340:
the operations directorate, dealing with planning and intelligence; 3) the service directorate, dealing with administration, supply and military justice. The
Archduke set out the position of a modern chief of staff: “The chief of staff stands at the side of the commander-in-chief and is completely at his disposal. His sphere of work connects him with no specific unit”. “The commander-in-chief decides what should happen and how; his chief assistant works out these decisions, so that each subordinate understands his allotted task”. With the creation of the korps in 1809, each had a staff, whose chief was responsible for directing operations and executing the overall headquarters plan. The staff on the outbreak of war in 1809 numbered over 170. Finally in 1811,
24:
187:, a problem exacerbated by incoherent training across the regions. The army was beset by constant government frugality and several reorganisations. A Militär-Hof-Commission sat for six years from 1795 (known as the Nostitz-Rieneck commission and from 1798, Unterberger) to overhaul the kit, producing the simpler 1798-pattern uniform, the famous crested helmet and a standard musket, copied from the French 1777 pattern. Although some regiments were disbanded in 1809 following the loss of their recruiting-grounds, others were allocated new areas yet kept their old designations; for example, the Walloon regiments whose recruiting areas were transferred to Galicia.
309:, which would be expanded in wartime with junior officers. The Grosse staff was divided into three: First, the intrinsecum, which handled internal administration and directing operations; secondly, external activities, including the pioneers; thirdly, the inspection service, which handled the issuing of orders and prisoners of war. Alongside the general staff was the general adjutant, who led a group of adjutant staff selected by the army commanders to handle the details of internal administration and collating intelligence, and answered to the commander-in-chief. The
86:
314:
return to them, the intention being that they would prove themselves as leaders during their time with the staff. In a battle or when the army had detached corps, a small number of staff would be allocated to the column commander as a smaller version of headquarters. The senior man, usually a major, would be the chief of the column staff and his principal task would be to help the commander to understand what was intended.
348:, which prioritised the chief of staff's managerial and supervisory role with the departments (political correspondence, operations and service) under their own directors, effectively merging the adjutants and general staff officers. In this system lay the beginnings of a formal staff corps, whose members could specialise in operations, intelligence and logistics.
380:, the 'Inhaber', whose title the regiment bore, but he only exercised a formal authority to confirm the appointment of junior officers within that regiment. Contrary to French revolutionary propaganda that Austrian officers were largely from the lesser aristocracy, most officers were recruited as cadets or appointed from within the regiments.
356:
Recruitment in the German areas was by voluntary enlistment and a scheme of conscription, which was for lifetime service before 1802, ten years thereafter. All able-bodied men between 17 and 40 were liable, although the many exemptions for the nobility, skilled trades, most townsfolk and married men,
304:
made it clear that
Austria had no “great brain” and the command needed to spread the workload to allow the commander-in-chief the time to consider the strategic picture. The 1757 regulations had created the Grosse Feldgeneralstab and Kleine Generalstab and after changes in 1769, a permanent staff of
725:
and in a covered external area.; a reconstructed 6pdr in the
Military Museum in Budapest; a short 1753 18pdr siege gun is in the Royal Artillery Museum collection is now in long-term storage. There are unconfirmed rumours of a 6pdr gun and a 6pdr Cavalry gun in Moscow, painted red and captured from
577:. These Grenzers performed consistently well in every battle they participated in, with many French soldiers regarding them highly and considering them the only "warlike" units in the Austrian Army. Even Napoleon did not hesitate to use some Grenzer regiments after his victory over Austria in 1809.
339:
at the head of the staff and the wartime role of the chief of staff was now focused on planning and operations to assist the commander. Archduke
Charles, Duke of Teschen himself produced a new Dienstvorschrift on 1 September 1805, which divided the staff into three; 1) political correspondence; 2)
313:
became the chief adviser to the commander-in-chief and, in a fundamental move away from the previous administrative role, the chief of staff now undertook operational planning, while delegating the routine work to his senior staff officers. Staff officers were drawn from line units and would later
553:, creating six battalions, each of four companies, per regiment: The senior Grenadier (or Leib) Battalion comprised the two former Grenadier companies and two companies of infantry (in the 1798 pattern helmet). The army reverted to its former 1798 organisation on 6 December 1806.
538:
The 1769 regulations show the original peacetime company strengths at 113 per company in peacetime (The 'Kopf' figure down the left side of the regulations.) and from
Entwurf 5 on p. 81, the wartime strength expanded to 115 in the Grenadiers and 152-4 in the fusiliers.
692:
battalions. The 1807 Exercier-Reglemnt formalised the training of infantry skirmishers as organic to their battalions and the employment of Masses (closed-up battalions and two-company divisions) in the more densely-packed battlefields. While still vulnerable to
330:
augmented these with his own
Observationspunkte, writing of the chief of staff: “he is duty bound to consider all possibilities related to operations and not view himself as merely carrying out those instructions”. On 20 March 1801, Feldmarschalleutnant
325:
in the
Netherlands, he issued the Instruktionspunkte fur die gesamte Herren Generals, the last of 19 points setting out the roles of staff officers, dealing with offensive and defensive operations, while helping the commander-in-chief. In 1796,
448:. The established strength of a 'German' line regiment in theory was 4,575 men, though this number was rarely above 2–3,000, especially in peacetime. With three battalions, 'Hungarian' regiments had a nominal strength of 5,508.
683:
The introduction of new regulations in 1805 and 1807 did little to disrupt the traditional three-rank line formation of battalions in action, and the use of the 'battalion-column' for movement. Having led the way in
580:
In 1808, IR64 was broken up and its nine divisions formed the rifle-armed cadre divisions (two companies), which were each augmented by two divisions of carbine-armed troops to form the nine new Jäger battalions.
750:
688:
tactics amongst its light infantry and employing the third ranks of line battalions, Austria tried to expand those light troops with
Freikorps raised in wartime and from 1808, formalised and separate
44:
440:; also, a grenadier division of two companies, which were normally detached to form composite grenadier battalions with those of two other regiments. In addition, it included one garrison battalion (
802:
Generalreglement, oder
Verhaltungen für die kaiserliche königliche Generalität: Anhang: Auszug aus ganz neuen noch ungedruckten Nachrichten von der jetzigen Stärke der kaiserlichen königlichen Armee
98:
The name "Imperial-Royal Army" was used from 1745, as "Imperial" referred until 1804 to the Holy Roman Empire and from 1804-1867 to the
Austrian Empire. "Royal" referred to the
573:, the Austro-Ottoman border, in war time, at least 1-2 battalions of a Grenzer regiment would be detached from the regiment in order to join the frontlines and serve as
1331:
1048:
920:
800:
257:, who implemented wide-ranging and modernising reforms, particularly following the crushing defeat at Austerlitz. Charles was responsible for the severe check
609:
Archduke Charles emphasised education of the troops and officers in particular. So, the Second Reform period (1806–08) produced a stepped series of manuals:
1326:
364:
Each regiment had its own zone of recruitment within the Empire. The only exception to this was the Poles of Galicia, who were initially recruited in
357:
meant the bulk were drawn from the younger sons of rural peasants and the urban proletariat. Recruits for Hungarian regiments were organised by the
1098:
1142:
1336:
1316:
1265:
174:
935:
964:
661:
No. 7) (1811) covers feints and demonstrations, observation and siege of fortresses, leading, defending and attacking supply trains
981:
921:
https://books.google.com/books?id=L9u_Ve3DArIC&dq=reglement+fur+die+sammtliche+kaiserlich-konigliche+Infanterie&pg=RA9-PA6
640:(1806–13) were a series of booklets for the education of junior officers. All of them are quite short at 35-80pp with diagrams
745:
901:
1341:
322:
1311:
934:
The accompanying diagrams are partly reproduced in: J. Allmayer-Beck: 'Das Heer unter dem Doppeladler' (1981) and one here
652:
No. 4) (1808) covers attacking and defending both woodland and villages plus fighting in a position with several villages
673:
Grundsätze der höheren Kriegskunst und Beyspiele ihrer zweckmässigen Anwendung für die Generale der Österreichischen Armee
931:
107:
595:
b) Vol 2 covers the service regulations for each rank, camp rules, basic drill and forming of basic tactical formations
1321:
1277:
Kriegsgeschichtliche Abteilung des k.u.k. Kriegsarchivs: Kriege gegen die französische Revolution (Seidel, Vienna) 1905
916:
722:
250:
161:
833:
Kriegsgeschichtliche Abteilung des k.u.k. Kriegsarchivs: Befreiungskriege (Kriegsarchiv, Vienna) 1913 Vol. V 'Leipzig'
655:
No. 5) (1808) covers the attack and defence of positions held by large bodies of troops, including outflanking them
948:
735:
327:
284:
In a great irony of history, it was the French attaché to the Austrian court, Montazet, whose memorandum was used by
254:
71:
140:
546:(pioneer). Wartime company strengths of all other ranks ranged from 120–230; grenadier companies between 112–140.
589:
A) 1769 reglement fur die sammtliche kaiserlich-konigliche Infanterie was the main service and drill regulation:
261:
suffered at the Battle of Aspern-Essling, but after the subsequent defeat at Wagram retired from active command.
658:
No. 6) (1810) covers attack and defence of defiles, crossing rivers and attack and defence of mountain passes
67:
859:
760:
740:
285:
166:
17:
23:
1214:
The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History
368:(supplementary recruitment districts, before being organised into proper recruitment districts from 1808).
633:(1807) was the higher level drill regulation up to regiment size and had to be known by NCOs and officers
191:
1266:
http://www.centotredicesimo.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/ACERBI-The-Austrian-Imperial-Army-1805-09.pdf
341:
1283:
Kriegsgeschichtliche Abteilung des k.u.k. Kriegsarchivs: Befreiungskriege (Kriegsarchiv, Vienna) 1913
203:
199:
121:(1792–1815) was that, due to the multi-national nature of the territories, regiments were split into
1232:
Haythornthwaite, P.: Austrian Specialist Troops of the Napoleonic Wars (Osprey Men-At-Arms 223) 1990
1150:
936:
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_IpJUyfaldnY/Ssii55kw7JI/AAAAAAAAAEU/kQtBSh07FnU/s1600-h/7YWAustrArty01.jpg
875:
1292:
Rauchensteiner, M: Kaiser Franz und Erzherzog Carl (Verlag fĂĽr Geschichte und Politik, Vienna) 1972
1229:
Haythornthwaite, P.: Austrian Army of the Napoleonic Wars (2) Cavalry (Osprey Men-At-Arms 181) 1986
664:
No. 8) (1813) covers obtaining supplies and foraging, winter positions for small and large forces
219:
207:
114:
592:
a) Vol 1 covers the functions of each rank, military justice, camps and pickets plus report forms
550:
437:
318:
1295:
Dolleczek, A.: Monographie der k.u.k. österr.-ung. Blanken und Handfeuer-Waffen (1896/rep.1970)
464:
132:
1128:
765:
601:
C) The 1757 Artillery regulation was originally produced as part of Lichtenstein's overhaul.
306:
231:
1031:
649:
No. 3) (1808) covers skirmishing, both with the third rank and in the light infantry sense
710:
332:
239:
152:
8:
1280:
Kriegsgeschichtliche Abteilung des k.u.k. Kriegsarchivs: Krieg 1809 (Seidel, Vienna) 1907
1033:
Beyträge zum practischen Unterricht im Felde für die Officiere der österreichischen Armee
969:(in German). Aus der kaiserl. und kaiserl. königl. Hof- und Staats-Druckerey. 1806-01-01.
638:
Beiträge zum practischen Unterricht im Felde für die Officiere der österreichischen Armee
273:
689:
842:
Fremont-Barnes, G. (editor) 'Armies of the Napoleonic Wars' 2011; Kriegsarchiv Vienna,
717:
Austria; two 6pdr trails and a limber with ammunition box in the Schlossberg Castle in
405:
215:
195:
103:
99:
1099:"Stock Photo – Cannons on Schlossberg, castle mountain, Graz, Styria, Austria, Europe"
932:
https://books.google.com/books?id=ArlOAAAAcAAJ&q=austria+1757+artillerie+reglement
565:
formed the basis of the light infantry in the Austrian Army. Though primarily used as
1116:
570:
301:
227:
211:
170:
75:
60:
28:
1073:
917:
https://books.google.com/books?id=68JFAAAAcAAJ&q=austria+1769+general++reglement
444:) composed of four companies which served as a source for reserves at the regiment
377:
243:
223:
136:
1241:
Hollins, D.: Austrian Napoleonic Artillery 1792–1815 (Osprey New Vanguard 72) 2003
1001:
997:
1171:
358:
118:
79:
48:
1244:
Hollins, D.: Austrian Grenadiers and Infantry 1788–1816 (Osprey Warrior 24) 1998
950:
Dienst-Reglement fuer die k.k. [i.e. kaiserlich-koenigliche] Infanterie
815:
Osterreichische Militärische Zeitschrift (Streffleur, Vienna) 1860 III, 229–233
669:
Grundsätze der höheren Kriegs-Kunst für die Generäle der österreichischen Armee
646:
No. 2) (1807) covers reconnaissances and marches to the front, flank and rear
562:
531:
310:
297:
265:
1235:
Hollins, D.: Austrian Auxiliary Troops 1792–1816 (Osprey Men-At-Arms 299) 1996
966:
Abrichtungs-Reglement für die kaiserliche und kaiserlich-königliche Infanterie
751:
Flags of the Austrian Army during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
1305:
1238:
Hollins, D.: Austrian Frontier Troops 1740–1798 (Osprey Men-At-Arms 413) 2005
516:
487:
445:
389:
289:
269:
1298:
Sagvari, G. & Somogyi, G.: Das Buch der Husaren (Magyar Konyvklub) 1999
671:(1806) was a small book about strategy for the senior generals, updated as
626:
These two were the basic regulations, which had to known by every soldier.
616:
was the basic service manual with job descriptions and service regulations
566:
470:
235:
180:
824:
Regele, O.: Generalstabschefs aus vier Jahrhunderten (Vienna) 1966, p.55
770:
983:
Auszug aus dem Exercier Reglement fĂĽr die k. k. Infanterie vom Jahr 1807
947:
Infanterie, Austria Armee; Austria), Charles (Archduke of (1806-01-01).
864:(in German). gedruckt bey Johann Thomas Edlen von Trattnern. 1769-01-01.
483:
1286:
Osterreichische Militärische Zeitschrift (Streffleur, Vienna) 1808–1918
474:
422:
598:
B) 1769 Generals-Reglement is the Austrian generalcy and staff manual
694:
527:
498:
460:
409:
393:
184:
1289:
Regele, O.: Generalstabschefs aus vier Jahrhunderten (Vienna) 1966
685:
574:
509:
502:
434:
258:
156:
148:
144:
64:
85:
82:
under the same monarch, now known as Emperor Francis I of Austria.
698:
397:
123:
78:
was dissolved in 1806, it assumed its title of the troops of the
1247:
Hollins, D.: Hungarian Hussar 1756–1815 (Osprey Warrior 81) 2003
128:
861:
Reglement für die sämmentlich-kaiserlich-königliche Infanterie
1219:
Dawson, Dawson & Summerfield: Napoleonic Artillery (2007)
520:
139:, Polish and Ruthenian units recruited from the territory of
388:
At the outset of war in 1793, the army numbered fifty-seven
718:
714:
400:
light infantry regiments, three garrison regiments and the
1264:
Encerbi, E. 'The Austrian Imperial-Royal Army 1805–1809'
1200:
For God and Kaiser: The Imperial Austrian Army, 1619–1918
604:
272:
regime, and beat a vastly bigger Neapolitan army at the
264:
The Austrian Army also played a significant role in the
425:
regiment typically consisted of two field battalions –
623:(1806) was basic drill regulation up to company level
494:
The NCOs in a line company numbered 14 and included –
27:
Charge of the 19th Hungarian infantry regiment in the
876:"Austrian Infantry of the Napoleonic Wars - Grenzers"
1252:
Austrian Commanders of the Napoleonic Wars 1792–1815
1036:(in German). Aus der k.k. Hof- und Staats-Druckerey.
854:
852:
919:and an updated and more readable version from 1785
542:In addition, the company had three musicians and a
1074:"Universalmuseum Joanneum :: Styrian Armoury"
946:
549:In 1805, a new organisation was implemented under
413:light infantry battalions were raised in wartime.
1332:Military units and formations established in 1804
1224:Austrian Army of the Napoleonic Wars (1) Infantry
979:
903:Das österreichische Militär betreffende Schriften
849:
1303:
709:Some guns still exist: There are 3pdr trails in
305:30 officers was established under the director,
113:The key feature of the Austrian Army during the
106:" used after 1867 where "Royal" referred to the
1002:https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UxwEc6LZs1QC
998:https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CSOvEzgIpxUC
697:, the formation was more than adequate against
300:). The failures in the army, especially at the
183:resulted in elements of untrained men in every
726:the Saxon contingent of Napoleon's 1812 army.
1030:Austria), Charles (Archduke of (1806-01-01).
701:and easier to deploy around the battlefield.
346:Uber die bessere Einrichtung des Generalstabs
643:No. 1) (1806) covers outposts and patrols
292:to press for a more important role for the
288:in January 1758 in a letter to the Empress
1327:1804 establishments in the Austrian Empire
1172:"Museum of Military History – Buda Castle"
631:Exercier Reglement fĂĽr die K.K. Infanterie
190:Key victories over the French were won at
980:Kriegsministerium, Austria (1807-01-01).
584:
93:
1046:
1029:
798:
321:became chief of staff of the army under
84:
22:
614:Dienst-reglement fĂĽr die K.k.Infanterie
214:, while major defeats were suffered at
1304:
605:The reform period regulations, 1806–15
456:The line company had four officers –
1049:"Castle Tour with Weapons Collection"
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
713:; a 3pdr 1814 gun in the Zeughaus in
323:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
899:
880:Napoleonistyka, His Army and Enemies
249:The most powerful individual in the
1317:Military history of Austria-Hungary
1096:
805:(in German). nakladatel nenà známý.
789:Duffy, C. 'Instrument of War' p.381
451:
335:became the world's first peacetime
13:
1261:(Batsford, London) 1982 (rep.1995)
1192:
1006:
746:Imperial Austrian Army (1806–1867)
723:Museum of Military History, Vienna
165:units (which included troops from
14:
1353:
736:Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire)
556:
416:
328:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
151:from the territory of the former
1337:Austria-Hungary–France relations
704:
131:-troops recruited from Bohemia,
1164:
1135:
1090:
1066:
1040:
990:
973:
957:
940:
925:
910:
383:
893:
868:
836:
827:
818:
809:
792:
783:
480:Unterleutnant (2nd lieutenant)
376:All regiments had an honorary
351:
1:
1226:(Osprey Men-At-Arms 176) 1986
1207:Armies of the Napoleonic Wars
776:
761:Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces
741:Army of the Holy Roman Empire
286:Count Leopold Joseph von Daun
59:) was the armed force of the
18:Army of the Holy Roman Empire
1271:
1259:Napoleon’s Great Adversaries
1212:Fremont-Barnes, G. (editor)
1205:Fremont-Barnes, G. (editor)
900:army, Austria (1794-01-01).
404:for HQ duties. In addition,
279:
63:under its last monarch, the
7:
1312:Military history of Austria
846:Wolf-Schneider, B/197, 6/IX
799:Desfourt, François (1785).
756:For the period after 1867:
729:
371:
53:Kaiserlich-königliche Armee
10:
1358:
678:
442:Oberstleutnant – Battalion
396:companies each. Seventeen
361:by quotas in each county.
342:Joseph Radetzky von Radetz
102:(not to be confused with "
15:
1322:Armies of Napoleonic Wars
433:battalions – each of six
402:Stabs Infanterie Regiment
1342:Austria–France relations
421:From 1768 until 1805, a
16:Not to be confused with
1254:(Osprey Elite 101) 2004
1143:"Artillery Halls – HGM"
551:Karl Mack von Leiberich
319:Karl Mack von Leiberich
89:Imperial and Royal Army
1176:budacastlebudapest.com
1078:www.museum-joanneum.at
721:; barrels outside the
585:Regulations, 1757–1805
337:Generalquartiermeister
294:Generalquartiermeister
253:during the period was
251:Imperial Austrian Army
127:units (which included
94:Background to the army
90:
52:
40:Imperial Austrian Army
31:
766:Austro-Hungarian Army
621:Abrichtungs-Reglement
307:Franz Moritz von Lacy
268:of 1815 by defeating
88:
26:
1222:Haythornthwaite, P.
711:Forchtenstein Castle
333:Peter Duka von Kadar
153:Austrian Netherlands
274:Battle of Tolentino
1198:Bassett, Richard.
1127:has generic name (
108:Kingdom of Hungary
104:Imperial and Royal
100:Kingdom of Bohemia
91:
70:, composed of the
68:Emperor Francis II
32:
571:Military Frontier
569:to reinforce the
515:FourierschĂĽtzen (
302:Battle of Leuthen
76:Holy Roman Empire
61:Habsburg monarchy
29:Battle of Leipzig
1349:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1149:. Archived from
1139:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1097:Limited, Alamy.
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1027:
1004:
994:
988:
987:
977:
971:
970:
961:
955:
954:
944:
938:
929:
923:
914:
908:
907:
897:
891:
890:
888:
886:
872:
866:
865:
856:
847:
840:
834:
831:
825:
822:
816:
813:
807:
806:
796:
790:
787:
508:Four corporals (
452:Company strength
392:, including two
378:colonel-in-chief
255:Archduke Charles
47:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1302:
1301:
1274:
1257:Rothenberg, G.
1195:
1193:Further reading
1190:
1189:
1180:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1124:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1058:
1056:
1045:
1041:
1028:
1007:
995:
991:
978:
974:
963:
962:
958:
945:
941:
930:
926:
915:
911:
898:
894:
884:
882:
874:
873:
869:
858:
857:
850:
841:
837:
832:
828:
823:
819:
814:
810:
797:
793:
788:
784:
779:
732:
707:
681:
607:
587:
559:
532:lance corporals
454:
419:
386:
374:
366:Aushilfsbezirke
359:Diet of Hungary
354:
282:
119:Napoleonic Wars
96:
80:Austrian Empire
74:army. When the
43:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1355:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1163:
1134:
1089:
1065:
1047:Esterhazy.at.
1039:
1005:
989:
972:
956:
939:
924:
909:
892:
867:
848:
835:
826:
817:
808:
791:
781:
780:
778:
775:
774:
773:
768:
763:
754:
753:
748:
743:
738:
731:
728:
706:
703:
680:
677:
606:
603:
586:
583:
558:
557:Light infantry
555:
536:
535:
524:
513:
506:
492:
491:
481:
478:
468:
453:
450:
418:
417:Line regiments
415:
390:line regiments
385:
382:
373:
370:
353:
350:
311:Chief of Staff
298:Chief of Staff
281:
278:
266:Neapolitan War
208:Aspern-Essling
95:
92:
55:, abbreviated
36:Imperial-Royal
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1354:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1153:on 2016-12-11
1152:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1130:
1118:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1035:
1034:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1003:
999:
993:
985:
984:
976:
968:
967:
960:
952:
951:
943:
937:
933:
928:
922:
918:
913:
905:
904:
896:
881:
877:
871:
863:
862:
855:
853:
845:
839:
830:
821:
812:
804:
803:
795:
786:
782:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
757:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
733:
727:
724:
720:
716:
712:
705:The artillery
702:
700:
696:
691:
687:
676:
674:
670:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
639:
634:
632:
627:
624:
622:
617:
615:
610:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
582:
578:
576:
572:
568:
567:border troops
564:
554:
552:
547:
545:
540:
533:
529:
525:
522:
518:
517:quartermaster
514:
511:
507:
504:
500:
497:
496:
495:
489:
485:
482:
479:
476:
472:
469:
466:
462:
459:
458:
457:
449:
447:
443:
439:
436:
432:
428:
424:
414:
412:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
381:
379:
369:
367:
362:
360:
349:
347:
344:produced his
343:
338:
334:
329:
324:
320:
315:
312:
308:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:Maria Theresa
287:
277:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
186:
182:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:Revolutionary
111:
109:
105:
101:
87:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
30:
25:
19:
1258:
1251:
1250:Hollins, D.
1223:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1179:. Retrieved
1175:
1166:
1155:. Retrieved
1151:the original
1146:
1137:
1106:. Retrieved
1102:
1092:
1081:. Retrieved
1077:
1068:
1057:. Retrieved
1053:Esterhazy.at
1052:
1042:
1032:
992:
986:(in German).
982:
975:
965:
959:
953:(in German).
949:
942:
927:
912:
902:
895:
883:. Retrieved
879:
870:
860:
843:
838:
829:
820:
811:
801:
794:
785:
755:
708:
682:
672:
668:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
637:
635:
630:
628:
625:
620:
618:
613:
611:
608:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
579:
560:
548:
543:
541:
537:
493:
471:Oberleutnant
455:
441:
430:
426:
420:
408:
401:
387:
384:The infantry
375:
365:
363:
355:
345:
336:
316:
293:
283:
263:
248:
189:
181:Conscription
179:
175:Transylvania
160:
122:
112:
97:
56:
39:
35:
33:
1125:|last=
1055:(in German)
1000:and 5–8 at
771:Common Army
686:skirmishing
352:Recruitment
232:Hohenlinden
1306:Categories
1181:2016-12-28
1157:2016-12-28
1147:www.hgm.at
1108:2016-12-28
1083:2016-12-28
1059:2016-12-28
777:References
544:Zimmermann
475:lieutenant
410:Frei-Corps
240:Austerlitz
192:Neerwinden
57:k.k. Armee
1272:In German
885:25 August
844:Nachlasse
695:artillery
575:vanguards
528:Gefreiter
510:corporals
499:Feldwebel
461:Hauptmann
438:companies
406:irregular
394:grenadier
280:The staff
185:battalion
162:Hungarian
72:Emperor's
45:‹See Tfd›
1117:cite web
730:See also
675:(1808)
563:Grenzers
503:sergeant
484:Fähnrich
435:fusilier
372:Officers
259:Napoleon
216:Jemappes
204:Caldiero
200:Stockach
196:WĂĽrzburg
157:Italians
149:Walloons
145:Flemings
65:Habsburg
1202:(2016).
996:1–4 at
699:cavalry
679:Tactics
465:captain
431:Oberst-
398:Grenzer
270:Murat's
228:Marengo
220:Fleurus
212:Leipzig
167:Croatia
141:Galicia
137:Silesia
133:Moravia
526:Eight
488:ensign
244:Wagram
224:Rivoli
171:Serbia
159:) and
155:, and
124:German
49:German
1103:Alamy
690:Jäger
521:furir
519:, or
473:(1st
446:depot
427:Leib-
317:When
129:Czech
1216:2006
1209:2011
1129:help
887:2024
719:Graz
715:Graz
561:The
429:and
423:line
242:and
210:and
173:and
147:and
135:and
117:and
34:The
667:E)
636:D)
629:C)
619:B)
612:A)
236:Ulm
177:).
110:).
38:or
1308::
1174:.
1145:.
1121::
1119:}}
1115:{{
1101:.
1076:.
1051:.
1008:^
878:.
851:^
276:.
246:.
238:,
234:,
230:,
226:,
222:,
218:,
206:,
202:,
198:,
194:,
169:,
143:,
51::
1184:.
1160:.
1131:)
1111:.
1086:.
1062:.
906:.
889:.
534:)
530:(
523:)
512:)
505:)
501:(
490:)
486:(
477:)
467:)
463:(
296:(
42:(
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.JPG)
