gas thrown in by way
2817:
in
Auschwitz I. The building proved unsuitable, so gassings were conducted instead in crematorium I, also in Auschwitz I, which operated until December 1942. There, more than 700 victims could be killed at once. Tens of thousands were killed in crematorium I. To keep the victims calm, they were told
2706:
arrived on 26 February that year. There had been a small number of Romani inmates before that; two Czech Romani prisoners, Ignatz and Frank Denhel, tried to escape in
December 1942, the latter successfully, and a Polish Romani woman, Stefania Ciuron, arrived on 12 February 1943 and escaped in April.
2154:
were responsible for the prisoners' behaviour while they worked, as was an SS escort. Much of the work took place outdoors at construction sites, gravel pits, and lumber yards. No rest periods were allowed. One prisoner was assigned to the latrines to measure the time the workers took to empty their
2057:
The day began at 4:30 am for the men (an hour later in winter), and earlier for the women, when the block supervisor sounded a gong and started beating inmates with sticks to make them wash and use the latrines quickly. There were few latrines and there was a lack of clean water. Each washhouse
1948:
removed goods and corpses from the incoming trains, guided victims to the dressing rooms and gas chambers, removed their bodies afterwards, and took their jewelry, hair, dental work, and any precious metals from their teeth, all of which was sent to Germany. Once the bodies were stripped of anything
1626:
writes, the inmates were "reduced to walking skeletons". Deaths and transfers to the gas chambers at Auschwitz II reduced the population by nearly a fifth each month. Site managers constantly threatened inmates with the gas chambers, and the smell from the crematoria at Auschwitz I and II hung heavy
1515:
freight station to the Auschwitz II gas chamber, then buried in a nearby meadow. The gas chamber was located in what prisoners called the "little red house" (known as bunker 1 by the SS), a brick cottage that had been turned into a gassing facility; the windows had been bricked up and its four rooms
3952:
They did not greet us, nor did they smile; they seemed oppressed not only by compassion but by a confused restraint, which sealed their lips and bound their eyes to the funereal scene. It was that shame we knew so well, the shame that drowned us after the selections, and every time we had to watch,
3402:
published a report describing Birkenau, writing that "prisoners call this supplementary camp 'Paradisal', presumably because there is only one road, leading to Paradise". Reporting that inmates were being killed "through excessive work, torture and medical means", it noted the gassing of the Soviet
3005:
who were dentists; anyone overlooking dental work might themselves be cremated alive. The gold was sent to the SS Health Service and used by dentists to treat the SS and their families; 50 kg had been collected by 8 October 1942. By early 1944, 10–12 kg of gold was being extracted monthly
2920:
The crematoria consisted of a dressing room, gas chamber, and furnace room. In crematoria II and III, the dressing room and gas chamber were underground; in IV and V, they were on the ground floor. The dressing room had numbered hooks on the wall to hang clothes. In crematorium II, there was also a
2871:
In early 1942, mass exterminations were moved to two provisional gas chambers (the "red house" and "white house", known as bunkers 1 and 2) in Auschwitz II, while the larger crematoria (II, III, IV, and V) were under construction. Bunker 2 was temporarily reactivated from May to November 1944, when
2762:
32, and barracks 31 became a school and kindergarten. The somewhat better living conditions were nevertheless inadequate; 1,000 members of the family camp were dead within six months. Two other groups of 2,491 and 2,473 Jews arrived from Theresienstadt in the family camp on 16 and 20 December 1943.
2761:
suggests that the Germans set up the camp to cast doubt on reports, in time for a planned Red Cross visit to Auschwitz, that mass murder was taking place there. The women and girls were placed in odd-numbered barracks and the men and boys in even-numbered. An infirmary was set up in barracks 30 and
2726:
was gassed on arrival because of illness, as was a second group of 1,035 on 25 May 1943. The SS tried to liquidate the camp on 16 May 1944, but the Roma fought them, armed with knives and iron pipes, and the SS retreated. Shortly after this, the SS removed nearly 2,908 from the family camp to work,
2178:
Eight hundred to a thousand people were crammed into the superimposed compartments of each barracks. Unable to stretch out completely, they slept there both lengthwise and crosswise, with one man's feet on another's head, neck, or chest. Stripped of all human dignity, they pushed and shoved and bit
1616:
Measuring 270 m × 490 m (890 ft × 1,610 ft), the camp was larger than Auschwitz I. By the end of 1944, it housed 60 barracks measuring 17.5 m × 8 m (57 ft × 26 ft), each with a day room and a sleeping room containing 56 three-tiered wooden
1531:
Plans for crematoria II and III show that both had an oven room 30 by 11.24 m (98.4 by 36.9 ft) on the ground floor, and an underground dressing room 49.43 by 7.93 m (162.2 by 26.0 ft) and gas chamber 30 by 7 m (98 by 23 ft). The dressing rooms had wooden benches along
4783:
The escapees included 396 Polish men and 10 Polish women; 164 men from the Soviet Union (including 50 prisoners of war), and 15 women; 112 Jewish men and three Jewish women; 36 Romani/Sinti men and two women; 22 German men and nine women; 19 Czech men and four women; two Austrian men; one Yugoslav
3815:
According to Polish historian Andrzej Strzelecki, the evacuation of the camp was one of its "most tragic chapters". Himmler ordered the evacuation of all camps in January 1945, telling camp commanders: "The Führer holds you personally responsible for ... making sure that not a single prisoner
3742:
who worked in the crematoria were witnesses to the mass murder and were therefore regularly murdered themselves. On 7 October 1944, following an announcement that 300 of them were to be sent to a nearby town to clear away rubble—"transfers" were a common ruse for the murder of prisoners—the group,
3240:
Around one in six Jews murdered in the Holocaust died in Auschwitz. By nation, the greatest number of Auschwitz's Jewish victims originated from Hungary, accounting for 430,000 deaths, followed by Poland (300,000), France (69,000), Netherlands (60,000), Greece (55,000), Protectorate of Bohemia and
2928:
The Zyklon B was delivered to the crematoria by a special SS bureau known as the Hygiene Institute. After the doors were shut, SS men dumped in the Zyklon B pellets through vents in the roof or holes in the side of the chamber. The victims were usually dead within 10 minutes; Rudolf Höss testified
2899:
During "selection" on arrival, those deemed able to work were sent to the right and admitted into the camp (registered), and the rest were sent to the left to be gassed. The group selected to die included almost all children, women with small children, the elderly, and others who appeared on brief
2320:
There was one latrine for thirty to thirty-two thousand women and we were permitted to use it only at certain hours of the day. We stood in line to get in to this tiny building, knee-deep in human excrement. As we all suffered from dysentry, we could barely wait until our turn came, and soiled our
1590:
Auschwitz inmates began working at the plant, known as Buna Werke and IG-Auschwitz, in April 1941, demolishing houses in Monowitz to make way for it. By May, because of a shortage of trucks, several hundred of them were rising at 3 am to walk there twice a day from Auschwitz I. Because a long
3393:
On 24 December 1941, the resistance groups representing the various prisoner factions met in block 45 and agreed to cooperate. Fleming writes that it has not been possible to track Pilecki's early intelligence from the camp. Pilecki compiled two reports after he escaped in April 1943; the second,
2564:
Flogging during rollcall was common. A flogging table called "the goat" immobilised prisoners' feet in a box, while they stretched themselves across the table. Prisoners had to count out the lashes—"25 mit besten Dank habe ich erhalten" ("25 received with many thanks")— and if they got the figure
1476:
8.9 million, his plans called for each barracks to hold 550 prisoners, but he later changed this to 744 per barracks, which meant the camp could hold 125,000, rather than 97,000. There were 174 barracks, each measuring 35.4 by 11.0 m (116 by 36 ft), divided into 62 bays of 4 m
4773:, which estimated that up to one million Jews had died in the camp. In 1983 French scholar George Wellers was one of the first to use German data on deportations to calculate the death toll; he arrived at a figure of 1,471,595 deaths, including 1.35 million Jews and 86,675 non-Jewish Poles.
4502:
On 2 July 1947, the Polish government passed a law establishing a state memorial to remember "the martyrdom of the Polish nation and other nations in Oswiecim". The museum established its exhibits at Auschwitz I; after the war, the barracks in Auschwitz II-Birkenau had been mostly dismantled and
2165:
A second roll call took place at seven in the evening, in the course of which prisoners might be hanged or flogged. If a prisoner was missing, the others had to remain standing until the absentee was found or the reason for the absence discovered, even if it took hours. On 6 July 1940, roll call
4993:
The first transport of political prisoners to Auschwitz consisted almost exclusively of Poles. It was for them that the camp was founded, and the majority of prisoners were Polish for the first two years. They died of starvation, brutal mistreatment, beating, and sickness, and were executed and
1960:
lived separately from the other prisoners, although this rule was not applied to the non-Jews among them. Their quality of life was further improved by their access to the property of new arrivals, which they traded within the camp, including with the SS. Nevertheless, their life expectancy was
1215:
Construction of crematorium I began at Auschwitz I at the end of June or beginning of July 1940. Initially intended not for mass murder but for prisoners who had been executed or had otherwise died in the camp, the crematorium was in operation from August 1940 until July 1943, by which time the
2560:
were given nicknames that reflected their sadism: "Bloody", "Iron", "The Strangler", "The Boxer". Based on the 275 extant reports of punishment in the Auschwitz archives, Strzelecka lists common infractions: returning a second time for food at mealtimes, removing one's gold teeth to buy bread,
3649:
The prisoners implore the Polish Government to have the camp bombed. The destruction of the electrified barbed wire, the ensuing panic and darkness prevailing, the chances of escape would be great. The local population will hide them and help them to leave the neighbourhood. The prisoners are
2620:
An estimated 4,500 Polish political prisoners were executed at the death wall, including members of the camp resistance. An additional 10,000 Poles were brought to the camp to be executed without being registered. About 1,000 Soviet prisoners of war died by execution, although this is a rough
2102:
Prisoners received half a litre of coffee substitute or a herbal tea in the morning, but no food. A second gong heralded roll call, when inmates lined up outside in rows of ten to be counted. No matter the weather, they had to wait for the SS to arrive for the count; how long they stood there
3819:
Beginning on 17 January, some 58,000 Auschwitz detainees (about two-thirds Jews)—over 20,000 from Auschwitz I and II and over 30,000 from the subcamps—were evacuated under guard, at first heading west on foot, then by open-topped freight trains, to concentration camps in Germany and Austria:
1630:
Although the factory had been expected to begin production in 1943, shortages of labour and raw materials meant start-up was postponed repeatedly. The Allies bombed the plant in 1944 on 20 August, 13 September, 18 December, and 26 December. On 19 January 1945, the SS ordered that the site be
1178:
sign, where they were tattooed, shaved, disinfected, and given a striped prison uniform. Built between 1942 and 1944, the center contained a bathhouse, laundry, and 19 gas chambers for delousing clothing. The prisoner reception center of Auschwitz I became the visitor reception center of the
2896:, of the 1,095,000 Jews deported to Auschwitz, around 205,000 were registered in the camp and given serial numbers; 25,000 were sent to other camps; and 865,000 were murdered soon after arrival. Adding non-Jewish victims gives a figure of 900,000 who were murdered without being registered.
2455:" ("twins step forward!"). He and other doctors (the latter prisoners) would measure the twins' body parts, photograph them, and subject them to dental, sight and hearing tests, x-rays, blood tests, surgery, and blood transfusions between them. Then he would have them killed and dissected.
1878:
from other countries, including Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia, and the Baltic states, joined the SS at Auschwitz. Not all were ethnically German. Guards were also recruited from Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia. Camp guards, around three quarters of the SS personnel, were members of the
885:. The first gassing at Auschwitz—of a group of Soviet prisoners of war—took place around August 1941. By the end of that year, during what most historians regard as the first phase of the Holocaust, 500,000–800,000 Soviet Jews had been murdered in mass shootings by a combination of German
1582:
and Monowice (Monowitz in German), about 7 km (4.3 mi) east of Auschwitz I. Tax exemptions were available to corporations prepared to develop industries in the frontier regions under the Eastern Fiscal Assistance Law, passed in December 1940. In addition to its proximity to the
4736:, Volume V, 2000): "March 26, 1942: Nine hundred ninety-nine Jewish women from Poprad in Slovakia arrived, and were assigned numbers 1000–1998. This was the first registered transport sent to Auschwitz by RSHA IV B4 (the Jewish Office, directed by SS-Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann)."
2791:
in June 1944 and were persuaded by the SS that no one was being deported from there. The following month, about 2,000 women from the family camp were selected to be moved to other camps and 80 boys were moved to the men's camp; the remaining 7,000 were gassed between 10 and 12 July.
4761:, 2002): "This figure has been endorsed by all serious, professional historians who have studied the complex history of Auschwitz in some detail, by the Holocaust research institute at Yad Vashem in Jerusalem, and by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C."
2676:
2162:) three times. The evening meal was 300 grams of bread, often moldy, part of which the inmates were expected to keep for breakfast the next day, with a tablespoon of cheese or marmalade, or 25 grams of margarine or sausage. Prisoners engaged in hard labour were given extra rations.
2629:, "ome of these walking skeletons had spent months in the stinking cells, where not even animals would be kept, and they could barely manage to stand straight. And yet, at that last moment, many of them shouted 'Long live Poland', or 'Long live freedom'." The dead included Colonel
3042:
in 1991, used timetables of train arrivals combined with deportation records to calculate that, of the 1.3 million sent to the camp, 1,082,000 had died there, a figure (rounded up to 1.1 million) that Piper regarded as a minimum. That figure came to be widely accepted.
1231:
of Auschwitz I. A second group of 600 Soviet prisoners of war and around 250 sick Polish prisoners were gassed on 3–5 September. The morgue was later converted to a gas chamber able to hold at least 700–800 people. Zyklon B was dropped into the room through slits in the ceiling.
1725:, was a farming subcamp where prisoners worked 12-hour days in the fields, tending animals, and making compost by mixing human ashes from the crematoria with sod and manure. Incidents of sabotage to decrease production took place in several subcamps, including Charlottengrube,
2008:
or IBV)'s and pink for gay men, who were mostly German. An estimated 5,000–15,000 gay men prosecuted under German Penal Code Section 175 (proscribing sexual acts between men) were detained in concentration camps, of whom an unknown number were sent to Auschwitz. Jews wore a
4216:. Fischer, one of the highest-ranking SS physicians in the camp, had personally selected at least 75,000 men, women, and children to be gassed. He was arrested in 1965. The following year, he was convicted of crimes against humanity, sentenced to death, and executed by
1944:(special squad). These were mostly Jews but they included groups such as Soviet POWs. In 1940–1941 when there was one gas chamber, there were 20 such prisoners, in late 1943 there were 400, and by 1944 during the Holocaust in Hungary the number had risen to 874. The
3403:
prisoners of war and Polish inmates in Auschwitz I in September 1941, the first gassing in the camp. It said: "It is estimated that the Oswiecim camp can accommodate fifteen thousand prisoners, but as they die on a mass scale there is always room for new arrivals."
2997:, where workers found tiny coins with Greek letters on some of the braids, possibly from some of the 50,000 Greek Jews deported to Auschwitz in 1943. When they liberated the camp in January 1945, the Red Army found 7,000 kg of human hair in bags ready to ship.
2311:
Conditions in the women's camp were so poor that when a group of male prisoners arrived to set up an infirmary in October 1942, their first task, according to researchers from the Auschwitz Museum, was to distinguish the corpses from the women who were still alive.
3317:
1489:, starvation or exhaustion within a few weeks. Some 10,000 Soviet prisoners of war arrived at Auschwitz I between 7 and 25 October 1941, but by 1 March 1942 only 945 were still registered; they were transferred to Auschwitz II, where most of them had died by May.
1097:, Germany, to inspect it. Around 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) long and 400 metres (1,300 ft) wide, Auschwitz consisted at the time of 22 brick buildings, eight of them two-story. A second story was added to the others in 1943 and eight new blocks were built.
4185:
from 20 December 1963 to 20 August 1965, tried 22 defendants, including two dentists, a doctor, two camp adjudants and the camp's pharmacist. The 700-page indictment, presenting the testimony of 254 witnesses, was accompanied by a 300-page report about the camp,
3957:
Georgii Elisavetskii, a Soviet soldier who entered one of the barracks, said in 1980 that he could hear other soldiers telling the inmates: "You are free, comrades!" But they did not respond, so he tried in Russian, Polish, German, Ukrainian. Then he used some
3550:(no. 27273, registered as Jerzy Wesołowski) and Roman Cieliczko (no. 27089), both Polish prisoners, escaped on 19 November 1943; Tabeau made contact with the Polish underground and, between December 1943 and early 1944, wrote what became known as the
3000:
Just before cremation, jewelry was removed, along with dental work and teeth containing precious metals. Gold was removed from the teeth of dead prisoners from 23 September 1940 onwards by order of Heinrich Himmler. The work was carried out by members of the
3371:
The resistance sent out the first oral message about Auschwitz with Aleksander Wielkopolski, a Polish engineer who was released in October 1940. The following month the Polish underground in Warsaw prepared a report on the basis of that information,
1935:(trusties). Wielding tremendous power over other prisoners, the functionaries developed a reputation as sadists. Very few were prosecuted after the war, because of the difficulty of determining which atrocities had been performed by order of the SS.
3033:
At least 1.3 million people were sent to Auschwitz between 1940 and 1945, and at least 1.1 million died. Overall 400,207 prisoners were registered in the camp: 268,657 male and 131,560 female. A study in the late 1980s by Polish historian
2183:
Sunday was not a workday, but prisoners had to clean the barracks and take their weekly shower, and were allowed to write (in German) to their families, although the SS censored the mail. Inmates who did not speak German would trade bread for help.
3535:
dressed in an SS uniform and, using a faked pass, managed to cross the camp's gate with his Jewish girlfriend, Cyla Cybulska, pretending that she was wanted for questioning. Both survived the war. For having saved her, Bielecki was recognized by
1528:. Use of bunkers I and 2 stopped in spring 1943 when the new crematoria were built, although bunker 2 became operational again in May 1944 for the murder of the Hungarian Jews. Bunker I was demolished in 1943 and bunker 2 in November 1944.
529:
3947:
described seeing the first four soldiers on horseback approach Auschwitz III, where he had been in the sick bay. They threw "strangely embarrassed glances at the sprawling bodies, at the battered huts and at us few still alive ...":
1621:
for nine- to eleven-hour shifts from each worker. In 1943–1944, about 35,000 inmates worked at the plant; 23,000 (32 a day on average) were killed through malnutrition, disease, and the workload. Within three to four months at the camp,
8822:
1987:
Uniquely at Auschwitz, prisoners were tattooed with a serial number, on their left breast for Soviet prisoners of war and on the left arm for civilians. Categories of prisoner were distinguishable by triangular pieces of cloth (German:
2204:. No watches, calendars, or clocks were permitted in the camp. Only two Jewish calendars made in Auschwitz survived to the end of the war. Prisoners kept track of the days in other ways, such as obtaining information from newcomers.
1477:(43 sq ft). The bays were divided into "roosts", initially for three inmates and later for four. With personal space of 1 m (11 sq ft) to sleep and place whatever belongings they had, inmates were deprived,
1130:
on their prison clothing. Brought to the camp as functionaries, this group did much to establish the sadism of early camp life, which was directed particularly at Polish inmates, until the political prisoners took over their roles.
3856:. Fewer than 9,000 remained in the camps, deemed too sick to move. During the marches, the SS shot or otherwise dispatched anyone unable to continue; "execution details" followed the marchers, killing prisoners who lagged behind.
3743:
mostly Jews from Greece and Hungary, staged an uprising. They attacked the SS with stones and hammers, killing three of them, and set crematorium IV on fire with rags soaked in oil that they had hidden. Hearing the commotion, the
3352:
writes that Pilecki was instructed to sustain morale, organize food, clothing and resistance, prepare to take over the camp if possible, and smuggle information out to the Polish military. Pilecki called his resistance movement
3804:. The last selection took place on 30 October 1944. On 1 or 2 November 1944, Heinrich Himmler ordered the SS to halt the mass murder by gas. On 25 November, he ordered Auschwitz's gas chambers and crematoria be destroyed. The
2765:
On 8 March 1944, 3,791 of the prisoners (men, women and children) were sent to the gas chambers; the men were taken to crematorium III and the women later to crematorium II. Some of the groups were reported to have sung
3298:
2702:("Gypsy family camp"), was set up in the BIIe sector of Auschwitz II-Birkenau in February 1943. For unknown reasons, they were not subject to selection and families were allowed to stay together. The first transport of
1484:
The prisoners were forced to live in the barracks as they were building them; in addition to working, they faced long roll calls at night. As a result, most prisoners in BIb (the men's camp) in the early months died of
3380:, by the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The report said of the Jews in the camp that "scarcely any of them came out alive". According to Fleming, the booklet was "widely circulated amongst British officials". The
1853:
was commandant of Auschwitz III from the point at which it became an autonomous camp in November 1943 until its liquidation. Höss returned to Auschwitz between 8 May and 29 July 1944 as the local SS garrison commander
3062:, that "ll mass graves were to be opened and the corpses burned. In addition, the ashes were to be disposed of in such a way that it would be impossible at some future time to calculate the number of corpses burned."
4310:, in November 1989. In a statement on the 50th anniversary of the liberation, Kohl said that "he darkest and most awful chapter in German history was written at Auschwitz." In January 2020, world leaders gathered at
2036:
Deportees were brought to Auschwitz crammed in wretched conditions into goods or cattle wagons, arriving near a railway station or at one of several dedicated trackside ramps, including one next to Auschwitz I. The
2872:
large numbers of Hungarian Jews were gassed. In summer 1944 the combined capacity of the crematoria and outdoor incineration pits was 20,000 bodies per day. A planned sixth facility—crematorium VI—was never built.
2081:
It is badly lighted, full of draughts, with the brick floor covered by a layer of mud. The water is not drinkable; it has a revolting smell and often fails for many hours. The walls are covered by curious didactic
12859:
4562:
Museum curators consider visitors who pick up items from the ground to be thieves, and local police will charge them as such; the maximum penalty is a 10-year prison sentence. In 2017 two British youths from the
3245:
writes that fewer than one percent of the million Soviet Jews murdered in the Holocaust were murdered in Auschwitz. Of the at least 387 Jehovah's Witnesses who were imprisoned at Auschwitz, 132 died in the camp.
4278:
attributes this to the camp's high death toll and "unusual combination of an industrial camp complex and a killing facility", which left behind far more witnesses than single-purpose killing facilities such as
3860:
estimated that a quarter of the detainees were thus killed. By December 1944 some 15,000 Jewish prisoners had made it from Auschwitz to Bergen-Belsen, where they were liberated by the British on 15 April 1945.
1456:
in London: "the Auschwitz concentration camp ...can accommodate approximately 7,000 prisoners at present, and is to be rebuilt to hold approximately 30,000." Construction of Auschwitz II-Birkenau—called a
2875:
From 1942, Jews were being transported to Auschwitz from all over German-occupied Europe by rail, arriving in daily convoys. The gas chambers worked to their fullest capacity from May to July 1944, during the
643:
to Auschwitz consisted almost solely of Poles (for whom the camp was initially established). For the first two years, the majority of inmates were Polish. In May 1940, German criminals brought to the camp as
2146:" ("form work details"), prisoners walked to their place of work, five abreast, to begin a working day that was normally 11 hours long—longer in summer and shorter in winter. A prison orchestra, such as the
2770:
and the Czech national anthem on the way. Before they were murdered, they had been asked to write postcards to relatives, postdated to 25–27 March. Several twins were held back for medical experiments. The
1117:
of the camps inspectorate. Höss oversaw the development of the camp and served as its first commandant. The first 30 prisoners arrived on 20 May 1940 from the Sachsenhausen camp. German "career criminals"
4567:
were fined in Poland after picking up buttons and shards of decorative glass in 2015 from the "Kanada" area of Auschwitz II, where camp victims' personal effects were stored. The 16 ft (4.9 m)
3864:
On 20 January, crematoria II and III were blown up, and on 23 January the "Kanada" warehouses were set on fire; they apparently burned for five days. Crematorium IV had been partly demolished after the
9645:
506:
3438:
According to Fleming, the British press responded, in 1943 and the first half of 1944, either by not publishing reports about Auschwitz or by burying them on the inside pages. The exception was the
3348:
who, as "Tomasz Serafiński" (serial number 4859), allowed himself to be arrested in Warsaw and taken to Auschwitz. He was imprisoned there from 22 September 1940 until his escape on 27 April 1943.
1717:
in Czechoslovakia. Industries with satellite camps included coal mines, foundries and other metal works, and chemical plants. Prisoners were also made to work in forestry and farming. For example,
6603:
4585:. Staff at the museum were accused by nationalist media in Poland of focusing too much on the fate of the Jews in Auschwitz at the expense of ethnic Poles. The brother of the museum's director,
4581:, making it a criminal offence to violate the "good name" of Poland by accusing it of crimes committed by Germany in the Holocaust, which would include referring to Auschwitz and other camps as
2973:
wearing gas masks dragged the bodies from the chamber. They removed glasses and artificial limbs and shaved off the women's hair; women's hair was removed before they entered the gas chamber at
1309:
was taken straight from the station to the Auschwitz II gas chamber, which had just come into operation. On 26 and 28 March, two transports of Slovakian Jews were registered as prisoners in the
8819:
4515:
in 1979. All the museum's directors were, until 1990, former Auschwitz prisoners. Visitors to the site have increased from 492,500 in 2001, to over one million in 2009, to two million in 2016.
9486:
4559:. On 27 January 2015, some 300 Auschwitz survivors gathered with world leaders under a giant tent at the entrance to Auschwitz II to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the camp's liberation.
9994:
1587:
be expelled to make way for skilled laborers; that all Poles able to work remain in the town and work on building the factory; and that Auschwitz prisoners be used in the construction work.
15342:
9389:
4314:
in Jerusalem to commemorate the 75th anniversary. It was the city's largest-ever political gathering, with over 45 heads of state and world leaders, including royalty. At Auschwitz itself,
3698:(1981) raised similar questions about British inaction. Since the 1990s, other historians have argued that Allied bombing accuracy was not sufficient for Wyman's proposed attack, and that
4929:
Auschwitz is the German name for the Polish city Oświęcim. Oświęcim is located in Poland, approximately 40 miles (about 64 km) west of Kraków. Germany annexed this area of Poland in 1939.
3980:
The liberation of Auschwitz received little press attention at the time; the Red Army was focusing on its advance toward Germany and liberating the camp had not been one of its key aims.
3502:. He writes that most escapes were attempted from work sites outside the camp's perimeter fence. Of the 802 escapes, 144 were successful, 327 were caught, and the fate of 331 is unknown.
10067:
16610:
13186:
9463:
5546:
858:, defined as citizens those of "German or related blood who demonstrate by their behaviour that they are willing and suitable to serve the German People and Reich faithfully", and the
2904:, an area of the camp in sector BIIg that housed 30 barracks used as storage facilities for plundered goods; it derived its name from the inmates' view of Canada as a land of plenty.
12545:
10129:
4208:(1968), the first comprehensive study of the camp and the SS. The court convicted 19 of the defendants, giving six of them life sentences and the others between three and ten years.
2813:
The first gassings at Auschwitz took place on September 3, 1941, when around 850 inmates—Soviet prisoners of war and sick Polish inmates—were killed with Zyklon B in the basement of
2568:
Known as block 13 until 1941, block 11 of Auschwitz I was the prison within the prison, reserved for inmates suspected of resistance activities. Cell 22 in block 11 was a windowless
13497:
4638:, passed on 7 April 1933, excluded most Jews from the legal profession and civil service. Similar legislation deprived Jewish members of other professions of the right to practise.
881:. The camp at Auschwitz was established in April 1940, at first as a quarantine camp for Polish political prisoners. On 22 June 1941, in an attempt to obtain new territory, Hitler
9617:
4945:
1266:
offered inconsistent accounts after the war, suggesting the extermination began in December 1941, January 1942, or before the establishment of the women's camp in March 1942. In
963:
16637:
1583:
concentration camp, a source of cheap labour, the site had good railway connections and access to raw materials. In February 1941, Himmler ordered that the Jewish population of
843:
11638:
12843:
1294:, transports of Jews unfit for work were sent to the gas chamber at Auschwitz from autumn 1941. The evidence for this and the February 1942 transport was contested in 2015 by
15062:
14306:
12926:
10160:
6647:
2400:
in an effort to glue them shut. Prisoners were infected with spotted fever for vaccination research and exposed to toxic substances to study the effects. In one experiment,
6686:
4555:
of Auschwitz II-Birkenau during a ceremony at the camp below. All three pilots were descendants of Holocaust survivors, including the man who led the flight, Major-General
3521:
1172:
An inmate's first encounter with Auschwitz, if they were registered and not sent straight to the gas chamber, was at the prisoner reception centre near the gate with the
16272:
8274:
2864:
Jewish women and children from Hungary walking toward the gas chamber, Auschwitz II, May/June 1944. The gate on the left leads to sector BI, the oldest part of the camp.
676:
10098:
9584:
14663:
10830:
Haar, Ingo (2009). "Inklusion und Genozid: Raum- und Bevölkerungspolitik im besetzten Polen 1939 bis 1944". In Beer, Mathias; Beyrau, Dietrich; Rauh, Cornelia (eds.).
3650:
confidently awaiting the day when Polish planes from Great Britain will enable their escape. This is the prisoners unanimous demand to the Polish Government in London.
4635:
3808:
and other prisoners began the job of dismantling the buildings and cleaning up the site. On 18 January 1945, Engelbert Marketsch, a German criminal transferred from
10036:
3280:
14698:
14653:
12730:
9438:
3418:
in London first reported the gassing of prisoners in Auschwitz on 21 July 1942, and reported the gassing of Soviet POWs and Jews on 4 September 1942. In 1943, the
3324:
2158:
Lunch was three-quarters of a litre of watery soup at midday, reportedly foul-tasting, with meat in the soup four times a week and vegetables (mostly potatoes and
1673:, built factories with their own subcamps. There were around 28 camps near industrial plants, each camp holding hundreds or thousands of prisoners. Designated as
1362:
estimated that up to 10,000 people had been murdered in Auschwitz I. The last inmates gassed there, in December 1942, were around 400 members of the Auschwitz II
14693:
14688:
14673:
1270:, he wrote: "In the spring of 1942 the first transports of Jews, all earmarked for extermination, arrived from Upper Silesia." On 15 February 1942, according to
859:
4177:, one of the suppliers of Zyklon B, were arrested by the British after the war and executed for knowingly supplying the chemical for use on humans. The 180-day
2993:, dried on the brick floor of the crematoria, combed, and placed in paper bags. The hair was shipped to various companies, including one manufacturing plant in
1965:, where three days later they were asked to step forward during roll call. No one did, and because the SS did not have their records, several of them survived.
1643:
concentration camps. The 800 inmates who had been left behind in the Monowitz hospital were liberated along with the rest of the camp on 27 January 1945 by the
14678:
3070:, based on records that had been destroyed. Höss regarded this figure as "far too high. Even Auschwitz had limits to its destructive possibilities," he wrote.
136:
9635:
6204:
4877:
1961:
short; they were regularly murdered and replaced. About 100 survived to the camp's liquidation. They were forced on a death march and by train to the camp at
16662:
16307:
14683:
14658:
14416:
13490:
4538:
nuns founded a convent in 1984 in a former theater outside the camp's perimeter, near block 11 of Auschwitz I, after which a local priest and some survivors
679:, and up to 15,000 others. Those not gassed were murdered via starvation, exhaustion, disease, individual executions, or beatings. Others were killed during
9709:
3241:
Moravia (46,000), Slovakia (27,000), Belgium (25,000), Germany and Austria (23,000), Yugoslavia (10,000), Italy (7,500), Norway (690), and others (34,000).
846:; their businesses were denied access to markets, forbidden from advertising in newspapers, and deprived of government contracts. On 15 September 1935, the
14916:
11238:(2000). "Appendix 3. Notes by Members of the Sonderkommando The Extermination Procedure in the Bunker". In Długoborski, Wacław; Piper, Franciszek (eds.).
9536:
1156:
12050:; Setkiewicz, Piotr (2000). "The Construction, Expansion and Development of the Camp and its Branches". In Długoborski, Wacław; Piper, Franciszek (eds.).
11345:
Lasik, Aleksander (2000b). "The Apprehension and Punishment of the Auschwitz Concentration Camp Staff". In Długoborski, Wacław; Piper, Franciszek (eds.).
9819:
2985:, but at Auschwitz it was done after death. By 6 February 1943, the Reich Economic Ministry had received 3,000 kg of women's hair from Auschwitz and
1216:
crematoria at Auschwitz II had taken over. By May 1942 three ovens had been installed in crematorium I, which together could burn 340 bodies in 24 hours.
9412:
8117:
6629:
6599:
3506:
2722:) shows that 20,946 Roma were registered prisoners, and another 3,000 are thought to have entered unregistered. On 22 March 1943, one transport of 1,700
1595:(Auschwitz III subcamp), and later as the Monowitz concentration camp, it was the first concentration camp to be financed and built by private industry.
1536:
were able to burn some 8,000 bodies a day. This maximum capacity was rarely needed; the average between 1942 and 1944 was 1,000 bodies burned every day.
14627:
8306:
3990:
on 2 February 1945 but made no mention of Jews; inmates were described collectively as "victims of Fascism". It was when the Western Allies arrived in
3582:(no. 84216) also escaped to Slovakia; the Rosin-Mordowicz report was added to the Vrba-Wetzler and Tabeau reports to become what is known as the
3268:
16438:
15314:
12967:
12919:
9478:
869:
in September 1939, triggering World War II, Hitler ordered that the Polish leadership and intelligentsia be destroyed. The area around Auschwitz was
11578:
9986:
9793:
8571:
2600:
The "death wall" showing the death-camp flag, the blue-and-white stripes with a red triangle signifying the Auschwitz uniform of political prisoners
2179:
and kicked each other in an effort to get a few more inches' space on which to sleep a little more comfortably. For they did not have long to sleep.
15420:
13483:
13057:
11141:
3919:
The first in the camp complex to be liberated was Auschwitz III, the IG Farben camp at Monowitz; a soldier from the 100th Infantry Division of the
1282:, Poland), arrived at Auschwitz I and was sent straight to the gas chamber. In 1998 an eyewitness said the train contained "the women of Beuthen".
14622:
12688:
9381:
16023:
9291:
4126:. The trials ended on 22 December 1947, with 23 death sentences, seven life sentences, and nine prison sentences ranging from three to 15 years.
277:
12635:
5043:
3308:
1503:
The first gas chamber at Auschwitz II was operational by March 1942. On or around 20 March, a transport of Polish Jews sent by the Gestapo from
667:
sent to Auschwitz, 1.1 million were murdered. The number of victims includes 960,000 Jews (865,000 of whom were gassed on arrival), 74,000
11009:
Iwaszko, Tadeusz (2000a). "Reasons for confinement in the camp and categories of prisoners". In Długoborski, Wacław; Piper, Franciszek (eds.).
10059:
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revolt in October, and the rest of it was destroyed later. On 26 January, one day ahead of the Red Army's arrival, crematorium V was blown up.
3152:
14632:
9454:
5543:
2877:
16839:
16642:
14959:
14637:
6258:
4941:
3678:(1984), Wyman argued that, since the IG Farben plant at Auschwitz III had been bombed three times between August and December 1944 by the US
1799:
15425:
15337:
15095:
14712:
12912:
12723:
11888:
10121:
4578:
1938:
Although the SS oversaw the murders at each gas chamber, the forced labor portion of the work was done by prisoners known from 1942 as the
12541:
11963:
4574:
sign over the main camp's gate was stolen in December 2009 by a Swedish former neo-Nazi and two Polish men. The sign was later recovered.
2300:) BIa; it was later extended into BIb, and by October 1943 it held 32,066 women. In 1943–1944, about 11,000 women were also housed in the
16884:
16849:
16341:
16165:
14944:
12621:
11316:
Lasik, Aleksander (2000a). "Organizational Structure of Auschwitz Concentration Camp". In Długoborski, Wacław; Piper, Franciszek (eds.).
4916:
3841:
3809:
1962:
1640:
9613:
5249:
3025:
16302:
15229:
14301:
12525:
4614:
4192:
3878:
3641:. Written by Auschwitz prisoners in or around December 1940, the report described the camp's atrocious living conditions and asked the
2292:
Women were at first held in blocks 1–10 of Auschwitz I, but from 6 August 1942, 13,000 inmates were transferred to a new women's camp (
1836:
1747:
648:
established the camp's reputation for sadism. Prisoners were beaten, tortured, and executed for the most trivial of reasons. The first
12823:
12347:
Szabó, Zoltán Tibori (2011). "The Auschwitz Reports: Who Got Them, and When?". In Braham, Randolph L.; vanden Heuvel, William (eds.).
10998:
9694:
4980:
4507:; hair, suitcases, and shoes taken from murdered prisoners; canisters of Zyklon B pellets; and other objects related to the killings.
4388:
survey found that 40 percent of 14-year-olds in Germany did not know what Auschwitz was. The following year a survey organized by the
15100:
14668:
14409:
12838:
11642:
7434:
4664:
in the spring of 1940. At the same time, a further 100 SS men—officers and SS enlisted men—were sent to reinforce the camp garrison."
2347:. Mandl and Hössler were executed after the war. Sterilisation experiments were carried out in barracks 30 by a German gynecologist,
692:
units, consisting of prisoners who operated the gas chambers, launched an unsuccessful uprising. After the Holocaust ended, only 789
15525:
13151:
4087:. Extradited to Poland on 25 May 1946, he wrote his memoirs in custody, first published in Polish in 1951 then in German in 1958 as
16376:
15825:
14909:
13303:
9095:
4303:
3755:, where they hid in the granary of an Auschwitz satellite camp, but the SS pursued and killed them by setting the granary on fire.
3398:, detailed his life in Auschwitz I and estimated that 1.5 million people, mostly Jews, had been murdered. On 1 July 1942, the
2758:
1318:
11038:
Iwaszko, Tadeusz (2000b). "The Housing, Clothing and Feeding of the Prisoners". In Długoborski, Wacław; Piper, Franciszek (eds.).
10152:
6643:
1161:
The first mass transport—of 728 Polish male political prisoners, including Catholic priests and Jews—arrived on 14 June 1940 from
659:
Construction of Auschwitz II began the following month, and from 1942 until late 1944 freight trains delivered Jews from all over
16874:
16829:
16724:
16245:
15973:
15368:
15319:
15137:
15034:
14331:
12716:
12679:
7687:
6690:
4552:
4393:
4292:
720:
3384:
based a story on it, writing that "three crematorium furnaces were insufficient to cope with the bodies being cremated", as did
2250:
About 30 percent of the registered inmates were female. The first mass transport of women, 999 non-Jewish German women from the
839:
became ubiquitous, and legislation was passed excluding them from certain professions, including the civil service and the law.
15549:
14363:
12743:
10288:
Biddle, Tami Davis (2000). "Allied Air Power: Objectives and Capabilities". In Neufeld, Michael J.; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.).
4582:
4351:, became a classic of Holocaust literature, an "imperishable masterpiece". Wiesel wrote about his imprisonment at Auschwitz in
3178:
1858:) to oversee the arrival of Hungary's Jews, which made him the superior officer of all the commandants of the Auschwitz camps.
1849:
of Auschwitz II from 22 November 1943, followed by Josef Kramer from 15 May 1944 until the camp's liquidation in January 1945.
14256:
10411:(2000). "A Calendar of the Most Important Events in the History of the Auschwitz Concentration Camp". In Długoborski, Wacław;
3428:
buried notes in the ground, hoping they would be found by the camp's liberators. The group also smuggled out photographs; the
16879:
16859:
16824:
14767:
14261:
12591:
12436:
12391:
12037:
11991:
11938:
11919:
11898:
11606:
11501:
11450:
11431:
11409:
11224:
11079:
10936:
10863:
10790:
10721:
10687:
10633:
10611:
10517:
10371:
10278:
10259:
10214:
10090:
9581:
9326:
3654:
Pierse replied that it was not technically feasible to bomb the camp without harming the prisoners. In May 1944 Slovak rabbi
3424:(Combat Group Auschwitz) was organized within the camp with the aim of sending out information about what was happening. The
2046:
900:
17:
11816:; van Pelt, Robert-Jan (1998) . "The Machinery of Mass Murder at Auschwitz". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.).
11507:
11322:. Vol. I: The Establishment and Organization of the Camp. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 145–279.
10693:
9510:
3719:
2830:
1909:
Certain prisoners, at first non-Jewish Germans but later Jews and non-Jewish Poles, were assigned positions of authority as
1346:, tens of thousands of Jews were murdered there from France, Holland, Slovakia, Upper Silesia, and Yugoslavia, and from the
15929:
15347:
15187:
14964:
14447:
14402:
13050:
12056:. Vol. I: The Establishment and Organization of the Camp. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 63–138.
4769:
3435:, of events around the gas chambers in Auschwitz II, were smuggled out of the camp in September 1944 in a toothpaste tube.
2858:
870:
563:
181:
12145:
Strzelecka, Irena (2000c). "Women in the Auschwitz Concentration Camp". In Długoborski, Wacław; Piper, Franciszek (eds.).
11761:. Vol. I: The Establishment and Organization of the Camp. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 39–62.
11015:. Vol. I: The Establishment and Organization of the Camp. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 11–43.
9901:
3732:, pictured with his wife, Sonia, buried his notebooks near crematorium III. Sonia Gradowski was gassed on 8 December 1942.
1761:
16734:
16567:
16212:
15675:
15415:
14902:
10028:
6822:
4873:
4850:
4099:
opened on 11 March 1947; he was sentenced to death on 2 April and hanged in Auschwitz I on 16 April, near crematorium I.
3532:
2621:
estimate. A Polish government-in-exile report stated that 11,274 prisoners and 6,314 prisoners of war had been executed.
1714:
1405:
13462:
13211:
12401:
Westermann, Edward B. (2004). "The Royal Air Force and the bombing of Auschwitz: first deliberations, January 1941". In
9430:
1169:) patrolled by the SS, Gestapo and local police. By March 1941, 10,900 were imprisoned in the camp, most of them Poles.
739:
wrote memoirs of their experiences, and the camp became a dominant symbol of the Holocaust. In 1947, Poland founded the
16869:
16854:
15763:
15085:
14442:
12481:
12414:
12320:
12288:
12255:
12222:
12189:
12156:
12127:
12094:
12061:
11795:
11766:
11539:
11356:
11327:
11249:
11049:
11020:
10839:
10766:
10747:
10426:
10323:
3783:
3272:
2606:
2481:
was obtained from among a pool of 115 Jewish inmates, chosen for their perceived stereotypical racial characteristics.
1366:, who had been forced to dig up and burn the remains of that camp's mass graves, thought to hold over 100,000 corpses.
218:
11112:
Kitchens, James H. (2000). "The Bombing of Auschwitz Re-examined". In Neufeld, Michael J.; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.).
1026:
954:
15544:
15289:
12570:
12534:
12372:
12015:
11853:
11829:
11745:
11722:
11695:
11564:
11480:
11388:
11306:
11283:
11205:
11182:
11127:
11102:
10981:
10959:
10885:
10820:
10588:
10495:
10398:
10347:
10301:
10240:
8820:"'From the Heart of Hell'. Publication with manuscripts of Załmen Gradowski, a member of Sonderkommando at Auschwitz"
3845:
2213:
2147:
711:
approached Auschwitz in January 1945, toward the end of the war, the SS sent most of the camp's population west on a
123:
Auschwitz II-Birkenau gatehouse. The train track, in operation from May to October 1944, led toward the gas chambers.
15559:
15495:
14503:
3849:
3833:
2251:
16330:
15787:
15564:
15505:
15480:
15269:
15197:
13993:
6201:
4609:
3995:
3853:
3821:
3260:
2772:
2609:. The 151 accused were led to the wall one at a time, stripped naked and with their hands tied behind their backs.
2496:
1090:
1082:
11682:
Piper, Franciszek (1998a) . "The System of Prisoner Exploitation". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.).
11549:
Neufeld, Michael J. (2000). "Introduction to the Controversy". In Neufeld, Michael J.; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.).
8278:
3354:
2715:'s most infamous physician, worked in the gypsy family camp from 30 May 1943 when he began his work in Auschwitz.
1046:
An aerial reconnaissance photograph of the Auschwitz concentration camp showing the Auschwitz I camp, 4 April 1944
622:
15408:
15403:
15047:
13043:
9713:
4699:
4657:
4417:
4288:
3801:
1180:
1053:
A former World War I camp for transient workers and later a Polish army barracks, Auschwitz I was the main camp (
1015:
740:
13241:
12283:. Vol. II: The Prisoners—Their Life and Work. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 399–418.
12217:. Vol. II: The Prisoners—Their Life and Work. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 372–398.
12184:. Vol. II: The Prisoners—Their Life and Work. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 347–369.
12151:. Vol. II: The Prisoners—Their Life and Work. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 171–200.
11270:(1998a) . "Historical–Sociological Profile of the Auschwitz SS". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.).
10186:
9528:
8637:
3969:(PCK) set up field hospitals that looked after 4,500 prisoners suffering from the effects of starvation (mostly
2617:" was said the following Sunday on the second floor of Block 4 in Auschwitz I, in a narrow space between bunks.
16225:
16038:
15500:
15020:
14375:
14351:
13146:
11219:. Indiana University Press, in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 233–234.
10643:
Fleming, Michael (30 August 2016). "Geographies of obligation and the dissemination of news of the Holocaust".
9948:
9815:
4451:
4060:, northern Germany, where he had been working as a farmer under the pseudonym Franz Lang. He was imprisoned in
4041:
Only 789 Auschwitz staff, up to 15 percent, ever stood trial; most of the cases were pursued in Poland and the
3837:
2775:
initiated diplomatic manoeuvers to save the remaining Czech Jews after its representative in Bern received the
2384:
German doctors performed a variety of experiments on prisoners at Auschwitz. SS doctors tested the efficacy of
836:
16200:
14498:
12122:. Vol. II: The Prisoners—Their Life and Work. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 65–70.
12089:. Vol. II: The Prisoners—Their Life and Work. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 45–50.
11044:. Vol. II: The Prisoners—Their Life and Work. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 51–63.
10527:
Espín, Oliva M. (Spring 2008). "'The destiny of this people is my own': Edith Stein's paradoxical sainthood".
9404:
8303:
8109:
6625:
4357:(1960) and other works, and became a prominent spokesman against ethnic violence; in 1986, he was awarded the
4247:
3770:
member showed the prosecutors where to dig. The notes were published in several formats, including in 2017 as
2474:
to test a cure for tuberculosis. In April 1945, the children were murdered by hanging to conceal the project.
1827:
house near the commandant's and administration building, he served as commandant until 11 November 1943, with
1448:
After visiting Auschwitz I in March 1941, it appears that Himmler ordered that the camp be expanded, although
16697:
16537:
15700:
15554:
15535:
15515:
15485:
15378:
15042:
14852:
4599:
4016:
3991:
3825:
3669:
3498:, at least 802 prisoners (757 men and 45 women) tried to escape from the camp, according to Polish historian
3475:
3444:
3332:
2666:
2464:
1974:
1660:
1032:
Former prisoner reception center; the building on the far left with the row of chimneys was the camp kitchen.
607:
15607:
13371:
13094:
11293:
Lasik, Aleksander (1998b) . "Rudolf Höss: Manager of Crime". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.).
10946:
Hilberg, Raul (1998) . "Auschwitz and the 'Final Solution'". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.).
4280:
4130:, an SS doctor who had several former prisoners testify on his behalf, was the only person to be acquitted.
3526:
2004:
or Aso), which included vagrants, prostitutes and the Roma, wore black. Purple was for Jehovah's Witnesses (
916:
704:' failure to act on early reports of mass murder by bombing the camp or its railways remains controversial.
16562:
16125:
15753:
15622:
14508:
13121:
4284:
3752:
2982:
2901:
2537:
1730:
1698:
1014:
Auschwitz I, 2009; the prisoner reception center of Auschwitz I became the visitor reception center of the
928:
129:
16195:
14493:
12770:
11732:
Piper, Franciszek (1998c) . "Gas Chambers and Crematoria". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.).
11574:
1598:
16744:
16729:
16630:
16476:
16400:
15612:
15569:
15530:
15430:
15264:
15130:
15077:
14343:
13221:
13176:
13166:
13156:
13099:
10621:
9783:
8563:
4212:
also held trials against several former staff members of Auschwitz. One of the defendants they tried was
4042:
3674:
3541:
3349:
2986:
2912:
2614:
2520:
1545:
1070:
920:
371:
357:
15722:
14088:
13590:
13206:
11755:
Piper, Franciszek (2000a). "The Origins of the Camp". In Długoborski, Wacław; Piper, Franciszek (eds.).
11469:
The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942
11153:
6250:
5729:
4471:
4083:. Höss was straightforward about his own role in the mass murder and said he had followed the orders of
1823:
ordered on 27 April 1940 that the camp be established. Living with his wife and children in a two-story
16782:
16602:
16481:
16451:
16370:
16287:
16120:
15758:
15656:
15617:
15574:
15510:
15383:
15259:
14989:
14931:
14872:
14813:
14467:
14371:
14311:
13894:
13457:
13171:
13116:
12997:
12788:
12685:
12664:
12659:
4441:
4178:
4024:
3766:, who kept notes of his time in Auschwitz and buried them near crematorium III; after the war, another
3642:
3429:
3415:
3328:
3013:
river, or used as fertilizer. Any bits of bone that had not burned properly were ground down in wooden
2978:
2960:
2736:
2515:
and murdered in August 1943. Brandt and Sievers were executed in 1948 after being convicted during the
2495:(a Nazi research institute), delivered the skeletons to the collection of the Anatomy Institute at the
2478:
2368:
2271:
1979:
1453:
1424:
1322:
1254:
in Berlin on 20 January 1942, the Nazi leadership outlined, in euphemistic language, its plans for the
1250:
Historians have disagreed about the date the all-Jewish transports began arriving in Auschwitz. At the
924:
696:
personnel (no more than 15 percent) ever stood trial. Several were executed, including camp commandant
680:
668:
640:
35:
12630:
11192:
Kubica, Helena (1998) . "The Crimes of Josef Mengele". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.).
9671:
9283:
3906:
1733:. Living conditions in some of the camps were so poor that they were regarded as punishment subcamps.
1631:
evacuated, sending 9,000 inmates, most of them Jews, on a death march to another Auschwitz subcamp at
862:
prohibited marriage and extramarital relations between those with "German or related blood" and Jews.
16240:
16055:
15602:
15579:
15490:
15352:
15204:
15192:
15179:
14974:
14762:
14347:
14038:
13983:
13452:
13181:
13161:
13111:
13017:
12972:
12492:
11399:
7684:"Jewish women and children who have been selected for death, walk in a line towards the gas chambers"
5695:, p. 132, for more on the corpses, p. 140; for 400 prisoners and over 107,000 corpses, see
4808:
4111:
4092:
3999:
3829:
2974:
2634:
2336:, who developed a reputation for cruelty. Höss hired men to oversee the female supervisors, first SS
1923:
1375:
1143:
912:
712:
12808:
9668:"New Survey by Claims Conference Finds Significant Lack of Holocaust Knowledge in the United States"
2412:
of Bayer/IG Farben, who was also an Auschwitz physician and SS captain, and by Auschwitz physicians
16719:
16674:
16220:
16000:
15539:
15520:
15467:
15451:
15398:
15393:
15304:
15294:
15284:
15236:
15219:
15209:
15174:
15169:
15164:
15089:
14793:
14355:
13236:
13133:
13072:
13022:
13007:
12987:
12977:
12962:
12957:
12865:
10339:
The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942
9582:"Simone Veil: Holocaust survivor and first female President of the European Parliament (1927‑2017)"
4971:
Auschwitz-Birkenau, Former German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp - Memorial and Museum.
3924:
3605:
2788:
2703:
1245:
847:
551:
522:
466:
67:
16145:
14185:
10462:
The Nazi concentration Camps: Structure and Aims, the Image of the Prisoner, the Jews in the Camps
10456:
Dunin-Wasowicz, Krzysztof (1984). "Forced Labor and Sabotage in the Nazi Concentration Camps". In
4400:, did not know what Auschwitz was, while 22 percent said they had never heard of the Holocaust. A
4220:. Fischer was the highest-ranking SS physician from Auschwitz to ever be tried by a German court.
1057:) and administrative headquarters of the camp complex. Fifty kilometres (31 mi) southwest of
16712:
16702:
16428:
15982:
15710:
15388:
15373:
15299:
15279:
15274:
15254:
15224:
15214:
14803:
14732:
14457:
14291:
13416:
13012:
13002:
12992:
12982:
12935:
12310:
12278:
12245:
12212:
12179:
12146:
12117:
12084:
12051:
11785:
11756:
11346:
11317:
11239:
11169:
Krakowski, Shmuel (1998) . "The Satellite Camps". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.).
11039:
11010:
10873:
10849:
10416:
9686:
4732:
4694:
4652:
4604:
4069:
3627:
3169:
2723:
2423:
2117:
Auschwitz II brick barracks, sector BI, 2006; four prisoners slept in each partition, known as a
2111:
1872:
Most of the staff were from Germany or Austria, but as the war progressed, increasing numbers of
1623:
1449:
15779:
11955:
4834:
2459:, another German doctor and SS officer, took 20 Polish Jewish children from Auschwitz to use in
1881:
1751:
1336:, wrote that "transport after transport vanished in the Auschwitz crematorium." In the view of
649:
16864:
16423:
16190:
15669:
15247:
15241:
15123:
14513:
14063:
13978:
12873:
12818:
10361:
10357:
9788:
4526:
over the train tracks leading to Auschwitz II-Birkenau on 7 June 1979 and called the camp "the
3699:
3655:
2641:, the Polish long-distance runner, was executed on 15 February that year. In October 1944, 200
2296:
or FKL) in Auschwitz II. This consisted at first of 15 brick and 15 wooden barracks in sector (
2094:" (like this you come to a bad end); and lower down, in doubtful French but in Gothic script: "
771:
701:
660:
15934:
12675:
12112:
Strzelecka, Irena (2000b). "The Working Day for Auschwitz Prisoners". In Długoborski, Wacław;
11821:
11737:
11472:
11298:
11275:
11197:
11094:
10390:
10232:
9314:
8216:
8204:
4908:
1111:
27:
German network of concentration and extermination camps in occupied Poland during World War II
16657:
16282:
16235:
15899:
15650:
15052:
14472:
12364:
12025:
11714:
11687:
11174:
10951:
10780:
10444:
9344:"Realizm w służbie (nieosiągalnego) obiektywizmu. "Dymy nad Birkenau" Seweryny Szmaglewskiej"
5241:
4826:
4680:(Auschwitz commandant from May 1940), the gas chamber at Auschwitz I could hold 1,000 people.
4274:) has been credited with spreading knowledge about the camp to the general public. Historian
4260:
In the decades since its liberation, Auschwitz has become a primary symbol of the Holocaust.
3682:
in Italy, it would have been feasible for the other camps or railway lines to be bombed too.
3664:
3563:
3420:
3340:
Information about Auschwitz became available to the Allies as a result of reports by Captain
3009:
The corpses were burned in the nearby incinerators, and the ashes were buried, thrown in the
2742:
2049:
between May and early July 1944. The rails led directly to the area around the gas chambers.
1839:
in Oranienburg as director of Amt DI, a post that made him deputy of the camps inspectorate.
1391:
1223:, at the instruction of Rudolf Höss, murdered a group of Soviet prisoners of war by throwing
1061:, the site was first suggested in February 1940 as a quarantine camp for Polish prisoners by
855:
832:
317:
313:
97:
13326:
12604:
12273:
Strzelecki, Andrzej (2000b). "Utilization of the Victims' Corpses". In Długoborski, Wacław;
11661:(1991). "Estimating the Number of Deportees to and Victims of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Camp".
10991:
10812:
16620:
16557:
16140:
15924:
15815:
15793:
15688:
15683:
15664:
14529:
14240:
14125:
13761:
13686:
13630:
11464:
11460:
10333:
9348:
Pamiętnik Literacki. Czasopismo kwartalne poświęcone historii i krytyce literatury polskiej
6094:, p. 115; that when the camp was evacuated, 9,054 of the 9,792 inmates were Jews, see
4972:
4531:
4261:
4162:
4115:
3588:. The reports were first published in their entirety in November 1944 by the United States
3575:
3517:
3511:
2389:
2201:
2025:
1832:
1412:
1291:
1287:
1074:
882:
636:
16486:
14367:
14205:
13226:
7430:
4838:
4518:
There have been protracted disputes over the perceived Christianization of the site. Pope
4385:
3579:
2596:
2561:
breaking into the pigsty to steal the pigs' food, putting one's hands into one's pockets.
309:
8:
16707:
16615:
16461:
16048:
15067:
14939:
14579:
14539:
13988:
13811:
13350:
13251:
12828:
12739:
12359:(1998) . "A Site in Search of a Mission". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.).
12356:
12001:
11813:
11119:
11113:
10481:
10293:
4754:
4512:
4366:
4174:
4080:
3928:
3788:
3714:
3683:
3679:
3623:
3584:
3567:
3470:
3466:
3450:
2776:
2556:
for the slightest infraction of the rules. Polish historian Irena Strzelecka writes that
2512:
2045:
between sectors BI and BII in Auschwitz II, was completed in May 1944 for the arrival of
1644:
1555:
1478:
1359:
744:
724:
430:
15843:
15833:
14589:
13381:
13356:
13316:
12306:
11556:
11550:
10673:
9760:
9343:
9092:
3797:
3751:
into a furnace. After escaping through a fence using wirecutters, they managed to reach
3499:
2588:
cases ("special treatment") for Poles and others regarded as dangerous to Nazi Germany.
2129:
1283:
16844:
16087:
16082:
15589:
14808:
14777:
14564:
14316:
13864:
13801:
13731:
13721:
13640:
13321:
13105:
13081:
12626:. London and New York: Republic of Poland Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Greystone Press.
12623:
German Occupation of Poland, Extract of note addressed to the allied and neutral powers
12471:
12424:
11089:
Keren, Nili (1998) . "The Family Camp". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.).
11067:
10912:
10660:
10560:
10552:
3812:, became the last prisoner to be assigned a serial number in Auschwitz, number 202499.
3571:
2850:
Crematoria II and III and their chimneys are visible in the background, left and right.
1846:
1295:
1251:
1066:
892:
866:
626:
555:
71:
14857:
14569:
14140:
14078:
13361:
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12797:
11463:(2004). "Operation Barbarossa and the Onset of the Holocaust, June–December 1941". In
10600:
10421:. Vol. V: Epilogue. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 119–231.
7683:
4396:
and others found that 41 percent of 1,350 American adults surveyed, and 66 percent of
4150:
1313:, where they were kept for slave labour; these were the first transports organized by
1100:
782:
16692:
16552:
16383:
16297:
16264:
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15995:
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13854:
13696:
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12832:
12775:
12608:
12587:
12566:
12530:
12520:
12500:
12477:
12449:(October 2003). "Indicting Auschwitz? The Paradox of the Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial".
12432:
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11446:
11427:
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11384:
11362:
11352:
11351:. Vol. V: Epilogue. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 99–117.
11333:
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3589:
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wrote that "execution orders arrived in an unbroken stream". According to SS officer
2516:
2439:, the "Angel of Death", who worked in Auschwitz II from 30 May 1943, at first in the
2428:
2413:
2255:
2167:
1670:
1132:
896:
878:
686:
At least 802 prisoners tried to escape, 144 successfully, and on 7 October 1944, two
114:
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14742:
14559:
14554:
13560:
12315:. Vol. IV: The Resistance Movement. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
12240:
Strzelecki, Andrzej (2000a). "The Liquidation of the Camp". In Długoborski, Wacław;
11594:
11244:. Vol. IV: The Resistance Movement. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
10832:
Deutschsein als Grenzerfahrung: Minderheitenpolitik in Europa zwischen 1914 und 1950
10759:
From the Heart of Hell. Manuscripts of a Sonderkommando Prisoner, Found in Auschwitz
6818:
4586:
4433:
3758:
By the time the rebellion at crematorium IV had been suppressed, 212 members of the
3559:
3488:
3067:
3046:
The Germans tried to conceal how many they had murdered. In July 1942, according to
2171:
1078:
751:. Auschwitz is the site of the largest mass murder in a single location in history.
341:
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16456:
16185:
16173:
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14994:
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14018:
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13645:
13620:
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13411:
13283:
13246:
13231:
12598:
12458:
12446:
12274:
12250:. Vol. V: Epilogue. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 9–85.
12241:
12208:
12175:
12113:
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12047:
11930:
11658:
11378:
11267:
11137:
10997:. Nuremberg: The International Military Tribunal. 15 April 1946. pp. 396–422.
10904:
10853:
10731:
10652:
10572:
10536:
10412:
4846:
4794:
4676:
writes that, according to post-war testimony from several inmates, as well as from
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3729:
3304:
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2504:
2032:
inside Auschwitz II-Birkenau, near the gatehouse, used to transport deportees, 2014
1862:
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1259:
1103:
816:
672:
379:
301:
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15800:
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13746:
13575:
13406:
13341:
13311:
13293:
10656:
10477:
10187:"Auschwitz Birkenau: German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940–1945)"
4146:
2805:
2727:
and on 2 August 1944 gassed the other 2,897. Ten thousand remain unaccounted for.
2344:
1508:
1306:
16739:
16579:
16572:
16389:
16292:
16150:
16130:
16043:
15879:
15015:
15010:
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14023:
13958:
13826:
13736:
13625:
13610:
13595:
13555:
13421:
13273:
12860:
Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe
12824:
Tarnowskie Góry Lead-Silver-Zinc Mine and its Underground Water Management System
12783:
12708:
12692:
12639:
11491:
11419:
10677:
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9588:
9514:
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9099:
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4170:
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4020:
3857:
3796:
The last mass transports to arrive in Auschwitz were 60,000–70,000 Jews from the
3615:
2670:
2637:, executed on 25 January 1943 with 51 others suspected of resistance activities.
2500:
2486:
2456:
2444:
2193:
2189:
1420:
1301:
Around 20 March 1942, according to Danuta Czech, a transport of Polish Jews from
1241:
904:
903:
to senior Nazis, and from early 1942 freight trains delivered Jews from all over
828:
615:
510:
57:
14737:
14068:
13650:
13530:
13505:
13386:
11523:
10271:
The Holocaust, Religion, and the Politics of Collective Memory: Beyond Sociology
9455:"World Leaders, Gathering to Mark Holocaust, Are Urged to Fight 'Deadly Cancer'"
3888:
2941:) near crematorium III in Auschwitz II. It was found in 1952, signed "A.Y.R.A":
2316:, a Romanian-Jewish gynecologist and inmate of the women's camp, wrote in 1948:
2069:
1768:
1337:
1137:
441:
Auschwitz Birkenau, German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940–1945)
297:
16834:
16796:
16652:
16547:
16446:
16417:
16109:
16073:
16028:
15738:
15645:
14757:
14752:
14584:
14452:
14359:
14281:
14235:
14150:
14048:
14009:
13932:
13791:
13776:
13751:
13691:
13580:
13565:
13545:
13535:
13396:
13288:
12765:
12579:
12402:
11706:
11471:. Lincoln and Jerusalem: University of Nebraska Press and Yad Vashem. pp.
10800:
10311:
9893:
9640:
9426:
6246:
4437:
4353:
4296:
4197:
3738:
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2409:
2352:
2278:
2223:
2185:
1940:
1567:
1347:
1342:
1314:
1255:
1219:
The first experimental gassing took place around August 1941, when Lagerführer
1086:
887:
851:
800:
688:
611:
387:
321:
16033:
15853:
13973:
13781:
13741:
13346:
13216:
12653:
12462:
11876:
10990:
10969:
10782:
We Wept Without Tears: Testimonies of the Jewish Sonderkommando from Auschwitz
10485:
9179:
8222:
8210:
4677:
4053:
4034:
3047:
2622:
1992:) sewn onto on their jackets below their prisoner number. Political prisoners
1812:
1784:
1263:
1114:
697:
16818:
16808:
16542:
16471:
16362:
16230:
16060:
16017:
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15848:
15146:
14954:
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14544:
14285:
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14135:
14073:
14028:
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13927:
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13907:
13879:
13869:
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13711:
13681:
13600:
13585:
13540:
13431:
13401:
13376:
13366:
13336:
13331:
13267:
12949:
12407:
Holocaust. Volume 5: Responses to the persecution and mass murder of the Jews
12330:
12298:
12265:
12232:
12207:
Strzelecka, Irena (2000e). "Punishment and Torture". In Długoborski, Wacław;
12199:
12166:
12137:
12104:
12071:
11839:
11805:
11776:
11674:
11630:
11366:
11337:
11259:
11059:
11030:
10855:
Hanns and Rudolf: The German Jew and the Hunt for the Kommandant of Auschwitz
10548:
10505:
10457:
10436:
9355:
8639:
The Extermination Camps of Auschwitz (Oświęcim) and Birkenau in Upper Silesia
5044:"Auschwitz: a short history of the largest mass murder site in human history"
4842:
4830:
4711:
4315:
4213:
4134:
3981:
3594:
The Extermination Camps of Auschwitz (Oświęcim) and Birkenau in Upper Silesia
3264:
3199:
3174:
3132:
3116:
2712:
2708:
2695:
2679:
2569:
2482:
2460:
2436:
2417:
2393:
2373:
2348:
2014:
1874:
1780:
1584:
1512:
1472:, an architect, was the chief of construction. Based on an initial budget of
1469:
1355:
1275:
1220:
1107:
979:
965:
812:
732:
693:
631:
583:
571:
325:
293:
206:
171:
151:
138:
31:
14175:
12529:. Trans. from the Polish by Barbara Vedder. East Rutherford: Penguin Books.
12079:
Strzelecka, Irena (2000a). "Quarantine on Arrival". In Długoborski, Wacław;
10469:
5068:
4373:, a priest who volunteered to die by starvation in place of a stranger, and
4127:
4002:
in April 1945 that the liberation of the camps received extensive coverage.
3610:
2638:
1435:
86:
16754:
15904:
15889:
15884:
15858:
15811:
15743:
15705:
15455:
14862:
14574:
14381:
14321:
14230:
14195:
14190:
14058:
14043:
13884:
13816:
13786:
13756:
13706:
13676:
13671:
13525:
13426:
13391:
13278:
12632:
Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal
12586:. Trans. from the Polish by Jarek Garlinski. Los Angeles: Aquila Polonica.
12504:
11616:
11235:
10924:
10776:
10408:
10224:
9987:"Auschwitz liberation ceremony will be the last for many survivors present"
9748:
9631:
4764:
4727:
4689:
4647:
4519:
4319:
4300:
4209:
4182:
4142:
4138:
4123:
4119:
3974:
3562:(no. 29162) escaped to Slovakia, carrying detailed information to the
3547:
3386:
2990:
2930:
2884:
resorted to burning corpses in open-air pits as well as in the crematoria.
2610:
2468:
2313:
2267:
2010:
1842:
1828:
1776:
1635:. From Gliwice, prisoners were taken by rail in open freight wagons to the
1411:
Same scene, May/June 1944, with the gate in the background. "Selection" of
1271:
1062:
820:
808:
599:
567:
559:
281:
201:
13716:
12793:
the Mannerist Architectural and Park Landscape Complex and Pilgrimage Park
12612:
11784:
Piper, Franciszek (2000b). Długoborski, Wacław; Piper, Franciszek (eds.).
4427:
3747:
at crematorium II believed that a camp uprising had begun and threw their
3360:
3269:
Responsibility for the Holocaust § Allied knowledge of the atrocities
2581:
1788:
1706:
1202:
16760:
16277:
15894:
15748:
14594:
14130:
14120:
14053:
14033:
13963:
13922:
13859:
13844:
13766:
13726:
13615:
13605:
12813:
11790:. Vol. III: Mass Murder. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
11639:"Permanent exhibition – grounds of former Auschwitz I Concentration Camp"
10908:
9508:"Auschwitz 75 years on: Holocaust Day prompts new anti-Semitism warnings"
5657:
5655:
4397:
4374:
4362:
4334:
4307:
4166:
3659:
3555:
3484:
3059:
2780:
2626:
2508:
2333:
2029:
1816:
1694:
1690:
1486:
1416:
1329:
1094:
874:
736:
591:
345:
337:
333:
329:
10556:
10122:"Poland's Holocaust law triggers tide of abuse against Auschwitz museum"
9614:"Auschwitz-Birkenau: 4 out of 10 German students don't know what it was"
3658:
suggested that the Allies bomb the rails leading to the camp. Historian
2237:
1913:(functionaries), which gave them access to better housing and food. The
16749:
16584:
16357:
16135:
14180:
14145:
13701:
13550:
12802:
12696:
12030:
The Liberation of the Camps: The End of the Holocaust and Its Aftermath
11374:
7916:
7904:
6600:"Tattoos and Numbers: The System of Identifying Prisoners at Auschwitz"
6125:
5973:
5961:
5556:
5025:
5023:
4661:
4556:
4549:
4485:
4460:
4330:
4311:
4217:
4158:
4029:
3944:
3537:
3186:
3039:
2687:
2286:
2059:
1636:
1618:
1473:
824:
764:
728:
353:
305:
289:
285:
10992:"One Hundredth and Eighth Day, Monday, 15 April 1946, Morning Session"
10342:. Lincoln and Jerusalem: University of Nebraska Press and Yad Vashem.
9563:
9479:"Jerusalem hosts largest-ever political gathering for Holocaust forum"
7868:
7507:
7505:
7503:
7078:
7076:
7074:
5652:
3448:
supplement edited by Joel Cang, a former Warsaw correspondent for the
1328:
There is also disagreement about how many were gassed in Auschwitz I.
1040:
16589:
16395:
14437:
13874:
13447:
12702:
11911:
Doctors from Hell: the Horrific Account of Nazi Experiments on Humans
9382:"General Assembly designates International Holocaust Remembrance Day"
9317:. In Finder, Gabriel N.; Aleksiun, Natalia; Polonsky, Antony (eds.).
9200:
5745:
5376:
4535:
4073:
4057:
3345:
3207:
3195:
2819:
2683:
2630:
2491:
2405:
1886:
1722:
1710:
1609:
1575:
1521:
1462:
1351:
603:
191:
16250:
14462:
14424:
10194:
9956:
5020:
4107:
3932:
3923:
entered the camp around 9 am on Saturday, 27 January 1945. The
3668:
in 1978 entitled "Why Auschwitz Was Never Bombed", arguing that the
1702:
1162:
1058:
477:
16115:
15915:
14877:
10227:(1998) . "Gypsies". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.).
8391:
7592:
7500:
7071:
6227:
6101:
6009:
5949:
4504:
3970:
3940:
3920:
3895:
3395:
3182:
2814:
2767:
2541:
2532:
2448:
2377:
2364:
2270:, this was the first registered transport sent to Auschwitz by the
2159:
1648:
1579:
1559:
1525:
1228:
1224:
1008:
804:
708:
349:
12174:
Strzelecka, Irena (2000d). "Experiments". In Długoborski, Wacław;
11493:
First Do No Harm: Medical Ethics in International Humanitarian Law
10742:. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society. pp. 548–564.
8967:
7275:
7273:
6689:. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. 14 October 2009. Archived from
5781:
5364:
3376:, part of which was published in London in May 1941 in a booklet,
2966:: Women on their way to the gas chamber, Auschwitz II, August 1944
2675:
2150:, was forced to play cheerful music as the workers left the camp.
1901:
11984:
Eichmann Before Jerusalem: The Unexamined Life of a Mass Murderer
9858:
9667:
9405:"Kohl visits Auschwitz, vows no repetition of 'unspeakable harm'"
9319:
Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 20: Making Holocaust Memory
7784:
4527:
4114:
brought to court 40 former Auschwitz staff, including commandant
3959:
3792:
Ruins of crematorium IV, Auschwitz II, blown up during the revolt
3203:
3010:
2938:
2746:
2471:
2282:
2197:
2073:
1726:
1632:
1504:
1302:
15115:
10679:
The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939–1945
8936:, pp. 27, 36: for "an estimated two-thirds were Jews", see
8463:
7774:
7772:
7321:
5544:"Anniversary of the First Transport of Polish Jews to Auschwitz"
3675:
The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust 1941–1945
3578:
to Auschwitz. On 27 May 1944, Arnost Rosin (no. 29858) and
3390:
on 8 January 1942, the only British news organization to do so.
2380:, Auschwitz I, where medical experiments were performed on women
1452:
notes that, on 10 January 1941, the Polish underground told the
1208:
Crematorium I, photographed in 2016, reconstructed after the war
16625:
14949:
13065:
12563:
Auschwitz, Poland, and the Politics of Commemoration, 1945–1979
12312:
Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp
12280:
Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp
12247:
Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp
12214:
Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp
12181:
Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp
12148:
Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp
12119:
Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp
12086:
Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp
12053:
Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp
11787:
Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp
11758:
Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp
11348:
Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp
11319:
Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp
11241:
Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp
11215:
Kubica, Helena (2009). "Budy". In Megargee, Geoffrey P. (ed.).
11041:
Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp
11012:
Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp
10976:. Translated by Constantine FitzGibbon. London: Phoenix Press.
10418:
Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp
10153:"Poland makes partial U-turn on Holocaust law after Israel row"
9736:
9315:"Auschwitz and the Politics of Martyrdom and Memory, 1945–1947"
9228:
8598:
7476:
7285:
7270:
7258:
7128:
7059:
6493:
5393:
5391:
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5259:
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4233:
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3191:
2994:
2397:
2385:
2263:
2083:
1824:
1550:
796:
748:
12844:
Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine
12596:
11637:
11552:
The Bombing of Auschwitz: Should the Allies Have Attempted It?
11115:
The Bombing of Auschwitz: Should the Allies Have Attempted It?
10740:
The Literature of Destruction: Jewish Responses to Catastrophe
10290:
The Bombing of Auschwitz: Should the Allies Have Attempted It?
9754:
8943:
8059:
8057:
8017:
8015:
8013:
8000:
7998:
6986:
6984:
5134:
5110:
5073:
Museum of Jewish Heritage — A Living Memorial to the Holocaust
4545:
On 4 September 2003, despite a protest from the museum, three
3273:
The Holocaust § Flow of information about the mass murder
1574:
essential to the war effort, the German chemical conglomerate
1461:(prisoner-of-war camp) on blueprints—began in October 1941 in
1110:, approved the site in April 1940 on the recommendation of SS-
743:
on the site of Auschwitz I and II, and in 1979 it was named a
15990:
10510:
A Small Town Near Auschwitz: Ordinary Nazis and the Holocaust
10207:
Resisting the Holocaust: Upstanders, Partisans, and Survivors
9007:
8915:
8893:
8891:
8697:
8586:
7769:
7640:
6877:
6739:
6662:
6565:
6457:
6447:
6445:
6215:
6069:
4745:
This was the third set of serial numbers started in the camp.
4716:
A Small Town Near Auschwitz: Ordinary Nazis and the Holocaust
4291:
designated 27 January, the date of the camp's liberation, as
4061:
3136:
2401:
2076:
in the men's quarantine camp, sector BIIa, Auschwitz II, 2003
2000:
or BV) were mostly German and wore green. Asocial prisoners (
1666:
1566:
After examining several sites for a new plant to manufacture
1516:
converted into two insulated rooms, the doors of which said "
1290:
labor camps and had been deemed unfit for work. According to
1279:
1135:, the first prisoner (who was given serial number 1), became
13506:
Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators
12761:
German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940–1945)
12542:"Life next to the world's most notorious concentration camp"
10895:
Hayes, Peter (2003). "Auschwitz, Capital of the Holocaust".
8529:
8527:
8487:
7001:
6999:
6729:
6727:
6469:
5388:
5256:
4942:"Auschwitz I, Auschwitz II-Birkenau, Auschwitz III-Monowitz"
3762:
were still alive and 451 had been killed. The dead included
1996:
or Sch), mostly Poles, had a red triangle, while criminals (
891:, ordinary German soldiers, and local collaborators. At the
12669:
11848:. New York: Public Affairs, member of Perseus Books Group.
10734:(1989). "The Czech Transport: A Chronicle of the Auschwitz
9240:
9141:
9034:
8903:
8439:
8403:
8069:
8054:
8027:
8010:
7995:
7892:
7856:
7604:
7309:
7297:
7246:
7198:
7140:
7116:
7088:
7035:
7011:
6981:
5769:
5757:
4952:
4377:, a Jewish convert to Catholicism—were named saints of the
2274:(RSHA) office IV B4, known as the Jewish Office, led by SS
411:
395:
11931:"Auschwitz 70th anniversary: Survivors warn of new crimes"
10974:
Commandant of Auschwitz: The Autobiography of Rudolf Hoess
9362:
9070:
8888:
8864:
8793:
8721:
8673:
8661:
8381:
8379:
8351:
8349:
8347:
8192:
7971:
7832:
7702:
7664:
7652:
7210:
7171:
6957:
6889:
6865:
6837:
6799:
6787:
6702:
6700:
6553:
6541:
6529:
6505:
6442:
6418:
6394:
6334:
6322:
5568:
5186:
5122:
1819:
in 1900, was named the first commandant of Auschwitz when
11863:
Rosen, Alan (2014). "Tracking Jewish time in Auschwitz".
11573:
10091:"Poland provokes Israeli anger with Holocaust speech law"
9968:
9966:
9569:
9190:
9188:
8955:
8709:
8539:
8524:
8499:
8257:
8255:
8044:
8042:
7961:
7959:
7757:
7719:
7717:
7556:
7488:
7449:
7234:
7222:
7188:
7186:
6996:
6724:
6300:
6298:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6113:
5997:
5985:
5921:
5897:
5861:
5805:
4636:
Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service
4577:
In 2018 the Polish government passed an amendment to its
4401:
3635:
3406:
3100:
2741:
The SS deported around 18,000 Jews to Auschwitz from the
2392:
device by administering large doses to female prisoners.
1805:
The commandant's and administration building, Auschwitz I
15063:
International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz
11705:
Piper, Franciszek (1998b) . "The Number of Victims". In
10363:
Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews – A History
9129:
8651:
8649:
8366:
8364:
8132:
7820:
7534:
7532:
7466:
7464:
7411:
7353:
7351:
7338:
7336:
7023:
5909:
5793:
5707:
5705:
5592:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5352:
5222:
3410:
The camp badge for non-Jewish Polish political prisoners
3325:
The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland
2243:
Roll call in front of the kitchen building, Auschwitz II
14924:
12934:
12340:
London Has Been Informed: Reports by Auschwitz Escapees
12309:(2000). Długoborski, Wacław; Piper, Franciszek (eds.).
10449:
Images in Spite of All: Four Photographs from Auschwitz
10185:
9766:
9024:
9022:
8685:
8475:
8451:
8427:
8415:
8376:
8344:
7983:
7616:
6921:
6775:
6751:
6697:
6310:
6173:
6045:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5609:
5607:
5580:
5515:
5513:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5210:
5146:
5098:
4891:
4889:
4887:
3630:, arranged for a report to be forwarded to Air Marshal
3254:
860:
Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor
16508:
12384:
The Case for Auschwitz: Evidence from the Irving Trial
12363:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp.
11820:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp.
11736:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp.
11713:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp.
11686:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp.
11424:
Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews
11297:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp.
11274:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp.
11217:
Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945. Volume 1
11196:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp.
11173:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp.
11093:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp.
10950:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp.
10811:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp.
10803:(1998) . "Auschwitz—An Overview". In Gutman, Yisrael;
10389:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp.
10231:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp.
9963:
9928:
9916:
9846:
9551:
9264:
9185:
9153:
8332:
8285:
8252:
8081:
8039:
7956:
7928:
7880:
7844:
7808:
7796:
7729:
7714:
7375:
7183:
6933:
6712:
6517:
6481:
6430:
6406:
6382:
6370:
6358:
6346:
6289:
5324:
3672:
could and should have attacked Auschwitz. In his book
3249:
2836:
Hungarian Jews arriving at Auschwitz II, May/June 1944
2795:
1141:(camp elder). The others were given positions such as
16780:
11956:"British school students 'stole Auschwitz artefacts'"
11530:
Eyewitness Auschwitz: Three Years in the Gas Chambers
11152:(315). Warsaw: Towarzystwo WIĘŹ: 5–47. Archived from
10626:
Auschwitz, the Allies and Censorship of the Holocaust
9949:"IAF Pilots Perform Fly-over at Auschwitz Death Camp"
9252:
8995:
8876:
8646:
8361:
7628:
7580:
7568:
7544:
7529:
7517:
7461:
7399:
7387:
7363:
7348:
7333:
7047:
6945:
6577:
5885:
5873:
5849:
5702:
5431:
5403:
5198:
5174:
4133:
Other former staff were hanged for war crimes in the
1665:
Several other German industrial enterprises, such as
1397:
Auschwitz II-Birkenau gate from inside the camp, 2007
719:
on 27 January 1945, a day commemorated since 2005 as
635:(SS) converted Auschwitz I, an army barracks, into a
12642:. Nuremberg, 14 November 1945 – 1 October 1946.
12046:
11441:
Mais, Yitzchak; Engel, David; Fogelman, Eva (2007).
10273:. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers.
9834:
9117:
9105:
9058:
9046:
9019:
8829:. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 27 February 2018.
8765:
8240:
8228:
7874:
7598:
7511:
7082:
6969:
6239:
6233:
6211:. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 10 October 2007.
6191:
6143:
6131:
6107:
6095:
6091:
6057:
6033:
6021:
6015:
5979:
5967:
5955:
5939:
5787:
5751:
5717:
5640:
5619:
5604:
5553:. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 13 February 2006.
5510:
5486:
5382:
5370:
5346:
5287:
4884:
4173:, the owner and chief executive officer of the firm
2809:
A reconstruction of crematorium I, Auschwitz I, 2014
2090:" (like this you are clean), and under the second, "
1956:
Because they were witnesses to the mass murder, the
1845:
became commandant of Auschwitz I on 11 May 1944 and
1157:
First mass transport to Auschwitz concentration camp
11074:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
9710:"CNN poll reveals depth of anti-Semitism in Europe"
9180:
The International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg 1946
9174:, p. 296; for "Franz Lang" and Flensburg, see
8275:"Ethnic origins and number of victims of Auschwitz"
8223:
The International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg 1946
8211:
The International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg 1946
7157:
7155:
6763:
6687:"An Original German Train Car at the Birkenau Ramp"
5498:
4369:, serving from 1979 to 1982. Two Auschwitz victims—
3554:about the situation in the camp. On 27 April 1944,
2552:Prisoners could be beaten and killed by guards and
1893:
715:to camps inside Germany and Austria. Soviet troops
566:(in a portion annexed into Germany in 1939) during
245:
Mainly Jews, Poles, Romani, Soviet prisoners of war
12738:
12349:The Auschwitz Reports and the Holocaust in Hungary
11527:
11443:Daring to Resist: Jewish Defiance in the Holocaust
10599:
10576:
10385:". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.).
10029:"Court fines UK teens for stealing from Auschwitz"
9453:
5086:
4784:woman and one man; and 15 other men and one woman.
4411:
4408:poll in 2018 found a similar situation in Europe.
4056:was arrested by the British on 11 March 1946 near
3614:Aerial view of Auschwitz II-Birkenau taken by the
3029:New arrivals, Auschwitz II-Birkenau, May/June 1944
2266:, Slovakia, arrived on the same day. According to
2262:. A second mass transport of women, 999 Jews from
1441:Gate with the camp remains in the background, 2009
12490:
11641:. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. Archived from
11440:
10060:"Former neo-Nazi jailed for Auschwitz sign theft"
8758:, pp. 155–156; for three killed SS men, see
8469:
8326:
8277:. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. Archived from
5672:
5670:
3800:, some 2,000 from Theresienstadt, and 8,000 from
16816:
14425:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical
12342:. Oświęcim: The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
11426:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
10878:Industry and Ideology: IG Farben in the Nazi Era
10009:
7152:
4793:In his testimony, according to Polish historian
3566:about the gas chambers. The distribution of the
3050:'s post-war memoir, Höss received an order from
2358:
1186:
16283:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare
12032:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
11812:
9687:"Holocaust Is Fading From Memory, Survey Finds"
6644:"Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich"
6594:
6592:
5839:
3777:
3622:In January 1941, the Commander-in-Chief of the
3457:
2916:Entrance to crematorium III, Auschwitz II, 2008
2578:Polizei-Ersatz-Gefängnis Myslowitz in Auschwitz
2511:. Ultimately 87 of the inmates were shipped to
2305:
1481:wrote, "of the minimum space needed to exist".
1374:"Birkenau" redirects here. For other uses, see
1235:
11625:. New York: International Universities Press.
11577:. Norwegian Nobel Committee. 14 October 1986.
10455:
10316:Final Solution: The Fate of the Jews 1933–1949
8521:, p. 194; for the rest, pp. 232–233.
6221:
5667:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4970:
3894:Young survivors at the camp, liberated by the
2989:. The hair was first cleaned in a solution of
2686:, Germany, 1943; the children were studied by
2467:near Hamburg, where he injected them with the
2285:.) A third transport of 798 Jewish women from
652:—of Soviet and Polish prisoners—took place in
610:. The camps became a major site of the Nazis'
590:, a concentration and extermination camp with
30:"Auschwitz" redirects here. For the city, see
16643:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
15131:
14910:
14410:
13491:
13051:
12920:
12724:
12429:KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps
12386:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
11404:. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks.
10761:. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
10476:
10443:
9864:
9816:"Auschwitz museum plans traveling exhibition"
9742:
9726:
8493:
7790:
7778:
7646:
5456:
5397:
5318:
5281:
5265:
4958:
4299:visited the site in November 1977, the first
4204:. The report became the basis of their book,
2730:
835:in Germany in 1933, acts of violence against
15096:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
12497:Oswiecim, Camp of Death (Underground Report)
11890:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
10931:. New Haven; London: Yale University Press.
10254:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword.
10035:. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 30 March 2017.
7431:"Romani children in an orphanage in Germany"
6681:
6679:
6677:
6589:
4579:Act on the Institute of National Remembrance
4569:
4322:, the presidents of Israel and Poland, laid
1689:(external work detail), camps were built at
1173:
544:
536:
523:[kɔntsɛntʁaˈtsi̯oːnsˌlaːɡɐˈʔaʊʃvɪts]
112:
49:
16342:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
13066:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks
12476:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
12272:
12239:
12206:
12173:
12144:
12111:
12078:
12000:
10672:
10464:. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem. pp. 133–142.
9894:"Rabbi unhappy at Auschwitz cross decision"
9730:
9321:. Liverpool University Press. p. 167.
9306:
9246:
9234:
9088:
9076:
9040:
9013:
8985:
8949:
8933:
8921:
8909:
8897:
8838:
8799:
8739:
8445:
8186:
8075:
8063:
8033:
8021:
8004:
7686:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
7433:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
7327:
7315:
7303:
7291:
7279:
7264:
7204:
7146:
7134:
7122:
7094:
7065:
7041:
7017:
6990:
6963:
6915:
6895:
6883:
6855:
6843:
6805:
6793:
6745:
6668:
6646:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
6602:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
6571:
6463:
6451:
6167:
6119:
6075:
6003:
5927:
5903:
5811:
5574:
5539:
5248:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
4999:
4076:to testify for the defense in the trial of
2580:(Auschwitz branch of the police station at
2166:lasted 19 hours because a Polish prisoner,
2063:
1791:, an SS resort near Auschwitz, summer 1944.
1617:bunks. IG Farben paid the SS three or four
15138:
15124:
14917:
14903:
14417:
14403:
13498:
13484:
13089:
13058:
13044:
12927:
12913:
12731:
12717:
12526:This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen
12400:
11144:[Auschwitz: Diary of a prisoner].
9451:
8667:
8267:
5234:
4615:List of victims and survivors of Auschwitz
4188:Nationalsozialistische Konzentrationslager
4010:
3935:, where it was found to contain traces of
3879:Liberation of Auschwitz concentration camp
2646:
2435:The most infamous doctor at Auschwitz was
2258:, became the first Auschwitz women's camp
1831:as his deputy. Succeeded as commandant by
1748:SS command of Auschwitz concentration camp
1286:wrote that the Beuthen Jews were from the
587:
12874:Białowieża Forest / Belovezhskaya Pushcha
12839:Wooden churches of Southern Lesser Poland
12619:
12603:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp.
12423:
12337:
12305:
11978:
11928:
11555:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp.
11418:
11168:
11136:
11118:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp.
10880:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10756:
10730:
10716:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10628:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10292:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp.
9972:
9431:"Germans Reflect on Meaning of Auschwitz"
9402:
9178:, p. 173; for Höss's testimony, see
9135:
8973:
8961:
8937:
8815:
8811:
8715:
8632:
8604:
8592:
8545:
8533:
8518:
8397:
8338:
7763:
7029:
6733:
6674:
6245:
6051:
5598:
5480:
5168:
5152:
5140:
5128:
5116:
4477:End of the rail track inside Auschwitz II
3357:(ZOW, "Union of Military Organization").
1539:
931:. Most prisoners were gassed on arrival.
831:". Both during and immediately after the
12469:
12445:
12381:
12355:
11599:Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account
11459:
11111:
11037:
11008:
10785:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
10504:
10490:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
10332:
10310:
10057:
9984:
9452:Halbfinger, David M. (22 January 2020).
9341:
9270:
8858:
8679:
8561:
8138:
8103:
7751:
7110:
6927:
6911:
6871:
6781:
6757:
6706:
6475:
5775:
5763:
5586:
5562:
5531:
5330:
5314:
5216:
5192:
5164:
5104:
4825:Attendees included the president of the
4028:
3965:The Soviet military medical service and
3787:
3718:
3705:
3609:
3494:From the first escape on 6 July 1940 of
3474:
3405:
3359:
3311:("Auschwitz: Diary of a prisoner"), 1942
3024:
2954:
2911:
2907:
2804:
2674:
2595:
2536:
2422:
2372:
2068:
2024:
2006:Internationale Bibelforscher-Vereinigung
1978:
1968:
1900:
1597:
1549:
1369:
908:
15021:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
12805:Prehistoric Striped Flint Mining Region
12766:Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork
12680:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
12597:Polish Ministry of Information (1942).
12584:The Auschwitz Volunteer: Beyond Bravery
12539:
12431:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
12409:. London: Routledge. pp. 195–211.
11593:
11548:
11489:
11445:. New York: Museum of Jewish Heritage.
11234:
10945:
10923:
10848:
10834:(in German). Klartext. pp. 35–59.
10708:
10642:
10620:
10451:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
10381:Cohen, Nathan (1998) . "Diaries of the
10356:
10201:
9876:
9840:
9708:Greene, Richard Allen (November 2018).
9630:
9620:from the original on 28 September 2017.
9526:
8703:
8691:
8620:
8505:
8481:
8457:
8433:
8421:
8409:
8385:
8355:
8322:
8150:
7989:
7622:
7610:
7252:
6939:
6316:
5942:, p. 108; for "IG-Auschwitz", see
5915:
5252:from the original on 14 September 2017.
5228:
5069:"Auschwitz. Not long ago. Not far away"
4394:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
4329:Notable memoirists of the camp include
4293:International Holocaust Remembrance Day
3702:is an inherently problematic endeavor.
2526:
2443:. Interested in performing research on
2052:
1837:Business and Administration Head Office
1150:
721:International Holocaust Remembrance Day
14:
16817:
15004:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials
14364:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions
12560:
12351:. New York: Columbia University Press.
11966:from the original on 10 September 2016
11883:
11783:
11754:
11731:
11704:
11681:
11522:
11344:
11315:
11292:
11266:
11214:
11191:
10799:
10714:The Extermination of the European Jews
10287:
10268:
10249:
10150:
10119:
10088:
9946:
9934:
9922:
9880:
9852:
9707:
9476:
9425:
9392:from the original on 5 September 2018.
9368:
9312:
9222:
9218:
9194:
9171:
9159:
9147:
8989:
8870:
8854:
8787:
8755:
8743:
8727:
8655:
8642:. War Refugee Board. 26 November 1944.
8291:
8261:
8198:
8170:
8166:
8154:
8087:
8048:
7965:
7950:
7946:
7934:
7922:
7910:
7898:
7886:
7862:
7850:
7838:
7826:
7814:
7802:
7747:
7735:
7723:
7708:
7670:
7658:
7482:
7417:
7405:
7393:
7381:
7357:
7342:
7216:
7192:
7177:
7161:
6951:
6907:
6859:
6718:
6650:from the original on 11 September 2018
6583:
6559:
6547:
6535:
6523:
6511:
6499:
6487:
6436:
6424:
6412:
6400:
6388:
6376:
6364:
6352:
6340:
6328:
6304:
6283:
6279:
6202:"The Budy Massacre—A grim anniversary"
6195:
6179:
6163:
6159:
6147:
5991:
5891:
5879:
5867:
5855:
5843:
5827:
5823:
5735:
5711:
5692:
5680:
5676:
5661:
5646:
5535:
5492:
5464:
5460:
5444:
5425:
5421:
5409:
5310:
5298:
5277:
5204:
5041:
5029:
5014:
5010:
4895:
4347:, first published in Italy in 1947 as
2818:they were to undergo disinfection and
2440:
2301:
1779:(Auschwitz commandant from May 1944),
16507:
16328:
15959:
15450:
15449:
15119:
14898:
14398:
13479:
13039:
12908:
12712:
12548:from the original on 15 February 2021
12346:
12024:
11907:
11862:
11657:
11088:
11066:
10894:
10872:
10775:
10597:
10571:
10526:
10407:
10380:
10252:Images of War: Auschwitz and Birkenau
10223:
10132:from the original on 19 February 2019
10039:from the original on 30 December 2019
9781:
9684:
9616:. Deutsche Welle. 28 September 2017.
9600:
9466:from the original on 22 January 2020.
9403:Butturini, Paula (15 November 1989).
9258:
9111:
9028:
9001:
8882:
8842:
8783:
8771:
8759:
8616:
8557:
8370:
8107:
8099:
7977:
7634:
7586:
7574:
7562:
7550:
7538:
7523:
7494:
7470:
7455:
7369:
7240:
7228:
7165:
7053:
7005:
6975:
6819:"Life in the camp: living conditions"
6087:
6063:
6039:
6027:
5943:
5799:
5723:
5696:
5634:
5613:
5519:
5476:
5358:
5342:
5092:
4948:from the original on 22 January 2019.
4880:from the original on 21 January 2019.
4495:standing in front of the "Death Wall"
4306:to do so, followed by his successor,
1890:had access to the victims' property.
1721:, in the Polish village of Budy near
1310:
1227:crystals into their basement cell in
901:Final Solution to the Jewish Question
521:
16840:German extermination camps in Poland
15930:Reich Association of Jews in Germany
11941:from the original on 27 January 2015
11838:
11615:
11581:from the original on 3 November 2013
11510:from the original on 1 February 2023
11397:
11373:
11004:from the original on 9 October 2022.
10968:
10929:The Destruction of the European Jews
10829:
10696:from the original on 1 February 2023
10163:from the original on 3 February 2019
10101:from the original on 8 February 2019
9997:from the original on 1 February 2019
9822:from the original on 21 January 2019
9796:from the original on 31 January 2019
9557:
9539:from the original on 4 February 2019
9489:from the original on 25 January 2020
9206:
9175:
9123:
9064:
9052:
8246:
8234:
8182:
8120:from the original on 3 February 2019
7437:from the original on 1 February 2023
7106:
6769:
6261:from the original on 8 December 2012
5504:
5345:, p. 121; for serial number 1,
5180:
4874:"The unloading ramps and selections"
4770:The Destruction of the European Jews
4463:fly over Auschwitz II-Birkenau, 2003
3255:Camp resistance, flow of information
3224:Total deaths in Auschwitz, 1940–1945
2779:, written by two escaped prisoners,
2660:
2645:were executed for their part in the
1736:
1274:, a transport of Jews from Beuthen,
16735:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
14925:Aftermath, trials and commemoration
12936:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland
12540:Glenday, James (23 February 2018).
12473:Beyond Justice: The Auschwitz Trial
12361:Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp
11953:
11818:Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp
11734:Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp
11711:Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp
11684:Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp
11295:Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp
11272:Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp
11194:Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp
11171:Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp
11091:Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp
10948:Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp
10809:Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp
10512:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
10387:Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp
10229:Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp
10070:from the original on 1 October 2018
10015:
9947:Barkat, Amiram (4 September 2003).
9697:from the original on 18 April 2018.
9674:from the original on 12 April 2018.
9441:from the original on 10 April 2019.
9335:
9294:from the original on 1 October 2022
6821:. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
6628:. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
4983:from the original on 12 August 2020
4944:. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
4851:Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands
3599:
3250:Resistance, escapes, and liberation
2796:Selection and extermination process
2548:the "death wall", Auschwitz I, 2000
2503:. The collection was sanctioned by
1715:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
1122:), the men were known as "greens" (
656:of Auschwitz I around August 1941.
24:
16885:World War II sites of Nazi Germany
16850:Nazi concentration camps in Poland
16329:
15086:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
12513:
11383:. London: Little, Brown (Abacus).
10858:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
10151:Davies, Christian (27 June 2018).
10058:Paterson, Tom (31 December 2010).
9985:Connolly, Kate (27 January 2015).
9755:Permanent exhibition – Auschwitz I
9477:Holmes, Oliver (22 January 2020).
9415:from the original on 20 July 2019.
9102:. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
8574:from the original on 14 April 2019
8313:. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
6825:from the original on 19 March 2016
5042:Arnett, George (27 January 2015).
3784:Death marches during the Holocaust
2304:, as were several thousand in the
2289:, Slovakia, followed on 28 March.
2142:After roll call, to the sound of "
2135:Auschwitz II wooden barracks, 2008
1612:plant in Auschwitz III, July 1942.
1492:
645:
595:
25:
16896:
15145:
14768:Special Prosecution Book – Poland
12647:
12565:. Athens: Ohio University Press.
9904:from the original on 3 March 2020
9648:from the original on 20 July 2019
9636:"German TV Is Sanitizing History"
8110:"Fixing the numbers at Auschwitz"
7690:from the original on 2 March 2020
6914:, p. 55; for the floor, see
6632:from the original on 5 July 2018.
6606:from the original on 13 June 2018
4919:from the original on 13 June 2018
4534:. More controversy followed when
4190:, written by historians from the
3574:in June 1944, helped to halt the
3479:Telegram dated 8 April 1944 from
2950:
1498:
1192:
842:Harassment and economic pressure
16802:
16790:
16298:Polish leaders and intellectuals
15788:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
14945:Population transfers (1944–1946)
13994:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
13141:
11575:"The Nobel Peace Prize for 1986"
10541:10.1111/j.1939-3881.2008.00008.x
10318:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
10144:
10120:Davies, Christian (7 May 2018).
10113:
10082:
10051:
10021:
9978:
9940:
9886:
9870:
9818:. Deutsche Welle. 27 July 2017.
9808:
9775:
9720:
9701:
9678:
9660:
9624:
9606:
9594:
9575:
9520:
9501:
9470:
9445:
9419:
9396:
9374:
9276:
9212:
9165:
9082:
8979:
8927:
8848:
8832:
8805:
8777:
8749:
8733:
8626:
8610:
8562:Khaleeli, Homa (11 April 2011).
8551:
8511:
8316:
8297:
8176:
8160:
8144:
8093:
7940:
7875:Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000
7741:
7676:
7599:Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000
7512:Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000
7423:
7100:
7083:Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000
6901:
6849:
6811:
6636:
6618:
6273:
6234:Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000
6192:Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000
6144:Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000
6132:Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000
6108:Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000
6096:Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000
6092:Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000
6016:Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000
5980:Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000
5968:Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000
5956:Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000
5940:Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000
5788:Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000
5752:Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000
5383:Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000
5371:Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000
5347:Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000
4819:
4800:
4787:
4777:
4748:
4739:
4610:List of Nazi concentration camps
4484:
4470:
4450:
4426:
4246:
4232:
4005:
3905:
3887:
3316:
3297:
3279:
3261:Resistance movement in Auschwitz
2857:
2843:
2829:
2773:Czechoslovak government-in-exile
2396:injected chemicals into women's
2236:
2222:
2128:
2110:
1798:
1760:
1434:
1404:
1390:
1201:
1091:Sachsenhausen concentration camp
1083:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
1069:(security police) and deputy of
1039:
1025:
1007:
953:
844:encouraged Jews to leave Germany
815:, and territorial expansionism,
781:
763:
723:. In the decades after the war,
575:
96:
85:
15048:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
14960:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946
12814:Muskauer Park / Park Mużakowski
12670:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
12338:Świebocki, Henryk, ed. (2002).
11914:. Boulder, Colorado: Sentient.
11601:. New York: Arcade Publishing.
10089:Henley, Jen (1 February 2018).
9782:Curry, Andrew (February 2010).
9685:Astor, Maggie (12 April 2018).
8470:Mais, Engel & Fogelman 2007
6185:
6153:
6137:
6081:
5933:
5833:
5817:
5686:
5565:, pp. 220–221, 396, n. 49.
5525:
5470:
5450:
5415:
5336:
5304:
5271:
5158:
5061:
4721:
4705:
4700:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
4683:
4667:
4658:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
4641:
4628:
4436:, photographed in Auschwitz by
4418:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
4412:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
4289:United Nations General Assembly
4068:for interrogation, part of the
3715:Sonderkommando § Auschwitz
3378:The German Occupation of Poland
2937:, buried his diary (written in
2929:that it took up to 20 minutes.
2800:
2655:
2229:Women in Auschwitz II, May 1944
2207:
1953:burned them in the crematoria.
1578:chose a site near the towns of
1381:
1181:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
1016:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
741:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
716:
16875:World Heritage Sites in Poland
16830:1940 establishments in Germany
16226:Attack on the twentieth convoy
16039:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
14376:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118
14352:36th Estonian Police Battalion
12892:shared with 17 other countries
12703:Auschwitz-Birkenau photographs
12382:van Pelt, Robert Jan (2016) .
11380:If This is a Man and The Truce
10897:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
10487:Auschwitz: 1270 to the Present
10178:
9570:Norwegian Nobel Committee 1986
5242:"Killing Centers: An Overview"
5035:
4964:
4934:
4901:
4866:
4530:of our age", referring to the
4511:added the camp to its list of
3984:reported on the liberation in
3688:Britain and the Jews of Europe
2892:According to Polish historian
2252:Ravensbrück concentration camp
2214:Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz
2148:Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz
1741:
1127:
939:
895:in Berlin on 20 January 1942,
602:for the chemical conglomerate
13:
1:
15043:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes
14873:Human medical experimentation
11986:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
11709:; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.).
11142:"Oświęcim. Pamiętnik więźnia"
10657:10.1080/17504902.2016.1209834
10366:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
9603:; for Kolbe, see p. 139.
8327:Zarembina & Harriman 1944
5842:, pp. 214–215; also see
5826:, pp. 134–136; also see
5013:, pp. 230–231; also see
4600:Auschwitz-Birkenau Foundation
4365:was elected President of the
4072:. From there he was taken to
4037:was executed on 16 April 1947
4033:Gallows in Auschwitz I where
4017:End of World War II in Europe
3872:
3670:United States Army Air Forces
3626:and prime minister-in-exile,
3576:deportation of Hungarian Jews
3445:City and East London Observer
3355:Związek Organizacji Wojskowej
3020:
2667:Gypsy family camp (Auschwitz)
2591:
2465:Neuengamme concentration camp
2359:Medical experiments, block 10
2351:, and another German doctor,
2020:
1975:Nazi concentration camp badge
1661:List of subcamps of Auschwitz
1187:Crematorium I, first gassings
754:
653:
515:Konzentrationslager Auschwitz
269:Soviet Union, 27 January 1945
111:Gate to Auschwitz I with its
51:Konzentrationslager Auschwitz
16880:World War II sites in Poland
16860:Registered museums in Poland
16825:Auschwitz concentration camp
16563:Jewish war conspiracy theory
15754:Extermination through labour
10738:". In Roskies, David (ed.).
9517:. BBC News, 27 January 2020.
9342:Morawiec, Arkadiusz (2009).
4876:. Auschwitz-Birkenau State.
4860:
4621:
3778:Evacuation and death marches
2887:
2690:and later sent to Auschwitz.
1593:KL Auschwitz III–Aussenlager
1511:was taken straight from the
1236:First mass transport of Jews
664:
663:to its gas chambers. Of the
502:Auschwitz concentration camp
237:May 1940 – January 1945
7:
16745:Righteous Among the Nations
15960:
15431:Righteous Among the Nations
15078:Righteous Among the Nations
14965:Ministry of Public Security
14344:Belarusian Auxiliary Police
12954:Related articles by country
12499:. New York: Poland Fights.
12447:Wittmann, Rebecca Elizabeth
11622:I Was a Doctor in Auschwitz
10682:. New York: HarperCollins.
10583:. New York: Penguin Books.
10269:Berger, Ronald J. (2017) .
9670:. Claims Conference. 2018.
9527:Simpson, Mona (June 2007).
9091:, pp. 49–50; also see
7925:, p. 169, n. 490.
7913:, p. 169, n. 489.
5840:Pressac & van Pelt 1998
5664:, p. 133, n. 419.
5313:, pp. 52–53; also see
4994:killed in the gas chambers.
4763:Earlier estimates included
4592:
4193:Institut für Zeitgeschichte
4043:Federal Republic of Germany
3912:Eyeglasses of victims, 1945
3542:Righteous Among the Nations
3309:Oświęcim, pamiętnik więźnia
3058:'s office and SS commander
2521:Subsequent Nuremberg trials
2507:and under the direction of
2497:Reichsuniversität Straßburg
2325:Langefeld was succeeded as
2188:tried to keep track of the
2096:La propreté, c'est la santé
1713:, and as far afield as the
1654:
1546:Monowitz concentration camp
1524:plant being constructed at
1321:(the Jewish office) in the
1262:, the Auschwitz commandant
1089:, former commandant of the
1075:Higher SS and Police Leader
1071:Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski
871:annexed to the German Reich
639:. The initial transport of
550:) was a complex of over 40
119:sign ("work sets you free")
10:
16901:
16482:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
16452:Lithuanian Security Police
16371:Reich Security Main Office
15338:Evidence and documentation
14990:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
14372:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
12620:Raczyński, Edward (1941).
12493:Harriman, Florence Jaffray
12470:Wittmann, Rebecca (2005).
11954:Staff (9 September 2016).
10757:Gradowski, Zalmen (2017).
10598:Evans, Richard J. (2008).
9350:(in Polish) (1): 121–143.
8564:"I escaped from Auschwitz"
5483:, pp. 126–127, n. 50.
5032:, p. 116, n. 19.
4415:
4179:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
4025:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
4014:
3876:
3781:
3712:
3643:Polish government-in-exile
3603:
3572:publication of parts of it
3464:
3416:Polish government-in-exile
3329:Polish government-in-exile
3258:
2737:Theresienstadt family camp
2734:
2731:Theresienstadt family camp
2664:
2613:noted that a "clandestine
2530:
2479:Jewish skeleton collection
2369:Nazi human experimentation
2362:
2306:Theresienstadt family camp
2272:Reich Security Head Office
2211:
2144:Arbeitskommandos formieren
1972:
1745:
1658:
1543:
1496:
1454:Polish government-in-exile
1373:
1323:Reich Security Head Office
1239:
1190:
1154:
431:UNESCO World Heritage Site
36:Auschwitz (disambiguation)
29:
16870:Tourism in Eastern Europe
16855:Nazi war crimes in Poland
16698:Books and other resources
16685:
16601:
16530:
16526:
16503:
16437:
16409:
16350:
16337:
16324:
16263:
16211:
16164:
16101:
16071:
16009:
15981:
15972:
15968:
15955:
15913:
15872:
15824:
15810:
15772:
15731:
15631:
15588:
15466:
15462:
15445:
15361:
15330:
15230:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
15157:
15153:
15076:
15033:
15003:
14982:
14973:
14930:
14894:
14845:
14825:
14786:
14763:Sobibor perpetrator album
14720:
14711:
14646:
14615:
14608:
14522:
14481:
14430:
14394:
14348:Estonian Auxiliary Police
14330:
14274:
14249:
14113:
14106:
14007:
13951:
13893:
13835:
13664:
13518:
13511:
13475:
13458:Human medical experiments
13440:
13302:
13260:
13199:
13132:
13080:
13071:
13035:
13031:
12942:
12882:
12852:
12784:Historic Centre of Warsaw
12750:
12561:Huener, Jonathan (2003).
12463:10.1191/0266355403gh294oa
11929:Staff (27 January 2015).
11893:. New York: Basic Books.
11401:The Drowned and the Saved
9865:Dwork & van Pelt 2002
9784:"Can Auschwitz Be Saved?"
9743:Dwork & van Pelt 2002
9727:Dwork & van Pelt 2002
9313:Huener, Jonathan (2007).
8400:, pp. 68–69, n. 115.
8108:Stets, Dan (7 May 1992).
7791:Dwork & van Pelt 2002
7779:Dwork & van Pelt 2002
7647:Dwork & van Pelt 2002
5457:Dwork & van Pelt 2002
5398:Dwork & van Pelt 2002
5319:Dwork & van Pelt 2002
5282:Dwork & van Pelt 2002
5266:Dwork & van Pelt 2002
4959:Dwork & van Pelt 2002
4809:The Drowned and the Saved
4253:Auschwitz II gate in 1959
4223:
4141:, including camp leaders
4112:Supreme National Tribunal
4102:On 25 November 1947, the
4093:Supreme National Tribunal
3939:, the main ingredient of
3400:Polish Fortnightly Review
3382:Polish Fortnightly Review
3327:", a paper issued by the
2607:National Independence Day
2489:, general manager of the
2294:Frauenkonzentrationslager
1376:Birkenau (disambiguation)
1340:, one of the Auschwitz I
944:
495:
491:
483:
473:
461:
453:
445:
437:
428:
424:
406:
363:
273:
265:
261:At least 1.1 million
257:
253:At least 1.3 million
249:
241:
233:
225:
213:
197:
187:
177:
167:
128:
78:
66:
45:
16288:People with disabilities
16221:Aid and Rescue Committee
15011:Auschwitz trial (Poland)
14356:Latvian Auxiliary Police
14089:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
13591:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
12866:Bieszczady National Park
12798:Krakow's Historic Centre
12771:Centennial Hall, Wrocław
12600:The Black Book of Poland
12544:. ABC News (Australia).
12010:. New York: Ecco Press.
11871:(2). Yad Vashem: 11–46.
11845:Auschwitz: A New History
11534:. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee.
11490:Mehring, Sigrid (2015).
10579:The Third Reich in Power
10334:Browning, Christopher R.
10193:. UNESCO. Archived from
9587:21 November 2019 at the
9288:www.wollheim-memorial.de
8976:, pp. 335, 597–598.
8825:29 December 2019 at the
8560:, p. 150; also see
8185:, p. 188; also see
8153:, p. 958; also see
8106:, p. 109; also see
7949:, p. 162; also see
6502:, pp. 180–181, 184.
6207:26 February 2020 at the
5738:, pp. 144, 155 for
4239:Barracks at Auschwitz II
3696:Auschwitz and the Allies
3606:Auschwitz bombing debate
3483:reporting the escape of
2718:The Auschwitz registry (
2694:A separate camp for the
2605:November 1941, Poland's
1931:(barracks orderly), and
1246:Beuthen Jewish Community
934:
883:invaded the Soviet Union
827:became obsessed by the "
788:Auschwitz I, II, and III
487:Europe and North America
372:Man's Search for Meaning
16429:Order Police battalions
15101:Garden of the Righteous
14853:Identification in camps
14846:Technical and logistics
14292:Order Police battalions
9513:28 January 2020 at the
8786:, p. 44; also see
7485:, p. 55, note 145.
5549:14 January 2020 at the
4605:Censorship in Auschwitz
4206:Anatomy of the SS State
4091:. His trial before the
4089:Kommandant in Auschwitz
4070:British occupation zone
4011:Trials of war criminals
3522:Stanisław Gustaw Jaster
3153:Soviet prisoners of war
3127:74,000 (70,000–75,000)
2759:International Red Cross
1358:ghettos. Against this,
1268:Kommandant in Auschwitz
1065:, the inspector of the
677:Soviet prisoners of war
629:in September 1939, the
16278:Soviet urban residents
15369:International response
15343:Contemporary knowledge
14514:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
13979:Heinrich Klaustermeyer
12809:Medieval Town of Toruń
11908:Spitz, Vivien (2005).
10602:The Third Reich at War
10460:; Saf, Avital (eds.).
10445:Didi-Huberman, Georges
10209:. New York: ABC-CLIO.
9591:. European Commission.
9098:5 January 2020 at the
5246:Holocaust Encyclopedia
4913:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
4759:The Case for Auschwitz
4570:
4264:'s 1945 autobiography
4196:in Germany, including
4118:, women's camp leader
4064:, then transferred to
4038:
3955:
3793:
3772:From the Heart of Hell
3733:
3700:counterfactual history
3662:published an essay in
3656:Michael Dov Weissmandl
3652:
3619:
3516:(serial number 8502),
3505:Four Polish prisoners—
3491:
3440:Polish Jewish Observer
3411:
3368:
3307:report from Auschwitz
3030:
2967:
2948:
2917:
2810:
2789:visited Theresienstadt
2691:
2601:
2549:
2432:
2431:, Nuremberg, 1946–1947
2427:Defendants during the
2381:
2329:in October 1942 by SS
2323:
2181:
2100:
2077:
2033:
1984:
1917:(camp elite) included
1906:
1787:(first commandant) in
1783:(camp physician), and
1613:
1563:
1540:Auschwitz III–Monowitz
1423:, taken by the camp's
1174:
1147:and block supervisor.
911:in Poland: Auschwitz,
799:combined elements of "
772:German-occupied Europe
661:German-occupied Europe
623:initiated World War II
596:Auschwitz III-Monowitz
545:
537:
514:
358:Władysław Bartoszewski
182:German-occupied Poland
113:
50:
34:. For other uses, see
16725:Memorials and museums
16663:Reparations Agreement
16658:Holocaust restitution
16236:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
15759:Human experimentation
15598:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
15053:Majdanek State Museum
14186:Karl-Friedrich Höcker
13090:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
12789:Kalwaria Zebrzydowska
12779:in Jawor and Świdnica
12686:"The Auschwitz Album"
11465:Browning, Christopher
11398:Levi, Primo (2017) .
10606:. New York: Penguin.
9712:. CNN. Archived from
8706:, pp. 4–5, 9–10.
8304:"Jehovah's Witnesses"
6626:"System of triangles"
6251:"Picturing Auschwitz"
6146:, pp. 103, 119;
5740:Kriegsgefangenenlager
5424:, pp. 121, 133;
5143:, pp. 41, 67–69.
5119:, pp. 32–35, 41.
4827:World Jewish Congress
4540:erected a large cross
4032:
4015:Further information:
3950:
3791:
3782:Further information:
3722:
3713:Further information:
3647:
3613:
3564:Slovak Jewish Council
3558:(no. 44070) and
3552:Polish Major's report
3478:
3465:Further information:
3421:Kampfgruppe Auschwitz
3409:
3374:The camp in Auschwitz
3363:
3076:Nationality/ethnicity
3028:
3006:from victims' teeth.
2958:
2943:
2915:
2908:Inside the crematoria
2808:
2743:Theresienstadt ghetto
2724:Polish Sinti and Roma
2700:Zigeunerfamilienlager
2678:
2599:
2540:
2426:
2376:
2340:Paul Müller, then SS
2318:
2281:. (Office IV was the
2176:
2155:bladders and bowels.
2079:
2072:
2028:
1982:
1973:Further information:
1969:Tattoos and triangles
1904:
1835:, Höss joined the SS
1659:Further information:
1601:
1562:, and nearby subcamps
1553:
1497:Further information:
1459:Kriegsgefangenenlager
1370:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
1240:Further information:
1191:Further information:
1155:Further information:
856:Reich Citizenship Law
833:Nazi seizure of power
770:Camps and ghettos in
588:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
318:Tadeusz Pietrzykowski
152:50.03583°N 19.17833°E
18:Auschwitz II Birkenau
15925:Jewish Ghetto Police
15794:Politische Abteilung
15689:Risiera di San Sabba
15550:Natzweiler-Struthof
14530:Mordechai Anielewicz
14241:Elisabeth Volkenrath
14126:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
13762:Arthur Liebehenschel
13687:Hermine Braunsteiner
13631:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
12740:World Heritage Sites
12691:17 July 2018 at the
12638:28 June 2011 at the
12491:Zarembina, Natalia;
12357:van Pelt, Robert-Jan
12007:Auschwitz: A History
12002:Steinbacher, Sybille
11814:Pressac, Jean-Claude
11072:Doctors Under Hitler
10482:van Pelt, Robert Jan
10250:Baxter, Ian (2017).
10197:on 22 November 2019.
9716:on 27 November 2018.
9221:, pp. 296–297;
9150:, pp. 108, 113.
8607:, p. 12–13, 23.
7980:, pp. 529, 531.
7901:, pp. 166, 168.
7865:, pp. 162, 169.
7330:, pp. 382, 384.
6198:, pp. 233–234.
5463:, pp. 157–158;
4973:"Poles in Auschwitz"
4845:, the film director
4835:Bronisław Komorowski
4583:"Polish death camps"
4553:performed a fly-over
4532:crucifixion of Jesus
4513:World Heritage Sites
4262:Seweryna Szmaglewska
4175:Tesch & Stabenow
4163:Elisabeth Volkenrath
4116:Arthur Liebehenschel
4078:SS-Obergruppenführer
3518:Kazimierz Piechowski
3234:1,080,000–1,085,000
2878:Holocaust in Hungary
2635:Edward Gött-Getyński
2527:Punishment, block 11
2202:weekly Torah portion
2053:Life for the inmates
1882:SS-Totenkopfverbände
1833:Arthur Liebehenschel
1752:SS-Totenkopfverbände
1292:Christopher Browning
1288:Organization Schmelt
1151:First mass transport
637:prisoner-of-war camp
16703:Days of remembrance
16616:Holocaust survivors
16611:Depopulated shtetls
16462:Rollkommando Hamann
16308:Jehovah's Witnesses
16126:Kamianets-Podilskyi
15188:Bohemia and Moravia
15068:March of the Living
14940:Holocaust survivors
14804:Vrba–Wetzler report
14580:Alexander Pechersky
14540:Mordechai Tenenbaum
13989:Alexander Palfinger
13812:Johann Schwarzhuber
13372:Międzyrzec Podlaski
13351:Lviv pogroms (1941)
13252:Sonderaktion Krakau
12895:shared with Belarus
12889:shared with Ukraine
12886:shared with Germany
12655:Drone footage, 2015
12425:Wachsmann, Nikolaus
10191:World Heritage List
9867:, pp. 369–370.
9769:World Heritage List
9429:(28 January 1995).
9388:. 1 November 2005.
9371:, pp. 382–383.
9284:"Wollheim Memorial"
9237:, pp. 138–139.
9225:, pp. 296–297.
9209:, Publisher's Note.
8873:, pp. 173–174.
8746:, pp. 153–154.
8730:, pp. 181–187.
8595:, pp. 203–204.
8412:, pp. 131–132.
8309:1 June 2019 at the
8281:on 2 February 2019.
8201:, pp. 210–213.
8102:, pp. 49–103;
7841:, pp. 109–110.
7793:, pp. 341–343.
7711:, pp. 161–162.
7673:, pp. 159–160.
7661:, pp. 157–159.
7613:, pp. 231–232.
7565:, pp. 190–191.
7497:, pp. 449–450.
7458:, pp. 447–448.
7294:, pp. 384–385.
7282:, pp. 373–376.
7267:, pp. 371–372.
7255:, pp. 161–163.
7243:, pp. 232–234.
7231:, pp. 124–125.
7219:, pp. 323–324.
7180:, pp. 320–323.
7137:, pp. 114–115.
7068:, pp. 172–173.
7008:, pp. 143–144.
6693:on 25 January 2019.
6562:, pp. 188–189.
6550:, pp. 180–181.
6538:, pp. 190–191.
6514:, pp. 170–171.
6478:, pp. 519–520.
6427:, pp. 272–273.
6403:, pp. 323–324.
6343:, pp. 153–157.
6331:, pp. 294–295.
6222:Dunin-Wasowicz 1984
6134:, pp. 103–104.
5994:, pp. 151–152.
5982:, pp. 111–112.
5970:, pp. 109–110.
5870:, pp. 165–166.
5802:, pp. 138–139.
5778:, pp. 122–123.
5766:, pp. 118–119.
5428:, pp. 158–159.
5361:, pp. 121–122.
5048:amp.theguardian.com
4841:, German President
4837:, French President
4833:, Polish president
4755:Robert Jan van Pelt
4733:Auschwitz 1940–1945
4695:Auschwitz 1940–1945
4653:Auschwitz 1940–1945
4367:European Parliament
4349:Se questo è un uomo
4272:Smoke over Birkenau
4081:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
3929:1st Ukrainian Front
3684:Bernard Wasserstein
3680:Fifteenth Air Force
3585:Auschwitz Protocols
3568:Vrba-Wetzler report
3471:Auschwitz Protocols
3467:Vrba-Wetzler report
3460:Auschwitz Protocols
3451:Manchester Guardian
3289:pamphlet (1942) by
3090:Unregistered deaths
2902:"Kanada" warehouses
2777:Vrba-Wetzler report
2584:). There were also
2513:Natzweiler-Struthof
2463:experiments at the
2276:Obersturmbannführer
2013:, the shape of the
1719:Wirtschaftshof Budy
1645:1st Ukrainian Front
1509:Zagłębie Dąbrowskie
1499:§ Gas chambers
1479:Robert-Jan van Pelt
1468:SS-Sturmbannführer
1360:Jean-Claude Pressac
1334:SS-Unterscharführer
1307:Zagłębie Dąbrowskie
1193:§ Gas chambers
1112:Obersturmbannführer
980:50.0275°N 19.2050°E
975: /
960:Auschwitz I, 2013 (
909:extermination camps
873:, as part of first
745:World Heritage Site
681:medical experiments
641:political detainees
556:extermination camps
278:Auschwitz prisoners
148: /
16686:History and memory
16590:Forced euthanasia
16538:Nazi racial policy
16241:Danish underground
16088:Operation Reinhard
16083:Wannsee Conference
14983:West German trials
14778:Wannsee Conference
14565:Itzhak Katzenelson
14317:General Government
13802:Franz Reichleitner
13732:Fritz Hartjenstein
13722:Maximilian Grabner
13641:Bruno Streckenbach
13453:Grossaktion Warsaw
13106:Operation Reinhard
12819:Old City of Zamość
12758:Auschwitz-Birkenau
11980:Stangneth, Bettina
11865:Yad Vashem Studies
11663:Yad Vashem Studies
10909:10.1093/hgs/dcg005
10805:Berenbaum, Michael
10710:Gerlach, Christian
9900:. 27 August 1998.
9691:The New York Times
9529:"If This Is a Man"
9460:The New York Times
9435:The New York Times
8952:, pp. 27, 29.
8494:Didi-Huberman 2008
7750:, pp. 12–13;
7109:, pp. 32–33;
6078:, pp. 52, 56.
5280:, pp. 52–53;
5167:, pp. 24–26;
4491:Italian president
4122:, and camp leader
4039:
3794:
3734:
3628:Władysław Sikorski
3620:
3492:
3412:
3369:
3031:
2995:Bremen-Bluementhal
2968:
2933:, a member of the
2918:
2811:
2757:'s office and the
2692:
2602:
2550:
2433:
2382:
2078:
2034:
1985:
1983:Auschwitz clothing
1921:(barracks clerk),
1911:Funktionshäftlinge
1907:
1894:Functionaries and
1847:Fritz Hartjenstein
1681:(extension camp),
1614:
1564:
1296:Nikolaus Wachsmann
1252:Wannsee Conference
1067:Sicherheitspolizei
893:Wannsee Conference
665:1.3 million people
608:dozens of subcamps
574:. It consisted of
474:Reference no.
157:50.03583; 19.17833
72:extermination camp
68:Nazi concentration
16778:
16777:
16774:
16773:
16770:
16769:
16621:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
16568:Jewish emigration
16558:Hitler's prophecy
16553:Haavara Agreement
16499:
16498:
16495:
16494:
16487:Ypatingasis būrys
16384:Sicherheitsdienst
16320:
16319:
16316:
16315:
16259:
16258:
16179:Bielski partisans
15951:
15950:
15947:
15946:
15943:
15942:
15782:Totenkopfverbände
15441:
15440:
15113:
15112:
15109:
15108:
15029:
15028:
14890:
14889:
14886:
14885:
14841:
14840:
14833:Sonderaktion 1005
14707:
14706:
14390:
14389:
14368:Ypatingasis būrys
14270:
14269:
14211:Johanna Langefeld
14206:Hildegard Lächert
14102:
14101:
13938:Alfred Trzebinski
13903:Franz von Bodmann
13855:Lorenz Hackenholt
13697:Theodor van Eupen
13636:Jakob Sporrenberg
13471:
13470:
13195:
13194:
12902:
12901:
12776:Churches of Peace
12592:978-1-60772-010-2
12521:Borowski, Tadeusz
12438:978-0-374-11825-9
12393:978-0-253-02298-1
12307:Świebocki, Henryk
12275:Piper, Franciszek
12242:Piper, Franciszek
12209:Piper, Franciszek
12176:Piper, Franciszek
12114:Piper, Franciszek
12081:Piper, Franciszek
12048:Strzelecka, Irena
12039:978-0-300-20457-5
11993:978-0-307-95967-6
11921:978-1-59181-032-2
11900:978-0-465-00239-9
11659:Piper, Franciszek
11608:978-1-61145-011-8
11503:978-90-04-27916-2
11496:. Leiden: Brill.
11452:978-0-9716859-2-5
11433:978-0-19-280436-5
11411:978-1-5011-6763-8
11268:Lasik, Aleksander
11226:978-0-253-35328-3
11140:(January 1985) .
11138:Krahelska, Halina
11081:978-0-8078-4858-6
11068:Kater, Michael H.
10938:978-0-300-09592-0
10865:978-1-4767-1184-3
10792:978-0-300-13198-7
10732:Gradowski, Zalmen
10723:978-0-521-88078-7
10689:978-0-06-019043-9
10674:Friedländer, Saul
10645:Holocaust Studies
10635:978-1-139-91727-8
10613:978-0-14-311671-4
10573:Evans, Richard J.
10519:978-0-19-967925-6
10413:Piper, Franciszek
10373:978-0-547-34888-9
10280:978-1-4128-5255-5
10261:978-1-47385-687-5
10216:978-1-61069-878-8
9560:, pp. 35–36.
9328:978-1-80034-534-8
9016:, pp. 47–48.
8924:, pp. 41–42.
8682:, pp. 80–81.
8508:, pp. 63–65.
7877:, pp. 97–98.
7420:, pp. 89–90.
6886:, pp. 68–69.
6874:, pp. 60–61.
6862:, pp. 20–21.
6748:, pp. 65–66.
6671:, pp. 31–32.
6574:, pp. 90–91.
6466:, pp. 35–36.
6249:(17 March 2008).
6182:, pp. 17–18.
5918:, pp. 81–82.
5754:, pp. 80–83.
5385:, pp. 72–73.
5231:, pp. 84–85.
5195:, p. xxxiii.
5183:, pp. 41–46.
5131:, pp. 38–39.
5017:, pp. 71–72.
4839:François Hollande
4571:Arbeit Macht Frei
4547:Israeli Air Force
4493:Sergio Mattarella
4458:Israeli Air Force
4390:Claims Conference
4386:Körber Foundation
4359:Nobel Peace Prize
4276:Timothy D. Snyder
4267:Dymy nad Birkenau
4155:Friedrich Entress
3618:on 23 August 1944
3590:War Refugee Board
3580:Czesław Mordowicz
3507:Eugeniusz Bendera
3496:Tadeusz Wiejowski
3331:addressed to the
3291:Natalia Zarembina
3238:
3237:
3085:Registered deaths
2921:dissection room (
2661:Gypsy family camp
2453:Zwillinge heraus!
2441:gypsy family camp
2414:Friedrich Entress
2302:Gypsy family camp
2256:Johanna Langefeld
2168:Tadeusz Wiejowski
2062:described a 1944
1905:Auschwitz I, 2009
1737:Life in the camps
1685:(labor camp), or
1677:(external camp),
1671:Siemens-Schuckert
1175:Arbeit macht frei
1133:Bruno Brodniewicz
897:Reinhard Heydrich
879:Gau Upper Silesia
578:, the main camp (
499:
498:
310:Fritz Löhner-Beda
250:Number of inmates
115:Arbeit macht frei
16:(Redirected from
16892:
16807:
16806:
16805:
16795:
16794:
16793:
16786:
16670:Holocaust denial
16648:Nuremberg trials
16638:Postwar violence
16593:
16528:
16527:
16505:
16504:
16467:Special Brigades
16457:Nederlandsche SS
16424:Police Regiments
16348:
16347:
16326:
16325:
16186:Ghetto uprisings
16174:Jewish partisans
16121:Harvest Festival
16093:Holocaust trains
15979:
15978:
15970:
15969:
15957:
15956:
15822:
15821:
15718:
15696:
15678:
15659:
15641:
15464:
15463:
15447:
15446:
15155:
15154:
15140:
15133:
15126:
15117:
15116:
14995:Treblinka trials
14980:
14979:
14919:
14912:
14905:
14896:
14895:
14794:Graebe affidavit
14787:Witness accounts
14733:Frank memorandum
14718:
14717:
14613:
14612:
14600:Szmul Zygielbojm
14590:Frumka Płotnicka
14550:Leon Feldhendler
14535:Icchak Cukierman
14489:Ghetto uprisings
14419:
14412:
14405:
14396:
14395:
14340:Schutzmannschaft
14161:Feodor Fedorenko
14111:
14110:
14019:Wolfgang Birkner
13807:Heinrich Schwarz
13797:Josef Oberhauser
13772:Heinrich Matthes
13656:Dieter Wisliceny
13646:Richard Thomalla
13621:Heinz Reinefarth
13571:Heinrich Himmler
13516:
13515:
13500:
13493:
13486:
13477:
13476:
13441:Other atrocities
13078:
13077:
13060:
13053:
13046:
13037:
13036:
13033:
13032:
12929:
12922:
12915:
12906:
12905:
12868:
12835:Royal Salt Mines
12794:
12780:
12762:
12733:
12726:
12719:
12710:
12709:
12656:
12627:
12616:
12576:
12557:
12555:
12553:
12508:
12487:
12466:
12442:
12420:
12397:
12378:
12352:
12343:
12334:
12302:
12269:
12236:
12203:
12170:
12141:
12108:
12075:
12043:
12021:
11997:
11975:
11973:
11971:
11950:
11948:
11946:
11925:
11904:
11880:
11859:
11835:
11809:
11780:
11751:
11728:
11701:
11678:
11654:
11652:
11650:
11634:
11612:
11590:
11588:
11586:
11570:
11545:
11533:
11519:
11517:
11515:
11486:
11461:Matthäus, Jürgen
11456:
11437:
11420:Longerich, Peter
11415:
11394:
11370:
11341:
11312:
11289:
11263:
11230:
11211:
11188:
11165:
11163:
11161:
11156:on 9 August 2017
11133:
11108:
11085:
11063:
11034:
11005:
11003:
10996:
10987:
10965:
10942:
10920:
10891:
10869:
10845:
10826:
10796:
10772:
10753:
10727:
10705:
10703:
10701:
10668:
10639:
10622:Fleming, Michael
10617:
10605:
10594:
10582:
10568:
10523:
10501:
10473:
10452:
10440:
10404:
10377:
10353:
10329:
10307:
10284:
10265:
10246:
10220:
10203:Bartrop, Paul R.
10198:
10173:
10172:
10170:
10168:
10148:
10142:
10141:
10139:
10137:
10117:
10111:
10110:
10108:
10106:
10086:
10080:
10079:
10077:
10075:
10055:
10049:
10048:
10046:
10044:
10025:
10019:
10013:
10007:
10006:
10004:
10002:
9982:
9976:
9970:
9961:
9960:
9959:on 19 June 2018.
9955:. Archived from
9944:
9938:
9932:
9926:
9920:
9914:
9913:
9911:
9909:
9890:
9884:
9874:
9868:
9862:
9856:
9850:
9844:
9838:
9832:
9831:
9829:
9827:
9812:
9806:
9805:
9803:
9801:
9779:
9773:
9764:
9758:
9752:
9746:
9745:, p. 364ff.
9740:
9734:
9731:Steinbacher 2005
9724:
9718:
9717:
9705:
9699:
9698:
9682:
9676:
9675:
9664:
9658:
9657:
9655:
9653:
9634:(9 April 2018).
9628:
9622:
9621:
9610:
9604:
9598:
9592:
9579:
9573:
9567:
9561:
9555:
9549:
9548:
9546:
9544:
9524:
9518:
9505:
9499:
9498:
9496:
9494:
9474:
9468:
9467:
9457:
9449:
9443:
9442:
9423:
9417:
9416:
9400:
9394:
9393:
9378:
9372:
9366:
9360:
9359:
9339:
9333:
9332:
9310:
9304:
9303:
9301:
9299:
9280:
9274:
9268:
9262:
9256:
9250:
9247:Steinbacher 2005
9244:
9238:
9235:Steinbacher 2005
9232:
9226:
9216:
9210:
9204:
9198:
9192:
9183:
9182:, p. 396ff.
9169:
9163:
9157:
9151:
9145:
9139:
9133:
9127:
9121:
9115:
9109:
9103:
9089:Strzelecki 2000a
9086:
9080:
9077:Strzelecki 2000a
9074:
9068:
9062:
9056:
9050:
9044:
9041:Strzelecki 2000b
9038:
9032:
9026:
9017:
9014:Strzelecki 2000a
9011:
9005:
8999:
8993:
8986:Strzelecki 2000a
8983:
8977:
8971:
8965:
8959:
8953:
8950:Strzelecki 2000a
8947:
8941:
8934:Strzelecki 2000a
8931:
8925:
8922:Strzelecki 2000a
8919:
8913:
8910:Friedländer 2007
8907:
8901:
8898:Strzelecki 2000a
8895:
8886:
8880:
8874:
8868:
8862:
8852:
8846:
8839:Steinbacher 2005
8836:
8830:
8809:
8803:
8800:Strzelecki 2000a
8797:
8791:
8781:
8775:
8769:
8763:
8753:
8747:
8740:Friedländer 2007
8737:
8731:
8725:
8719:
8713:
8707:
8701:
8695:
8689:
8683:
8677:
8671:
8665:
8659:
8653:
8644:
8643:
8630:
8624:
8614:
8608:
8602:
8596:
8590:
8584:
8583:
8581:
8579:
8555:
8549:
8543:
8537:
8531:
8522:
8515:
8509:
8503:
8497:
8491:
8485:
8479:
8473:
8467:
8461:
8455:
8449:
8446:Steinbacher 2005
8443:
8437:
8431:
8425:
8419:
8413:
8407:
8401:
8395:
8389:
8383:
8374:
8368:
8359:
8353:
8342:
8336:
8330:
8320:
8314:
8301:
8295:
8289:
8283:
8282:
8271:
8265:
8259:
8250:
8244:
8238:
8232:
8226:
8220:
8214:
8208:
8202:
8196:
8190:
8187:Friedländer 2007
8180:
8174:
8164:
8158:
8148:
8142:
8136:
8130:
8129:
8127:
8125:
8097:
8091:
8085:
8079:
8076:Strzelecki 2000b
8073:
8067:
8064:Strzelecki 2000b
8061:
8052:
8046:
8037:
8034:Strzelecki 2000b
8031:
8025:
8022:Strzelecki 2000b
8019:
8008:
8005:Strzelecki 2000b
8002:
7993:
7987:
7981:
7975:
7969:
7963:
7954:
7944:
7938:
7932:
7926:
7920:
7914:
7908:
7902:
7896:
7890:
7884:
7878:
7872:
7866:
7860:
7854:
7848:
7842:
7836:
7830:
7829:, p. 103ff.
7824:
7818:
7812:
7806:
7800:
7794:
7788:
7782:
7776:
7767:
7761:
7755:
7745:
7739:
7733:
7727:
7721:
7712:
7706:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7695:
7680:
7674:
7668:
7662:
7656:
7650:
7644:
7638:
7632:
7626:
7620:
7614:
7608:
7602:
7596:
7590:
7584:
7578:
7572:
7566:
7560:
7554:
7548:
7542:
7536:
7527:
7521:
7515:
7509:
7498:
7492:
7486:
7480:
7474:
7468:
7459:
7453:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7442:
7427:
7421:
7415:
7409:
7403:
7397:
7391:
7385:
7379:
7373:
7367:
7361:
7355:
7346:
7340:
7331:
7328:Strzelecka 2000e
7325:
7319:
7316:Strzelecka 2000e
7313:
7307:
7304:Strzelecka 2000e
7301:
7295:
7292:Strzelecka 2000e
7289:
7283:
7280:Strzelecka 2000e
7277:
7268:
7265:Strzelecka 2000d
7262:
7256:
7250:
7244:
7238:
7232:
7226:
7220:
7214:
7208:
7205:Friedländer 2007
7202:
7196:
7190:
7181:
7175:
7169:
7159:
7150:
7147:Strzelecka 2000d
7144:
7138:
7135:Steinbacher 2005
7132:
7126:
7123:Strzelecka 2000c
7120:
7114:
7104:
7098:
7095:Strzelecka 2000c
7092:
7086:
7080:
7069:
7066:Strzelecka 2000c
7063:
7057:
7051:
7045:
7042:Strzelecka 2000c
7039:
7033:
7027:
7021:
7018:Strzelecka 2000c
7015:
7009:
7003:
6994:
6991:Strzelecka 2000c
6988:
6979:
6973:
6967:
6964:Steinbacher 2005
6961:
6955:
6949:
6943:
6937:
6931:
6925:
6919:
6916:Strzelecka 2000b
6905:
6899:
6896:Strzelecka 2000b
6893:
6887:
6884:Strzelecka 2000b
6881:
6875:
6869:
6863:
6856:Steinbacher 2005
6853:
6847:
6844:Strzelecka 2000b
6841:
6835:
6834:
6832:
6830:
6815:
6809:
6806:Steinbacher 2005
6803:
6797:
6794:Strzelecka 2000b
6791:
6785:
6779:
6773:
6767:
6761:
6755:
6749:
6746:Strzelecka 2000b
6743:
6737:
6731:
6722:
6716:
6710:
6704:
6695:
6694:
6683:
6672:
6669:Steinbacher 2005
6666:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6655:
6640:
6634:
6633:
6622:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6611:
6596:
6587:
6581:
6575:
6572:Steinbacher 2005
6569:
6563:
6557:
6551:
6545:
6539:
6533:
6527:
6521:
6515:
6509:
6503:
6497:
6491:
6485:
6479:
6473:
6467:
6464:Steinbacher 2005
6461:
6455:
6452:Strzelecka 2000a
6449:
6440:
6434:
6428:
6422:
6416:
6410:
6404:
6398:
6392:
6386:
6380:
6374:
6368:
6362:
6356:
6350:
6344:
6338:
6332:
6326:
6320:
6314:
6308:
6302:
6287:
6277:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6243:
6237:
6231:
6225:
6219:
6213:
6189:
6183:
6177:
6171:
6168:Steinbacher 2005
6157:
6151:
6141:
6135:
6129:
6123:
6120:Steinbacher 2005
6117:
6111:
6105:
6099:
6085:
6079:
6076:Steinbacher 2005
6073:
6067:
6061:
6055:
6049:
6043:
6037:
6031:
6025:
6019:
6013:
6007:
6004:Steinbacher 2005
6001:
5995:
5989:
5983:
5977:
5971:
5965:
5959:
5953:
5947:
5937:
5931:
5928:Steinbacher 2005
5925:
5919:
5913:
5907:
5904:Steinbacher 2005
5901:
5895:
5889:
5883:
5877:
5871:
5865:
5859:
5853:
5847:
5837:
5831:
5821:
5815:
5812:Steinbacher 2005
5809:
5803:
5797:
5791:
5785:
5779:
5773:
5767:
5761:
5755:
5749:
5743:
5733:
5727:
5721:
5715:
5709:
5700:
5690:
5684:
5674:
5665:
5659:
5650:
5644:
5638:
5632:
5617:
5611:
5602:
5596:
5590:
5584:
5578:
5575:Friedländer 2007
5572:
5566:
5560:
5554:
5540:Steinbacher 2005
5529:
5523:
5517:
5508:
5502:
5496:
5490:
5484:
5474:
5468:
5454:
5448:
5442:
5429:
5419:
5413:
5407:
5401:
5395:
5386:
5380:
5374:
5368:
5362:
5356:
5350:
5340:
5334:
5328:
5322:
5308:
5302:
5296:
5285:
5275:
5269:
5263:
5254:
5253:
5238:
5232:
5226:
5220:
5214:
5208:
5202:
5196:
5190:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5162:
5156:
5150:
5144:
5138:
5132:
5126:
5120:
5114:
5108:
5102:
5096:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5039:
5033:
5027:
5018:
5008:
4997:
4996:
4990:
4988:
4968:
4962:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4924:
4905:
4899:
4893:
4882:
4881:
4870:
4854:
4847:Steven Spielberg
4823:
4817:
4804:
4798:
4795:Aleksander Lasik
4791:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4752:
4746:
4743:
4737:
4725:
4719:
4709:
4703:
4687:
4681:
4674:Franciszek Piper
4671:
4665:
4645:
4639:
4632:
4573:
4488:
4474:
4454:
4442:Erkennungsdienst
4430:
4371:Maximilian Kolbe
4361:. Camp survivor
4344:If This is a Man
4339:Tadeusz Borowski
4250:
4236:
4202:Helmut Krausnick
4110:, when Poland's
4085:Heinrich Himmler
4052:Camp commandant
4047:Aleksander Lasik
3967:Polish Red Cross
3937:hydrogen cyanide
3909:
3891:
3764:Zalmen Gradowski
3730:Zalmen Gradowski
3600:Bombing proposal
3530:
3520:(no. 918),
3515:
3500:Henryk Świebocki
3320:
3305:Halina Krahelska
3301:
3283:
3080:Franciszek Piper
3073:
3072:
3052:Heinrich Himmler
3036:Franciszek Piper
2894:Franciszek Piper
2861:
2847:
2833:
2586:Sonderbehandlung
2505:Heinrich Himmler
2461:pseudoscientific
2342:Hauptsturmführer
2240:
2226:
2132:
2114:
1998:Berufsverbrecher
1994:(Schutzhäftlinge
1867:SS-Aufseherinnen
1863:Aleksander Lasik
1856:Standortältester
1851:Heinrich Schwarz
1821:Heinrich Himmler
1802:
1764:
1603:Heinrich Himmler
1572:synthetic rubber
1554:Detailed map of
1518:Zur Desinfektion
1438:
1425:Erkennungsdienst
1415:for work or the
1408:
1394:
1319:department IV B4
1284:Saul Friedländer
1260:Franciszek Piper
1205:
1177:
1167:Interessengebiet
1120:Berufsverbrecher
1104:Heinrich Himmler
1043:
1029:
1011:
999:
998:
996:
995:
994:
992:
987:
986:
985:50.0275; 19.2050
981:
976:
973:
972:
971:
968:
957:
817:Richard J. Evans
795:The ideology of
785:
767:
717:entered the camp
669:non-Jewish Poles
548:
540:
533:
532:
531:
525:
520:
509:
420:
417:
415:
413:
380:If This Is a Man
314:Irène Némirovsky
302:Maximilian Kolbe
163:
162:
160:
159:
158:
153:
149:
146:
145:
144:
141:
118:
100:
89:
62:
61:
53:
43:
42:
21:
16900:
16899:
16895:
16894:
16893:
16891:
16890:
16889:
16815:
16814:
16813:
16803:
16801:
16791:
16789:
16781:
16779:
16766:
16681:
16597:
16591:
16580:Madagascar Plan
16573:Kindertransport
16522:
16521:
16491:
16433:
16405:
16390:Ordnungspolizei
16346:
16333:
16312:
16255:
16207:
16160:
16131:Maly Trostenets
16102:Mass executions
16097:
16067:
16005:
15964:
15939:
15909:
15868:
15806:
15768:
15727:
15716:
15694:
15676:
15657:
15639:
15627:
15584:
15458:
15437:
15357:
15348:Hidden children
15326:
15184:Czechoslovakia
15149:
15144:
15114:
15105:
15072:
15025:
15016:Stutthof trials
14999:
14969:
14926:
14923:
14882:
14868:Holocaust train
14837:
14821:
14809:Witold's Report
14799:Gerstein Report
14782:
14748:Katzmann Report
14728:Auschwitz Album
14703:
14642:
14604:
14570:Michał Klepfisz
14518:
14477:
14426:
14423:
14386:
14326:
14296:Ordnungspolizei
14266:
14245:
14226:Erich Muhsfeldt
14156:Margot Dreschel
14141:Alexander Bülow
14098:
14094:Udo von Woyrsch
14084:Hermann Schaper
14079:Emanuel Schäfer
14064:Josef Meisinger
14024:Helmut Bischoff
14003:
13959:Heinz Auerswald
13947:
13889:
13837:
13831:
13827:Christian Wirth
13737:Gottlieb Hering
13660:
13626:Julian Scherner
13611:Georg Michalsen
13596:Franz Kutschera
13556:Odilo Globocnik
13507:
13504:
13467:
13436:
13298:
13256:
13237:Kielce cemetery
13191:
13128:
13067:
13064:
13027:
12938:
12933:
12903:
12898:
12878:
12864:
12848:
12792:
12778:
12760:
12746:
12737:
12693:Wayback Machine
12654:
12650:
12645:
12640:Wayback Machine
12580:Pilecki, Witold
12573:
12551:
12549:
12516:
12514:Further reading
12511:
12484:
12439:
12417:
12403:Cesarani, David
12394:
12375:
12323:
12291:
12258:
12225:
12192:
12159:
12130:
12097:
12064:
12040:
12018:
11994:
11969:
11967:
11944:
11942:
11922:
11901:
11885:Snyder, Timothy
11856:
11832:
11798:
11769:
11748:
11725:
11707:Gutman, Yisrael
11698:
11648:
11646:
11609:
11595:Nyiszli, Miklós
11584:
11582:
11567:
11542:
11513:
11511:
11504:
11483:
11453:
11434:
11412:
11391:
11359:
11330:
11309:
11286:
11252:
11227:
11208:
11185:
11159:
11157:
11130:
11105:
11082:
11052:
11023:
11001:
10994:
10984:
10962:
10939:
10888:
10866:
10850:Harding, Thomas
10842:
10823:
10801:Gutman, Yisrael
10793:
10769:
10750:
10724:
10699:
10697:
10690:
10636:
10614:
10591:
10520:
10498:
10458:Gutman, Yisrael
10429:
10401:
10374:
10350:
10326:
10312:Cesarani, David
10304:
10281:
10262:
10243:
10217:
10181:
10176:
10166:
10164:
10149:
10145:
10135:
10133:
10118:
10114:
10104:
10102:
10087:
10083:
10073:
10071:
10064:The Independent
10056:
10052:
10042:
10040:
10033:The Jewish News
10027:
10026:
10022:
10014:
10010:
10000:
9998:
9983:
9979:
9971:
9964:
9945:
9941:
9933:
9929:
9921:
9917:
9907:
9905:
9892:
9891:
9887:
9875:
9871:
9863:
9859:
9851:
9847:
9839:
9835:
9825:
9823:
9814:
9813:
9809:
9799:
9797:
9780:
9776:
9765:
9761:
9753:
9749:
9741:
9737:
9729:, p. 364;
9725:
9721:
9706:
9702:
9683:
9679:
9666:
9665:
9661:
9651:
9649:
9629:
9625:
9612:
9611:
9607:
9599:
9595:
9589:Wayback Machine
9580:
9576:
9568:
9564:
9556:
9552:
9542:
9540:
9525:
9521:
9515:Wayback Machine
9506:
9502:
9492:
9490:
9475:
9471:
9450:
9446:
9427:Kinzer, Stephen
9424:
9420:
9409:Chicago Tribune
9401:
9397:
9380:
9379:
9375:
9367:
9363:
9340:
9336:
9329:
9311:
9307:
9297:
9295:
9282:
9281:
9277:
9269:
9265:
9257:
9253:
9245:
9241:
9233:
9229:
9217:
9213:
9205:
9201:
9193:
9186:
9170:
9166:
9158:
9154:
9146:
9142:
9134:
9130:
9122:
9118:
9110:
9106:
9100:Wayback Machine
9087:
9083:
9075:
9071:
9063:
9059:
9051:
9047:
9039:
9035:
9027:
9020:
9012:
9008:
9000:
8996:
8984:
8980:
8972:
8968:
8960:
8956:
8948:
8944:
8932:
8928:
8920:
8916:
8908:
8904:
8896:
8889:
8881:
8877:
8869:
8865:
8857:, p. 173;
8853:
8849:
8841:, p. 109;
8837:
8833:
8827:Wayback Machine
8810:
8806:
8798:
8794:
8782:
8778:
8770:
8766:
8754:
8750:
8742:, p. 581;
8738:
8734:
8726:
8722:
8714:
8710:
8702:
8698:
8694:, pp. 1–2.
8690:
8686:
8678:
8674:
8668:Westermann 2004
8666:
8662:
8654:
8647:
8636:
8631:
8627:
8615:
8611:
8603:
8599:
8591:
8587:
8577:
8575:
8556:
8552:
8544:
8540:
8532:
8525:
8517:For Wiejowski,
8516:
8512:
8504:
8500:
8492:
8488:
8480:
8476:
8468:
8464:
8456:
8452:
8444:
8440:
8432:
8428:
8420:
8416:
8408:
8404:
8396:
8392:
8384:
8377:
8369:
8362:
8354:
8345:
8337:
8333:
8325:, p. 194;
8321:
8317:
8311:Wayback Machine
8302:
8298:
8290:
8286:
8273:
8272:
8268:
8260:
8253:
8245:
8241:
8233:
8229:
8221:
8217:
8209:
8205:
8197:
8193:
8181:
8177:
8165:
8161:
8149:
8145:
8137:
8133:
8123:
8121:
8114:Chicago Tribune
8098:
8094:
8086:
8082:
8074:
8070:
8062:
8055:
8047:
8040:
8032:
8028:
8020:
8011:
8003:
7996:
7988:
7984:
7976:
7972:
7964:
7957:
7945:
7941:
7933:
7929:
7921:
7917:
7909:
7905:
7897:
7893:
7885:
7881:
7873:
7869:
7861:
7857:
7849:
7845:
7837:
7833:
7825:
7821:
7813:
7809:
7801:
7797:
7789:
7785:
7777:
7770:
7762:
7758:
7746:
7742:
7734:
7730:
7722:
7715:
7707:
7703:
7693:
7691:
7682:
7681:
7677:
7669:
7665:
7657:
7653:
7645:
7641:
7633:
7629:
7621:
7617:
7609:
7605:
7597:
7593:
7585:
7581:
7573:
7569:
7561:
7557:
7549:
7545:
7537:
7530:
7522:
7518:
7510:
7501:
7493:
7489:
7481:
7477:
7469:
7462:
7454:
7450:
7440:
7438:
7429:
7428:
7424:
7416:
7412:
7404:
7400:
7392:
7388:
7380:
7376:
7368:
7364:
7356:
7349:
7341:
7334:
7326:
7322:
7314:
7310:
7302:
7298:
7290:
7286:
7278:
7271:
7263:
7259:
7251:
7247:
7239:
7235:
7227:
7223:
7215:
7211:
7203:
7199:
7191:
7184:
7176:
7172:
7164:, p. 319;
7160:
7153:
7145:
7141:
7133:
7129:
7121:
7117:
7105:
7101:
7093:
7089:
7081:
7072:
7064:
7060:
7052:
7048:
7040:
7036:
7028:
7024:
7016:
7012:
7004:
6997:
6989:
6982:
6974:
6970:
6962:
6958:
6950:
6946:
6938:
6934:
6926:
6922:
6906:
6902:
6894:
6890:
6882:
6878:
6870:
6866:
6854:
6850:
6842:
6838:
6828:
6826:
6817:
6816:
6812:
6804:
6800:
6792:
6788:
6780:
6776:
6768:
6764:
6756:
6752:
6744:
6740:
6732:
6725:
6717:
6713:
6705:
6698:
6685:
6684:
6675:
6667:
6663:
6653:
6651:
6642:
6641:
6637:
6624:
6623:
6619:
6609:
6607:
6598:
6597:
6590:
6582:
6578:
6570:
6566:
6558:
6554:
6546:
6542:
6534:
6530:
6522:
6518:
6510:
6506:
6498:
6494:
6486:
6482:
6474:
6470:
6462:
6458:
6450:
6443:
6435:
6431:
6423:
6419:
6411:
6407:
6399:
6395:
6387:
6383:
6375:
6371:
6363:
6359:
6351:
6347:
6339:
6335:
6327:
6323:
6315:
6311:
6303:
6290:
6282:, p. 288;
6278:
6274:
6264:
6262:
6247:Wilkinson, Alec
6244:
6240:
6232:
6228:
6220:
6216:
6209:Wayback Machine
6194:, p. 106;
6190:
6186:
6178:
6174:
6158:
6154:
6142:
6138:
6130:
6126:
6118:
6114:
6106:
6102:
6090:, p. 367;
6086:
6082:
6074:
6070:
6062:
6058:
6050:
6046:
6038:
6034:
6026:
6022:
6014:
6010:
6002:
5998:
5990:
5986:
5978:
5974:
5966:
5962:
5954:
5950:
5938:
5934:
5926:
5922:
5914:
5910:
5902:
5898:
5890:
5886:
5878:
5874:
5866:
5862:
5854:
5850:
5838:
5834:
5822:
5818:
5810:
5806:
5798:
5794:
5786:
5782:
5774:
5770:
5762:
5758:
5750:
5746:
5734:
5730:
5722:
5718:
5710:
5703:
5691:
5687:
5675:
5668:
5660:
5653:
5645:
5641:
5633:
5620:
5612:
5605:
5597:
5593:
5585:
5581:
5573:
5569:
5561:
5557:
5551:Wayback Machine
5542:, p. 107;
5534:, p. 145;
5530:
5526:
5518:
5511:
5503:
5499:
5491:
5487:
5479:, p. 142;
5475:
5471:
5459:, p. 292;
5455:
5451:
5443:
5432:
5420:
5416:
5408:
5404:
5396:
5389:
5381:
5377:
5369:
5365:
5357:
5353:
5341:
5337:
5329:
5325:
5309:
5305:
5297:
5288:
5276:
5272:
5264:
5257:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5227:
5223:
5215:
5211:
5203:
5199:
5191:
5187:
5179:
5175:
5163:
5159:
5151:
5147:
5139:
5135:
5127:
5123:
5115:
5111:
5103:
5099:
5091:
5087:
5077:
5075:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5052:
5050:
5040:
5036:
5028:
5021:
5009:
5000:
4986:
4984:
4969:
4965:
4957:
4953:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4922:
4920:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4894:
4885:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4858:
4857:
4824:
4820:
4805:
4801:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4778:
4753:
4749:
4744:
4740:
4726:
4722:
4710:
4706:
4688:
4684:
4672:
4668:
4646:
4642:
4633:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4595:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4489:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4455:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4431:
4420:
4414:
4379:Catholic Church
4258:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4226:
4171:Karl Weinbacher
4151:Vinzenz Schöttl
4104:Auschwitz trial
4045:. According to
4027:
4021:Auschwitz trial
4013:
4008:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3898:in January 1945
3892:
3881:
3875:
3858:Peter Longerich
3786:
3780:
3717:
3711:
3608:
3602:
3524:
3509:
3473:
3463:
3350:Michael Fleming
3336:
3321:
3312:
3302:
3293:
3284:
3275:
3257:
3252:
3228:200,000–205,000
3190:
3175:Soviet citizens
3173:
3091:
3086:
3077:
3038:, published by
3023:
2953:
2910:
2890:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2803:
2798:
2739:
2733:
2673:
2671:Romani genocide
2665:Main articles:
2663:
2658:
2594:
2535:
2529:
2501:Alsace-Lorraine
2487:Wolfram Sievers
2457:Kurt Heissmeyer
2445:identical twins
2371:
2363:Main articles:
2361:
2338:Obersturmführer
2248:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2216:
2210:
2194:Jewish holidays
2190:Hebrew calendar
2140:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2092:So gehst du ein
2088:So bist du rein
2055:
2023:
1977:
1971:
1899:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1765:
1754:
1746:Main articles:
1744:
1739:
1663:
1657:
1627:over the camp.
1548:
1542:
1501:
1495:
1493:Crematoria II–V
1446:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1421:Auschwitz Album
1409:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1384:
1379:
1372:
1258:. According to
1248:
1242:Bytom Synagogue
1238:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1195:
1189:
1159:
1153:
1128:green triangles
1101:Reichsführer-SS
1051:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1003:
1002:
1001:
990:
988:
984:
982:
978:
977:
974:
969:
966:
964:
962:
961:
958:
947:
942:
937:
905:occupied Europe
829:Jewish question
793:
792:
791:
790:
789:
786:
777:
776:
775:
768:
757:
627:invading Poland
616:Jewish question
564:occupied Poland
527:
526:
518:
505:
433:
410:
402:
274:Notable inmates
156:
154:
150:
147:
142:
139:
137:
135:
134:
124:
106:
105:
104:
103:
102:
101:
92:
91:
90:
55:
48:
47:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
16898:
16888:
16887:
16882:
16877:
16872:
16867:
16862:
16857:
16852:
16847:
16842:
16837:
16832:
16827:
16812:
16811:
16799:
16776:
16775:
16772:
16771:
16768:
16767:
16765:
16764:
16757:
16752:
16747:
16742:
16737:
16732:
16727:
16722:
16717:
16716:
16715:
16705:
16700:
16695:
16689:
16687:
16683:
16682:
16680:
16679:
16678:
16677:
16675:trivialization
16667:
16666:
16665:
16655:
16653:Eichmann trial
16650:
16645:
16640:
16635:
16634:
16633:
16628:
16623:
16613:
16607:
16605:
16599:
16598:
16596:
16595:
16587:
16582:
16577:
16576:
16575:
16565:
16560:
16555:
16550:
16548:Nuremberg Laws
16545:
16540:
16534:
16532:
16531:Early elements
16524:
16523:
16520:
16519:
16516:
16513:
16512:Early elements
16509:
16501:
16500:
16497:
16496:
16493:
16492:
16490:
16489:
16484:
16479:
16474:
16469:
16464:
16459:
16454:
16449:
16447:Arajs Kommando
16443:
16441:
16435:
16434:
16432:
16431:
16426:
16421:
16418:Einsatzgruppen
16413:
16411:
16407:
16406:
16404:
16403:
16398:
16393:
16387:
16381:
16380:
16379:
16368:
16360:
16354:
16352:
16345:
16344:
16338:
16335:
16334:
16331:Responsibility
16322:
16321:
16318:
16317:
16314:
16313:
16311:
16310:
16305:
16300:
16295:
16290:
16285:
16280:
16275:
16269:
16267:
16261:
16260:
16257:
16256:
16254:
16253:
16248:
16243:
16238:
16233:
16228:
16223:
16217:
16215:
16209:
16208:
16206:
16205:
16204:
16203:
16198:
16193:
16183:
16182:
16181:
16170:
16168:
16162:
16161:
16159:
16158:
16153:
16148:
16143:
16138:
16133:
16128:
16123:
16118:
16113:
16110:Einsatzgruppen
16105:
16103:
16099:
16098:
16096:
16095:
16090:
16085:
16079:
16077:
16074:Final Solution
16069:
16068:
16066:
16065:
16064:
16063:
16053:
16052:
16051:
16046:
16036:
16031:
16026:
16021:
16013:
16011:
16007:
16006:
16004:
16003:
15998:
15993:
15987:
15985:
15976:
15966:
15965:
15953:
15952:
15949:
15948:
15945:
15944:
15941:
15940:
15938:
15937:
15935:Ústredňa Židov
15932:
15927:
15921:
15919:
15911:
15910:
15908:
15907:
15902:
15900:Theresienstadt
15897:
15892:
15887:
15882:
15876:
15874:
15870:
15869:
15867:
15866:
15861:
15856:
15851:
15846:
15841:
15836:
15830:
15828:
15819:
15808:
15807:
15805:
15804:
15797:
15790:
15785:
15776:
15774:
15770:
15769:
15767:
15766:
15761:
15756:
15751:
15746:
15741:
15739:Einsatzgruppen
15735:
15733:
15729:
15728:
15726:
15725:
15720:
15713:
15708:
15703:
15698:
15691:
15686:
15681:
15672:
15667:
15662:
15653:
15648:
15643:
15635:
15633:
15629:
15628:
15626:
15625:
15620:
15615:
15610:
15605:
15600:
15594:
15592:
15586:
15585:
15583:
15582:
15577:
15572:
15567:
15562:
15557:
15552:
15547:
15545:Mittelbau-Dora
15542:
15533:
15528:
15526:Kraków-Płaszów
15523:
15518:
15513:
15508:
15503:
15498:
15493:
15488:
15483:
15478:
15472:
15470:
15460:
15459:
15443:
15442:
15439:
15438:
15436:
15435:
15434:
15433:
15428:
15423:
15416:Rescue of Jews
15413:
15412:
15411:
15406:
15401:
15396:
15391:
15386:
15381:
15376:
15365:
15363:
15359:
15358:
15356:
15355:
15350:
15345:
15340:
15334:
15332:
15328:
15327:
15325:
15324:
15323:
15322:
15317:
15309:
15308:
15307:
15302:
15297:
15287:
15282:
15277:
15272:
15267:
15262:
15257:
15252:
15251:
15250:
15239:
15234:
15233:
15232:
15222:
15217:
15212:
15207:
15202:
15201:
15200:
15195:
15190:
15182:
15177:
15172:
15167:
15161:
15159:
15151:
15150:
15143:
15142:
15135:
15128:
15120:
15111:
15110:
15107:
15106:
15104:
15103:
15098:
15093:
15082:
15080:
15074:
15073:
15071:
15070:
15065:
15060:
15058:Sobibór Museum
15055:
15050:
15045:
15039:
15037:
15031:
15030:
15027:
15026:
15024:
15023:
15018:
15013:
15007:
15005:
15001:
15000:
14998:
14997:
14992:
14986:
14984:
14977:
14971:
14970:
14968:
14967:
14962:
14957:
14952:
14947:
14942:
14936:
14934:
14928:
14927:
14922:
14921:
14914:
14907:
14899:
14892:
14891:
14888:
14887:
14884:
14883:
14881:
14880:
14875:
14870:
14865:
14860:
14855:
14849:
14847:
14843:
14842:
14839:
14838:
14836:
14835:
14829:
14827:
14823:
14822:
14820:
14819:
14815:Sonderkommando
14811:
14806:
14801:
14796:
14790:
14788:
14784:
14783:
14781:
14780:
14775:
14770:
14765:
14760:
14758:Posen speeches
14755:
14753:Korherr Report
14750:
14745:
14743:Höfle telegram
14740:
14735:
14730:
14724:
14722:
14715:
14709:
14708:
14705:
14704:
14702:
14701:
14696:
14691:
14686:
14681:
14676:
14671:
14666:
14661:
14656:
14650:
14648:
14644:
14643:
14641:
14640:
14635:
14630:
14625:
14619:
14617:
14610:
14606:
14605:
14603:
14602:
14597:
14592:
14587:
14585:Witold Pilecki
14582:
14577:
14572:
14567:
14562:
14560:Henryk Iwański
14557:
14555:Paweł Frenkiel
14552:
14547:
14542:
14537:
14532:
14526:
14524:
14520:
14519:
14517:
14516:
14511:
14506:
14501:
14496:
14491:
14485:
14483:
14479:
14478:
14476:
14475:
14470:
14465:
14460:
14455:
14450:
14445:
14440:
14434:
14432:
14428:
14427:
14422:
14421:
14414:
14407:
14399:
14392:
14391:
14388:
14387:
14385:
14384:
14379:
14360:Arajs Kommando
14336:
14334:
14328:
14327:
14325:
14324:
14319:
14314:
14309:
14304:
14299:
14289:
14282:Einsatzgruppen
14278:
14276:
14272:
14271:
14268:
14267:
14265:
14264:
14259:
14253:
14251:
14247:
14246:
14244:
14243:
14238:
14236:Alice Orlowski
14233:
14228:
14223:
14218:
14213:
14208:
14203:
14198:
14193:
14188:
14183:
14178:
14173:
14168:
14163:
14158:
14153:
14151:John Demjanjuk
14148:
14143:
14138:
14133:
14128:
14123:
14117:
14115:
14108:
14104:
14103:
14100:
14099:
14097:
14096:
14091:
14086:
14081:
14076:
14071:
14066:
14061:
14056:
14051:
14049:Gerhard Flesch
14046:
14041:
14036:
14031:
14026:
14021:
14015:
14013:
14010:Einsatzgruppen
14005:
14004:
14002:
14001:
13996:
13991:
13986:
13981:
13976:
13971:
13966:
13961:
13955:
13953:
13952:Ghetto command
13949:
13948:
13946:
13945:
13940:
13935:
13933:Horst Schumann
13930:
13925:
13920:
13915:
13910:
13905:
13899:
13897:
13891:
13890:
13888:
13887:
13882:
13877:
13872:
13867:
13862:
13857:
13852:
13847:
13841:
13839:
13833:
13832:
13830:
13829:
13824:
13819:
13814:
13809:
13804:
13799:
13794:
13792:Johann Niemann
13789:
13784:
13779:
13777:Hermann Michel
13774:
13769:
13764:
13759:
13754:
13752:Karl-Otto Koch
13749:
13744:
13739:
13734:
13729:
13724:
13719:
13714:
13709:
13704:
13699:
13694:
13692:Irmfried Eberl
13689:
13684:
13679:
13674:
13668:
13666:
13662:
13661:
13659:
13658:
13653:
13648:
13643:
13638:
13633:
13628:
13623:
13618:
13613:
13608:
13603:
13598:
13593:
13588:
13583:
13581:Fritz Katzmann
13578:
13573:
13568:
13566:Arthur Greiser
13563:
13561:Richard Glücks
13558:
13553:
13548:
13546:Ludwig Fischer
13543:
13538:
13536:Adolf Eichmann
13533:
13528:
13522:
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13513:
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13214:
13209:
13203:
13201:
13200:Mass shootings
13197:
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13192:
13190:
13189:
13187:Danzig-Matzkau
13184:
13179:
13174:
13169:
13164:
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13152:Kraków-Płaszów
13149:
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12747:
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12728:
12721:
12713:
12707:
12706:
12700:
12683:
12673:
12667:
12662:
12649:
12648:External links
12646:
12644:
12643:
12628:
12617:
12594:
12577:
12571:
12558:
12537:
12517:
12515:
12512:
12510:
12509:
12488:
12483:978-0674016941
12482:
12467:
12457:(4): 505–532.
12451:German History
12443:
12437:
12421:
12416:978-0415318716
12415:
12398:
12392:
12379:
12373:
12353:
12344:
12335:
12322:978-8385047872
12321:
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12290:978-8385047872
12289:
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12257:978-8385047872
12256:
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12224:978-8385047872
12223:
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12191:978-8385047872
12190:
12171:
12158:978-8385047872
12157:
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12129:978-8385047872
12128:
12109:
12096:978-8385047872
12095:
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12063:978-8385047872
12062:
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12016:
11998:
11992:
11976:
11951:
11926:
11920:
11905:
11899:
11881:
11860:
11854:
11840:Rees, Laurence
11836:
11830:
11810:
11797:978-8385047872
11796:
11781:
11768:978-8385047872
11767:
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11746:
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11696:
11679:
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11635:
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11607:
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11571:
11565:
11546:
11541:978-1566632713
11540:
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11457:
11451:
11438:
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11395:
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11358:978-8385047872
11357:
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11329:978-8385047872
11328:
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11290:
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11251:978-8385047872
11250:
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11134:
11128:
11109:
11103:
11086:
11080:
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11051:978-8385047872
11050:
11035:
11022:978-8385047872
11021:
11006:
10988:
10982:
10966:
10960:
10943:
10937:
10921:
10903:(2): 330–350.
10892:
10886:
10870:
10864:
10846:
10841:978-3837500974
10840:
10827:
10821:
10797:
10791:
10773:
10768:978-8377042465
10767:
10754:
10749:978-0827603141
10748:
10736:Sonderkommando
10728:
10722:
10706:
10688:
10670:
10651:(1–2): 59–75.
10640:
10634:
10618:
10612:
10595:
10589:
10569:
10535:(1): 117–148.
10524:
10518:
10506:Fulbrook, Mary
10502:
10496:
10478:Dwork, Debórah
10474:
10453:
10441:
10428:978-8385047872
10427:
10405:
10399:
10383:Sonderkommando
10378:
10372:
10358:Carroll, James
10354:
10348:
10330:
10325:978-1250000835
10324:
10308:
10302:
10285:
10279:
10266:
10260:
10247:
10241:
10221:
10215:
10199:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10174:
10143:
10112:
10081:
10050:
10020:
10008:
9977:
9973:BBC News 2015a
9962:
9939:
9937:, p. 167.
9927:
9925:, p. 166.
9915:
9885:
9883:, p. 166.
9869:
9857:
9855:, p. 165.
9845:
9833:
9807:
9774:
9759:
9747:
9735:
9733:, p. 132.
9719:
9700:
9677:
9659:
9641:Foreign Policy
9623:
9605:
9593:
9574:
9562:
9550:
9519:
9500:
9469:
9444:
9418:
9395:
9373:
9361:
9334:
9327:
9305:
9275:
9263:
9261:, p. 744.
9251:
9249:, p. 140.
9239:
9227:
9211:
9199:
9197:, p. 296.
9184:
9164:
9162:, p. 110.
9152:
9140:
9136:Wachsmann 2015
9128:
9126:, p. 262.
9116:
9104:
9081:
9069:
9067:, p. 188.
9057:
9055:, p. 187.
9045:
9043:, p. 410.
9033:
9018:
9006:
9004:, p. 230.
8994:
8992:, p. 174.
8988:, p. 44;
8978:
8974:Wachsmann 2015
8966:
8964:, p. 415.
8962:Longerich 2010
8954:
8942:
8940:, p. 415.
8938:Longerich 2010
8926:
8914:
8912:, p. 648.
8902:
8887:
8885:, p. 227.
8875:
8863:
8861:, p. 747.
8847:
8845:, p. 655.
8831:
8816:Gradowski 2017
8812:Gradowski 1989
8804:
8792:
8790:, p. 187.
8776:
8764:
8748:
8732:
8720:
8718:, p. 548.
8716:Gradowski 1989
8708:
8696:
8684:
8672:
8670:, p. 197.
8660:
8645:
8635:, p. 58;
8633:Świebocki 2002
8625:
8623:, p. 230.
8619:, p. 94;
8609:
8605:Świebocki 2002
8597:
8593:Świebocki 2000
8585:
8550:
8548:, p. 192.
8546:Świebocki 2000
8538:
8536:, p. 233.
8534:Świebocki 2000
8523:
8519:Świebocki 2000
8510:
8498:
8486:
8484:, p. 124.
8474:
8462:
8460:, p. 135.
8450:
8448:, p. 116.
8438:
8436:, p. 133.
8426:
8424:, p. 132.
8414:
8402:
8398:Świebocki 2000
8390:
8388:, p. 210.
8375:
8373:, p. 177.
8360:
8358:, p. 131.
8343:
8339:Krahelska 1985
8331:
8315:
8296:
8294:, p. 275.
8284:
8266:
8264:, p. 383.
8251:
8249:, p. 194.
8239:
8237:, p. 193.
8227:
8225:, p. 397.
8215:
8213:, p. 415.
8203:
8191:
8189:, p. 404.
8175:
8173:, p. 214.
8169:, p. 67;
8159:
8157:, p. 214.
8143:
8141:, p. 109.
8131:
8092:
8090:, p. 171.
8080:
8078:, p. 406.
8068:
8066:, p. 400.
8053:
8051:, p. 171.
8038:
8036:, p. 411.
8026:
8024:, p. 409.
8009:
8007:, p. 408.
7994:
7992:, p. 357.
7982:
7970:
7968:, p. 170.
7955:
7953:, p. 170.
7939:
7937:, p. 169.
7927:
7915:
7903:
7891:
7889:, p. 241.
7879:
7867:
7855:
7853:, p. 111.
7843:
7831:
7819:
7817:, p. 229.
7807:
7805:, p. 227.
7795:
7783:
7781:, p. 338.
7768:
7766:, p. 407.
7764:Longerich 2010
7756:
7754:, p. 421.
7740:
7738:, p. 175.
7728:
7726:, p. 174.
7713:
7701:
7675:
7663:
7651:
7649:, p. 363.
7639:
7637:, p. 203.
7627:
7625:, p. 215.
7615:
7603:
7591:
7589:, p. 439.
7579:
7577:, p. 194.
7567:
7555:
7553:, p. 428.
7543:
7541:, p. 429.
7528:
7526:, p. 185.
7516:
7499:
7487:
7475:
7473:, p. 448.
7460:
7448:
7422:
7410:
7398:
7386:
7384:, p. 102.
7374:
7372:, p. 139.
7362:
7347:
7332:
7320:
7318:, p. 381.
7308:
7306:, p. 389.
7296:
7284:
7269:
7257:
7245:
7233:
7221:
7209:
7207:, p. 505.
7197:
7195:, p. 325.
7182:
7170:
7168:, p. 178.
7151:
7149:, p. 362.
7139:
7127:
7125:, p. 176.
7115:
7113:, p. 133.
7099:
7097:, p. 174.
7087:
7070:
7058:
7056:, p. 155.
7046:
7044:, p. 172.
7034:
7030:Stangneth 2014
7022:
7020:, p. 177.
7010:
6995:
6993:, p. 171.
6980:
6968:
6956:
6944:
6932:
6920:
6910:, p. 21;
6900:
6888:
6876:
6864:
6858:, p. 33;
6848:
6836:
6810:
6798:
6786:
6774:
6762:
6750:
6738:
6736:, p. 408.
6734:Longerich 2010
6723:
6721:, p. 162.
6711:
6696:
6673:
6661:
6635:
6617:
6588:
6576:
6564:
6552:
6540:
6528:
6526:, p. 189.
6516:
6504:
6492:
6490:, p. 180.
6480:
6468:
6456:
6441:
6439:, p. 285.
6429:
6417:
6415:, p. 273.
6405:
6393:
6391:, p. 274.
6381:
6379:, p. 299.
6369:
6367:, p. 282.
6357:
6355:, p. 314.
6345:
6333:
6321:
6319:, p. 100.
6309:
6307:, p. 154.
6288:
6286:, p. 154.
6272:
6255:The New Yorker
6238:
6236:, p. 104.
6226:
6224:, p. 139.
6214:
6184:
6172:
6166:, p. 45;
6162:, p. 18;
6152:
6136:
6124:
6112:
6110:, p. 115.
6100:
6098:, p. 113.
6080:
6068:
6066:, p. 364.
6056:
6052:Krakowski 1998
6044:
6042:, p. 359.
6032:
6030:, p. 353.
6020:
6018:, p. 112.
6008:
5996:
5984:
5972:
5960:
5958:, p. 108.
5948:
5946:, p. xii.
5932:
5920:
5908:
5896:
5894:, p. 164.
5884:
5882:, p. 159.
5872:
5860:
5858:, p. 143.
5848:
5846:, p. 138.
5832:
5830:, p. 161.
5816:
5804:
5792:
5780:
5768:
5756:
5744:
5728:
5726:, p. 335.
5716:
5714:, p. 144.
5701:
5699:, p. 165.
5685:
5683:, p. 133.
5679:, p. 31;
5666:
5651:
5639:
5637:, p. 144.
5618:
5616:, p. 143.
5603:
5601:, p. 707.
5599:Wachsmann 2015
5591:
5589:, p. 357.
5579:
5577:, p. 359.
5567:
5555:
5538:, p. 61;
5524:
5522:, p. 142.
5509:
5507:, p. 148.
5497:
5485:
5481:Świebocki 2002
5469:
5467:, p. 117.
5449:
5447:, p. 128.
5430:
5414:
5412:, p. 121.
5402:
5400:, p. 364.
5387:
5375:
5363:
5351:
5335:
5323:
5317:, p. 51;
5303:
5286:
5284:, p. 166.
5270:
5268:, p. 362.
5255:
5233:
5221:
5219:, p. 244.
5209:
5207:, p. 117.
5197:
5185:
5173:
5171:, p. 144.
5169:Longerich 2010
5157:
5153:Longerich 2010
5145:
5141:Longerich 2010
5133:
5129:Longerich 2010
5121:
5117:Longerich 2010
5109:
5107:, p. 424.
5097:
5085:
5060:
5034:
5019:
4998:
4963:
4961:, p. 166.
4951:
4933:
4900:
4898:, p. 230.
4883:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4818:
4799:
4786:
4776:
4767:'s 1961 work,
4747:
4738:
4720:
4704:
4682:
4666:
4640:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4587:Piotr Cywiński
4490:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4456:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4440:of the camp's
4438:Wilhelm Brasse
4434:Czesława Kwoka
4432:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4416:Main article:
4413:
4410:
4297:Helmut Schmidt
4287:. In 2005 the
4252:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4198:Martin Broszat
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
3911:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3893:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3877:Main article:
3874:
3871:
3867:Sonderkommando
3846:Dora-Mittelbau
3806:Sonderkommando
3779:
3776:
3768:Sonderkommando
3760:Sonderkommando
3745:Sonderkommando
3739:Sonderkommando
3725:Sonderkommando
3710:
3707:Sonderkommando
3704:
3692:Martin Gilbert
3639:Bomber Command
3632:Richard Pierse
3604:Main article:
3601:
3598:
3560:Alfréd Wetzler
3533:Jerzy Bielecki
3489:Alfréd Wetzler
3462:
3456:
3431:Sonderkommando
3426:Sonderkommando
3366:Witold Pilecki
3344:of the Polish
3342:Witold Pilecki
3338:
3337:
3333:United Nations
3322:
3315:
3313:
3303:
3296:
3294:
3285:
3278:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3243:Timothy Snyder
3236:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3218:10,000–15,000
3216:
3213:
3210:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3068:Richard Glücks
3056:Adolf Eichmann
3022:
3019:
3003:Sonderkommando
2971:Sonderkommando
2962:Sonderkommando
2952:
2951:Use of corpses
2949:
2935:Sonderkommando
2909:
2906:
2889:
2886:
2882:Sonderkommando
2863:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2785:Alfred Wetzler
2755:Adolf Eichmann
2751:Czechoslovakia
2735:Main article:
2732:
2729:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2648:Sonderkommando
2643:Sonderkommando
2593:
2590:
2531:Main article:
2528:
2525:
2519:, part of the
2517:Doctors' trial
2429:Doctors' trial
2410:Helmuth Vetter
2404:—then part of
2360:
2357:
2353:Horst Schumann
2331:Oberaufseherin
2279:Adolf Eichmann
2242:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2209:
2206:
2186:Observant Jews
2172:Miklós Nyiszli
2134:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2116:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2054:
2051:
2047:Hungarian Jews
2039:Altejudenrampe
2022:
2019:
1970:
1967:
1958:Sonderkommando
1951:Sonderkommando
1949:valuable, the
1946:Sonderkommando
1941:Sonderkommando
1919:Blockschreiber
1915:Lagerprominenz
1898:
1896:Sonderkommando
1892:
1804:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1766:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1687:Aussenkommando
1656:
1653:
1544:Main article:
1541:
1538:
1534:Sonderkommando
1494:
1491:
1440:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1413:Hungarian Jews
1410:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1371:
1368:
1364:Sonderkommando
1348:Theresienstadt
1343:Sonderkommando
1315:Adolf Eichmann
1256:Final Solution
1237:
1234:
1207:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1185:
1152:
1149:
1106:, head of the
1087:Walter Eisfeld
1081:, head of the
1079:Richard Glücks
1045:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1013:
1006:
1005:
1004:
959:
952:
951:
950:
949:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
888:Einsatzgruppen
877:and from 1941
867:invaded Poland
852:Nuremberg Laws
801:racial hygiene
787:
780:
779:
778:
769:
762:
761:
760:
759:
758:
756:
753:
707:As the Soviet
689:Sonderkommando
621:After Germany
612:Final Solution
497:
496:
493:
492:
489:
488:
485:
481:
480:
475:
471:
470:
463:
459:
458:
455:
451:
450:
447:
443:
442:
439:
435:
434:
429:
426:
425:
422:
421:
408:
404:
403:
401:
400:
392:
384:
376:
367:
365:
361:
360:
342:Alfréd Wetzler
322:Witold Pilecki
275:
271:
270:
267:
263:
262:
259:
255:
254:
251:
247:
246:
243:
239:
238:
235:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
215:
211:
210:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
132:
126:
125:
107:
95:
94:
93:
84:
83:
82:
81:
80:
79:
76:
75:
64:
63:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16897:
16886:
16883:
16881:
16878:
16876:
16873:
16871:
16868:
16866:
16865:The Holocaust
16863:
16861:
16858:
16856:
16853:
16851:
16848:
16846:
16843:
16841:
16838:
16836:
16833:
16831:
16828:
16826:
16823:
16822:
16820:
16810:
16800:
16798:
16788:
16787:
16784:
16762:
16758:
16756:
16753:
16751:
16748:
16746:
16743:
16741:
16738:
16736:
16733:
16731:
16728:
16726:
16723:
16721:
16718:
16714:
16711:
16710:
16709:
16706:
16704:
16701:
16699:
16696:
16694:
16691:
16690:
16688:
16684:
16676:
16673:
16672:
16671:
16668:
16664:
16661:
16660:
16659:
16656:
16654:
16651:
16649:
16646:
16644:
16641:
16639:
16636:
16632:
16629:
16627:
16624:
16622:
16619:
16618:
16617:
16614:
16612:
16609:
16608:
16606:
16604:
16600:
16594:
16588:
16586:
16583:
16581:
16578:
16574:
16571:
16570:
16569:
16566:
16564:
16561:
16559:
16556:
16554:
16551:
16549:
16546:
16544:
16543:Nazi eugenics
16541:
16539:
16536:
16535:
16533:
16529:
16525:
16517:
16514:
16511:
16510:
16506:
16502:
16488:
16485:
16483:
16480:
16478:
16475:
16473:
16472:Topf and Sons
16470:
16468:
16465:
16463:
16460:
16458:
16455:
16453:
16450:
16448:
16445:
16444:
16442:
16440:
16439:Collaborators
16436:
16430:
16427:
16425:
16422:
16420:
16419:
16415:
16414:
16412:
16408:
16402:
16399:
16397:
16394:
16391:
16388:
16385:
16382:
16378:
16377:Referat IV B4
16375:
16374:
16373: (RSHA)
16372:
16369:
16367:
16365:
16364:Schutzstaffel
16361:
16359:
16356:
16355:
16353:
16351:Organizations
16349:
16343:
16340:
16339:
16336:
16332:
16327:
16323:
16309:
16306:
16304:
16301:
16299:
16296:
16294:
16293:Romani people
16291:
16289:
16286:
16284:
16281:
16279:
16276:
16274:
16271:
16270:
16268:
16266:
16262:
16252:
16249:
16247:
16246:Working Group
16244:
16242:
16239:
16237:
16234:
16232:
16231:Kastner train
16229:
16227:
16224:
16222:
16219:
16218:
16216:
16214:
16210:
16202:
16199:
16197:
16194:
16192:
16189:
16188:
16187:
16184:
16180:
16177:
16176:
16175:
16172:
16171:
16169:
16167:
16163:
16157:
16154:
16152:
16149:
16147:
16144:
16142:
16139:
16137:
16134:
16132:
16129:
16127:
16124:
16122:
16119:
16117:
16114:
16112:
16111:
16107:
16106:
16104:
16100:
16094:
16091:
16089:
16086:
16084:
16081:
16080:
16078:
16075:
16070:
16062:
16059:
16058:
16057:
16054:
16050:
16047:
16045:
16042:
16041:
16040:
16037:
16035:
16032:
16030:
16027:
16025:
16022:
16020:
16019:
16018:Kristallnacht
16015:
16014:
16012:
16008:
16002:
15999:
15997:
15994:
15992:
15989:
15988:
15986:
15984:
15980:
15977:
15975:
15971:
15967:
15963:
15958:
15954:
15936:
15933:
15931:
15928:
15926:
15923:
15922:
15920:
15918:
15917:
15912:
15906:
15903:
15901:
15898:
15896:
15893:
15891:
15888:
15886:
15883:
15881:
15878:
15877:
15875:
15871:
15865:
15862:
15860:
15857:
15855:
15852:
15850:
15847:
15845:
15842:
15840:
15837:
15835:
15832:
15831:
15829:
15827:
15823:
15820:
15817:
15813:
15809:
15803:
15802:
15801:Sanitätswesen
15798:
15796:
15795:
15791:
15789:
15786:
15784:
15783:
15778:
15777:
15775:
15771:
15765:
15764:Death marches
15762:
15760:
15757:
15755:
15752:
15750:
15747:
15745:
15742:
15740:
15737:
15736:
15734:
15730:
15724:
15721:
15719:
15714:
15712:
15709:
15707:
15704:
15702:
15699:
15697:
15692:
15690:
15687:
15685:
15682:
15680:
15679:
15673:
15671:
15668:
15666:
15663:
15661:
15660:
15654:
15652:
15649:
15647:
15644:
15642:
15637:
15636:
15634:
15630:
15624:
15621:
15619:
15616:
15614:
15611:
15609:
15606:
15604:
15601:
15599:
15596:
15595:
15593:
15591:
15590:Extermination
15587:
15581:
15578:
15576:
15573:
15571:
15568:
15566:
15565:Sachsenhausen
15563:
15561:
15558:
15556:
15553:
15551:
15548:
15546:
15543:
15541:
15537:
15534:
15532:
15529:
15527:
15524:
15522:
15519:
15517:
15514:
15512:
15509:
15507:
15506:Herzogenbusch
15504:
15502:
15499:
15497:
15494:
15492:
15489:
15487:
15484:
15482:
15481:Bergen-Belsen
15479:
15477:
15474:
15473:
15471:
15469:
15468:Concentration
15465:
15461:
15457:
15453:
15448:
15444:
15432:
15429:
15427:
15424:
15422:
15419:
15418:
15417:
15414:
15410:
15407:
15405:
15404:United States
15402:
15400:
15397:
15395:
15392:
15390:
15387:
15385:
15382:
15380:
15377:
15375:
15372:
15371:
15370:
15367:
15366:
15364:
15360:
15354:
15351:
15349:
15346:
15344:
15341:
15339:
15336:
15335:
15333:
15329:
15321:
15318:
15316:
15313:
15312:
15310:
15306:
15303:
15301:
15298:
15296:
15293:
15292:
15291:
15288:
15286:
15283:
15281:
15278:
15276:
15273:
15271:
15268:
15266:
15263:
15261:
15258:
15256:
15253:
15249:
15246:
15245:
15244:and colonies
15243:
15240:
15238:
15235:
15231:
15228:
15227:
15226:
15223:
15221:
15218:
15216:
15213:
15211:
15208:
15206:
15203:
15199:
15196:
15194:
15191:
15189:
15186:
15185:
15183:
15181:
15178:
15176:
15173:
15171:
15168:
15166:
15163:
15162:
15160:
15156:
15152:
15148:
15147:The Holocaust
15141:
15136:
15134:
15129:
15127:
15122:
15121:
15118:
15102:
15099:
15097:
15094:
15091:
15087:
15084:
15083:
15081:
15079:
15075:
15069:
15066:
15064:
15061:
15059:
15056:
15054:
15051:
15049:
15046:
15044:
15041:
15040:
15038:
15036:
15032:
15022:
15019:
15017:
15014:
15012:
15009:
15008:
15006:
15002:
14996:
14993:
14991:
14988:
14987:
14985:
14981:
14978:
14976:
14972:
14966:
14963:
14961:
14958:
14956:
14955:Kielce pogrom
14953:
14951:
14948:
14946:
14943:
14941:
14938:
14937:
14935:
14933:
14929:
14920:
14915:
14913:
14908:
14906:
14901:
14900:
14897:
14893:
14879:
14876:
14874:
14871:
14869:
14866:
14864:
14861:
14859:
14856:
14854:
14851:
14850:
14848:
14844:
14834:
14831:
14830:
14828:
14824:
14818:
14816:
14812:
14810:
14807:
14805:
14802:
14800:
14797:
14795:
14792:
14791:
14789:
14785:
14779:
14776:
14774:
14773:Stroop Report
14771:
14769:
14766:
14764:
14761:
14759:
14756:
14754:
14751:
14749:
14746:
14744:
14741:
14739:
14736:
14734:
14731:
14729:
14726:
14725:
14723:
14719:
14716:
14714:
14713:Documentation
14710:
14700:
14697:
14695:
14692:
14690:
14687:
14685:
14682:
14680:
14677:
14675:
14672:
14670:
14667:
14665:
14662:
14660:
14657:
14655:
14652:
14651:
14649:
14645:
14639:
14636:
14634:
14631:
14629:
14626:
14624:
14621:
14620:
14618:
14614:
14611:
14607:
14601:
14598:
14596:
14593:
14591:
14588:
14586:
14583:
14581:
14578:
14576:
14573:
14571:
14568:
14566:
14563:
14561:
14558:
14556:
14553:
14551:
14548:
14546:
14545:Marek Edelman
14543:
14541:
14538:
14536:
14533:
14531:
14528:
14527:
14525:
14521:
14515:
14512:
14510:
14507:
14505:
14502:
14500:
14497:
14495:
14492:
14490:
14487:
14486:
14484:
14480:
14474:
14471:
14469:
14466:
14464:
14461:
14459:
14456:
14454:
14451:
14449:
14446:
14444:
14441:
14439:
14436:
14435:
14433:
14431:Organizations
14429:
14420:
14415:
14413:
14408:
14406:
14401:
14400:
14397:
14393:
14383:
14380:
14377:
14373:
14369:
14365:
14361:
14357:
14353:
14349:
14345:
14341:
14338:
14337:
14335:
14333:
14332:Collaboration
14329:
14323:
14320:
14318:
14315:
14313:
14310:
14308:
14305:
14303:
14300:
14297:
14293:
14290:
14287:
14283:
14280:
14279:
14277:
14275:Organizations
14273:
14263:
14260:
14258:
14255:
14254:
14252:
14248:
14242:
14239:
14237:
14234:
14232:
14229:
14227:
14224:
14222:
14221:Eduard Lorenz
14219:
14217:
14216:Anton Lechner
14214:
14212:
14209:
14207:
14204:
14202:
14201:Josef Kollmer
14199:
14197:
14194:
14192:
14189:
14187:
14184:
14182:
14179:
14177:
14174:
14172:
14171:Kurt Gerstein
14169:
14167:
14166:Hans Hoffmann
14164:
14162:
14159:
14157:
14154:
14152:
14149:
14147:
14144:
14142:
14139:
14137:
14136:Juana Bormann
14134:
14132:
14129:
14127:
14124:
14122:
14119:
14118:
14116:
14112:
14109:
14105:
14095:
14092:
14090:
14087:
14085:
14082:
14080:
14077:
14075:
14074:Erich Naumann
14072:
14070:
14067:
14065:
14062:
14060:
14057:
14055:
14052:
14050:
14047:
14045:
14042:
14040:
14037:
14035:
14032:
14030:
14029:Lothar Beutel
14027:
14025:
14022:
14020:
14017:
14016:
14014:
14012:
14011:
14006:
14000:
13999:Jürgen Stroop
13997:
13995:
13992:
13990:
13987:
13985:
13982:
13980:
13977:
13975:
13972:
13970:
13969:Josef Blösche
13967:
13965:
13962:
13960:
13957:
13956:
13954:
13950:
13944:
13943:Eduard Wirths
13941:
13939:
13936:
13934:
13931:
13929:
13928:Josef Mengele
13926:
13924:
13921:
13919:
13918:Horst Fischer
13916:
13914:
13913:Karl Gebhardt
13911:
13909:
13908:Carl Clauberg
13906:
13904:
13901:
13900:
13898:
13896:
13892:
13886:
13883:
13881:
13880:Ludwig Plagge
13878:
13876:
13873:
13871:
13870:Herbert Lange
13868:
13866:
13863:
13861:
13858:
13856:
13853:
13851:
13850:Kurt Bolender
13848:
13846:
13843:
13842:
13840:
13834:
13828:
13825:
13823:
13822:Gustav Wagner
13820:
13818:
13815:
13813:
13810:
13808:
13805:
13803:
13800:
13798:
13795:
13793:
13790:
13788:
13785:
13783:
13780:
13778:
13775:
13773:
13770:
13768:
13765:
13763:
13760:
13758:
13755:
13753:
13750:
13748:
13747:Franz Hössler
13745:
13743:
13740:
13738:
13735:
13733:
13730:
13728:
13725:
13723:
13720:
13718:
13715:
13713:
13712:Karl Fritzsch
13710:
13708:
13705:
13703:
13700:
13698:
13695:
13693:
13690:
13688:
13685:
13683:
13682:Wilhelm Boger
13680:
13678:
13675:
13673:
13670:
13669:
13667:
13663:
13657:
13654:
13652:
13649:
13647:
13644:
13642:
13639:
13637:
13634:
13632:
13629:
13627:
13624:
13622:
13619:
13617:
13614:
13612:
13609:
13607:
13604:
13602:
13601:Erwin Lambert
13599:
13597:
13594:
13592:
13589:
13587:
13586:Wilhelm Koppe
13584:
13582:
13579:
13577:
13576:Hermann Höfle
13574:
13572:
13569:
13567:
13564:
13562:
13559:
13557:
13554:
13552:
13549:
13547:
13544:
13542:
13541:Theodor Eicke
13539:
13537:
13534:
13532:
13529:
13527:
13524:
13523:
13521:
13517:
13514:
13510:
13501:
13496:
13494:
13489:
13487:
13482:
13481:
13478:
13474:
13464:
13461:
13459:
13456:
13454:
13451:
13449:
13446:
13445:
13443:
13439:
13433:
13430:
13428:
13425:
13423:
13420:
13418:
13415:
13413:
13410:
13408:
13405:
13403:
13400:
13398:
13395:
13393:
13390:
13388:
13385:
13383:
13380:
13378:
13375:
13373:
13370:
13368:
13365:
13363:
13360:
13358:
13355:
13352:
13348:
13345:
13343:
13340:
13338:
13335:
13333:
13330:
13328:
13325:
13323:
13320:
13318:
13315:
13313:
13310:
13309:
13307:
13305:
13301:
13295:
13292:
13290:
13287:
13285:
13282:
13280:
13277:
13275:
13272:
13269:
13266:
13265:
13263:
13259:
13253:
13250:
13248:
13245:
13243:
13242:Aktion Krakau
13240:
13238:
13235:
13233:
13230:
13228:
13225:
13223:
13220:
13218:
13215:
13213:
13212:Bloody Sunday
13210:
13208:
13205:
13204:
13202:
13198:
13188:
13185:
13183:
13180:
13178:
13175:
13173:
13170:
13168:
13165:
13163:
13160:
13158:
13155:
13153:
13150:
13148:
13145:
13143:
13140:
13139:
13137:
13135:
13134:Concentration
13131:
13123:
13120:
13118:
13115:
13113:
13110:
13109:
13108:
13107:
13103:
13101:
13098:
13096:
13093:
13091:
13088:
13087:
13085:
13083:
13082:Extermination
13079:
13076:
13074:
13070:
13061:
13056:
13054:
13049:
13047:
13042:
13041:
13038:
13034:
13030:
13024:
13021:
13019:
13016:
13014:
13011:
13009:
13006:
13004:
13001:
12999:
12996:
12994:
12991:
12989:
12986:
12984:
12981:
12979:
12976:
12974:
12971:
12969:
12966:
12964:
12961:
12959:
12956:
12953:
12951:
12950:The Holocaust
12948:
12945:
12944:
12941:
12937:
12930:
12925:
12923:
12918:
12916:
12911:
12910:
12907:
12894:
12891:
12888:
12885:
12884:
12881:
12875:
12872:
12867:
12863:
12862:
12861:
12858:
12857:
12855:
12851:
12845:
12842:
12840:
12837:
12834:
12830:
12827:
12825:
12822:
12820:
12817:
12815:
12812:
12810:
12807:
12804:
12801:
12799:
12796:
12790:
12787:
12785:
12782:
12777:
12774:
12772:
12769:
12767:
12764:
12759:
12756:
12755:
12753:
12749:
12745:
12741:
12734:
12729:
12727:
12722:
12720:
12715:
12714:
12711:
12705:by Bill Hunt.
12704:
12701:
12698:
12694:
12690:
12687:
12684:
12681:
12677:
12674:
12671:
12668:
12666:
12663:
12661:
12657:
12652:
12651:
12641:
12637:
12634:
12633:
12629:
12625:
12624:
12618:
12614:
12610:
12606:
12602:
12601:
12595:
12593:
12589:
12585:
12581:
12578:
12574:
12572:0-8214-1506-9
12568:
12564:
12559:
12547:
12543:
12538:
12536:
12535:0-14-018624-7
12532:
12528:
12527:
12522:
12519:
12518:
12506:
12502:
12498:
12494:
12489:
12485:
12479:
12475:
12474:
12468:
12464:
12460:
12456:
12452:
12448:
12444:
12440:
12434:
12430:
12426:
12422:
12418:
12412:
12408:
12404:
12399:
12395:
12389:
12385:
12380:
12376:
12374:0-253-32684-2
12370:
12366:
12362:
12358:
12354:
12350:
12345:
12341:
12336:
12332:
12328:
12324:
12318:
12314:
12313:
12308:
12304:
12300:
12296:
12292:
12286:
12282:
12281:
12276:
12271:
12267:
12263:
12259:
12253:
12249:
12248:
12243:
12238:
12234:
12230:
12226:
12220:
12216:
12215:
12210:
12205:
12201:
12197:
12193:
12187:
12183:
12182:
12177:
12172:
12168:
12164:
12160:
12154:
12150:
12149:
12143:
12139:
12135:
12131:
12125:
12121:
12120:
12115:
12110:
12106:
12102:
12098:
12092:
12088:
12087:
12082:
12077:
12073:
12069:
12065:
12059:
12055:
12054:
12049:
12045:
12041:
12035:
12031:
12027:
12023:
12019:
12017:0-06-082581-2
12013:
12009:
12008:
12003:
11999:
11995:
11989:
11985:
11981:
11977:
11965:
11961:
11957:
11952:
11940:
11936:
11932:
11927:
11923:
11917:
11913:
11912:
11906:
11902:
11896:
11892:
11891:
11886:
11882:
11878:
11874:
11870:
11866:
11861:
11857:
11855:1-58648-303-X
11851:
11847:
11846:
11841:
11837:
11833:
11831:0-253-32684-2
11827:
11823:
11819:
11815:
11811:
11807:
11803:
11799:
11793:
11789:
11788:
11782:
11778:
11774:
11770:
11764:
11760:
11759:
11753:
11749:
11747:0-253-32684-2
11743:
11739:
11735:
11730:
11726:
11724:0-253-32684-2
11720:
11716:
11712:
11708:
11703:
11699:
11697:0-253-32684-2
11693:
11689:
11685:
11680:
11676:
11672:
11668:
11664:
11660:
11656:
11645:on 1 May 2014
11644:
11640:
11636:
11632:
11628:
11624:
11623:
11618:
11617:Perl, Gisella
11614:
11610:
11604:
11600:
11596:
11592:
11580:
11576:
11572:
11568:
11566:0-312-19838-8
11562:
11558:
11554:
11553:
11547:
11543:
11537:
11532:
11531:
11525:
11524:Müller, Filip
11521:
11509:
11505:
11499:
11495:
11494:
11488:
11484:
11482:0-8032-1327-1
11478:
11474:
11470:
11466:
11462:
11458:
11454:
11448:
11444:
11439:
11435:
11429:
11425:
11421:
11417:
11413:
11407:
11403:
11402:
11396:
11392:
11390:0-349-10013-6
11386:
11382:
11381:
11376:
11372:
11368:
11364:
11360:
11354:
11350:
11349:
11343:
11339:
11335:
11331:
11325:
11321:
11320:
11314:
11310:
11308:0-253-32684-2
11304:
11300:
11296:
11291:
11287:
11285:0-253-32684-2
11281:
11277:
11273:
11269:
11265:
11261:
11257:
11253:
11247:
11243:
11242:
11237:
11236:Langfus, Leib
11233:
11228:
11222:
11218:
11213:
11209:
11207:0-253-32684-2
11203:
11199:
11195:
11190:
11186:
11184:0-253-32684-2
11180:
11176:
11172:
11167:
11155:
11151:
11148:(in Polish).
11147:
11143:
11139:
11135:
11131:
11129:0-312-19838-8
11125:
11121:
11117:
11116:
11110:
11106:
11104:0-253-32684-2
11100:
11096:
11092:
11087:
11083:
11077:
11073:
11069:
11065:
11061:
11057:
11053:
11047:
11043:
11042:
11036:
11032:
11028:
11024:
11018:
11014:
11013:
11007:
11000:
10993:
10989:
10985:
10983:1-84212-024-7
10979:
10975:
10971:
10970:Hoess, Rudolf
10967:
10963:
10961:0-253-32684-2
10957:
10953:
10949:
10944:
10940:
10934:
10930:
10926:
10925:Hilberg, Raul
10922:
10918:
10914:
10910:
10906:
10902:
10898:
10893:
10889:
10887:0-521-78110-8
10883:
10879:
10875:
10871:
10867:
10861:
10857:
10856:
10851:
10847:
10843:
10837:
10833:
10828:
10824:
10822:0-253-32684-2
10818:
10814:
10810:
10806:
10802:
10798:
10794:
10788:
10784:
10783:
10778:
10777:Greif, Gideon
10774:
10770:
10764:
10760:
10755:
10751:
10745:
10741:
10737:
10733:
10729:
10725:
10719:
10715:
10711:
10707:
10695:
10691:
10685:
10681:
10680:
10675:
10671:
10666:
10662:
10658:
10654:
10650:
10646:
10641:
10637:
10631:
10627:
10623:
10619:
10615:
10609:
10604:
10603:
10596:
10592:
10590:1-59420-074-2
10586:
10581:
10580:
10574:
10570:
10566:
10562:
10558:
10554:
10550:
10546:
10542:
10538:
10534:
10530:
10529:CrossCurrents
10525:
10521:
10515:
10511:
10507:
10503:
10499:
10497:0-393-32291-2
10493:
10489:
10488:
10483:
10479:
10475:
10471:
10467:
10463:
10459:
10454:
10450:
10446:
10442:
10438:
10434:
10430:
10424:
10420:
10419:
10414:
10410:
10409:Czech, Danuta
10406:
10402:
10400:0-253-32684-2
10396:
10392:
10388:
10384:
10379:
10375:
10369:
10365:
10364:
10359:
10355:
10351:
10349:0-8032-1327-1
10345:
10341:
10340:
10335:
10331:
10327:
10321:
10317:
10313:
10309:
10305:
10303:0-312-19838-8
10299:
10295:
10291:
10286:
10282:
10276:
10272:
10267:
10263:
10257:
10253:
10248:
10244:
10242:0-253-32684-2
10238:
10234:
10230:
10226:
10225:Bauer, Yehuda
10222:
10218:
10212:
10208:
10204:
10200:
10196:
10192:
10188:
10184:
10183:
10162:
10158:
10154:
10147:
10131:
10127:
10123:
10116:
10100:
10096:
10092:
10085:
10069:
10065:
10061:
10054:
10038:
10034:
10030:
10024:
10017:
10012:
9996:
9992:
9988:
9981:
9974:
9969:
9967:
9958:
9954:
9950:
9943:
9936:
9931:
9924:
9919:
9903:
9899:
9895:
9889:
9882:
9878:
9873:
9866:
9861:
9854:
9849:
9842:
9837:
9821:
9817:
9811:
9795:
9791:
9790:
9785:
9778:
9771:
9770:
9763:
9756:
9751:
9744:
9739:
9732:
9728:
9723:
9715:
9711:
9704:
9696:
9692:
9688:
9681:
9673:
9669:
9663:
9647:
9643:
9642:
9637:
9633:
9632:Posener, Alan
9627:
9619:
9615:
9609:
9602:
9597:
9590:
9586:
9583:
9578:
9571:
9566:
9559:
9554:
9538:
9534:
9530:
9523:
9516:
9512:
9509:
9504:
9488:
9484:
9480:
9473:
9465:
9461:
9456:
9448:
9440:
9436:
9432:
9428:
9422:
9414:
9410:
9406:
9399:
9391:
9387:
9383:
9377:
9370:
9365:
9357:
9353:
9349:
9345:
9338:
9330:
9324:
9320:
9316:
9309:
9293:
9289:
9285:
9279:
9272:
9271:Wittmann 2005
9267:
9260:
9255:
9248:
9243:
9236:
9231:
9224:
9220:
9215:
9208:
9203:
9196:
9191:
9189:
9181:
9177:
9173:
9168:
9161:
9156:
9149:
9144:
9138:, p. 10.
9137:
9132:
9125:
9120:
9114:, p. 46.
9113:
9108:
9101:
9097:
9094:
9090:
9085:
9079:, p. 48.
9078:
9073:
9066:
9061:
9054:
9049:
9042:
9037:
9031:, p. 45.
9030:
9025:
9023:
9015:
9010:
9003:
8998:
8991:
8987:
8982:
8975:
8970:
8963:
8958:
8951:
8946:
8939:
8935:
8930:
8923:
8918:
8911:
8906:
8900:, p. 30.
8899:
8894:
8892:
8884:
8879:
8872:
8867:
8860:
8859:Cesarani 2016
8856:
8851:
8844:
8840:
8835:
8828:
8824:
8821:
8817:
8813:
8808:
8802:, p. 54.
8801:
8796:
8789:
8785:
8780:
8774:, p. 44.
8773:
8768:
8762:, p. 43.
8761:
8757:
8752:
8745:
8741:
8736:
8729:
8724:
8717:
8712:
8705:
8700:
8693:
8688:
8681:
8680:Kitchens 2000
8676:
8669:
8664:
8658:, p. 36.
8657:
8652:
8650:
8641:
8640:
8634:
8629:
8622:
8618:
8613:
8606:
8601:
8594:
8589:
8573:
8569:
8565:
8559:
8554:
8547:
8542:
8535:
8530:
8528:
8520:
8514:
8507:
8502:
8496:, p. 16.
8495:
8490:
8483:
8478:
8472:, p. 73.
8471:
8466:
8459:
8454:
8447:
8442:
8435:
8430:
8423:
8418:
8411:
8406:
8399:
8394:
8387:
8382:
8380:
8372:
8367:
8365:
8357:
8352:
8350:
8348:
8340:
8335:
8328:
8324:
8319:
8312:
8308:
8305:
8300:
8293:
8288:
8280:
8276:
8270:
8263:
8258:
8256:
8248:
8243:
8236:
8231:
8224:
8219:
8212:
8207:
8200:
8195:
8188:
8184:
8179:
8172:
8168:
8163:
8156:
8152:
8147:
8140:
8139:van Pelt 2016
8135:
8119:
8115:
8111:
8105:
8104:van Pelt 2016
8101:
8096:
8089:
8084:
8077:
8072:
8065:
8060:
8058:
8050:
8045:
8043:
8035:
8030:
8023:
8018:
8016:
8014:
8006:
8001:
7999:
7991:
7986:
7979:
7974:
7967:
7962:
7960:
7952:
7948:
7943:
7936:
7931:
7924:
7919:
7912:
7907:
7900:
7895:
7888:
7883:
7876:
7871:
7864:
7859:
7852:
7847:
7840:
7835:
7828:
7823:
7816:
7811:
7804:
7799:
7792:
7787:
7780:
7775:
7773:
7765:
7760:
7753:
7752:Browning 2004
7749:
7744:
7737:
7732:
7725:
7720:
7718:
7710:
7705:
7689:
7685:
7679:
7672:
7667:
7660:
7655:
7648:
7643:
7636:
7631:
7624:
7619:
7612:
7607:
7601:, p. 97.
7600:
7595:
7588:
7583:
7576:
7571:
7564:
7559:
7552:
7547:
7540:
7535:
7533:
7525:
7520:
7514:, p. 96.
7513:
7508:
7506:
7504:
7496:
7491:
7484:
7479:
7472:
7467:
7465:
7457:
7452:
7436:
7432:
7426:
7419:
7414:
7408:, p. 89.
7407:
7402:
7396:, p. 87.
7395:
7390:
7383:
7378:
7371:
7366:
7360:, p. 79.
7359:
7354:
7352:
7345:, p. 77.
7344:
7339:
7337:
7329:
7324:
7317:
7312:
7305:
7300:
7293:
7288:
7281:
7276:
7274:
7266:
7261:
7254:
7249:
7242:
7237:
7230:
7225:
7218:
7213:
7206:
7201:
7194:
7189:
7187:
7179:
7174:
7167:
7163:
7158:
7156:
7148:
7143:
7136:
7131:
7124:
7119:
7112:
7111:van Pelt 1998
7108:
7103:
7096:
7091:
7085:, p. 88.
7084:
7079:
7077:
7075:
7067:
7062:
7055:
7050:
7043:
7038:
7032:, p. 22.
7031:
7026:
7019:
7014:
7007:
7002:
7000:
6992:
6987:
6985:
6978:, p. 18.
6977:
6972:
6966:, p. 34.
6965:
6960:
6954:, p. 21.
6953:
6948:
6942:, p. 25.
6941:
6936:
6930:, p. 55.
6929:
6928:Iwaszko 2000b
6924:
6918:, p. 70.
6917:
6913:
6912:Iwaszko 2000b
6909:
6904:
6898:, p. 69.
6897:
6892:
6885:
6880:
6873:
6872:Iwaszko 2000b
6868:
6861:
6857:
6852:
6846:, p. 67.
6845:
6840:
6824:
6820:
6814:
6808:, p. 33.
6807:
6802:
6796:, p. 66.
6795:
6790:
6784:, p. 60.
6783:
6782:Iwaszko 2000b
6778:
6772:, p. 45.
6771:
6766:
6760:, p. 56.
6759:
6758:Iwaszko 2000b
6754:
6747:
6742:
6735:
6730:
6728:
6720:
6715:
6709:, p. 17.
6708:
6707:Iwaszko 2000a
6703:
6701:
6692:
6688:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6670:
6665:
6649:
6645:
6639:
6631:
6627:
6621:
6605:
6601:
6595:
6593:
6586:, p. 20.
6585:
6580:
6573:
6568:
6561:
6556:
6549:
6544:
6537:
6532:
6525:
6520:
6513:
6508:
6501:
6496:
6489:
6484:
6477:
6476:Wittmann 2003
6472:
6465:
6460:
6454:, p. 49.
6453:
6448:
6446:
6438:
6433:
6426:
6421:
6414:
6409:
6402:
6397:
6390:
6385:
6378:
6373:
6366:
6361:
6354:
6349:
6342:
6337:
6330:
6325:
6318:
6313:
6306:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6285:
6281:
6276:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6242:
6235:
6230:
6223:
6218:
6212:
6210:
6206:
6203:
6197:
6193:
6188:
6181:
6176:
6170:, p. 58.
6169:
6165:
6161:
6156:
6150:, p. 17.
6149:
6145:
6140:
6133:
6128:
6122:, p. 57.
6121:
6116:
6109:
6104:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6084:
6077:
6072:
6065:
6060:
6054:, p. 57.
6053:
6048:
6041:
6036:
6029:
6024:
6017:
6012:
6006:, p. 53.
6005:
6000:
5993:
5988:
5981:
5976:
5969:
5964:
5957:
5952:
5945:
5941:
5936:
5930:, p. 49.
5929:
5924:
5917:
5912:
5906:, p. 45.
5905:
5900:
5893:
5888:
5881:
5876:
5869:
5864:
5857:
5852:
5845:
5841:
5836:
5829:
5825:
5820:
5814:, p. 94.
5813:
5808:
5801:
5796:
5790:, p. 87.
5789:
5784:
5777:
5776:van Pelt 1998
5772:
5765:
5764:van Pelt 1998
5760:
5753:
5748:
5741:
5737:
5732:
5725:
5720:
5713:
5708:
5706:
5698:
5694:
5689:
5682:
5678:
5673:
5671:
5663:
5658:
5656:
5649:, p. 62.
5648:
5643:
5636:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5615:
5610:
5608:
5600:
5595:
5588:
5587:Browning 2004
5583:
5576:
5571:
5564:
5563:Fulbrook 2012
5559:
5552:
5548:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5532:van Pelt 1998
5528:
5521:
5516:
5514:
5506:
5501:
5495:, p. 61.
5494:
5489:
5482:
5478:
5473:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5453:
5446:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5427:
5423:
5418:
5411:
5406:
5399:
5394:
5392:
5384:
5379:
5373:, p. 71.
5372:
5367:
5360:
5355:
5349:, p. 65.
5348:
5344:
5339:
5333:, p. 15.
5332:
5331:Iwaszko 2000a
5327:
5321:, p. 166
5320:
5316:
5315:Iwaszko 2000b
5312:
5307:
5301:, p. 16.
5300:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5283:
5279:
5274:
5267:
5262:
5260:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5237:
5230:
5225:
5218:
5217:Matthäus 2004
5213:
5206:
5201:
5194:
5193:Cesarani 2016
5189:
5182:
5177:
5170:
5166:
5165:Browning 2004
5161:
5155:, p. 60.
5154:
5149:
5142:
5137:
5130:
5125:
5118:
5113:
5106:
5105:Browning 2004
5101:
5094:
5089:
5074:
5070:
5064:
5049:
5045:
5038:
5031:
5026:
5024:
5016:
5012:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4995:
4982:
4978:
4977:auschwitz.org
4974:
4967:
4960:
4955:
4947:
4943:
4937:
4930:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4897:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4879:
4875:
4869:
4865:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4843:Joachim Gauck
4840:
4836:
4832:
4831:Ronald Lauder
4828:
4822:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4790:
4780:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4760:
4756:
4751:
4742:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4717:
4713:
4712:Mary Fulbrook
4708:
4701:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4679:
4675:
4670:
4663:
4659:
4655:
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4506:
4494:
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4459:
4453:
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4429:
4419:
4409:
4407:
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4399:
4395:
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4387:
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4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4316:Reuven Rivlin
4313:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4249:
4235:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4214:Horst Fischer
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4157:; and guards
4156:
4152:
4148:
4147:Franz Hössler
4144:
4140:
4136:
4135:Dachau Trials
4131:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4006:After the war
4003:
4001:
3997:
3996:Bergen-Belsen
3993:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3982:Boris Polevoi
3978:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3963:
3961:
3954:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3908:
3897:
3890:
3880:
3870:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3854:Sachsenhausen
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3822:Bergen-Belsen
3817:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3790:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
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3436:
3434:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3287:Camp of Death
3282:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3265:Witold Report
3262:
3247:
3244:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3212:10,000–15,000
3211:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3179:Byelorussians
3176:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3107:
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3102:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3027:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2988:
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2980:
2976:
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2965:
2963:
2957:
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2926:
2924:
2914:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2860:
2846:
2832:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2807:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2713:the Holocaust
2710:
2709:Josef Mengele
2705:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2615:Catholic mass
2612:
2608:
2598:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2570:standing cell
2566:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2483:Rudolf Brandt
2480:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2437:Josef Mengele
2430:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2418:Eduard Wirths
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2394:Carl Clauberg
2391:
2390:sterilization
2387:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2349:Carl Clauberg
2346:
2345:Franz Hössler
2343:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2327:Lagerführerin
2322:
2317:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:Lagerführerin
2257:
2253:
2239:
2225:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2131:
2120:
2113:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2064:Auschwitz III
2061:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2031:
2027:
2018:
2016:
2015:Star of David
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1875:Volksdeutsche
1870:
1868:
1864:
1861:According to
1859:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1801:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1781:Josef Mengele
1778:
1774:
1773:left to right
1770:
1763:
1753:
1749:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1611:
1607:
1606:(second left)
1604:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1470:Karl Bischoff
1466:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1437:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1393:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1276:Upper Silesia
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:Karl Fritzsch
1217:
1204:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:for Silesia.
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1042:
1028:
1017:
1010:
997:
956:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
899:outlined the
898:
894:
890:
889:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
865:When Germany
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:pan-Germanism
810:
806:
802:
798:
784:
773:
766:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
733:Viktor Frankl
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
694:Schutzstaffel
691:
690:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
646:functionaries
642:
638:
634:
633:
632:Schutzstaffel
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:the Holocaust
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:concentration
549:
547:
541:
539:
530:
524:
516:
512:
508:
503:
494:
490:
486:
482:
479:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
438:Official name
436:
432:
427:
423:
419:
409:
405:
398:
397:
393:
390:
389:
385:
382:
381:
377:
374:
373:
369:
368:
366:
364:Notable books
362:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:Liliana Segre
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:Viktor Frankl
291:
287:
283:
279:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
229:Army barracks
228:
224:
221:
220:
216:
212:
209:
208:
207:Schutzstaffel
203:
200:
196:
193:
190:
186:
183:
180:
176:
173:
172:The Holocaust
170:
166:
161:
133:
131:
127:
122:
117:
116:
110:
99:
88:
77:
73:
69:
65:
59:
52:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
16755:Yizkor books
16416:
16363:
16108:
16056:in Lithuania
16016:
15914:
15799:
15792:
15781:
15715:
15693:
15674:
15655:
15638:
15597:
15475:
15421:by Catholics
15290:Soviet Union
15158:By territory
14814:
14738:Höcker Album
14721:Nazi sources
14609:Victim lists
14575:Miles Lerman
14382:Trawniki men
14322:Hotel Polski
14231:Detlef Nebbe
14196:Oswald Kaduk
14191:Karl Jeschke
14069:Bruno Müller
14059:Felix Landau
14044:Ernst Damzog
14039:Karl Brunner
14008:
13984:Franz Konrad
13885:Adolf Theuer
13838:executioners
13817:Franz Stangl
13787:Robert Mulka
13757:Josef Kramer
13707:Karl Frenzel
13677:Richard Baer
13672:Hans Aumeier
13665:Camp command
13651:Otto Wächter
13531:Josef Bühler
13526:Viktor Brack
13512:Perpetrators
13104:
12946:Main article
12757:
12665:Google Earth
12631:
12622:
12599:
12583:
12562:
12550:. Retrieved
12524:
12496:
12472:
12454:
12450:
12428:
12406:
12383:
12360:
12348:
12339:
12311:
12279:
12246:
12213:
12180:
12147:
12118:
12085:
12052:
12029:
12006:
11983:
11970:10 September
11968:. Retrieved
11959:
11943:. Retrieved
11934:
11910:
11889:
11868:
11864:
11844:
11817:
11786:
11757:
11733:
11710:
11683:
11666:
11662:
11647:. Retrieved
11643:the original
11621:
11598:
11583:. Retrieved
11551:
11529:
11512:. Retrieved
11492:
11468:
11442:
11423:
11400:
11379:
11347:
11318:
11294:
11271:
11240:
11216:
11193:
11170:
11158:. Retrieved
11154:the original
11149:
11145:
11114:
11090:
11071:
11040:
11011:
10973:
10947:
10928:
10900:
10896:
10877:
10874:Hayes, Peter
10854:
10831:
10808:
10781:
10758:
10739:
10735:
10713:
10698:. Retrieved
10678:
10648:
10644:
10625:
10601:
10578:
10532:
10528:
10509:
10486:
10461:
10448:
10417:
10386:
10382:
10362:
10338:
10315:
10289:
10270:
10251:
10228:
10206:
10195:the original
10190:
10165:. Retrieved
10157:The Guardian
10156:
10146:
10134:. Retrieved
10126:The Guardian
10125:
10115:
10103:. Retrieved
10095:The Guardian
10094:
10084:
10072:. Retrieved
10063:
10053:
10041:. Retrieved
10032:
10023:
10011:
9999:. Retrieved
9991:The Guardian
9990:
9980:
9957:the original
9952:
9942:
9930:
9918:
9906:. Retrieved
9897:
9888:
9877:Carroll 2002
9872:
9860:
9848:
9841:Carroll 2002
9836:
9824:. Retrieved
9810:
9798:. Retrieved
9787:
9777:
9768:
9762:
9750:
9738:
9722:
9714:the original
9703:
9690:
9680:
9662:
9650:. Retrieved
9639:
9626:
9608:
9596:
9577:
9565:
9553:
9541:. Retrieved
9533:The Atlantic
9532:
9522:
9503:
9491:. Retrieved
9483:The Guardian
9482:
9472:
9459:
9447:
9434:
9421:
9408:
9398:
9385:
9376:
9364:
9347:
9337:
9318:
9308:
9296:. Retrieved
9287:
9278:
9273:, p. 3.
9266:
9254:
9242:
9230:
9214:
9202:
9167:
9155:
9143:
9131:
9119:
9107:
9093:"First help"
9084:
9072:
9060:
9048:
9036:
9009:
8997:
8981:
8969:
8957:
8945:
8929:
8917:
8905:
8878:
8866:
8850:
8834:
8807:
8795:
8779:
8767:
8751:
8735:
8723:
8711:
8704:Neufeld 2000
8699:
8692:Neufeld 2000
8687:
8675:
8663:
8638:
8628:
8621:Fleming 2014
8612:
8600:
8588:
8576:. Retrieved
8568:The Guardian
8567:
8553:
8541:
8513:
8506:Fleming 2016
8501:
8489:
8482:Nyiszli 2011
8477:
8465:
8458:Fleming 2014
8453:
8441:
8434:Fleming 2014
8429:
8422:Fleming 2014
8417:
8410:Fleming 2014
8405:
8393:
8386:Bartrop 2016
8356:Fleming 2014
8334:
8323:Fleming 2014
8318:
8299:
8287:
8279:the original
8269:
8242:
8230:
8218:
8206:
8194:
8178:
8162:
8151:Hilberg 1961
8146:
8134:
8122:. Retrieved
8113:
8095:
8083:
8071:
8029:
7990:Langfus 2000
7985:
7973:
7942:
7930:
7918:
7906:
7894:
7882:
7870:
7858:
7846:
7834:
7822:
7810:
7798:
7786:
7759:
7743:
7731:
7704:
7692:. Retrieved
7678:
7666:
7654:
7642:
7630:
7623:Fleming 2014
7618:
7611:Fleming 2014
7606:
7594:
7582:
7570:
7558:
7546:
7519:
7490:
7478:
7451:
7439:. Retrieved
7425:
7413:
7401:
7389:
7377:
7365:
7323:
7311:
7299:
7287:
7260:
7253:Mehring 2015
7248:
7236:
7224:
7212:
7200:
7173:
7142:
7130:
7118:
7102:
7090:
7061:
7049:
7037:
7025:
7013:
6971:
6959:
6947:
6940:Nyiszli 2011
6935:
6923:
6903:
6891:
6879:
6867:
6851:
6839:
6827:. Retrieved
6813:
6801:
6789:
6777:
6765:
6753:
6741:
6714:
6691:the original
6664:
6652:. Retrieved
6638:
6620:
6608:. Retrieved
6579:
6567:
6555:
6543:
6531:
6519:
6507:
6495:
6483:
6471:
6459:
6432:
6420:
6408:
6396:
6384:
6372:
6360:
6348:
6336:
6324:
6317:Harding 2013
6312:
6275:
6263:. Retrieved
6254:
6241:
6229:
6217:
6199:
6187:
6175:
6155:
6139:
6127:
6115:
6103:
6083:
6071:
6059:
6047:
6035:
6023:
6011:
5999:
5987:
5975:
5963:
5951:
5935:
5923:
5916:Hilberg 1998
5911:
5899:
5887:
5875:
5863:
5851:
5835:
5819:
5807:
5795:
5783:
5771:
5759:
5747:
5739:
5731:
5719:
5688:
5642:
5594:
5582:
5570:
5558:
5527:
5500:
5488:
5472:
5452:
5417:
5405:
5378:
5366:
5354:
5338:
5326:
5306:
5273:
5245:
5236:
5229:Gerlach 2016
5224:
5212:
5200:
5188:
5176:
5160:
5148:
5136:
5124:
5112:
5100:
5095:, p. 7.
5088:
5076:. Retrieved
5072:
5063:
5051:. Retrieved
5047:
5037:
4992:
4985:. Retrieved
4976:
4966:
4954:
4936:
4928:
4921:. Retrieved
4912:
4903:
4868:
4821:
4807:
4802:
4789:
4779:
4768:
4765:Raul Hilberg
4762:
4758:
4750:
4741:
4731:
4728:Danuta Czech
4723:
4715:
4707:
4698:, Volume V,
4693:
4690:Danuta Czech
4685:
4669:
4656:, Volume V,
4651:
4648:Danuta Czech
4643:
4630:
4576:
4565:Perse School
4561:
4544:
4520:John Paul II
4517:
4501:
4383:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4328:
4320:Andrzej Duda
4271:
4265:
4259:
4210:East Germany
4205:
4191:
4187:
4183:West Germany
4143:Josef Kramer
4139:Belsen Trial
4132:
4124:Hans Aumeier
4120:Maria Mandel
4101:
4088:
4077:
4051:
4040:
3985:
3979:
3975:tuberculosis
3964:
3956:
3951:
3918:
3866:
3863:
3818:
3814:
3805:
3795:
3771:
3767:
3759:
3757:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3735:
3723:
3706:
3695:
3687:
3673:
3663:
3653:
3648:
3645:to bomb it:
3621:
3593:
3583:
3551:
3548:Jerzy Tabeau
3546:
3504:
3493:
3481:KL Auschwitz
3480:
3459:
3449:
3443:
3439:
3437:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3399:
3392:
3387:The Scotsman
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3339:
3286:
3239:
3223:
3117:Ethnic Poles
3064:
3045:
3032:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2991:sal ammoniac
2970:
2969:
2961:
2944:
2934:
2931:Leib Langfus
2927:
2922:
2919:
2898:
2891:
2881:
2874:
2870:
2812:
2801:Gas chambers
2764:
2740:
2719:
2717:
2699:
2693:
2656:Family camps
2647:
2642:
2619:
2611:Danuta Czech
2603:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2545:
2490:
2476:
2469:tuberculosis
2452:
2434:
2383:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2326:
2324:
2319:
2314:Gisella Perl
2310:
2298:Bauabschnitt
2297:
2293:
2291:
2275:
2268:Danuta Czech
2259:
2249:
2208:Women's camp
2196:, including
2182:
2177:
2164:
2157:
2151:
2143:
2141:
2118:
2101:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2056:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2011:yellow badge
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1933:Kommandierte
1932:
1929:Stubendienst
1928:
1927:(overseer),
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1895:
1887:death's head
1880:
1873:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1855:
1843:Richard Baer
1841:
1829:Josef Kramer
1811:
1777:Richard Baer
1772:
1769:Höcker Album
1718:
1686:
1683:Arbeitslager
1682:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1629:
1615:
1605:
1592:
1589:
1570:, a type of
1565:
1533:
1530:
1517:
1502:
1483:
1467:
1458:
1447:
1382:Construction
1363:
1341:
1338:Filip Müller
1333:
1327:
1311:women's camp
1300:
1272:Danuta Czech
1267:
1249:
1218:
1214:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1142:
1138:Lagerälteste
1136:
1126:) after the
1123:
1119:
1099:
1063:Arpad Wigand
1054:
1052:
886:
864:
841:
821:Adolf Hitler
809:antisemitism
794:
706:
687:
685:
658:
630:
620:
592:gas chambers
579:
568:World War II
560:Nazi Germany
558:operated by
546:KZ Auschwitz
543:
538:KL Auschwitz
535:
501:
500:
394:
386:
378:
370:
298:Imre Kertész
282:Adolf Burger
266:Liberated by
226:Original use
217:
205:
202:Nazi Germany
120:
108:
40:
16761:Never again
16592:(Action T4)
16518:Remembrance
16303:Homosexuals
16273:Soviet POWs
16201:Częstochowa
15749:Gas chamber
15560:Ravensbrück
15501:Gross-Rosen
15496:Flossenbürg
15379:Philippines
15311:Yugoslavia
15270:Netherlands
15198:Sudetenland
14858:Gas chamber
14826:Concealment
14817:photographs
14664:Gross-Rosen
14633:Lviv (Lwów)
14595:Roza Robota
14499:Częstochowa
14131:Herta Bothe
14121:Hans Anhalt
14114:Camp guards
14054:Ludwig Hahn
14034:Paul Blobel
13974:Franz Bürkl
13964:Hans Biebow
13923:Fritz Klein
13860:Josef Klehr
13845:Erich Bauer
13836:Gas chamber
13782:Karl Möckel
13767:Maria Mandl
13742:Rudolf Höss
13727:Otto Hantke
13616:Oswald Pohl
13606:Ernst Lerch
13417:Stanisławów
13327:Częstochowa
13217:Bronna Góra
13147:Gross-Rosen
13142:Auschwitz I
12676:"Auschwitz"
12552:25 February
11649:10 February
11375:Levi, Primo
10179:Works cited
10043:30 December
9935:Berger 2017
9923:Berger 2017
9881:Berger 2017
9853:Berger 2017
9789:Smithsonian
9369:Snyder 2010
9223:Lasik 2000a
9219:Lasik 1998b
9195:Lasik 1998b
9172:Lasik 1998b
9160:Lasik 2000b
9148:Lasik 2000b
8990:Piper 2000b
8871:Piper 2000b
8855:Piper 2000b
8788:Piper 2000b
8756:Müller 1999
8744:Müller 1999
8728:Piper 2000b
8656:Biddle 2000
8292:Snyder 2010
8262:Snyder 2010
8199:Piper 2000b
8171:Piper 2000b
8167:Piper 1998b
8155:Piper 2000b
8088:Piper 1998c
8049:Piper 2000b
7966:Piper 2000b
7951:Piper 2000b
7947:Piper 1998c
7935:Piper 2000b
7923:Piper 2000b
7911:Piper 2000b
7899:Piper 1998c
7887:Baxter 2017
7863:Piper 1998c
7851:Piper 2000b
7839:Piper 2000b
7827:Piper 2000b
7815:Piper 2000b
7803:Piper 2000b
7748:Piper 2000b
7736:Piper 1998c
7724:Piper 1998c
7709:Piper 1998c
7671:Piper 1998c
7659:Piper 1998c
7483:Piper 2000b
7418:Piper 2000b
7406:Piper 2000b
7394:Piper 2000b
7382:Piper 2000b
7358:Piper 2000b
7343:Piper 2000b
7217:Kubica 1998
7193:Kubica 1998
7178:Kubica 1998
7162:Kubica 1998
6952:Gutman 1998
6908:Gutman 1998
6860:Gutman 1998
6719:Piper 1998c
6584:Gutman 1998
6560:Piper 2000b
6548:Piper 2000b
6536:Piper 2000b
6524:Piper 2000b
6512:Piper 2000b
6500:Piper 2000b
6488:Piper 2000b
6437:Lasik 1998a
6425:Lasik 1998a
6413:Lasik 1998a
6401:Lasik 2000b
6389:Lasik 1998a
6377:Lasik 2000b
6365:Lasik 1998a
6353:Lasik 2000b
6341:Lasik 2000a
6329:Lasik 1998b
6305:Lasik 2000a
6284:Lasik 2000b
6280:Lasik 1998b
6196:Kubica 2009
6180:Gutman 1998
6164:Piper 1998a
6160:Gutman 1998
6148:Gutman 1998
5992:Lasik 2000a
5892:Piper 2000b
5880:Piper 2000b
5868:Piper 2000b
5856:Piper 2000b
5844:Piper 2000b
5828:Piper 1998c
5824:Piper 2000b
5736:Piper 2000b
5712:Piper 2000b
5693:Piper 2000b
5681:Piper 2000b
5677:Müller 1999
5662:Piper 2000b
5647:Piper 2000a
5536:Piper 2000a
5493:Piper 2000a
5465:Piper 2000b
5461:Piper 1998c
5445:Piper 2000b
5426:Piper 1998c
5422:Piper 2000b
5410:Piper 2000b
5311:Piper 2000a
5299:Gutman 1998
5278:Piper 2000a
5205:Piper 2000b
5030:Lasik 2000b
5015:Piper 1998b
5011:Piper 2000b
4909:"Auschwitz"
4896:Piper 2000b
4849:, and King
4678:Rudolf Höss
4550:F-15 Eagles
4522:celebrated
4461:F-15 Eagles
4398:millennials
4384:In 2017, a
4375:Edith Stein
4363:Simone Veil
4335:Elie Wiesel
4308:Helmut Kohl
4301:West German
4167:Bruno Tesch
4054:Rudolf Höss
4035:Rudolf Höss
3850:Ravensbruck
3838:Gross-Rosen
3834:Flossenburg
3798:Łódź Ghetto
3690:(1979) and
3660:David Wyman
3624:Polish Army
3556:Rudolf Vrba
3525: [
3510: [
3485:Rudolf Vrba
3433:photographs
3092:(Auschwitz)
3087:(Auschwitz)
3060:Paul Blobel
3048:Rudolf Höss
2964:photographs
2959:One of the
2781:Rudolf Vrba
2720:Hauptbücher
2704:German Roma
2627:Perry Broad
2623:Rudolf Höss
2509:August Hirt
2334:Maria Mandl
2030:Freight car
1817:Baden-Baden
1813:Rudolf Höss
1785:Rudolf Höss
1742:SS garrison
1727:Gleiwitz II
1695:Jawiszowice
1691:Blechhammer
1675:Aussenlager
1624:Peter Hayes
1608:visits the
1487:hypothermia
1450:Peter Hayes
1419:. From the
1417:gas chamber
1330:Perry Broad
1264:Rudolf Höss
1115:Rudolf Höss
1095:Oranienburg
991:Auschwitz I
983: /
940:Auschwitz I
875:Gau Silesia
854:. One, the
850:passed the
837:German Jews
737:Elie Wiesel
713:death march
698:Rudolf Höss
600:labour camp
576:Auschwitz I
399:(1980–1991)
346:Elie Wiesel
338:Rudolf Vrba
334:Simone Veil
330:Edith Stein
234:Operational
198:Operated by
155: /
130:Coordinates
74:(1940–1945)
16819:Categories
16750:Yad Vashem
16730:Uniqueness
16585:Nisko Plan
16358:Nazi Party
16166:Resistance
16136:Ninth Fort
16001:Vel' d'Hiv
15773:Nazi units
15711:Westerbork
15701:Amersfoort
15555:Neuengamme
15536:Mauthausen
15516:Kaiserwald
15486:Buchenwald
15265:Luxembourg
14181:Irma Grese
14176:Paul Götze
14146:Luise Danz
13895:Physicians
13702:Kurt Franz
13551:Hans Frank
13519:Organizers
13463:Heidelager
12803:Krzemionki
12697:Yad Vashem
12026:Stone, Dan
11945:27 January
11877:1029349665
11669:: 49–103.
10700:25 October
10074:20 January
10001:31 January
9908:27 January
9826:20 January
9800:31 January
9652:20 January
9601:Espín 2008
9543:4 February
9493:24 January
9259:Evans 2008
9112:Stone 2015
9029:Stone 2015
9002:Czech 2000
8883:Czech 2000
8843:Evans 2008
8784:Greif 2005
8772:Greif 2005
8760:Greif 2005
8617:Szabó 2011
8578:30 January
8558:Czech 2000
8371:Czech 2000
8124:2 February
8100:Piper 1991
7978:Cohen 1998
7694:26 January
7635:Czech 2000
7587:Keren 1998
7575:Czech 2000
7563:Czech 2000
7551:Keren 1998
7539:Keren 1998
7524:Czech 2000
7495:Bauer 1998
7471:Bauer 1998
7456:Bauer 1998
7441:2 February
7370:Czech 2000
7241:Spitz 2005
7229:Kater 2000
7166:Czech 2000
7054:Czech 2000
7006:Czech 2000
6976:Rosen 2014
6654:1 February
6610:25 January
6088:Hayes 2001
6064:Hayes 2001
6040:Hayes 2001
6028:Hayes 2001
5944:Hayes 2001
5800:Czech 2000
5724:Hayes 2003
5697:Czech 2000
5635:Czech 2000
5614:Czech 2000
5520:Czech 2000
5477:Czech 2000
5359:Czech 2000
5343:Czech 2000
5093:Evans 2005
4816:absolute."
4662:Hans Frank
4557:Amir Eshel
4331:Primo Levi
4312:Yad Vashem
4304:chancellor
4218:guillotine
4181:, held in
4159:Irma Grese
4128:Hans Münch
3992:Buchenwald
3945:Primo Levi
3873:Liberation
3842:Mauthausen
3826:Buchenwald
3810:Mauthausen
3665:Commentary
3634:, head of
3538:Yad Vashem
3259:See also:
3187:Ukrainians
3040:Yad Vashem
3021:Death toll
2923:Sezierraum
2820:de-lousing
2688:Eva Justin
2682:children,
2639:Józef Noji
2633:and Major
2592:Death wall
2574:Stehbunker
2287:Bratislava
2212:See also:
2200:, and the
2066:washroom:
2060:Primo Levi
2021:Transports
1963:Mauthausen
1815:, born in
1679:Nebenlager
1641:Mauthausen
1637:Buchenwald
1619:Reichsmark
1556:Buna Werke
1055:Stammlager
989: (
970:19°12′18″E
967:50°01′39″N
907:to German
825:Nazi Party
755:Background
729:Primo Levi
580:Stammlager
519:pronounced
465:1979 (3rd
462:Designated
354:Eddie Jaku
306:Primo Levi
290:Anne Frank
286:Edith Eger
214:Commandant
143:19°10′42″E
140:50°02′09″N
16845:IG Farben
16708:Education
16603:Aftermath
16515:Aftermath
16477:Trawnikis
16401:Wehrmacht
16396:Waffen-SS
16196:Białystok
16024:Bucharest
15996:Marseille
15873:Elsewhere
15834:Białystok
15646:Breendonk
15623:Treblinka
15476:Auschwitz
15260:Lithuania
15035:Memorials
14932:Aftermath
14699:Treblinka
14654:Auschwitz
14509:Treblinka
14494:Białystok
14482:Uprisings
14262:Treblinka
14107:Personnel
13875:Otto Moll
13865:Hans Koch
13717:Amon Göth
13448:Action T4
13412:Sosnowiec
13382:Nowy Sącz
13317:Białystok
13284:Szczuczyn
13232:Erntefest
13222:Bydgoszcz
13207:Białystok
13122:Treblinka
12998:Lithuania
12829:Wieliczka
12523:(1992) .
12331:874233579
12299:929235229
12266:929235229
12233:874337926
12200:874337926
12167:874337926
12138:874337926
12105:874337926
12072:874340863
12004:(2005) .
11806:929235229
11777:929235229
11675:0084-3296
11631:937965417
11597:(2011) .
11585:25 August
11526:(1999) .
11514:2 October
11377:(2001) .
11367:929235229
11338:874340863
11260:874233579
11060:874337926
11031:874340863
10972:(2003) .
10917:144058870
10876:(2001) .
10665:147829212
10565:170628493
10549:0011-1953
10484:(2002) .
10447:(2008) .
10437:929235229
9558:Levi 2017
9356:0031-0514
9298:1 October
9207:Höss 2003
9176:Höss 2003
9124:Rees 2005
9065:Levi 2001
9053:Levi 2001
8247:Höss 2003
8235:Höss 2003
8183:Höss 2003
7107:Perl 1948
6829:3 January
6770:Levi 2001
6265:3 January
6200:Also see
5505:Höss 2003
5181:Haar 2009
4861:Citations
4622:Footnotes
4536:Carmelite
4505:mug shots
4341:. Levi's
4285:Treblinka
4153:; doctor
4106:began in
4074:Nuremberg
4058:Flensburg
3925:60th Army
3458:Escapes,
3346:Home Army
3208:Austrians
3196:Yugoslavs
3170:Europeans
3078:(Source:
2983:Treblinka
2888:Selection
2684:Mulfingen
2631:Jan Karcz
2582:Mysłowice
2492:Ahnenerbe
2406:IG Farben
1789:Solahütte
1767:From the
1723:Brzeszcze
1711:Trzebinia
1707:Mysłowice
1610:IG Farben
1576:IG Farben
1522:IG Farben
1463:Brzezinka
1352:Ciechanow
929:Treblinka
848:Reichstag
725:survivors
675:, 15,000
671:, 21,000
604:IG Farben
507:‹See Tfd›
412:auschwitz
192:IG Farben
168:Known for
46:Auschwitz
16693:Academia
16146:Piaśnica
16116:Babi Yar
16044:Jedwabne
15983:Roundups
15916:Judenrat
15880:Budapest
15651:Mechelen
15613:Majdanek
15570:Stutthof
15531:Majdanek
15426:by Poles
15384:Portugal
15362:Response
15353:Timeline
15331:Overview
15193:Slovakia
15180:Bulgaria
14878:Zyklon B
14694:Trawniki
14689:Stutthof
14674:Majdanek
13422:Tarnopol
13362:Lubartów
13274:Jedwabne
13177:Trawniki
13167:Stutthof
13157:Potulice
13100:Majdanek
13018:Slovakia
12751:Cultural
12689:Archived
12636:Archived
12582:(2012).
12546:Archived
12495:(1944).
12427:(2015).
12277:(eds.).
12244:(eds.).
12211:(eds.).
12178:(eds.).
12116:(eds.).
12083:(eds.).
12028:(2015).
11982:(2014).
11964:Archived
11960:BBC News
11939:Archived
11935:BBC News
11887:(2010).
11842:(2005).
11619:(1948).
11579:Archived
11508:Archived
11422:(2010).
11160:27 April
11070:(2000).
10999:Archived
10927:(1961).
10852:(2013).
10807:(eds.).
10779:(2005).
10712:(2016).
10694:Archived
10676:(2007).
10624:(2014).
10575:(2005).
10557:24461656
10508:(2012).
10470:11889621
10415:(eds.).
10360:(2002).
10336:(2004).
10314:(2016).
10205:(2016).
10161:Archived
10130:Archived
10099:Archived
10068:Archived
10037:Archived
10016:BBC 2016
9995:Archived
9902:Archived
9898:BBC News
9820:Archived
9794:Archived
9767:UNESCO,
9695:Archived
9672:Archived
9646:Archived
9618:Archived
9585:Archived
9537:Archived
9511:Archived
9487:Archived
9464:Archived
9439:Archived
9413:Archived
9390:Archived
9292:Archived
9096:Archived
8823:Archived
8572:Archived
8307:Archived
8118:Archived
7688:Archived
7435:Archived
6823:Archived
6648:Archived
6630:Archived
6604:Archived
6259:Archived
6205:Archived
5547:Archived
5250:Archived
5078:11 April
5053:11 April
4981:Archived
4946:Archived
4917:Archived
4878:Archived
4593:See also
4528:Golgotha
4137:and the
3971:diarrhea
3941:Zyklon B
3921:Red Army
3896:Red Army
3802:Slovakia
3749:Oberkapo
3396:Raport W
3364:Captain
3183:Russians
3111:960,000
2987:Majdanek
2815:block 11
2768:Hatikvah
2542:Block 11
2533:Block 11
2398:uteruses
2378:Block 10
2365:Block 10
2160:rutabaga
2084:frescoes
2002:Asoziale
1699:Jaworzno
1655:Subcamps
1649:Red Army
1585:Oświęcim
1560:Monowitz
1526:Monowitz
1513:Oświęcim
1229:block 11
1225:Zyklon B
921:Majdanek
823:and his
819:writes.
805:eugenics
727:such as
709:Red Army
654:block 11
650:gassings
584:Oświęcim
454:Criteria
449:Cultural
350:Else Ury
219:See list
204:and the
188:Built by
178:Location
32:Oświęcim
16797:Germany
16783:Portals
16720:Lessons
16156:Rumbula
16029:Dorohoi
16010:Pogroms
15962:Victims
15812:Ghettos
15744:Gas van
15732:Methods
15706:Schoorl
15684:Bolzano
15632:Transit
15618:Sobibor
15608:Chełmno
15575:Vaivara
15511:Hinzert
15456:ghettos
15409:Vatican
15315:Croatia
15305:Ukraine
15295:Belarus
15285:Romania
15237:Hungary
15220:Germany
15210:Estonia
15205:Denmark
15175:Belgium
15170:Austria
15165:Albania
14863:Gas van
14679:Sobibór
14616:Ghettos
14523:Leaders
14504:Sobibor
14257:Sobibor
14250:By camp
13397:Siedlce
13304:Ghettos
13289:Tykocin
13261:Pogroms
13247:Palmiry
13172:Szebnie
13117:Sobibor
13095:Chełmno
13023:Ukraine
13008:Romania
12988:Germany
12978:Estonia
12973:Denmark
12968:Croatia
12963:Belgium
12958:Belarus
12853:Natural
12833:Bochnia
12660:YouTube
12505:3899327
12405:(ed.).
11822:183–245
11738:157–182
11473:244–308
11467:(ed.).
11299:288–300
11276:271–287
11198:317–337
11095:428–440
10391:522–534
10233:441–455
10167:9 March
10136:9 March
10105:9 March
9953:Haaretz
9386:UN News
4814:satraps
4324:wreaths
4281:Chełmno
3960:Yiddish
3927:of the
3728:member
3231:880,000
3204:Germans
3163:15,000
3147:21,000
3108:865,000
3015:mortars
3011:Vistula
2979:Sobibór
2939:Yiddish
2747:Terezin
2472:bacilli
2283:Gestapo
2198:Shabbat
2074:Latrine
2043:(right)
1703:Lagisze
1647:of the
1633:Gliwice
1505:Silesia
1303:Silesia
1085:, sent
925:Sobibór
917:Chełmno
614:to the
534:; also
467:session
407:Website
242:Inmates
121:Bottom:
16809:Poland
16626:Bricha
16392:(Orpo)
16265:Others
16251:Żegota
16213:Rescue
16191:Warsaw
16151:Ponary
16061:Kaunas
15864:Warsaw
15849:Lublin
15839:Kraków
15826:Poland
15670:Drancy
15603:Belzec
15580:Warsaw
15491:Dachau
15399:Turkey
15394:Sweden
15320:Serbia
15300:Russia
15280:Poland
15275:Norway
15255:Latvia
15225:Greece
15215:France
14975:Trials
14950:Bricha
14684:Soldau
14669:Izbica
14659:Bełżec
14638:Warsaw
14623:Kraków
14463:Żegota
13432:Warsaw
13407:Słonim
13402:Sambor
13377:Mizocz
13367:Lublin
13342:Kraków
13337:Kielce
13332:Grodno
13312:Będzin
13294:Wąsosz
13270:(1946)
13268:Kielce
13182:Warsaw
13162:Soldau
13112:Belzec
13013:Russia
13003:Norway
12993:Latvia
12983:France
12744:Poland
12613:489805
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4987:8 July
4923:2 July
4509:UNESCO
4406:ComRes
4337:, and
4224:Legacy
4149:, and
4108:Kraków
4097:Warsaw
4066:Minden
4023:, and
4000:Dachau
3998:, and
3987:Pravda
3973:) and
3933:Kraków
3852:, and
3830:Dachau
3753:Rajsko
3709:revolt
3570:, and
3335:, 1942
3271:, and
3200:French
3192:Czechs
3168:Other
3157:12,000
3141:19,000
3124:10,000
3121:64,000
3105:95,000
3095:Total
3054:, via
2981:, and
2975:Bełżec
2698:, the
2680:Romani
2650:revolt
2546:(left)
2449:dwarfs
2386:X-rays
2264:Poprad
1990:Winkel
1825:stucco
1731:Rajsko
1729:, and
1568:Buna-N
1356:Grodno
1354:, and
1163:Tarnów
1124:Grünen
1073:, the
1059:Kraków
945:Growth
927:, and
913:Bełżec
797:Nazism
774:, 1944
749:UNESCO
735:, and
702:Allies
700:. The
673:Romani
606:; and
511:German
484:Region
391:(1960)
383:(1947)
375:(1946)
258:Killed
58:German
54:
16835:Bayer
16740:Humor
16713:Films
16410:Units
16141:Odesa
15991:Izieu
15905:Vilna
15890:Minsk
15885:Kovno
15859:Radom
15723:Sereď
15540:Gusen
15521:Kauen
15452:Camps
15389:Spain
15374:Japan
15248:Libya
15242:Italy
14647:Camps
14307:RKFDV
13427:Wilno
13392:Radom
13387:Pińsk
13322:Brest
13227:Dynów
13073:Camps
12607:–88.
11715:61–76
11688:34–49
11175:50–60
11002:(PDF)
10995:(PDF)
10952:81–92
10913:S2CID
10661:S2CID
10561:S2CID
10553:JSTOR
10294:35–51
4354:Night
4062:Heide
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3160:3,000
3144:2,000
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2558:kapos
2554:kapos
2402:Bayer
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1667:Krupp
1580:Dwory
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1280:Bytom
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16631:List
16386:(SD)
16366:(SS)
16049:Lviv
16034:Iași
15974:Jews
15895:Riga
15854:Lwów
15844:Łódź
15816:list
15665:Gurs
15538:and
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15090:List
14628:Łódź
14448:Bund
14312:VoMi
14302:WVHA
13357:Łódź
13347:Lwów
13279:Lviv
12831:and
12609:OCLC
12588:ISBN
12567:ISBN
12554:2018
12531:ISBN
12501:OCLC
12478:ISBN
12433:ISBN
12411:ISBN
12388:ISBN
12369:ISBN
12327:OCLC
12317:ISBN
12295:OCLC
12285:ISBN
12262:OCLC
12252:ISBN
12229:OCLC
12219:ISBN
12196:OCLC
12186:ISBN
12163:OCLC
12153:ISBN
12134:OCLC
12124:ISBN
12101:OCLC
12091:ISBN
12068:OCLC
12058:ISBN
12034:ISBN
12012:ISBN
11988:ISBN
11972:2016
11947:2015
11916:ISBN
11895:ISBN
11873:OCLC
11850:ISBN
11826:ISBN
11802:OCLC
11792:ISBN
11773:OCLC
11763:ISBN
11742:ISBN
11719:ISBN
11692:ISBN
11671:ISSN
11651:2016
11627:OCLC
11603:ISBN
11587:2013
11561:ISBN
11536:ISBN
11516:2020
11498:ISBN
11477:ISBN
11447:ISBN
11428:ISBN
11406:ISBN
11385:ISBN
11363:OCLC
11353:ISBN
11334:OCLC
11324:ISBN
11303:ISBN
11280:ISBN
11256:OCLC
11246:ISBN
11221:ISBN
11202:ISBN
11179:ISBN
11162:2014
11146:WIĘŹ
11124:ISBN
11099:ISBN
11076:ISBN
11056:OCLC
11046:ISBN
11027:OCLC
11017:ISBN
10978:ISBN
10956:ISBN
10933:ISBN
10882:ISBN
10860:ISBN
10836:ISBN
10817:ISBN
10813:5–33
10787:ISBN
10763:ISBN
10744:ISBN
10718:ISBN
10702:2015
10684:ISBN
10630:ISBN
10608:ISBN
10585:ISBN
10545:ISSN
10514:ISBN
10492:ISBN
10466:OCLC
10433:OCLC
10423:ISBN
10395:ISBN
10368:ISBN
10344:ISBN
10320:ISBN
10298:ISBN
10275:ISBN
10256:ISBN
10237:ISBN
10211:ISBN
10169:2019
10138:2019
10107:2019
10076:2019
10045:2019
10003:2019
9910:2019
9828:2019
9802:2019
9654:2019
9545:2019
9495:2020
9352:ISSN
9323:ISBN
9300:2022
8580:2019
8126:2019
7696:2019
7443:2019
6831:2020
6656:2019
6612:2019
6267:2020
5080:2024
5055:2024
4989:2021
4925:2021
4634:The
4524:mass
4318:and
4200:and
4169:and
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3736:The
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3101:Jews
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2696:Roma
2669:and
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