2237:. Sagart argues for a north-south genetic relationship between Chinese and Austronesian, based on sound correspondences in the basic vocabulary and morphological parallels. Laurent Sagart (2017) concludes that the possession of the two kinds of millets in Taiwanese Austronesian languages (not just Setaria, as previously thought) places the pre-Austronesians in northeastern China, adjacent to the probable Sino-Tibetan homeland. Ko et al.'s genetic research (2014) appears to support Laurent Sagart's linguistic proposal, pointing out that the exclusively Austronesian mtDNA E-haplogroup and the largely Sino-Tibetan M9a haplogroup are twin sisters, indicative of an intimate connection between the early Austronesian and Sino-Tibetan maternal gene pools, at least. Additionally, results from Wei et al. (2017) are also in agreement with Sagart's proposal, in which their analyses show that the predominantly Austronesian Y-DNA haplogroup O3a2b*-P164(xM134) belongs to a newly defined haplogroup O3a2b2-N6 being widely distributed along the eastern coastal regions of Asia, from Korea to Vietnam. Sagart also groups the Austronesian languages in a recursive-like fashion, placing Kra-Dai as a sister branch of Malayo-Polynesian. His methodology has been found to be spurious by his peers.
2426:
1952:
2008:, writing in 1949, linguists have generally accepted that the chronology of the dispersal of languages within a given language family can be traced from the area of greatest linguistic variety to that of the least. For example, English in North America has large numbers of speakers, but relatively low dialectal diversity, while English in Great Britain has much higher diversity; such low linguistic variety by Sapir's thesis suggests a more recent spread of English in North America. While some scholars suspect that the number of principal branches among the Formosan languages may be somewhat less than Blust's estimate of nine (e.g.
2085:
740:
1633:
2397:
1336:
1037:
4331:
2444:
910:
4379:
224:
10155:
merged into the Tipuns, were the first settlers on the plain; then came the Tipuns, and a long time afterwards the Amias. The Tipuns, for some time, acknowledged the Pilam Chief as supreme, but soon absorbed both the chieftainship and the people, in fact the only trace left of them now, is a few words peculiar to the Pilam village, one of which, makan (to eat), is pure Malay. The Amias submitted themselves to the jurisdiction of the Tipuns.
10192:, p. 216: "The position of Rukai is the most controversial: Tsuchida... treats it as more closely related to Tsouic languages, based on lexicostatistic evidence, while Ho... believes it to be one of the Paiwanic languages, i.e. part of my Southern group, as based on a comparison of fourteen grammatical features. In fact, Japanese anthropologists did not distinguish between Rukai, Paiwan and Puyuma in the early stage of their studies"
1641:
the eastern languages (purple on map), which share all numerals 1â10. Sagart (2021) finds other shared innovations that follow the same pattern. He proposes that pMP *lima 'five' is a lexical replacement (from 'hand'), and that pMP *pitu 'seven', *walu 'eight' and *Siwa 'nine' are contractions of pAN *RaCep 'five', a ligature *a or *i 'and', and *duSa 'two', *telu 'three', *Sepat 'four', an analogical pattern historically attested from
4344:
4401:
2093:
4412:
4390:
4368:
4357:
4318:
4307:
2203:
and
Austronesian languages of the Philippines. Robert Blust supports the hypothesis which connects the lower Yangtze neolithic Austro-Tai entity with the rice-cultivating Austro-Asiatic cultures, assuming the center of East Asian rice domestication, and putative Austric homeland, to be located in the
1921:
There appear to have been two great migrations of
Austronesian languages that quickly covered large areas, resulting in multiple local groups with little large-scale structure. The first was Malayo-Polynesian, distributed across the Philippines, Indonesia, and Melanesia. The second migration was that
1640:
Sagart (2004) proposes that the numerals of the
Formosan languages reflect a nested series of innovations, from languages in the northwest (near the putative landfall of the Austronesian migration from the mainland), which share only the numerals 1â4 with proto-Malayo-Polynesian, counter-clockwise to
10154:
The Tipuns... are certainly descended from emigrants, and I have not the least doubt but that the Amias are of similar origin; only of later date, and most probably from the Mejaco Simas , a group of islands lying 110 miles to the North-east.... By all accounts the old Pilam savages, who
2043:
Evidence from historical linguistics suggests that it is from this island that seafaring peoples migrated, perhaps in distinct waves separated by millennia, to the entire region encompassed by the
Austronesian languages. It is believed that this migration began around 6,000 years ago. However,
1005:. Prominent Formosanists (linguists who specialize in Formosan languages) take issue with some of its details, but it remains the point of reference for current linguistic analyses. Debate centers primarily around the relationships between these families. Of the classifications presented here,
2376:
protolanguage are the descendants of an
AustronesianâOngan protolanguage. This view is not supported by mainstream linguists and remains very controversial. Robert Blust rejects Blevins' proposal as far-fetched and based solely on chance resemblances and methodologically flawed comparisons.
556:
inventories which are smaller than the world average. Around 90% of the
Austronesian languages have inventories of 19â25 sounds (15â20 consonants and 4â5 vowels), thus lying at the lower end of the global typical range of 20â37 sounds. However, extreme inventories are also found, such as
572:
is disyllabic with the shape CV(C)CVC (C = consonant; V = vowel), and is still found in many
Austronesian languages. In most languages, consonant clusters are only allowed in medial position, and often, there are restrictions for the first element of the cluster. There is a common
757:
It is difficult to make generalizations about the languages that make up a family as diverse as
Austronesian. Very broadly, one can divide the Austronesian languages into three groups: Philippine-type languages, Indonesian-type languages and post-Indonesian type languages:
2204:
Yunnan/Burma border area. Under that view, there was an east-west genetic alignment, resulting from a rice-based population expansion, in the southern part of East Asia: Austroasiatic-Kra-Dai-Austronesian, with unrelated Sino-Tibetan occupying a more northerly tier.
979:(1977) first presented the subgrouping model which is currently accepted by virtually all scholars in the field, with more than one first-order subgroup on Taiwan, and a single first-order branch encompassing all Austronesian languages spoken outside of Taiwan, viz.
956:. The Oceanic languages are not recognized, but are distributed over more than 30 of his proposed first-order subgroups. Dyen's classification was widely criticized and for the most part rejected, but several of his lower-order subgroups are still accepted (e.g. the
790:
In contrast, the more innovative
Indonesian-type languages, which are particularly represented in Malaysia and western Indonesia, have reduced the voice system to a contrast between only two voices (actor voice and "undergoer" voice), but these are supplemented by
803:), which serve to modify the semantic role of the "undergoer". They are also characterized by the presence of preposed clitic pronouns. Unlike the Philippine type, these languages mostly tend towards verb-second word-orders. A number of languages, such as the
469:
are the two largest language families in the world. They each contain roughly one-fifth of the world's languages. The geographical span of
Austronesian was the largest of any language family in the first half of the second millennium CE, before the spread of
2296:, excavations have indicated that rice farming has been practiced in this area since at least 5000 BC. There are also genetic problems. The pre-Yayoi Japanese lineage was not shared with Southeast Asians, but was shared with Northwest Chinese,
2060:(Pescadores) islands between Taiwan and China and possibly even sites on the coast of mainland China, especially if one were to view the early Austronesians as a population of related dialect communities living in scattered coastal settlements.
449:
to mainland Asia. Many Austronesian languages have very few speakers, but the major Austronesian languages are spoken by tens of millions of people. For example, Indonesian is spoken by around 197.7 million people. This makes it the eleventh
774:
the "subject"/"topic" expresses (it may express either the actor, the patient, the location and the beneficiary, or various other circumstantial roles such as instrument and concomitant). The phenomenon has frequently been referred to as
2350:
languages. This proposal was further researched on by linguists such as Michael D. Larish in 2006, who also included the Japonic and Koreanic languages in the macrofamily. The proposal has since been adopted by linguists such as
1020:, Puyuma, Bunun, Amis, and Malayo-Polynesian, but this is not reflected in vocabulary. The Eastern Formosan peoples Basay, Kavalan, and Amis share a homeland motif that has them coming originally from an island called
2023:
can be traced farther back through time. To get an idea of the original homeland of the populations ancestral to the Austronesian peoples (as opposed to strictly linguistic arguments), evidence from archaeology and
2044:
evidence from historical linguistics cannot bridge the gap between those two periods. The view that linguistic evidence connects Austronesian languages to the Sino-Tibetan ones, as proposed for example by
2000:
split within Austronesian between Formosan and the rest... Indeed, the genetic diversity within Formosan is so great that it may well consist of several primary branches of the overall Austronesian family.
2246:
524:
Most Austronesian languages lack a long history of written attestation. This makes reconstructing earlier stagesâup to distant Proto-Austronesianâall the more remarkable. The oldest inscription in the
2304:. Linguistic problems were also pointed out. Kumar did not claim that Japanese was an Austronesian language derived from proto-Javanese language, but only that it provided a superstratum language for
10558:
Starosta, Stanley (2005). "Proto-East Asian and the origin and dispersal of languages of east and southeast Asia and the Pacific". In Sagart, Laurent; Blench, Roger; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (eds.).
12349:
1636:
Nested branches of Austronesian languages according to Sagart. Languages colored red are outside the other branches but are not subgrouped. Kradai and Malayo-Polynesian would also be purple.
11658:
Ostapirat, Weera (2005). "KraâDai and Austronesian: Notes on phonological correspondences and vocabulary distribution". In Laurent, Sagart; Blench, Roger; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (eds.).
2288:, and created the Japanese-hierarchical society. She also identifies 82 possible cognates between Austronesian and Japanese, however her theory remains very controversial. The linguist
2149:
proposes a series of regular correspondences linking the two families and assumes a primary split, with Kra-Dai speakers being the people who stayed behind in their Chinese homeland.
2028:
may be adduced. Studies from the science of genetics have produced conflicting outcomes. Some researchers find evidence for a proto-Austronesian homeland on the Asian mainland (e.g.,
1868:(linker *atu 'and' > *at after *sa-puluq in numerals 11â19; lexical innovations such as *baqbaq 'mouth', *qa-sĂĄuĆ 'canine tooth', *qi(d)zĂșR 'saliva', *pĂntu 'door', *-Ćel 'deaf')
822:
Finally, in some languages, which Ross calls "post-Indonesian", the original voice system has broken down completely and the voice-marking affixes no longer preserve their functions.
23491:
1649:
share the numeral system (and other lexical innovations) of pMP suggests that they are a coordinate branch with Malayo-Polynesian, rather than a sister family to Austronesian.
1955:
A map of the Austronesian expansion. Periods are based on archeological studies, though the association of the archeological record and linguistic reconstructions is disputed.
2292:
criticized Kumar's theory on several points. The archaeological problem with that theory is that, contrary to the claim that there was no rice farming in China and Korea in
2012:), there is little contention among linguists with this analysis and the resulting view of the origin and direction of the migration. For a recent dissenting analysis, see
1013:
also links five families into a Northern Formosan group. Harvey (1982), Chang (2006) and Ross (2012) split Tsouic, and Blust (2013) agrees the group is probably not valid.
2064:
Linguistic analysis of the Proto-Austronesian language stops at the western shores of Taiwan; any related mainland language(s) have not survived. The only exceptions, the
509:
of Taiwan are grouped into as many as nine first-order subgroups of Austronesian. All Austronesian languages spoken outside the Taiwan mainland (including its offshore
1698:(These four languages are outside Pituish, but Sagart is ambivalent as to any relationship among them, other than retaining Blust's connection between Pazeh and Kulon)
2258:
Some other linguists think it is more plausible that Japanese is not genetically related to the Austronesian languages, but instead was influenced by an Austronesian
9850:] (3 vols). Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fĂŒr Eingeborenen-Sprachen (Supplements to the Journal of Native Languages) 15; 17; 19 (in German). Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
2840:
2056:
Implied in... discussions of subgrouping is a broad consensus that the homeland of the Austronesians was in Taiwan. This homeland area may have also included the
11236:
2425:
2040:) is more consistent, suggesting that the ancestors of the Austronesians spread from the South Chinese mainland to Taiwan at some time around 8,000 years ago.
581:, which only allows the two consonants /Ć/ and /Ê/ as finals, out of a total number of 18 consonants. Complete absence of final consonants is observed e.g. in
10932:
Bellwood, Peter; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (June 2005). "Human Migrations in Continental East Asia and Taiwan: Genetic, Linguistic, and Archaeological Evidence".
11512:
McColl, Hugh; Racimo, Fernando; Vinner, Lasse; Demeter, Fabrice; Gakuhari, Takashi; et al. (2018-07-05). "The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia".
2096:
Path of Migration and Division of Some of the Major Ethnicities with their genetically distinctive markers, adapted from Edmondson and Gregerson (2007:732)
1977:, also known as Formosa; on this island the deepest divisions in Austronesian are found along small geographic distances, among the families of the native
952:(1965) presented a radically different subgrouping scheme. He posited 40 first-order subgroups, with the highest degree of diversity found in the area of
917:
The internal structure of the Austronesian languages is complex. The family consists of many similar and closely related languages with large numbers of
2161:
Island and back to the mainland from the northern Philippines, and that their distinctiveness results from radical restructuring following contact with
2574:
921:, making it difficult to recognize boundaries between branches. The first major step towards high-order subgrouping was Dempwolff's recognition of the
766:, the Austronesian languages of Taiwan, Sabah, North Sulawesi and Madagascar. It is primarily characterized by the retention of the original system of
1811:(CV~ reduplication in human-counting series replaced with competing pAN noun-marker *u- ; eleven lexical innovations such as *cĂĄni 'one', *kÉku 'leg')
1355:(PAN), following the model in Starosta (1995). Rukai and Tsouic are seen as highly divergent, although the position of Rukai is highly controversial.
11747:
Ross, John (2002). "Final words: research themes in the history and typology of western Austronesian languages". In Wouk, Fay; Malcolm, Ross (eds.).
10223:
2612:
1996:... the internal diversity among the... Formosan languages... is greater than that in all the rest of Austronesian put together, so there is a major
1935:
1794:(pAN *isa etc. 'one' replaced by *Ca~CiNi (reduplication of 'alone') in the human-counting series; pAN *iCit 'ten' replaced by *ma-sa-N 'one times'.)
1028:. The Amis, in particular, maintain that they came from the east, and were treated by the Puyuma, amongst whom they settled, as a subservient group.
459:
2088:
An example of hypothetical Pre-Austronesian migration waves to Taiwan from the mainland. (The Amis migration from the Philippines is controversial).
12376:
11993:"Phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroup O3a2b2-N6 reveals patrilineal traces of Austronesian populations on the eastern coastal regions of Asia"
975:(1973), followed by proposals from other scholars that the Formosan languages actually make up more than one first-order subgroup of Austronesian.
841:, sets of words from multiple languages, which are similar in sound and meaning which can be shown to be descended from the same ancestral word in
10210:
Laurent Sagart (2021) A more detailed early Austronesian phylogeny. Plenary talk at the 15th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics.
17132:
15046:
11453:
2850:
2530:
913:
The distribution of the Austronesian languages, per Blust (1999). Western Malayo-Polynesian and Central Malayo-Polynesian are no longer accepted.
22689:
11503:(2008). "Time perspective of Formosan Aborigines". In Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia; Blench, Roger; Ross, Malcolm D.; Peiros, Ilia; Lin, Marie (eds.).
10631:
Zoetmulder, P.J., Kamus Jawa Kuno-Indonesia. Vol. I-II. Terjemahan Darusuprapto-Sumarti Suprayitno. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1995.
17144:
11226:
1842:
608:
22824:
1009:
links two families into a Western Plains group, two more in a Northwestern Formosan group, and three into an Eastern Formosan group, while
11055:(1999). "Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics". In Zeitoun, E.; Li, P.J.K (eds.).
1001:
are broadly accepted. The seminal article in the classification of Formosanâand, by extension, the top-level structure of Austronesianâis
24037:
23541:
20791:
11265:
9655:
12292:
11921:
From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects. Two Thousand Years of Language Contact and Change. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications No. 28
12304:
Spreadsheet of 1600+ Austronesian and Papuan number names and systems â ongoing study to determine their relationships and distribution
10591:
1750:(additive 'five-and-one' or 'twice-three' replaced by reduplicated *Nem-Nem > *emnem ; pAN *kawaS 'year, sky' replaced by *CawiN)
12327:
2269:
Those who propose this scenario suggest that the Austronesian family once covered the islands to the north as well as to the south.
985:. The relationships of the Formosan languages to each other and the internal structure of Malayo-Polynesian continue to be debated.
23698:
23481:
2153:
suggests that, if the connection is valid, the relationship is unlikely to be one of two sister families. Rather, he suggests that
451:
10981:
10533:
2068:, derive from more recent migration to the mainland. However, according to Ostapirat's interpretation of the seriously discussed
11889:
2199:
is based mostly on typological evidence. However, there is also morphological evidence of a connection between the conservative
23914:
12154:. Canberra, Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University.
898:
11702:
Ross, Malcolm (2009). "Proto Austronesian verbal morphology: a reappraisal". In Adelaar, K. Alexander; Pawley, Andrew (eds.).
11617:"Genetic evidence for the proto-Austronesian homeland in Asia: mtDNA and nuclear DNA variation in Taiwanese aboriginal tribes"
11852:
11692:
11089:
10922:
10733:
10575:
2342:
family considered to be a branch of Austronesian, and "Yangzian" to be a new sister branch of Sino-Tibetan consisting of the
475:
24361:
24351:
22204:
21785:
15253:
13073:
12369:
971:
Subsequently, the position of the Formosan languages as the most archaic group of Austronesian languages was recognized by
22314:
2284:
The linguist Ann Kumar (2009) proposed that some Austronesians might have migrated to Japan, possibly an elite-group from
16010:
529:
505:(1999), Austronesian is divided into several primary branches, all but one of which are found exclusively in Taiwan. The
2247:
Classification of the Japonic languages § Proposals relating Japonic languages to Southeast Asian language families
21286:
18979:
11245:
10041:
10016:
1997:
1910:
The Malayo-Polynesian languages areâamong other thingsâcharacterized by certain sound changes, such as the mergers of
22471:
15817:
13592:
12173:
12159:
12138:
11936:
11878:
11605:
11144:
10373:
2386:
359:. According to some estimates, the family contains 1,257 languages, which is the second most of any language family.
283:
1951:
1728:(pAN *RaCep 'five' replaced by *lima 'hand'; *Ca~ reduplication to form the series of numerals for counting humans)
832:
24279:
23564:
22817:
22447:
21686:
18542:
17984:
17678:
11366:
2364:
1343:. The three languages in green (Bunun, Puyuma, Paiwan) may form a Southern Formosan branch, but this is uncertain.
24341:
23727:
21605:
21541:
20784:
20389:
18616:
17632:
12362:
12344:
11289:
Grace, George W. (1966). "Austronesian Lexicostatistical Classification:a review article (Review of Dyen 1965)".
10219:
The tree can be found at the following link. Click on the nodes to see the proposed shared innovations for each.
1946:
23406:
23394:
11495:. Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (ICAL). Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines.
10972:. Human migrations in continental East Asia and Taiwan: genetic, linguistic and archaeological evidence. Geneva.
10964:
1841:(innovative *sa-puluq 'ten', from *sa- 'one' + 'separate, set aside'; use of prefixes *paka- and *maka- to mark
1784:(pAN *Sapuy 'fire' replaced by *apuR 'cooking fire'; pAN *qudem 'black replaced by *abiu, found in MP as 'blue')
427:
23752:
22218:
21460:
20237:
18994:
17371:
14135:
14013:
12909:
12219:
11870:
11244:. Symposium Austronesia Pascasarjana Linguististik dan Kajian Budaya. Universitas Udayana, Bali. Archived from
10914:
9793:
9660:
375:
327:). This makes it the fifth-largest language family by number of speakers. Major Austronesian languages include
21969:
24356:
23742:
23722:
23621:
23611:
23606:
23471:
23299:
23083:
23078:
22684:
22331:
21466:
21291:
21077:
21071:
20995:
18153:
17718:
15501:
15476:
14983:
12856:
12789:
10966:
Stratification in the peopling of China: how far does the linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology?
10323:
713:
11023:
Blust, Robert (1977). "The Proto-Austronesian pronouns and Austronesian subgrouping: a preliminary report".
23737:
23691:
23626:
23596:
23451:
22694:
22679:
22378:
21679:
21666:
21437:
21398:
20453:
18388:
17921:
16233:
15433:
14405:
14145:
13443:
13112:
11099:
Blust, Robert (2014). "Some Recent Proposals Concerning the Classification of the Austronesian Languages".
10379:. In Yogendra Prasada Yadava; Govinda Bhattarai; Ram Raj Lohani; Balaram Prasain; Krishna Parajuli (eds.).
9861:
9665:
2524:
2097:
837:
The Austronesian language family has been established by the linguistic comparative method on the basis of
320:
146:
139:
12180:
Terrell, John Edward (December 2004). "Introduction: 'Austronesia' and the great Austronesian migration".
11865:(1968) . "Time perspective in aboriginal American culture: a study in method". In Mandelbaum, D.G. (ed.).
6625:
5328:
5317:
5310:
5299:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5230:
930:
24272:
23574:
23476:
22915:
22810:
22674:
22668:
22453:
21726:
21644:
21617:
21321:
21311:
20590:
19817:
18056:
17532:
17482:
17162:
16718:
15292:
12688:
12671:
12456:
10982:"A Long Lost Sister of Proto-Austronesian? Proto-Ongan, Mother of Jarawa and Onge of the Andaman Islands"
7003:
4135:
2255:
is genetically related to the Austronesian family, cf. Benedict (1990), Matsumoto (1975), Miller (1967).
2234:
2213:
2032:), while others mirror the linguistic research, rejecting an East Asian origin in favor of Taiwan (e.g.,
1970:
1905:
1876:
1456:
1318:
994:
981:
876:
is also stable, in that it appears over the entire range of the Austronesian family, but the forms (e.g.
842:
569:
514:
391:
132:
96:
12308:
12224:
Wittmann, Henri (1972). "Le caractÚre génétiquement composite des changements phonétiques du malgache."
10374:"Sino-Austronesian vs. Sino-Caucasian, Sino-Bodic vs. Sino-Tibetan, and Tibeto-Burman as default theory"
24346:
23757:
23732:
23243:
22240:
21901:
21698:
21496:
21356:
21326:
21316:
21306:
21012:
20777:
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19224:
18706:
18377:
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16038:
15697:
15549:
14310:
13786:
13667:
13336:
13311:
13084:
13045:
12829:
12319:
11928:
11684:
441:
Most Austronesian languages are spoken by island dwellers. Only a few languages, such as Malay and the
407:
11468:
2020:
1768:(*walu 'eight' and *Siwa 'nine' from *RaCepat(e)lu 'five-and-three' and *RaCepiSepat 'five-and-four')
23777:
23641:
23636:
23631:
23499:
23421:
23416:
23072:
23058:
22833:
22652:
22459:
22435:
22410:
22383:
22366:
21376:
21331:
21301:
21274:
20845:
20800:
20372:
19601:
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19084:
17904:
17893:
17874:
17295:
17277:
17061:
16902:
16194:
15881:
15860:
15490:
15124:
14591:
14505:
14301:
13897:
13448:
13438:
13192:
13187:
12287:
Summer Institute of Linguistics site showing languages (Austronesian and Papuan) of Papua New Guinea.
10470:"Austronesian influence and Transeurasian ancestry in Japanese: A case of farming/language dispersal"
2277:) languages, but underwent lexical influence from "para-Austronesian", a presumed sister language of
1988:, the Formosan languages form nine of the ten primary branches of the Austronesian language family.
466:
20049:
15945:
24284:
23466:
23411:
23182:
23012:
22901:
22699:
22506:
22143:
22131:
21963:
21025:
21018:
20834:
19924:
19420:
17564:
17558:
16811:
16733:
16708:
16047:
15667:
15615:
15370:
14130:
13970:
13947:
13677:
13537:
13476:
13202:
12776:
12743:
11593:
11154:
9250:
7281:
2162:
612:
14581:
2338:. This proposed family consists of two branches, Austronesian and Sino-Tibetan-Yangzian, with the
23995:
23810:
23747:
23684:
23280:
23175:
23125:
23104:
23095:
22977:
22894:
22854:
21704:
21629:
21032:
20982:
20467:
20399:
19861:
19797:
19561:
19264:
19235:
17926:
17189:
17031:
16897:
16637:
16519:
15730:
14513:
14468:
14283:
14278:
14243:
14238:
14118:
13887:
13796:
13582:
13182:
12960:
12545:
12082:
11711:
11589:
9873:
4177:
2904:
2259:
2188:
1915:
1537:
1190:
471:
304:
300:
125:
61:
53:
20:
14938:
13458:
12242:
12233:
Wolff, John U., "Comparative Austronesian Dictionary. An Introduction to Austronesian Studies",
11948:"Traces of archaic mitochondrial lineages persist in Austronesian-speaking Formosan populations"
10707:
2550:
24047:
23963:
23933:
23436:
23431:
23168:
23159:
23118:
22718:
22566:
22361:
22137:
22090:
21720:
21637:
21296:
21088:
20852:
19887:
19787:
18850:
17844:
17594:
17329:
15760:
15725:
14967:
14893:
14858:
14087:
13812:
13177:
12846:
12841:
12530:
12261:
11807:
11793:
10567:
9202:
8712:
7235:
4708:
2226:
1960:
1858:(*sasay 'one'; *mukeCep 'ten' for the human and non-human series; *ukak 'bone', *kuCem 'cloud')
1117:
819:
and several Sulawesi languages seem to represent an intermediate stage between these two types.
767:
22356:
14325:
13026:
12315:
Introduction to Austronesian Languages and Culture (video) (Malayo-Polynesian) Language Family
12124:
Lexical reconstruction and semantic reconstruction: the case of the Austronesian "house" words
11273:
933:(1965), who divided the Austronesian languages into three subgroups: Northern Austronesian (=
24246:
24022:
23978:
23792:
23588:
23461:
23441:
23189:
22984:
22922:
22764:
22662:
22351:
22154:
21944:
21933:
21895:
21502:
21476:
21381:
21371:
21054:
20970:
20821:
20636:
20520:
20282:
20183:
18666:
17602:
17066:
14883:
14330:
14204:
14168:
13877:
13415:
13197:
12760:
12705:
12303:
12296:
11585:
8124:
4627:
2688:
2230:
2073:
1871:
957:
22465:
22190:
20693:
20552:
18959:
17859:
17824:
15901:
13306:
10559:
2107:
Genealogical links have been proposed between Austronesian and various families of East and
1347:
This classification retains Blust's East Formosan, and unites the other northern languages.
24267:
24176:
23569:
23559:
23549:
23399:
23253:
23066:
22950:
22739:
22496:
22304:
22277:
22260:
22228:
22126:
21840:
21765:
21692:
21471:
21448:
21420:
21351:
21262:
21043:
20487:
20444:
20345:
20297:
20272:
20227:
20081:
19919:
19546:
19466:
18944:
18671:
17036:
16713:
16665:
16387:
16291:
15775:
15770:
15715:
15687:
15423:
14888:
14792:
14772:
14568:
14558:
14548:
14478:
14473:
13499:
13331:
13172:
13132:
12977:
12972:
12700:
12004:
11529:
11521:
11191:
10934:
10888:
Bellwood, Peter (1998). "Taiwan and the Prehistory of the Austronesians-speaking Peoples".
10859:
10725:
8370:
7655:
6467:
5865:
5701:
5460:
4924:
4828:
2751:
2747:
2644:
2630:
2592:
2554:
2323:
2317:
2200:
2196:
2126:
2120:
2069:
371:
37:
23676:
22624:
17849:
15939:
13892:
13374:
11801:. Ninth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (ICAL9). Canberra, Australia.
10496:
9712:
8:
24210:
24140:
23990:
23953:
23943:
23909:
23815:
23796:
23616:
23389:
23374:
23309:
23111:
23033:
22943:
22936:
22887:
22845:
22516:
22420:
22320:
22309:
22271:
22250:
22148:
22107:
21882:
21864:
21858:
21833:
21826:
21819:
21732:
21715:
21454:
21120:
21107:
21001:
20951:
20808:
20671:
20656:
20292:
20256:
20217:
20029:
19929:
19727:
19682:
19373:
19363:
19358:
19289:
18969:
18880:
18845:
18830:
18820:
18557:
18492:
18178:
18133:
18108:
17854:
17818:
17696:
17580:
17575:
17516:
17419:
16764:
16703:
16560:
16281:
16097:
15638:
15393:
15325:
15134:
15129:
15119:
14765:
14553:
14448:
14351:
13882:
13817:
13766:
13738:
13562:
13527:
13430:
13346:
13281:
13230:
12942:
12441:
12324:
11839:
Sagart, Laurent (2005). "Sino-Tibeto-Austronesian: An updated and improved argument". In
9650:
8958:
8666:
8066:
8020:
7701:
7423:
6345:
6023:
5783:
5740:
5421:
4870:
4465:
3627:
2871:
2824:
2103:
from Southeast Asia corresponds to the southern origin hypothesis of early Austronesians.
2025:
1826:
1433:
1077:
972:
780:
702:
691:
640:
574:
446:
332:
20136:
20121:
19762:
19702:
18974:
15927:
14576:
12794:
12008:
11731:
11525:
11195:
10863:
10201:
Laurent Sagart (2004) The Higher Phylogeny of Austronesian and the Position of Tai-Kadai
2684:
1040:
Families of Formosan languages before Minnanese colonization of Taiwan, per Blust (1999)
901:
gives word lists (coded for cognateness) for approximately 1000 Austronesian languages.
23928:
23711:
23350:
23304:
23219:
23214:
23209:
22430:
22425:
22415:
22398:
22393:
22388:
22372:
22341:
22336:
22289:
22283:
22234:
22179:
22102:
21986:
21950:
21911:
21853:
21660:
21655:
21366:
21125:
21094:
21060:
21048:
21007:
20882:
20666:
20651:
20646:
20610:
20580:
20562:
20531:
20434:
20350:
20340:
20327:
20277:
20039:
19876:
19722:
19707:
19697:
19654:
19596:
19586:
19581:
19378:
19144:
19094:
18890:
18789:
18744:
18734:
18586:
18580:
18469:
18409:
18188:
18173:
18123:
18113:
18087:
17989:
17642:
17172:
17087:
17001:
16991:
16953:
16343:
16266:
16159:
15917:
15865:
15707:
15485:
15398:
15330:
15300:
15220:
15210:
15011:
14978:
14962:
14878:
14843:
14787:
14742:
14621:
14428:
14273:
14248:
14163:
14155:
13756:
13723:
13705:
13662:
13654:
13635:
13630:
13620:
13615:
13572:
13552:
13366:
13321:
13296:
13245:
13225:
12988:
12932:
12894:
12603:
12524:
12465:
12398:
12199:
12069:
12061:
12027:
11992:
11974:
11947:
11827:
11777:
11704:
Austronesian Historical Linguistics and Culture History: A Festschrift for Robert Blust
11641:
11616:
11573:
11432:
11407:
11348:
11319:
11306:
11116:
11012:
11004:
10951:
10335:
10314:
9765:
8260:
7517:
5103:
3387:
3073:
3031:
2867:
2721:
2658:
2648:
2278:
2142:
1978:
1911:
1740:
1714:
1506:
1352:
1213:
1161:
1111:
1017:
998:
934:
929:
by Dempwolff). The special position of the languages of Taiwan was first recognized by
854:
600:
596:
506:
379:
370:
and by peoples on islands in the Pacific Ocean. In the 19th century, researchers (e.g.
340:
109:
22527:
22490:
20141:
19461:
19324:
17869:
16748:
16189:
14812:
14631:
14356:
14041:
10871:
214:
24032:
23881:
23856:
23825:
23554:
23531:
23526:
23504:
23446:
23224:
23147:
23040:
22441:
22346:
22326:
22265:
22245:
21956:
21917:
21888:
21876:
21813:
21759:
21737:
21710:
21650:
21623:
21442:
21403:
21393:
21361:
21234:
21160:
21142:
21136:
21038:
20956:
20870:
20605:
20600:
20557:
20502:
20492:
20477:
20424:
20335:
20317:
20312:
20261:
20248:
20222:
20151:
20101:
20044:
20019:
19942:
19767:
19737:
19717:
19712:
19672:
19501:
19175:
19154:
19129:
19104:
19064:
19034:
19024:
19019:
19009:
18999:
18895:
18855:
18815:
18419:
18270:
18260:
18245:
18213:
18163:
18128:
18118:
18098:
17931:
17839:
17829:
17473:
17455:
17450:
17071:
17026:
16981:
16922:
16912:
16855:
16824:
16738:
16680:
16540:
16514:
16470:
16455:
16445:
16301:
16296:
16276:
16184:
16112:
16102:
15982:
15962:
15855:
15765:
15682:
15496:
15461:
15446:
15403:
15378:
15350:
15340:
15320:
15315:
15283:
15263:
15238:
15199:
15183:
15086:
15071:
14837:
14802:
14726:
14661:
14616:
14611:
14601:
14533:
14220:
14178:
14102:
14062:
14032:
13932:
13922:
13912:
13902:
13860:
13600:
13577:
13542:
13468:
13453:
13326:
13286:
13268:
13250:
13240:
13212:
13127:
13063:
12917:
12864:
12715:
12593:
12496:
12238:
12215:
12203:
12182:
12169:
12155:
12134:
12073:
12032:
11979:
11932:
11901:
11874:
11848:
11781:
11735:
11688:
11646:
11601:
11577:
11565:
11557:
11437:
11398:
11353:
11331:
11209:
11140:
11120:
11085:
11008:
10955:
10918:
10729:
10571:
10560:
10339:
10037:
10012:
9789:
9548:
9352:
9156:
9064:
9016:
8812:
8566:
8514:
8320:
8182:
6869:
6786:
6385:
6266:
6225:
6103:
5984:
4788:
4748:
4668:
4504:
4300:
4258:
3939:
3508:
2891:
2863:
2844:
2834:
2814:
2769:
2739:
2725:
2717:
2678:
2674:
2626:
2606:
2568:
2564:
2484:
2480:
2466:-based writing systems today. Some non-Latin-based writing systems are listed below.
2453:
2252:
2182:
2170:
2084:
1923:
1668:
1566:
1561:
1466:
1233:
1138:
965:
938:
922:
918:
812:
792:
771:
751:
590:
586:
578:
495:
487:
483:
455:
367:
352:
348:
336:
22532:
22521:
22501:
20839:
20567:
20126:
19335:
17686:
17225:
16179:
14586:
14268:
11831:
11057:
Selected papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics
8910:
6425:
2883:
2308:, based on 82 plausible Javanese-Japanese cognates, mostly related to rice farming.
1016:
Other studies have presented phonological evidence for a reduced Paiwanic family of
891:
866:
783:
of that term in linguistics). Furthermore, the choice of voice is influenced by the
491:
24086:
23516:
23509:
23456:
23384:
23379:
23336:
23329:
23259:
23203:
23141:
23047:
23019:
23005:
22991:
22908:
22880:
22868:
22861:
22749:
22609:
22599:
22594:
22548:
22542:
22511:
22404:
22299:
22223:
22161:
22113:
22048:
22041:
22034:
22027:
22020:
22009:
21993:
21928:
21923:
21906:
21847:
21741:
21673:
21584:
21551:
21519:
21415:
21387:
21336:
21257:
21241:
21227:
21209:
21202:
21188:
21148:
21130:
21114:
21100:
20922:
20905:
20685:
20661:
20641:
20585:
20572:
20547:
20512:
20482:
20472:
20394:
20302:
20287:
20195:
19981:
19914:
19909:
19752:
19742:
19732:
19692:
19687:
19624:
19591:
19576:
19556:
19486:
19353:
19309:
19299:
19284:
19279:
19170:
19134:
19124:
19119:
19099:
19074:
19059:
18989:
18804:
18784:
18769:
18764:
18754:
18749:
18696:
18537:
18512:
18502:
18487:
18434:
18331:
18305:
18280:
18224:
18168:
18030:
17936:
17760:
17735:
17637:
17617:
17542:
17404:
17356:
17338:
17167:
17092:
17046:
17041:
17010:
16933:
16877:
16872:
16861:
16840:
16743:
16685:
16670:
16660:
16550:
16493:
16410:
16405:
16372:
16367:
16330:
16311:
16306:
16271:
16169:
16122:
16092:
16087:
15987:
15785:
15735:
15720:
15692:
15633:
15596:
15566:
15451:
15418:
15408:
15388:
15360:
15310:
15273:
15243:
15172:
15109:
15060:
14933:
14868:
14853:
14732:
14713:
14653:
14636:
14443:
14438:
14433:
14423:
14418:
14413:
14391:
14366:
14346:
14341:
14233:
14140:
13955:
13937:
13848:
13751:
13746:
13718:
13695:
13605:
13557:
13547:
13514:
13504:
13399:
13394:
13389:
13379:
13301:
13291:
13276:
13261:
13255:
13220:
13151:
13137:
13102:
13097:
13053:
13016:
13011:
12996:
12889:
12799:
12766:
12723:
12617:
12571:
12566:
12428:
12191:
12053:
12022:
12012:
11969:
11959:
11819:
11769:
11727:
11676:
11636:
11628:
11547:
11539:
11427:
11419:
11394:
11343:
11335:
11298:
11272:. Canberra, Australia: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. Archived from
11199:
11108:
11077:
10996:
10977:
10943:
10867:
10813:
10491:
10481:
10327:
10312:
Solnit, David B. (March 1992). "Japanese/Austro-Tai By Paul K. Benedict (review)".
9498:
8468:
7928:
7753:
7609:
7469:
7375:
7189:
6665:
6586:
5945:
5823:
5622:
5580:
5500:
5339:
5143:
4543:
4095:
4017:
3822:
2976:
2810:
2781:
2664:
2640:
2622:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2582:
2520:
2352:
2289:
2274:
2270:
2166:
2134:
2065:
1807:
1679:
1646:
1544:
1412:
1208:
1058:
945:
739:
670:
655:
604:
442:
356:
344:
324:
242:
180:
22589:
22537:
21529:
20086:
20014:
20009:
20004:
19747:
18198:
17788:
16219:
15934:
11505:
Past human migrations in East Asia: matching archaeology, linguistics and genetics
686:
is commonly employed in Austronesian languages. This includes full reduplication (
24234:
24183:
24147:
24017:
23343:
23294:
23248:
23131:
23026:
22998:
22957:
22874:
22744:
22619:
22604:
22573:
22294:
22255:
22120:
22066:
21938:
21800:
21566:
21561:
21426:
21341:
21222:
21215:
21195:
21177:
21082:
21065:
20864:
20704:
20699:
20526:
20419:
20307:
20157:
20146:
20096:
20071:
19881:
19837:
19782:
19777:
19629:
19571:
19566:
19551:
19506:
19491:
19449:
19444:
19304:
19274:
19206:
19180:
19139:
19069:
19054:
19049:
19029:
19004:
18964:
18885:
18875:
18870:
18860:
18840:
18825:
18799:
18714:
18676:
18661:
18641:
18636:
18591:
18565:
18517:
18497:
18449:
18444:
18429:
18404:
18359:
18341:
18336:
18326:
18320:
18315:
18285:
18265:
18240:
18235:
18219:
18138:
18093:
18082:
18009:
17952:
17834:
17798:
17783:
17765:
17691:
17668:
17663:
17570:
17527:
17521:
17511:
17494:
17424:
17409:
17394:
17351:
17305:
17251:
17230:
17156:
17082:
17077:
17056:
17021:
16986:
16976:
16971:
16965:
16850:
16801:
16728:
16723:
16695:
16650:
16626:
16606:
16583:
16578:
16573:
16568:
16545:
16524:
16483:
16450:
16440:
16338:
16316:
16286:
16250:
16214:
16209:
16174:
16154:
16117:
16107:
16079:
15922:
15896:
15886:
15834:
15829:
15628:
15586:
15576:
15531:
15526:
15511:
15466:
15345:
15305:
15114:
15096:
15081:
15025:
15001:
14928:
14913:
14782:
14760:
14691:
14596:
14538:
14523:
14463:
14386:
14371:
14263:
14258:
14253:
14173:
14125:
14051:
14046:
13823:
13761:
13728:
13713:
13640:
13522:
13494:
13486:
13384:
13351:
13235:
13164:
13031:
13001:
12922:
12899:
12879:
12874:
12869:
12814:
12804:
12728:
12643:
12638:
12611:
12518:
12478:
12473:
12446:
12331:
12166:
The peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics
12017:
11964:
11916:
11845:
The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics
11660:
The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics
11064:
10562:
The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics
9596:
9298:
9110:
8612:
8418:
7836:
7790:
7563:
7141:
6910:
6827:
6744:
6704:
6546:
6305:
6145:
5905:
5381:
5025:
4426:
4056:
3978:
3783:
3744:
3588:
3469:
3426:
3348:
3309:
3270:
3153:
3114:
2916:
2907:
list of numbers of 1â10 and thirteen words in Austronesian languages; spoken in
2887:
2765:
2755:
2743:
2708:
2654:
2616:
2560:
2510:
2403:
2373:
1861:
1854:
1780:
1776:
1758:
1718:
1632:
1607:
1603:
1553:
1522:
1516:
1511:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1428:
1301:
1288:
1240:
1173:
1168:
1107:
1072:
961:
804:
296:
163:
154:
86:
80:
16204:
12226:
12195:
11385:
Haudricourt, André G. (1965). "Problems of Austronesian comparative philology".
10179:. Taipei: Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica. pp. 683â726.
24215:
24107:
24091:
23970:
23787:
23521:
23289:
22802:
22754:
22614:
22583:
22554:
22185:
22071:
22054:
22004:
21999:
21870:
21807:
21577:
21571:
21491:
21486:
21432:
21409:
21154:
20976:
20933:
20916:
20910:
20888:
20876:
20757:
20626:
20497:
20429:
20266:
20111:
20091:
20034:
19971:
19892:
19842:
19832:
19827:
19807:
19792:
19772:
19677:
19667:
19662:
19634:
19476:
19471:
19439:
19329:
19319:
19269:
19254:
19201:
19185:
19149:
19114:
19014:
18920:
18910:
18905:
18794:
18774:
18759:
18719:
18691:
18686:
18656:
18631:
18621:
18611:
18601:
18596:
18575:
18547:
18532:
18507:
18459:
18454:
18439:
18346:
18310:
18295:
18290:
18275:
18255:
18229:
18208:
18203:
18193:
18143:
18103:
18077:
18061:
18051:
18035:
18025:
18004:
17999:
17994:
17879:
17864:
17808:
17803:
17793:
17755:
17750:
17745:
17658:
17607:
17537:
17389:
17384:
17379:
17310:
17246:
17204:
16943:
16938:
16917:
16907:
16780:
16645:
16621:
16611:
16589:
16509:
16488:
16420:
16415:
16382:
16164:
16056:
15891:
15798:
15752:
15644:
15623:
15591:
15581:
15561:
15521:
15506:
15456:
15441:
15383:
15335:
15268:
15215:
15151:
15020:
14973:
14903:
14827:
14755:
14737:
14681:
14676:
14626:
14606:
14528:
14518:
14494:
14483:
14381:
14376:
14361:
14335:
14320:
14315:
14228:
14210:
14113:
14092:
14000:
13985:
13980:
13965:
13960:
13927:
13917:
13907:
13872:
13865:
13791:
13690:
13685:
13625:
13532:
13356:
13341:
13316:
13092:
13058:
13006:
12937:
12927:
12884:
12819:
12809:
12648:
12560:
12507:
12501:
12418:
12410:
11789:
11671:. The workshop on Human migrations in continental East Asia and Taiwan. Geneva.
11490:
11423:
11128:
10847:
10641:
8070:
7974:
7882:
7327:
7049:
6063:
5662:
5540:
5183:
5064:
4963:
4874:
3861:
3705:
3666:
3465:
3192:
2875:
2806:
2787:
2735:
2713:
2668:
2544:
2540:
2506:
2496:
2492:
2301:
2297:
2222:
2169:. An extended version of Austro-Tai was hypothesized by Benedict who added the
2133:
languages of the southeastern continental Asian mainland was first proposed by
2108:
1803:
1798:
1706:(pAN *RaCepituSa 'five-and-two' truncated to *pitu 'seven'; *sa-Ć-aCu 'nine' )
1694:
1690:
1642:
1584:
1548:
1474:
1470:
1382:
1274:
1266:
1253:
1202:
1148:
1144:
877:
858:
816:
687:
636:
387:
382:
to the Austronesian languages. The first extensive study on the history of the
363:
331:(around 250â270 million in Indonesia alone in its own literary standard named "
328:
172:
117:
12313:
11773:
10592:
The East Asian linguistic phylum: A reconstruction based on language and genes
10486:
10469:
416:
24335:
24320:
24070:
24054:
23985:
23898:
23805:
22638:
22578:
22560:
22076:
22060:
22014:
21771:
21591:
21556:
21546:
21524:
21481:
21346:
20927:
20859:
20631:
20595:
20131:
20116:
20106:
20076:
20054:
20024:
19976:
19847:
19812:
19802:
19757:
19644:
19639:
19619:
19611:
19511:
19496:
19481:
19456:
19433:
19428:
19409:
19394:
19368:
19314:
19294:
19109:
19089:
19044:
19039:
18984:
18930:
18915:
18900:
18865:
18835:
18739:
18729:
18724:
18651:
18646:
18626:
18606:
18570:
18522:
18482:
18477:
18424:
18414:
18399:
18300:
18250:
17957:
17740:
17445:
17429:
17361:
17346:
17315:
17300:
17290:
17285:
17209:
17178:
17097:
17051:
17015:
16927:
16867:
16845:
16774:
16769:
16655:
16616:
16460:
16435:
16430:
16425:
16397:
16377:
16245:
16132:
16127:
16069:
16064:
16028:
15850:
15803:
15793:
15649:
15571:
15516:
15413:
15355:
15204:
15104:
15076:
15066:
14923:
14873:
14863:
14848:
14817:
14721:
14696:
14686:
14671:
14666:
14543:
14488:
14458:
14453:
13975:
13610:
13021:
12784:
12755:
12733:
12588:
12513:
12436:
12339:
11715:
11561:
11320:"The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics"
11175:
10906:
9865:
9450:
9398:
8860:
8760:
7095:
6507:
6184:
5293:
5223:
4588:
4219:
3900:
3549:
3231:
2879:
2820:
2800:
2791:
2759:
2731:
2700:
2696:
2534:
2470:
2343:
2154:
1850:
1736:
1557:
1482:
1420:
1228:
1222:
1095:
1067:
884:
862:
787:
of the participants. The word order has a strong tendency to be verb-initial.
683:
624:
582:
562:
558:
525:
510:
479:
422:
312:
20769:
12309:
Languages of the World: The Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) Language Family
12212:
Comparative Austronesian dictionary: an introduction to Austronesian studies
11543:
11224:(1965). "A Lexicostatistical classification of the Austronesian languages".
845:
according to regular rules. Some cognate sets are very stable. The word for
577:
to reduce the number of consonants which can appear in final position, e.g.
24302:
24205:
24196:
24168:
24163:
23923:
23886:
23837:
23832:
23426:
23234:
22968:
21535:
19822:
19404:
19399:
19259:
19079:
18925:
18810:
18779:
18681:
18527:
18183:
17813:
17414:
17399:
16675:
16362:
16199:
15601:
14898:
14807:
14797:
14777:
13567:
12036:
11991:
Wei, Lan-Hai; Yan, Shi; Teo, Yik-Ying; Huang, Yun-Zhi; et al. (2017).
11983:
11862:
11840:
11739:
11615:
Melton, T.; Clifford, S.; Martinson, J.; Batzer, M.; Stoneking, M. (1998).
11569:
11520:(6397). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 88â92.
11441:
11357:
11221:
11213:
11132:
11052:
11036:
10902:
10383:. Kathmandu: Linguistic Society of Nepal. pp. 285â338 . Archived from
9809:
9751:
2952:
2488:
2463:
2407:
2305:
2138:
1985:
976:
949:
808:
784:
502:
12103:
11650:
11157:(2009). "Austronesian languages". In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.).
10384:
10331:
10167:
Starosta, S (1995). "A grammatical subgrouping of Formosan languages". In
2273:(2017) claims that Japanese genetically belongs to the "Transeurasian" (=
1335:
200:
24241:
17267:
14918:
14908:
14832:
14822:
13143:
12354:
11823:
11756:
Sagart, Laurent; Hsu, Tze-Fu; Tsai, Yuan-Ching; Hsing, Yue-Ie C. (2017).
11112:
11000:
10168:
9737:
2956:
2912:
2854:
2475:
763:
12164:
Sagart, Laurent, Roger Blench, and Alicia Sanchez-Nazas (Eds.) (2004).
12065:
11946:
Trejaut, J. A.; Kivisild, T.; Loo, J. H.; Lee, C. L.; He, C. L. (2005).
11552:
11370:
4330:
2076:(also known as TaiâKadai) are exactly those related mainland languages.
1036:
24115:
23601:
23320:
23270:
23136:
21182:
12044:
Winter, Bodo (2010). "A Note on the Higher Phylogeny of Austronesian".
11310:
10850:(July 1991). "The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages".
10726:
Say It In Motu: An instant introduction to the common language of Papua
2964:
2948:
2830:
2449:
2396:
2347:
2293:
308:
57:
12057:
11867:
Selected writings of Edward Sapir in language, culture and personality
11081:
10055:
10053:
4378:
1918:(PMP) *t, and PAN *n/*N to PMP *n, and the shift of PAN *S to PMP *h.
909:
11339:
11204:
11179:
11031:(2). Honolulu: Department of Linguistics, University of Hawaii: 1â15.
10513:
Globalizing the Prehistory of Japan: Language, Genes and Civilization
10172:
2920:
2443:
2327:
2263:
953:
383:
223:
208:
194:
190:
12265:
11808:"The higher phylogeny of Austronesian and the position of TaiâKadai"
11757:
11302:
10355:
10353:
10351:
10349:
478:. It ranged from Madagascar off the southeastern coast of Africa to
11924:
11718:(1993). "Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history".
11632:
11534:
10947:
10830:
10817:
10050:
2972:
2940:
2936:
2924:
2634:
2516:
2500:
2335:
2219:
1965:
1818:(innovations *baCaq-an 'ten'; *nanum 'water' alongside pAN *daNum)
10770:
s.v. kami, this could mean both first person singular and plural,
10708:
Peace Corps Marshall Islands: Marshallese Language Training Manual
9940:
1339:
Families of Formosan languages before Minnanese colonization, per
988:
22837:
12286:
11669:
Austronesian: What linguists know and what they believe they know
11500:
11486:
11449:
10449:
10401:
10346:
4343:
2944:
2859:
2796:
2339:
2331:
2192:
2130:
838:
553:
73:
23278:
15045:
12272:
12089:. Pacific Linguistics. Canberra: Australian National University.
11454:"Origins of the East Formosans:Basay, Kavalan, Amis, and Siraya"
366:
first observed similarities between the languages spoken in the
22929:
22778:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
22759:
22657:
11060:
11039:(1985). "The Austronesian Homeland: A Linguistic Perspective".
10659:
9770:
The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society
2980:
2968:
2960:
2932:
2908:
2777:
2322:
In 2001, Stanley Starosta proposed a new language family named
2158:
2057:
1974:
651:
632:
316:
65:
49:
12227:
Proceedings of the International Congress of Phonetic Sciences
12087:
The history and typology of western Austronesian voice systems
11749:
The history and typology of Western Austronesian voice systems
10425:
10245:
4400:
275:
272:
269:
16:
Large language family mostly of Southeast Asia and the Pacific
11139:. Languages of the world. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 19â42.
10675:
2928:
2432:
2411:
2326:, that includes all primary language families in the broader
666:
628:
433:
411:
248:
69:
9786:
Language and Nationalism: The Philippine Experience Thus Far
1351:
proposes a Proto-Formosan (F0) ancestor and equates it with
770:, where typically three or four verb voices determine which
323:). They are spoken by about 328 million people (4.4% of the
23707:
23706:
2415:
2285:
539:
AD, is the first attestation of any Austronesian language.
260:
11795:
Sino-Tibeto-Austronesian: An updated and improved argument
10911:
The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives
10065:
5332:
is used with hundreds and thousands and before qualifiers.
2225:
considers the Austronesian languages to be related to the
2092:
465:
By the number of languages they include, Austronesian and
12687:
11511:
10712:
9860:
9820:
9788:. Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 76.
5289:
4411:
4389:
4367:
4356:
4317:
4306:
12256:
12214:. Trends in linguistics, 10. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
11238:
Current Developments in Comparative Austronesian Studies
10144:
Taylor, G. (1888). "A ramble through southern Formosa".
9976:
9964:
9916:
9904:
9844:
Vergleichende Lautlehre des austronesischen Wortschatzes
2355:, albeit without the inclusion of Japonic and Koreanic.
795:
morphological devices (originally two: the more direct *
17131:
16009:
11364:
10293:
10059:
941:), and Western Austronesian (all remaining languages).
762:
The first group includes, besides the languages of the
12145:
Liste Swadesh élargie de onze langues austronésiennes,
12106:, Association for the Study of Language in Prehistory.
9928:
9848:
Comparative phonology of the Austronesian vocabularies
897:) require some linguistic expertise to recognise. The
10931:
10413:
284:
266:
251:
245:
228:
The historical distribution of Austronesian languages
12262:
Swadesh lists of Austronesian basic vocabulary words
11365:
Greenhill, S.J.; Blust, R.; Gray, R.D. (2003â2019).
11076:(revised ed.). Australian National University.
10233:
10224:"Shared innovations in early Austronesian phylogeny"
10007:
Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2005).
9952:
9892:
9880:
872:
Other words are harder to reconstruct. The word for
498:(spoken on Madagascar) are the geographic outliers.
257:
254:
10601:
10269:
9988:
263:
11755:
11751:. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 451â474.
11706:. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 295â326.
11317:
10437:
10407:
10359:
10257:
10251:
2728:as well as several smaller neighbouring languages.
1963:, the place of origin (in linguistic terminology,
631:, and clear morpheme boundaries. Most affixes are
454:. Approximately twenty Austronesian languages are
12152:Austronesian terminologies: continuity and change
10613:
10281:
10113:
10089:
10009:The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar
10006:
1936:List of major and official Austronesian languages
853:(from the most northerly Austronesian languages,
460:list of major and official Austronesian languages
24333:
22832:
11758:"Austronesian and Chinese words for the millets"
11584:
11492:The Internal Relationships of Formosan Languages
11170:. Lund: Skandinavian Institute of Asian Studies.
10900:
10696:; predominant in Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei.
10311:
10101:
10077:
11318:Greenhill, S.J.; Blust, R.; Gray, R.D. (2008).
11159:Concise Encyclopaedia of Languages of the World
10551:
2452:glyph, assumed to be the writing system of the
2141:, and Laurent Sagart, based on the traditional
989:Primary branches on Taiwan (Formosan languages)
12237:, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 145â156, Mar 1997,
12131:Fundaments of Austronesian roots and etymology
11990:
11945:
11847:. London: Routledge Curzon. pp. 161â176.
10431:
10221:
10125:
2033:
948:classification of the Austronesian languages,
542:
23692:
22818:
20799:
20785:
12370:
12337:
11662:. London: Routledge Curzon. pp. 107â131.
11614:
11408:"Early Austronesians: Into and Out Of Taiwan"
11227:International Journal of American Linguistics
10796:
10794:
10792:
10790:
10788:
10786:
10784:
10782:
10780:
10528:
10526:
10524:
10522:
2823:(Caroline Island script) â used to write the
2029:
1593:Northern and Central (Takitudu and Takbanuaz)
833:Proto-Austronesian language § Vocabulary
599:are rare in Austronesian languages, although
23662:Families with more than 30 languages are in
22788:Families with more than 30 languages are in
10881:Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian archipelago
9808:
2431:A manuscript from the early 1800s using the
2157:speakers were Austronesians who migrated to
1195:(based on a single merger, of pAN *n and *j)
400:
12257:Blust's Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
12110:Blundell, David. "Austronesian Dispersal".
11675:
11384:
10674:Predominantly in Indonesia, comes from the
10381:Contemporary Issues in Nepalese Linguistics
10071:
9837:
9835:
9826:
9656:Austronesian Formal Linguistics Association
552:The Austronesian languages overall possess
23699:
23685:
22825:
22811:
20792:
20778:
12384:
12377:
12363:
11710:
10803:, Stuart Robson and Singgih Wibisono, 2002
10777:
10519:
12210:Tryon, D. T., & Tsuchida, S. (1995).
12026:
12016:
11973:
11963:
11657:
11640:
11551:
11533:
11431:
11406:Ko, Albert Min-Shan; et al. (2014).
11347:
11203:
10774:, P.J. Zoetmulder and Stuart Robson, 1982
10761:, P.J. Zoetmulder and Stuart Robson, 1982
10748:, P.J. Zoetmulder and Stuart Robson, 1982
10495:
10485:
10371:
9870:Official Oxford English Dictionary (OED2)
2768:â once used to write several dialects of
2146:
2079:
12348:) is being considered for deletion. See
12273:"Homepage of linguist Dr. Lawrence Reid"
12080:
11915:
11367:"Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database"
10887:
10883:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
10878:
10846:
10557:
10467:
10299:
10166:
10160:
10036:. Oxford University Press. p. 261.
9832:
9783:
2894:, and many other Austronesian languages.
2567:and several neighbouring languages like
2091:
2083:
2037:
1950:
1866:Southern Austronesian (pSAN ca. 4000 BP)
1631:
1334:
1035:
908:
738:
12179:
11174:
11153:
10976:
10607:
10275:
10177:Austronesian Studies Relating to Taiwan
9934:
9764:
2372:proposed that the Austronesian and the
2369:
2137:, and is supported by Weera Ostapirat,
2021:protohistory of the Austronesian people
458:in their respective countries (see the
24334:
12397:
12043:
11887:
11838:
11805:
11788:
11666:
11507:. London: Routledge. pp. 211â218.
11412:The American Journal of Human Genetics
11263:
11127:
10962:
10443:
10263:
10143:
2150:
2129:proposal linking Austronesian and the
2045:
2013:
1989:
1652:Sagart's resulting classification is:
1622:
1273:Mantauran, Tona, and Maga dialects of
899:Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
390:. It included a reconstruction of the
23680:
22806:
20773:
17130:
16008:
14712:
13847:
12689:Western branches of MalayoâPolynesian
12686:
12670:
12669:
12396:
12358:
11861:
11288:
11131:(2001). "Languages of the world". In
11098:
11071:
11051:
11035:
11022:
10619:
10566:. London: Routledge Curzon. pp.
10510:
10455:
10287:
10239:
10119:
10095:
10060:Greenhill, Blust & Gray 2003â2019
10031:
9982:
9970:
9958:
9946:
9922:
9910:
9898:
9886:
9841:
9814:History of the Austronesian Languages
2251:Several linguists have proposed that
2005:
1205:: Trobiawa and LinawâQauqaut dialects
1176:
1098:
1006:
1002:
944:In a study that represents the first
12109:
11746:
11701:
11220:
11165:
11161:. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 96â105.
10715:), pg. 22. Accessed August 27, 2007.
10171:; Cheng-hwa Tsang; Ying-kuei Huang;
10107:
10083:
9994:
2898:
2784:but the project is no longer active.
2207:
1899:
17133:Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages
16011:Central Malayo-Polynesian languages
12150:Pawley, A., & Ross, M. (1994).
11890:"A ramble through southern Formosa"
11732:10.1146/annurev.an.22.100193.002233
11235:Fox, James J. (19â20 August 2004).
11234:
9738:"Statistical Summaries; Ethnologue"
2049:
712:'snake') or partial reduplication (
13:
20753:? indicates classification dispute
12095:
11621:American Journal of Human Genetics
11600:. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press.
11499:
11485:
11448:
11405:
10963:Blench, Roger (June 10â13, 2004).
10419:
10252:Greenhill, Blust & Gray (2008)
10189:
10131:
10034:Verbs: Aspect and Causal Structure
9744:
9730:
4410:
4399:
4388:
4377:
4366:
4355:
4342:
4329:
4316:
4305:
2380:
2036:). Archaeological evidence (e.g.,
2009:
1929:
1348:
1340:
1101:Sao: Brawbaw and Shtafari dialects
1010:
849:in many Austronesian languages is
768:Philippine-type voice alternations
650:'road'), with a smaller number of
14:
24373:
12352:to help reach a consensus. âș
12293:"Austronesian Language Resources"
12249:
12133:. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
10872:10.1038/scientificamerican0791-88
9710:
5288:There are two forms for numbers '
2993:Austronesian List of Numbers 1â10
2462:Most Austronesian languages have
2387:Writing systems of Southeast Asia
1969:) of the Austronesian languages (
904:
627:with a relatively high number of
452:most-spoken language in the world
12104:The "Greater Austric" Hypothesis
11843:; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (eds.).
10534:"Javanese influence on Japanese"
9816:. University of Hawaii at Manoa.
6954:Comparison chart-thirteen words
5318:
5300:
2442:
2424:
2395:
623:Most Austronesian languages are
615:subgroups do show lexical tone.
386:was made by the German linguist
241:
222:
12112:Newsletter of Chinese Ethnology
10839:
10823:
10806:
10772:Old Javanese-English Dictionary
10764:
10759:Old Javanese-English Dictionary
10751:
10746:Old Javanese-English Dictionary
10738:
10718:
10699:
10683:
10668:
10652:
10634:
10625:
10584:
10504:
10461:
10365:
10305:
10213:
10204:
10195:
10183:
10137:
10025:
10000:
9678:
2643:â standardized script based on
2233:as more closely related to the
2099:. The sketched migration route
1992::28) noted this when he wrote:
1926:into Polynesia and Micronesia.
1392:MagaâTona, BudaiâLabuanâTaromak
1199:Northern (Kavalanic languages)
1031:
609:South HalmaheraâWest New Guinea
11871:University of California Press
10915:Australian National University
10913:. Department of Anthropology,
10596:Journal of the Asiatic Society
10497:11858/00-001M-0000-002E-8635-7
9854:
9802:
9777:
9758:
9704:
9661:List of Austronesian languages
1305:(south-eastern tip of Formosa)
1:
11720:Annual Review of Anthropology
11166:Dahl, Otto Christian (1973).
11135:; Rees-Miller, Janie (eds.).
11025:Working Papers in Linguistics
10642:"Javanese alphabet (Carakan)"
10324:Linguistic Society of America
9949:, pp. 188â189, 200, 206.
9698:
2833:â possibly used to write the
2813:, a secret language based on
2677:â once used to write various
2311:
2114:
1114:: Taokas and Poavosa dialects
779:(not to be confused with the
744:
743:A 5 dollar banknote, Hawaii,
618:
533:
20750:* indicates proposed status
12018:10.1371/journal.pone.0175080
11965:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030247
11762:Language Dynamics and Change
11467:(2): 363â376. Archived from
11399:10.1016/0024-3841(65)90048-3
11180:"Taiwan's gift to the world"
10474:Language Dynamics and Change
10458:, pp. 710â713, 745â747.
10222:Laurent Sagart (July 2021).
10175:& Chiu-yu Tseng (eds.).
9784:Gonzalez, Andrew B. (1980).
9666:List of Austronesian regions
6146:Sangirese (Sangir-Minahasan)
5320:
5314:is used for serial counting.
5302:
2365:AustronesianâOngan languages
1330:
547:
321:Taiwanese indigenous peoples
7:
24362:Sino-Austronesian languages
24352:Languages of Southeast Asia
20637:Futuna-Aniwa / West Futunan
12230:7.807â810. La Haye: Mouton.
12196:10.1080/0043824042000303764
12168:. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
11324:Evolutionary Bioinformatics
11137:The Handbook of Linguistics
10801:Javanese English Dictionary
10011:. Routledge. pp. 6â7.
9644:
5294:Tsat (Hui Hui; Hainan Cham)
4136:Malayo-Polynesian languages
2847:but it was not widely used.
2240:
2235:Malayo-Polynesian languages
2214:Sino-Austronesian languages
1971:Proto-Austronesian language
1906:Malayo-Polynesian languages
937:), Eastern Austronesian (=
603:and a few languages of the
568:The canonical root type in
543:Typological characteristics
362:In 1706, the Dutch scholar
85:One of the world's primary
10:
24378:
23482:Chukotko-KamchatkanâAmuric
11929:University of Hawaii Press
11685:Cambridge University Press
11424:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.02.003
11266:"Reading the Full Picture"
11074:The Austronesian Languages
10724:Percy Chatterton, (1975).
10692:is a known contraction of
10590:van Driem, George. 2018. "
10468:Robbeets, Martine (2017).
10372:van Driem, George (2005).
9752:"Austronesian; Ethnologue"
5285:
2988:Comparison chart-numerals
2384:
2362:
2315:
2244:
2211:
2180:
2176:
2118:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1903:
1816:East WS (pEWS ca. 4500 BP)
1141:: Taai and Tungho dialects
830:
826:
426:
18:
24311:
24295:
24257:
24224:
24192:
24156:
24130:
24100:
24079:
24063:
24010:
23897:
23874:
23867:
23846:
23786:
23773:
23718:
23650:
23587:
23540:
23490:
23370:
23363:
23318:
23269:
23233:
23158:
23094:
23057:
22967:
22844:
22773:
22732:
22709:
22648:
22637:
22481:
22214:
22203:
22171:
22098:
22089:
21978:
21795:
21784:
21751:
21613:
21604:
21512:
21270:
21256:
21170:
20965:
20947:
20898:
20816:
20807:
20801:Primary language families
20745:
20684:
20619:
20540:
20511:
20463:
20452:
20443:
20415:
20408:
20382:
20371:
20326:
20247:
20236:
20213:
20204:
20191:
20182:
20064:
19997:
19990:
19964:
19955:
19938:
19902:
19869:
19860:
19653:
19610:
19535:
19524:
19419:
19387:
19344:
19245:
19234:
19223:
19194:
19163:
18952:
18943:
18705:
18556:
18468:
18387:
18376:
18355:
18152:
18070:
18044:
18018:
17977:
17966:
17945:
17914:
17903:
17892:
17774:
17728:
17717:
17677:
17651:
17625:
17616:
17593:
17551:
17504:
17490:
17481:
17472:
17438:
17370:
17337:
17328:
17276:
17260:
17239:
17218:
17197:
17188:
17152:
17143:
17139:
17126:
17000:
16961:
16952:
16893:
16886:
16833:
16820:
16810:
16794:
16757:
16694:
16636:
16599:
16559:
16533:
16502:
16479:
16469:
16396:
16352:
16329:
16259:
16241:
16232:
16147:
16078:
16055:
16046:
16037:
16021:
16017:
16004:
15975:
15958:
15910:
15874:
15843:
15825:
15816:
15784:
15751:
15744:
15706:
15675:
15666:
15614:
15557:
15548:
15541:
15475:
15432:
15369:
15291:
15282:
15252:
15231:
15192:
15165:
15147:
15095:
15056:
15038:
15010:
14994:
14955:
14751:
14705:
14652:
14645:
14567:
14504:
14404:
14300:
14219:
14200:
14191:
14154:
14101:
14080:
14071:
14061:
14031:
14024:
14012:
13998:
13946:
13856:
13840:
13805:
13782:
13775:
13737:
13704:
13676:
13653:
13591:
13513:
13485:
13467:
13429:
13408:
13365:
13211:
13163:
13120:
13111:
13083:
13072:
13044:
12987:
12968:
12959:
12908:
12855:
12837:
12828:
12775:
12751:
12742:
12714:
12699:
12695:
12682:
12678:
12665:
12631:
12602:
12581:
12553:
12544:
12487:
12464:
12455:
12427:
12409:
12405:
12392:
11900:: 137â161. Archived from
11774:10.1163/22105832-00702002
10487:10.1163/22105832-00702005
9772:. UNSW Press. p. 14.
2667:â once used to write the
2633:and several languages of
2533:â once used to write the
2173:to the proposal as well.
1120:: Papora, Hoanya dialects
1063:(abandoned in Blust 2013)
931:André-Georges Haudricourt
734:
530:ÄĂŽng YĂȘn ChĂąu inscription
299:widely spoken throughout
221:
207:
189:
102:
92:
81:Linguistic classification
79:
43:
33:
28:
21618:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
12350:templates for discussion
12147:éd. Carré de sucre, 2009
12129:Cohen, E. M. K. (1999).
11806:Sagart, Laurent (2004).
11461:Language and Linguistics
10879:Bellwood, Peter (1997).
10728:. Pacific Publications.
9713:"Austronesian Languages"
9671:
2509:â used to write several
2358:
2048:, is a minority one. As
482:in the eastern Pacific.
19:Not to be confused with
23659:have no living members.
23542:East and Southeast Asia
22785:have no living members.
19930:Whitesands / East Tanna
11544:10.1126/science.aat3628
10032:Croft, William (2012).
9874:Oxford University Press
9717:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
4178:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
2189:Austroasiatic languages
1959:From the standpoint of
1916:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
1104:Central Western Plains
625:agglutinative languages
434:
378:) started to apply the
305:Mainland Southeast Asia
301:Maritime Southeast Asia
62:Mainland Southeast Asia
54:Maritime Southeast Asia
21:Austroasiatic languages
24342:Austronesian languages
22765:Unclassified languages
22719:list of sign languages
21687:Northeastern Tasmanian
20667:Wallisian / East Uvean
20642:Futunan / East Futunan
20390:Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua
16600:LuangicâKisaric ?
14859:Kelantan-Pattani Malay
12386:Austronesian languages
12345:Austronesian languages
11681:Languages of the World
11264:Fuller, Peter (2002).
11072:Blust, Robert (2013).
10705:Cook, Richard (1992).
10538:Languages Of The World
9711:Blust, Robert Andrew.
4415:
4404:
4393:
4382:
4371:
4360:
4347:
4334:
4321:
4310:
2581:) â used to write the
2229:, and also groups the
2227:Sino-Tibetan languages
2104:
2089:
2080:Hypothesized relations
2062:
2002:
1961:historical linguistics
1956:
1947:Austronesian expansion
1637:
1463:Northwestern (Plains)
1344:
1118:Papora-Hoanya language
1041:
914:
754:
565:) with 43 consonants.
415:
401:
398:was coined (as German
237:Austronesian languages
22740:Constructed languages
19910:Kwamera / South Tanna
14884:Negeri Sembilan Malay
14136:Kota Marudu Talantang
12299:on November 22, 2004.
12266:Swadesh-list appendix
12122:Blust, R. A. (1983).
11792:(8â11 January 2002).
11667:Peiros, Ilia (2004).
11598:The Oceanic languages
11276:on September 27, 2011
11270:Asia Pacific Research
10890:Review of Archaeology
10332:10.1353/lan.1992.0061
5985:Benuaq (Dayak Benuaq)
4414:
4403:
4392:
4381:
4370:
4359:
4346:
4333:
4320:
4309:
2903:Below are two charts
2095:
2087:
2054:
1994:
1975:main island of Taiwan
1973:) is most likely the
1954:
1945:Further information:
1635:
1338:
1039:
958:Cordilleran languages
912:
865:all the way south to
742:
311:, the islands of the
24357:Languages of Oceania
21287:BinandereanâGoilalan
19915:Lenakel / West Tanna
14778:Brunei/Kedayan Malay
12910:Southern Cordilleran
11873:. pp. 389â467.
11824:10.1353/ol.2005.0012
11113:10.1353/ol.2014.0025
11001:10.1353/ol.2007.0015
10935:Current Anthropology
10515:. Oxford: Routledge.
8021:Lun Bawang/ Lundayeh
6024:Lun Bawang/ Lundayeh
3739:pulruku / mangealre
2809:â used to write the
2799:â used to write the
2790:â used to write the
2780:â used to write the
2687:â used to write the
2657:â used to write the
2647:, used to write the
2645:Old Sundanese script
2625:â used to write the
2593:Kapampangan language
2591:â used to write the
2563:â used to write the
2525:Philippine languages
2318:East Asian languages
2218:French linguist and
2201:Nicobarese languages
2121:Austro-Tai languages
1645:. The fact that the
372:Wilhelm von Humboldt
38:Austronesian peoples
23300:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
23084:Northwest Caucasian
23079:Northeast Caucasian
22569:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
22472:TequiracaâCanichana
22315:HarĂĄkmbutâKatukinan
21078:Northwest Caucasian
21072:Northeast Caucasian
20996:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
17697:NatĂŒgu / Santa Cruz
16534:WetarâGaloli ?
15946:Toraja-Saʼdan
15205:Kawi / Old Javanese
14146:Klias River Kadazan
13593:GorontaloâMongondow
12857:Central Cordilleran
12264:(from Wiktionary's
12126:. Hawaii: R. Blust.
12102:Bengtson, John D.,
12046:Oceanic Linguistics
12009:2017PLoSO..1275080W
11888:Taylor, G. (1888).
11812:Oceanic Linguistics
11526:2018Sci...361...88M
11291:Oceanic Linguistics
11196:2000Natur.403..709D
11101:Oceanic Linguistics
10989:Oceanic Linguistics
10864:1991SciAm.265a..88B
10852:Scientific American
10511:Kumar, Ann (2009).
10422:, pp. 426â436.
9985:, pp. 406â431.
9973:, pp. 370â399.
9925:, pp. 220â222.
9913:, pp. 215â218.
9766:Sneddon, James Neil
9651:Languages of Taiwan
6955:
2989:
2825:Carolinian language
2034:Trejaut et al. 2005
2026:population genetics
1827:Kavalanic languages
1078:Kanakanavu language
973:Otto Christian Dahl
708:'caterpillar' <
676:'work (noun)' <
410:, deriving it from
376:Herman van der Tuuk
23565:AustronesianâOngan
23364:Proposed groupings
22191:Tarascan/Purépecha
21680:Northern Tasmanian
21438:South Bougainville
21399:North Bougainville
20591:Rakahanga-Manihiki
20553:Cook Islands MÄori
19818:Northeast Malakula
18057:LavatburaâLamusong
13113:Central Philippine
12399:Formosan languages
12330:2014-06-30 at the
11251:on 12 October 2006
11168:Proto-Austronesian
11041:Asian Perspectives
10408:Sagart et al. 2017
10360:Sagart et al. 2017
10072:Haudricourt (1965)
9827:Pereltsvaig (2018)
8947:mÄua, mÄtou/mÄtau
7004:Proto-Austronesian
6953:
5013:(cÊ°ÉwaËy / sÉwaËy)
4416:
4405:
4394:
4383:
4372:
4361:
4348:
4335:
4322:
4311:
3074:Formosan languages
3032:Proto-Austronesian
2987:
2689:Ende-Li'o language
2649:Sundanese language
2617:Peninsular Malayic
2279:Proto-Austronesian
2143:comparative method
2105:
2090:
2030:Melton et al. 1998
1979:Formosan languages
1957:
1912:Proto-Austronesian
1660:(pAN ca. 5200 BP)
1638:
1372:Proto-Austronesian
1353:Proto-Austronesian
1345:
1214:Ketagalan language
1133:Northwest Formosan
1112:Favorlang language
1042:
999:Formosan subgroups
915:
855:Formosan languages
843:Proto-Austronesian
799:and more oblique *
755:
570:Proto-Austronesian
517:(sometimes called
507:Formosan languages
394:lexicon. The term
392:Proto-Austronesian
380:comparative method
147:Northwest Formosan
97:Proto-Austronesian
24347:Language families
24329:
24328:
24280:godan and ichidan
24273:Kagoshima dialect
24126:
24125:
24006:
24005:
23712:world's languages
23674:
23673:
23583:
23582:
23575:Sino-Austronesian
23359:
23358:
22834:Language families
22800:
22799:
22750:Language isolates
22728:
22727:
22633:
22632:
22199:
22198:
22085:
22084:
21780:
21779:
21727:Western Tasmanian
21645:Eastern Tasmanian
21600:
21599:
21322:East Geelvink Bay
21252:
21251:
20943:
20942:
20767:
20766:
20741:
20740:
20737:
20736:
20733:
20732:
20729:
20728:
20725:
20724:
20721:
20720:
20717:
20716:
20713:
20712:
20680:
20679:
20367:
20366:
20363:
20362:
20359:
20358:
20178:
20177:
20174:
20173:
20170:
20169:
20166:
20165:
19951:
19950:
19856:
19855:
19520:
19519:
19219:
19218:
19215:
19214:
18939:
18938:
18372:
18371:
18368:
18367:
17888:
17887:
17713:
17712:
17589:
17588:
17468:
17467:
17464:
17463:
17324:
17323:
17122:
17121:
17118:
17117:
17114:
17113:
17110:
17109:
17106:
17105:
16790:
16789:
16325:
16324:
16228:
16227:
16143:
16142:
16000:
15999:
15996:
15995:
15971:
15970:
15954:
15953:
15812:
15811:
15662:
15661:
15658:
15657:
15610:
15609:
15161:
15160:
15143:
15142:
15047:Northwest Sumatra
15034:
15033:
14951:
14950:
14947:
14946:
14838:Kendayan / Selako
14400:
14399:
14296:
14295:
14292:
14291:
14187:
14186:
14008:
14007:
13994:
13993:
13836:
13835:
13832:
13831:
13668:Calamian Tagbanwa
13649:
13648:
13425:
13424:
13337:Southern Sorsogon
13312:Northern Sorsogon
13271:
13264:
13154:
13147:
13040:
13039:
12955:
12954:
12951:
12950:
12716:Batanic (Bashiic)
12672:MalayoâPolynesian
12661:
12660:
12657:
12656:
12627:
12626:
12540:
12539:
12183:World Archaeology
12058:10.1353/ol.0.0067
11854:978-0-415-32242-3
11694:978-1-316-62196-7
11677:Pereltsvaig, Asya
11501:Li, Paul Jen-kuei
11487:Li, Paul Jen-kuei
11450:Li, Paul Jen-kuei
11332:SAGE Publications
11091:978-1-922185-07-5
11067:. pp. 31â94.
10978:Blevins, Juliette
10924:978-0-7315-2132-6
10901:Bellwood, Peter;
10734:978-0-85807-025-7
10577:978-0-415-32242-3
9842:Dempwolff, Otto.
9689:Panicum miliaceum
9641:
9640:
8945:tÄua, tÄtou/tÄtau
8243:kula panjenengan
6951:
6950:
6226:Oceanic languages
3544:lampez / langpez
3534:SayboSi: 'aeihae'
2899:Comparison charts
2845:Dusunic languages
2835:Rapa Nui language
2770:Malagasy language
2679:Palawan languages
2675:Tagbanwa alphabet
2565:Javanese language
2555:Hanuno'o language
2551:HanunĂł'o alphabet
2481:Balinese alphabet
2454:Rapa Nui language
2294:prehistoric times
2231:KraâDai languages
2208:Sino-Austronesian
2183:Austric languages
2171:Japonic languages
2074:KraâDai languages
1924:Oceanic languages
1900:Malayo-Polynesian
1877:Malayo-Polynesian
1457:Northern Formosan
1319:Malayo-Polynesian
1309:(outside Formosa)
1139:Saisiyat language
995:Malayo-Polynesian
982:Malayo-Polynesian
966:Murutic languages
946:lexicostatistical
925:subgroup (called
752:Hawaiian language
591:Oceanic languages
515:Malayo-Polynesian
368:Malay Archipelago
347:(standardized as
233:
232:
133:Malayo-Polynesian
87:language families
24369:
24296:Other East Asian
23872:
23871:
23784:
23783:
23701:
23694:
23687:
23678:
23677:
23642:Proto-Euphratean
23368:
23367:
23276:
23275:
23244:Great Andamanese
22827:
22820:
22813:
22804:
22803:
22646:
22645:
22600:Huaorani/Waorani
22484:(extant in 2000)
22448:EsmeraldaâYaruro
22219:AndoqueâUrequena
22212:
22211:
22096:
22095:
21902:Plateau Penutian
21793:
21792:
21768:(Northern Daly?)
21611:
21610:
21497:Northwest Papuan
21461:TransâNew Guinea
21327:East New Britain
21302:Central Solomons
21268:
21267:
21013:Great Andamanese
20963:
20962:
20814:
20813:
20794:
20787:
20780:
20771:
20770:
20461:
20460:
20450:
20449:
20413:
20412:
20380:
20379:
20245:
20244:
20211:
20210:
20189:
20188:
19995:
19994:
19962:
19961:
19867:
19866:
19608:
19607:
19602:Southeast Ambrym
19533:
19532:
19243:
19242:
19232:
19231:
19085:Arifama-Miniafia
18950:
18949:
18385:
18384:
17975:
17974:
17912:
17911:
17901:
17900:
17729:GelaâGuadalcanal
17726:
17725:
17692:Engdewu / Nanggu
17679:ReefsâSanta Cruz
17623:
17622:
17488:
17487:
17479:
17478:
17335:
17334:
17195:
17194:
17150:
17149:
17141:
17140:
17128:
17127:
16959:
16958:
16891:
16890:
16818:
16817:
16758:Southwest Maluku
16477:
16476:
16239:
16238:
16053:
16052:
16044:
16043:
16019:
16018:
16006:
16005:
15882:Aralle-Tabulahan
15875:Pitu Ulunna Salu
15823:
15822:
15749:
15748:
15673:
15672:
15555:
15554:
15546:
15545:
15289:
15288:
15054:
15053:
15049:âBarrier Islands
15043:
15042:
14934:Terengganu Malay
14710:
14709:
14650:
14649:
14198:
14197:
14141:Rungus / Momogun
14078:
14077:
14069:
14068:
14029:
14028:
14022:
14021:
13981:West Coast Bajaw
13854:
13853:
13845:
13844:
13841:Greater Barito *
13780:
13779:
13583:Western Bukidnon
13449:Central Tagbanwa
13439:Aborlan Tagbanwa
13267:
13260:
13193:Mount Iriga Agta
13188:Mount Iraya Agta
13150:
13142:
13118:
13117:
13085:Southern Mindoro
13081:
13080:
13046:Northern Mindoro
12966:
12965:
12835:
12834:
12830:Meso-Cordilleran
12749:
12748:
12712:
12711:
12697:
12696:
12684:
12683:
12680:
12679:
12667:
12666:
12551:
12550:
12462:
12461:
12407:
12406:
12394:
12393:
12379:
12372:
12365:
12356:
12355:
12316:
12300:
12295:. Archived from
12283:
12281:
12279:
12207:
12119:
12090:
12077:
12040:
12030:
12020:
11987:
11977:
11967:
11942:
11917:Thurgood, Graham
11912:
11910:
11909:
11894:The China Review
11884:
11858:
11835:
11802:
11800:
11785:
11752:
11743:
11707:
11698:
11672:
11663:
11654:
11644:
11611:
11581:
11555:
11537:
11508:
11496:
11482:
11480:
11479:
11473:
11458:
11445:
11435:
11402:
11381:
11379:
11378:
11369:. Archived from
11361:
11351:
11340:10.4137/EBO.S893
11314:
11285:
11283:
11281:
11260:
11258:
11256:
11250:
11243:
11231:
11217:
11207:
11205:10.1038/35001685
11190:(6771): 709â10.
11176:Diamond, Jared M
11171:
11162:
11150:
11124:
11095:
11068:
11048:
11032:
11019:
11017:
11011:. Archived from
10986:
10973:
10971:
10959:
10928:
10897:
10884:
10875:
10834:
10827:
10821:
10810:
10804:
10798:
10775:
10768:
10762:
10755:
10749:
10742:
10736:
10722:
10716:
10703:
10697:
10687:
10681:
10672:
10666:
10656:
10650:
10649:
10638:
10632:
10629:
10623:
10617:
10611:
10605:
10599:
10588:
10582:
10581:
10565:
10555:
10549:
10548:
10546:
10545:
10530:
10517:
10516:
10508:
10502:
10501:
10499:
10489:
10465:
10459:
10453:
10447:
10441:
10435:
10434:, pp. 1â12.
10429:
10423:
10417:
10411:
10405:
10399:
10398:
10396:
10395:
10389:
10378:
10369:
10363:
10357:
10344:
10343:
10309:
10303:
10297:
10291:
10285:
10279:
10273:
10267:
10261:
10255:
10249:
10243:
10237:
10231:
10230:
10228:
10217:
10211:
10208:
10202:
10199:
10193:
10187:
10181:
10180:
10164:
10158:
10157:
10146:The China Review
10141:
10135:
10129:
10123:
10117:
10111:
10105:
10099:
10093:
10087:
10081:
10075:
10069:
10063:
10057:
10048:
10047:
10029:
10023:
10022:
10004:
9998:
9992:
9986:
9980:
9974:
9968:
9962:
9956:
9950:
9944:
9938:
9932:
9926:
9920:
9914:
9908:
9902:
9896:
9890:
9884:
9878:
9877:
9858:
9852:
9851:
9839:
9830:
9824:
9818:
9817:
9806:
9800:
9799:
9781:
9775:
9773:
9762:
9756:
9755:
9748:
9742:
9741:
9734:
9728:
9727:
9725:
9723:
9708:
9692:
9682:
8713:Kelantan-Pattani
8288:rorompok, bumi
7032:*qalÉjaw, *waRi
6956:
6952:
6626:Rarotongan MÄori
5330:
5325:
5324:
5312:
5307:
5306:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5232:
5144:Terengganu Malay
4709:Kelantan-Pattani
3535:
2990:
2986:
2977:Caroline Islands
2853:â used to write
2843:â used to write
2811:Eskayan language
2782:Cia-Cia language
2734:â used to write
2716:â used to write
2699:â used to write
2665:Rencong alphabet
2641:Sundanese script
2623:Lontara alphabet
2615:â used to write
2601:â used to write
2599:Lampung alphabet
2589:Kulitan alphabet
2583:Kerinci language
2575:Kerinci alphabet
2553:â used to write
2543:â used to write
2519:â used to write
2483:â used to write
2446:
2428:
2399:
2353:George van Driem
2290:Asha Pereltsvaig
2271:Martine Robbeets
2187:A link with the
2147:Ostapirat (2005)
2135:Paul K. Benedict
2072:hypothesis, the
2066:Chamic languages
1835:
1824:
1792: Central WS
1791:
1774:
1756:
1734:
1712:
1688:
1677:
1666:
1647:Kradai languages
1627:
1626:
1601:
1582:
1534:
1453:
1446:(unnamed branch)
1425:Southern Tsouic
1408:
1401:(unnamed branch)
1379:
1315:
1298:
1285:
1263:
1250:
1209:Kavalan language
1187:
1178:
1158:
1130:
1100:
1087:
1055:
919:dialect continua
749:
746:
697:'children' <
680:'work (verb)').
674:t<in>avete
538:
535:
513:) belong to the
443:Chamic languages
437:
430:
404:
325:world population
291:
287:
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
226:
217:
203:
183:
176:
167:
158:
149:
142:
135:
128:
121:
112:
26:
25:
24377:
24376:
24372:
24371:
24370:
24368:
24367:
24366:
24332:
24331:
24330:
24325:
24307:
24291:
24285:irregular verbs
24253:
24247:deficient verbs
24220:
24194:
24188:
24152:
24122:
24096:
24075:
24059:
24002:
23915:auxiliary verbs
23893:
23863:
23842:
23790:
23775:
23769:
23714:
23705:
23675:
23670:
23669:
23646:
23637:Paleo-Laplandic
23632:Pre-Finno-Ugric
23579:
23536:
23500:Greater Siangic
23486:
23472:UralicâYukaghir
23422:Ibero-Caucasian
23417:Elamo-Dravidian
23355:
23314:
23265:
23229:
23154:
23090:
23073:North Caucasian
23053:
22963:
22902:Paleo-Sardinian
22840:
22831:
22801:
22796:
22795:
22769:
22755:Mixed languages
22724:
22705:
22640:
22629:
22483:
22477:
22332:KatembriâTaruma
22206:
22195:
22167:
22081:
21974:
21787:
21776:
21747:
21596:
21508:
21467:TuramaâKikorian
21377:Lower Mamberamo
21332:East Strickland
21260:
21248:
21166:
20954:
20949:
20939:
20894:
20803:
20798:
20768:
20763:
20762:
20709:
20676:
20615:
20536:
20507:
20455:
20439:
20404:
20374:
20355:
20322:
20239:
20232:
20206:
20200:
20162:
20060:
19986:
19965:Loyalty Islands
19957:
19947:
19934:
19925:Southwest Tanna
19898:
19877:Erromanga / Sie
19852:
19649:
19606:
19538:
19528:
19526:
19516:
19445:Cape Cumberland
19415:
19388:South Pentecost
19383:
19364:Northeast Ambae
19347:North Pentecost
19346:
19340:
19237:
19226:
19211:
19190:
19164:KilivilaâMisima
19159:
18935:
18701:
18552:
18464:
18390:
18379:
18364:
18351:
18155:
18148:
18066:
18040:
18014:
17970:
17968:
17962:
17941:
17906:
17895:
17884:
17776:
17770:
17720:
17709:
17673:
17647:
17612:
17585:
17565:Southern Kaniet
17559:Northern Kaniet
17547:
17500:
17460:
17434:
17366:
17320:
17278:South Halmahera
17272:
17256:
17235:
17214:
17184:
17135:
17102:
16996:
16948:
16882:
16829:
16806:
16786:
16753:
16734:Southeast Babar
16709:Dawera-Daweloor
16690:
16632:
16595:
16555:
16529:
16503:Central Timor *
16498:
16465:
16392:
16348:
16321:
16255:
16224:
16139:
16074:
16033:
16013:
15992:
15967:
15950:
15906:
15870:
15839:
15808:
15780:
15740:
15702:
15654:
15606:
15537:
15477:TominiâTolitoli
15471:
15428:
15365:
15278:
15255:
15248:
15227:
15188:
15157:
15139:
15091:
15048:
15030:
15006:
14990:
14943:
14914:Pontianak Malay
14747:
14701:
14646:MalayoâChamic *
14641:
14563:
14500:
14434:KanowitâTanjong
14406:Central Sarawak
14396:
14311:Kenyah / Bakung
14288:
14215:
14193:
14183:
14150:
14131:Eastern Kadazan
14119:Coastal Kadazan
14097:
14073:
14063:Southwest Sabah
14057:
14033:Northeast Sabah
14015:
14004:
13990:
13971:Pangutaran Sama
13942:
13828:
13801:
13771:
13733:
13700:
13672:
13645:
13587:
13538:Cotabato Manobo
13509:
13481:
13477:Western Subanon
13463:
13421:
13404:
13361:
13207:
13159:
13107:
13075:
13074:Greater Central
13068:
13036:
12983:
12947:
12904:
12851:
12824:
12771:
12738:
12703:
12691:
12674:
12653:
12632:Southern ?
12623:
12598:
12577:
12536:
12489:
12483:
12451:
12423:
12401:
12388:
12383:
12353:
12336:
12332:Wayback Machine
12314:
12291:
12277:
12275:
12271:
12252:
12247:
12098:
12096:Further reading
12093:
12085:, eds. (2002).
11939:
11907:
11905:
11881:
11855:
11798:
11790:Sagart, Laurent
11695:
11608:
11477:
11475:
11471:
11456:
11376:
11374:
11303:10.2307/3622788
11279:
11277:
11254:
11252:
11248:
11241:
11147:
11129:Comrie, Bernard
11092:
11065:Academia Sinica
11015:
10984:
10969:
10925:
10848:Bellwood, Peter
10842:
10837:
10828:
10824:
10811:
10807:
10799:
10778:
10769:
10765:
10756:
10752:
10743:
10739:
10723:
10719:
10704:
10700:
10688:
10684:
10673:
10669:
10657:
10653:
10640:
10639:
10635:
10630:
10626:
10618:
10614:
10606:
10602:
10598:, LX (4): 1â38.
10589:
10585:
10578:
10556:
10552:
10543:
10541:
10532:
10531:
10520:
10509:
10505:
10466:
10462:
10454:
10450:
10442:
10438:
10432:Wei et al. 2017
10430:
10426:
10418:
10414:
10406:
10402:
10393:
10391:
10387:
10376:
10370:
10366:
10358:
10347:
10310:
10306:
10300:Thurgood (1999)
10298:
10294:
10286:
10282:
10274:
10270:
10262:
10258:
10250:
10246:
10238:
10234:
10226:
10220:
10218:
10214:
10209:
10205:
10200:
10196:
10188:
10184:
10165:
10161:
10142:
10138:
10130:
10126:
10118:
10114:
10106:
10102:
10094:
10090:
10082:
10078:
10070:
10066:
10058:
10051:
10044:
10030:
10026:
10019:
10005:
10001:
9993:
9989:
9981:
9977:
9969:
9965:
9957:
9953:
9945:
9941:
9933:
9929:
9921:
9917:
9909:
9905:
9897:
9893:
9885:
9881:
9868:, eds. (1989).
9859:
9855:
9840:
9833:
9825:
9821:
9807:
9803:
9796:
9782:
9778:
9763:
9759:
9750:
9749:
9745:
9736:
9735:
9731:
9721:
9719:
9709:
9705:
9701:
9696:
9695:
9685:Setaria italica
9683:
9679:
9674:
9647:
9642:
9584:
9539:
9519:
9456:
9426:
9418:
9404:
9353:Sungai/Tambanuo
9346:
9323:
9318:
9310:
9289:
9223:
9043:
9007:
8990:
8981:
8979:
8946:
8898:
8866:
8818:
8803:
8798:
8784:
8733:
8648:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8554:
8552:
8547:
8459:
8457:
8397:
8343:
8341:
8302:
8254:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8215:
8210:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8176:
8171:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8115:
8095:
8078:
8076:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7475:
7381:
7351:
7282:Rinconada Bikol
7183:
7023:*balay, *Rumaq
6916:
6877:
6863:
6794:
6747:
6461:
6112:
5859:
5753:
5748:
5589:
5345:
5233:
5012:
5003:
4993:
4983:
4979:
4973:
4912:
4889:
4887:
4882:
4880:
4834:
4635:
4576:
4556:
4551:
4417:
4406:
4395:
4384:
4373:
4362:
4351:
4349:
4338:
4336:
4325:
4323:
4312:
4264:
4186:
3973:cacay a bataan
3934:pulu' / mo^tep
3533:
3039:
2917:Mariana Islands
2901:
2766:Sorabe alphabet
2659:Rejang language
2655:Rejang alphabet
2613:Linggi alphabet
2561:Javanese script
2511:Batak languages
2460:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2447:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2400:
2389:
2383:
2381:Writing systems
2367:
2361:
2320:
2314:
2249:
2243:
2216:
2210:
2185:
2179:
2123:
2117:
2082:
2004:At least since
1949:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1930:Major languages
1914:(PAN) *t/*C to
1908:
1902:
1897:
1867:
1857:
1846:
1840:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1817:
1810:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1775: West WS:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1610:
1599:
1587:
1580:
1541:
1532:
1460:
1451:
1417:
1406:
1386:
1377:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1313:
1306:
1302:Paiwan language
1296:
1292:
1289:Puyuma language
1283:
1270:
1261:
1257:
1248:
1241:Siraya language
1216:, or Ketangalan
1196:
1194:
1185:
1174:Seediq language
1169:Atayal language
1165:
1156:
1135:
1128:
1108:Babuza language
1092:
1085:
1073:Saaroa language
1064:
1062:
1053:
1034:
993:In addition to
991:
962:Bilic languages
907:
835:
829:
805:Batak languages
747:
737:
661:'ashtray' <
621:
597:Tonal contrasts
550:
545:
536:
476:colonial period
408:Wilhelm Schmidt
297:language family
289:
285:
244:
240:
229:
213:
199:
179:
170:
161:
152:
145:
138:
131:
124:
115:
108:
45:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
24375:
24365:
24364:
24359:
24354:
24349:
24344:
24327:
24326:
24324:
24323:
24317:
24315:
24309:
24308:
24306:
24305:
24299:
24297:
24293:
24292:
24290:
24289:
24288:
24287:
24282:
24277:
24276:
24275:
24261:
24259:
24255:
24254:
24252:
24251:
24250:
24249:
24239:
24238:
24237:
24228:
24226:
24222:
24221:
24219:
24218:
24213:
24208:
24202:
24200:
24190:
24189:
24187:
24186:
24181:
24180:
24179:
24171:
24166:
24160:
24158:
24157:Other European
24154:
24153:
24151:
24150:
24145:
24144:
24143:
24134:
24132:
24128:
24127:
24124:
24123:
24121:
24120:
24119:
24118:
24110:
24104:
24102:
24098:
24097:
24095:
24094:
24089:
24083:
24081:
24077:
24076:
24074:
24073:
24067:
24065:
24061:
24060:
24058:
24057:
24052:
24051:
24050:
24042:
24041:
24040:
24035:
24027:
24026:
24025:
24014:
24012:
24008:
24007:
24004:
24003:
24001:
24000:
23999:
23998:
23993:
23983:
23982:
23981:
23973:
23968:
23967:
23966:
23958:
23957:
23956:
23948:
23947:
23946:
23938:
23937:
23936:
23931:
23921:
23920:
23919:
23918:
23917:
23903:
23901:
23895:
23894:
23892:
23891:
23890:
23889:
23884:
23875:
23869:
23865:
23864:
23862:
23861:
23860:
23859:
23850:
23848:
23844:
23843:
23841:
23840:
23835:
23830:
23829:
23828:
23820:
23819:
23818:
23813:
23802:
23800:
23781:
23778:proto-language
23771:
23770:
23768:
23767:
23766:
23765:
23760:
23755:
23750:
23745:
23740:
23730:
23725:
23719:
23716:
23715:
23704:
23703:
23696:
23689:
23681:
23672:
23671:
23668:
23667:
23660:
23652:
23651:
23648:
23647:
23645:
23644:
23639:
23634:
23629:
23624:
23619:
23614:
23609:
23604:
23599:
23593:
23591:
23585:
23584:
23581:
23580:
23578:
23577:
23572:
23567:
23562:
23557:
23552:
23546:
23544:
23538:
23537:
23535:
23534:
23529:
23524:
23519:
23514:
23513:
23512:
23507:
23496:
23494:
23488:
23487:
23485:
23484:
23479:
23474:
23469:
23467:Uralo-Siberian
23464:
23459:
23454:
23452:SerbiâMongolic
23449:
23444:
23439:
23434:
23429:
23424:
23419:
23414:
23412:Dravido-Korean
23409:
23407:DenĂ©âYeniseian
23404:
23403:
23402:
23397:
23395:DenĂ©âCaucasian
23392:
23382:
23377:
23371:
23365:
23361:
23360:
23357:
23356:
23354:
23353:
23348:
23340:
23333:
23325:
23323:
23316:
23315:
23313:
23312:
23307:
23302:
23297:
23292:
23286:
23284:
23273:
23267:
23266:
23264:
23263:
23256:
23251:
23246:
23240:
23238:
23231:
23230:
23228:
23227:
23222:
23217:
23212:
23207:
23200:
23193:
23186:
23179:
23172:
23164:
23162:
23156:
23155:
23153:
23152:
23144:
23139:
23134:
23129:
23122:
23115:
23108:
23100:
23098:
23092:
23091:
23089:
23088:
23087:
23086:
23081:
23069:
23063:
23061:
23055:
23054:
23052:
23051:
23044:
23037:
23030:
23023:
23016:
23013:Hurro-Urartian
23009:
23002:
22995:
22988:
22981:
22973:
22971:
22965:
22964:
22962:
22961:
22954:
22947:
22940:
22933:
22926:
22919:
22912:
22905:
22898:
22895:Paleo-Corsican
22891:
22884:
22877:
22872:
22865:
22858:
22850:
22848:
22842:
22841:
22830:
22829:
22822:
22815:
22807:
22798:
22797:
22794:
22793:
22786:
22779:
22775:
22774:
22771:
22770:
22768:
22767:
22762:
22757:
22752:
22747:
22742:
22736:
22734:
22730:
22729:
22726:
22725:
22723:
22722:
22713:
22711:
22707:
22706:
22704:
22703:
22697:
22692:
22687:
22682:
22680:Indo-Pakistani
22677:
22672:
22665:
22660:
22655:
22649:
22643:
22635:
22634:
22631:
22630:
22628:
22627:
22622:
22617:
22612:
22607:
22602:
22597:
22592:
22587:
22581:
22576:
22571:
22563:
22558:
22551:
22546:
22540:
22535:
22530:
22525:
22519:
22514:
22509:
22504:
22499:
22494:
22487:
22485:
22479:
22478:
22476:
22475:
22469:
22463:
22457:
22451:
22445:
22439:
22433:
22428:
22423:
22418:
22413:
22408:
22401:
22396:
22391:
22386:
22381:
22379:PiaroaâSaliban
22376:
22369:
22364:
22359:
22354:
22349:
22344:
22339:
22334:
22329:
22324:
22317:
22312:
22307:
22302:
22297:
22292:
22287:
22280:
22275:
22268:
22263:
22258:
22253:
22248:
22243:
22238:
22231:
22226:
22221:
22215:
22209:
22201:
22200:
22197:
22196:
22194:
22193:
22188:
22183:
22175:
22173:
22169:
22168:
22166:
22165:
22158:
22151:
22146:
22144:Tequistlatecan
22141:
22134:
22129:
22124:
22117:
22110:
22105:
22099:
22093:
22087:
22086:
22083:
22082:
22080:
22079:
22074:
22069:
22064:
22057:
22052:
22045:
22038:
22031:
22024:
22017:
22012:
22007:
22002:
21997:
21990:
21982:
21980:
21976:
21975:
21973:
21972:
21967:
21960:
21953:
21948:
21941:
21936:
21931:
21926:
21921:
21914:
21909:
21904:
21899:
21892:
21885:
21880:
21873:
21868:
21861:
21856:
21851:
21844:
21837:
21830:
21823:
21816:
21811:
21804:
21796:
21790:
21782:
21781:
21778:
21777:
21775:
21774:
21769:
21763:
21755:
21753:
21749:
21748:
21746:
21745:
21735:
21730:
21723:
21718:
21713:
21708:
21702:
21695:
21690:
21683:
21676:
21671:
21667:MarrkuâWurrugu
21663:
21658:
21653:
21648:
21641:
21634:
21626:
21621:
21614:
21608:
21602:
21601:
21598:
21597:
21595:
21594:
21589:
21581:
21575:
21569:
21564:
21559:
21554:
21549:
21544:
21539:
21533:
21527:
21522:
21516:
21514:
21510:
21509:
21507:
21506:
21500:
21494:
21489:
21484:
21479:
21474:
21469:
21464:
21457:
21452:
21445:
21440:
21435:
21430:
21423:
21418:
21413:
21406:
21401:
21396:
21391:
21384:
21379:
21374:
21369:
21364:
21359:
21354:
21349:
21344:
21339:
21334:
21329:
21324:
21319:
21314:
21309:
21304:
21299:
21294:
21289:
21284:
21277:
21271:
21265:
21254:
21253:
21250:
21249:
21247:
21246:
21238:
21231:
21225:
21220:
21212:
21207:
21199:
21192:
21185:
21180:
21174:
21172:
21168:
21167:
21165:
21164:
21158:
21152:
21146:
21140:
21134:
21128:
21123:
21118:
21111:
21104:
21097:
21092:
21085:
21080:
21075:
21068:
21063:
21058:
21051:
21046:
21041:
21036:
21029:
21026:Hurro-Urartian
21022:
21015:
21010:
21005:
20998:
20993:
20986:
20979:
20974:
20966:
20960:
20945:
20944:
20941:
20940:
20938:
20937:
20931:
20925:
20920:
20913:
20908:
20902:
20900:
20896:
20895:
20893:
20892:
20886:
20880:
20874:
20868:
20862:
20857:
20849:
20842:
20837:
20832:
20825:
20817:
20811:
20805:
20804:
20797:
20796:
20789:
20782:
20774:
20765:
20764:
20761:
20760:
20758:extinct status
20754:
20751:
20747:
20746:
20743:
20742:
20739:
20738:
20735:
20734:
20731:
20730:
20727:
20726:
20723:
20722:
20719:
20718:
20715:
20714:
20711:
20710:
20708:
20707:
20702:
20697:
20690:
20688:
20682:
20681:
20678:
20677:
20675:
20674:
20669:
20664:
20659:
20654:
20649:
20644:
20639:
20634:
20629:
20623:
20621:
20617:
20616:
20614:
20613:
20608:
20603:
20598:
20593:
20588:
20583:
20578:
20577:
20576:
20565:
20560:
20555:
20550:
20544:
20542:
20538:
20537:
20535:
20534:
20529:
20524:
20517:
20515:
20509:
20508:
20506:
20505:
20500:
20495:
20490:
20485:
20480:
20475:
20470:
20468:Kapingamarangi
20464:
20458:
20447:
20441:
20440:
20438:
20437:
20432:
20427:
20422:
20416:
20410:
20406:
20405:
20403:
20402:
20400:Western Fijian
20397:
20392:
20386:
20384:
20377:
20369:
20368:
20365:
20364:
20361:
20360:
20357:
20356:
20354:
20353:
20348:
20343:
20338:
20332:
20330:
20324:
20323:
20321:
20320:
20315:
20310:
20305:
20300:
20295:
20290:
20285:
20280:
20275:
20270:
20264:
20259:
20253:
20251:
20242:
20234:
20233:
20231:
20230:
20225:
20220:
20214:
20208:
20202:
20201:
20199:
20198:
20192:
20186:
20180:
20179:
20176:
20175:
20172:
20171:
20168:
20167:
20164:
20163:
20161:
20160:
20155:
20149:
20144:
20139:
20134:
20129:
20124:
20119:
20114:
20109:
20104:
20099:
20094:
20089:
20084:
20079:
20074:
20068:
20066:
20062:
20061:
20059:
20058:
20052:
20047:
20042:
20037:
20032:
20027:
20022:
20017:
20012:
20007:
20001:
19999:
19992:
19991:New Caledonian
19988:
19987:
19985:
19984:
19979:
19974:
19968:
19966:
19959:
19953:
19952:
19949:
19948:
19946:
19945:
19939:
19936:
19935:
19933:
19932:
19927:
19922:
19917:
19912:
19906:
19904:
19900:
19899:
19897:
19896:
19890:
19885:
19879:
19873:
19871:
19864:
19858:
19857:
19854:
19853:
19851:
19850:
19845:
19840:
19835:
19830:
19825:
19820:
19815:
19810:
19805:
19800:
19795:
19790:
19785:
19780:
19775:
19770:
19765:
19760:
19755:
19750:
19745:
19740:
19735:
19730:
19725:
19720:
19715:
19710:
19705:
19700:
19695:
19690:
19685:
19680:
19675:
19670:
19665:
19659:
19657:
19651:
19650:
19648:
19647:
19642:
19637:
19632:
19627:
19622:
19616:
19614:
19605:
19604:
19599:
19594:
19589:
19584:
19579:
19574:
19569:
19564:
19559:
19554:
19549:
19543:
19541:
19530:
19522:
19521:
19518:
19517:
19515:
19514:
19509:
19504:
19499:
19494:
19489:
19484:
19479:
19474:
19469:
19464:
19459:
19454:
19453:
19452:
19442:
19437:
19431:
19425:
19423:
19421:Espiritu Santo
19417:
19416:
19414:
19413:
19407:
19402:
19397:
19391:
19389:
19385:
19384:
19382:
19381:
19376:
19371:
19366:
19361:
19356:
19350:
19348:
19342:
19341:
19339:
19338:
19333:
19327:
19322:
19317:
19312:
19307:
19302:
19297:
19292:
19287:
19282:
19277:
19272:
19267:
19262:
19257:
19251:
19249:
19240:
19229:
19221:
19220:
19217:
19216:
19213:
19212:
19210:
19209:
19204:
19198:
19196:
19192:
19191:
19189:
19188:
19183:
19178:
19173:
19167:
19165:
19161:
19160:
19158:
19157:
19152:
19147:
19142:
19137:
19132:
19127:
19122:
19117:
19112:
19107:
19102:
19097:
19092:
19087:
19082:
19077:
19072:
19067:
19062:
19057:
19052:
19047:
19042:
19037:
19032:
19027:
19022:
19017:
19012:
19007:
19002:
18997:
18992:
18987:
18982:
18977:
18972:
18967:
18962:
18956:
18954:
18947:
18941:
18940:
18937:
18936:
18934:
18933:
18928:
18923:
18918:
18913:
18908:
18903:
18898:
18893:
18888:
18883:
18878:
18873:
18868:
18863:
18858:
18853:
18848:
18843:
18838:
18833:
18828:
18823:
18818:
18813:
18808:
18802:
18797:
18792:
18787:
18782:
18777:
18772:
18767:
18762:
18757:
18752:
18747:
18742:
18737:
18732:
18727:
18722:
18717:
18711:
18709:
18703:
18702:
18700:
18699:
18694:
18689:
18684:
18679:
18674:
18669:
18664:
18659:
18654:
18649:
18644:
18639:
18634:
18629:
18624:
18619:
18614:
18609:
18604:
18599:
18594:
18589:
18584:
18578:
18573:
18568:
18562:
18560:
18554:
18553:
18551:
18550:
18545:
18540:
18535:
18530:
18525:
18520:
18515:
18510:
18505:
18500:
18495:
18490:
18485:
18480:
18474:
18472:
18466:
18465:
18463:
18462:
18457:
18452:
18447:
18442:
18437:
18432:
18427:
18422:
18417:
18412:
18407:
18402:
18396:
18394:
18382:
18374:
18373:
18370:
18369:
18366:
18365:
18363:
18362:
18356:
18353:
18352:
18350:
18349:
18344:
18339:
18334:
18329:
18324:
18318:
18313:
18308:
18303:
18298:
18293:
18288:
18283:
18278:
18273:
18268:
18263:
18258:
18253:
18248:
18243:
18238:
18233:
18227:
18222:
18217:
18211:
18206:
18201:
18196:
18191:
18186:
18181:
18176:
18171:
18166:
18160:
18158:
18150:
18149:
18147:
18146:
18141:
18136:
18131:
18126:
18121:
18116:
18111:
18106:
18101:
18096:
18091:
18085:
18080:
18074:
18072:
18068:
18067:
18065:
18064:
18059:
18054:
18048:
18046:
18042:
18041:
18039:
18038:
18033:
18028:
18022:
18020:
18016:
18015:
18013:
18012:
18007:
18002:
17997:
17992:
17987:
17981:
17979:
17972:
17964:
17963:
17961:
17960:
17955:
17949:
17947:
17943:
17942:
17940:
17939:
17934:
17929:
17924:
17918:
17916:
17909:
17898:
17890:
17889:
17886:
17885:
17883:
17882:
17877:
17872:
17867:
17862:
17857:
17852:
17847:
17842:
17837:
17832:
17827:
17822:
17816:
17811:
17806:
17801:
17796:
17791:
17786:
17780:
17778:
17772:
17771:
17769:
17768:
17763:
17758:
17753:
17748:
17743:
17738:
17732:
17730:
17723:
17715:
17714:
17711:
17710:
17708:
17707:
17706:
17705:
17702:
17694:
17689:
17683:
17681:
17675:
17674:
17672:
17671:
17666:
17661:
17655:
17653:
17649:
17648:
17646:
17645:
17640:
17635:
17629:
17627:
17620:
17614:
17613:
17611:
17610:
17605:
17599:
17597:
17595:Saint Matthias
17591:
17590:
17587:
17586:
17584:
17583:
17578:
17573:
17568:
17562:
17555:
17553:
17549:
17548:
17546:
17545:
17540:
17535:
17530:
17525:
17519:
17514:
17508:
17506:
17502:
17501:
17499:
17498:
17491:
17485:
17476:
17470:
17469:
17466:
17465:
17462:
17461:
17459:
17458:
17453:
17448:
17442:
17440:
17436:
17435:
17433:
17432:
17427:
17422:
17417:
17412:
17407:
17402:
17397:
17392:
17387:
17382:
17376:
17374:
17368:
17367:
17365:
17364:
17359:
17354:
17349:
17343:
17341:
17332:
17326:
17325:
17322:
17321:
17319:
17318:
17313:
17308:
17303:
17298:
17293:
17288:
17282:
17280:
17274:
17273:
17271:
17270:
17264:
17262:
17258:
17257:
17255:
17254:
17249:
17243:
17241:
17237:
17236:
17234:
17233:
17228:
17222:
17220:
17216:
17215:
17213:
17212:
17207:
17201:
17199:
17192:
17186:
17185:
17183:
17182:
17176:
17170:
17165:
17160:
17153:
17147:
17137:
17136:
17124:
17123:
17120:
17119:
17116:
17115:
17112:
17111:
17108:
17107:
17104:
17103:
17101:
17100:
17095:
17090:
17085:
17080:
17075:
17069:
17064:
17059:
17054:
17049:
17044:
17039:
17034:
17029:
17024:
17019:
17013:
17007:
17005:
16998:
16997:
16995:
16994:
16989:
16984:
16979:
16974:
16969:
16962:
16956:
16950:
16949:
16947:
16946:
16941:
16936:
16931:
16925:
16920:
16915:
16910:
16905:
16900:
16894:
16888:
16884:
16883:
16881:
16880:
16875:
16870:
16865:
16859:
16853:
16848:
16843:
16837:
16835:
16831:
16830:
16828:
16827:
16821:
16815:
16812:Central Maluku
16808:
16807:
16805:
16804:
16798:
16796:
16792:
16791:
16788:
16787:
16785:
16784:
16778:
16772:
16767:
16761:
16759:
16755:
16754:
16752:
16751:
16746:
16741:
16736:
16731:
16726:
16721:
16716:
16711:
16706:
16700:
16698:
16692:
16691:
16689:
16688:
16683:
16678:
16673:
16668:
16663:
16658:
16653:
16648:
16642:
16640:
16634:
16633:
16631:
16630:
16624:
16619:
16614:
16609:
16603:
16601:
16597:
16596:
16594:
16593:
16587:
16581:
16576:
16571:
16565:
16563:
16557:
16556:
16554:
16553:
16548:
16543:
16537:
16535:
16531:
16530:
16528:
16527:
16522:
16517:
16512:
16506:
16504:
16500:
16499:
16497:
16496:
16491:
16486:
16480:
16474:
16467:
16466:
16464:
16463:
16458:
16453:
16448:
16443:
16438:
16433:
16428:
16423:
16418:
16413:
16408:
16402:
16400:
16394:
16393:
16391:
16390:
16385:
16380:
16375:
16370:
16365:
16359:
16357:
16350:
16349:
16347:
16346:
16341:
16335:
16333:
16327:
16326:
16323:
16322:
16320:
16319:
16314:
16309:
16304:
16299:
16294:
16289:
16284:
16279:
16274:
16269:
16263:
16261:
16257:
16256:
16254:
16253:
16248:
16242:
16236:
16234:FloresâLembata
16230:
16229:
16226:
16225:
16223:
16222:
16217:
16212:
16207:
16202:
16197:
16192:
16187:
16182:
16177:
16172:
16167:
16162:
16157:
16151:
16149:
16148:Western Flores
16145:
16144:
16141:
16140:
16138:
16137:
16136:
16135:
16125:
16120:
16115:
16110:
16105:
16100:
16095:
16090:
16084:
16082:
16076:
16075:
16073:
16072:
16067:
16061:
16059:
16050:
16041:
16035:
16034:
16032:
16031:
16025:
16023:
16015:
16014:
16002:
16001:
15998:
15997:
15994:
15993:
15991:
15990:
15985:
15979:
15977:
15973:
15972:
15969:
15968:
15966:
15965:
15959:
15956:
15955:
15952:
15951:
15949:
15948:
15943:
15937:
15932:
15931:
15930:
15920:
15914:
15912:
15908:
15907:
15905:
15904:
15899:
15894:
15889:
15884:
15878:
15876:
15872:
15871:
15869:
15868:
15863:
15858:
15853:
15847:
15845:
15841:
15840:
15838:
15837:
15832:
15826:
15820:
15814:
15813:
15810:
15809:
15807:
15806:
15801:
15796:
15790:
15788:
15782:
15781:
15779:
15778:
15773:
15768:
15763:
15757:
15755:
15746:
15742:
15741:
15739:
15738:
15733:
15731:Highland Konjo
15728:
15723:
15718:
15712:
15710:
15704:
15703:
15701:
15700:
15695:
15690:
15685:
15679:
15677:
15670:
15668:South Sulawesi
15664:
15663:
15660:
15659:
15656:
15655:
15653:
15652:
15647:
15642:
15636:
15631:
15626:
15620:
15618:
15612:
15611:
15608:
15607:
15605:
15604:
15599:
15594:
15589:
15584:
15579:
15574:
15569:
15564:
15558:
15552:
15543:
15539:
15538:
15536:
15535:
15529:
15524:
15519:
15514:
15509:
15504:
15499:
15494:
15488:
15482:
15480:
15473:
15472:
15470:
15469:
15464:
15459:
15454:
15449:
15444:
15438:
15436:
15434:SaluanâBanggai
15430:
15429:
15427:
15426:
15421:
15416:
15411:
15406:
15401:
15396:
15391:
15386:
15381:
15375:
15373:
15367:
15366:
15364:
15363:
15358:
15353:
15348:
15343:
15338:
15333:
15328:
15323:
15318:
15313:
15308:
15303:
15297:
15295:
15286:
15280:
15279:
15277:
15276:
15271:
15266:
15260:
15258:
15250:
15249:
15247:
15246:
15241:
15235:
15233:
15229:
15228:
15226:
15225:
15224:
15223:
15218:
15213:
15208:
15196:
15194:
15190:
15189:
15187:
15186:
15181:
15178:
15175:
15169:
15167:
15163:
15162:
15159:
15158:
15156:
15155:
15148:
15145:
15144:
15141:
15140:
15138:
15137:
15132:
15127:
15122:
15117:
15112:
15107:
15101:
15099:
15093:
15092:
15090:
15089:
15084:
15079:
15074:
15069:
15064:
15057:
15051:
15040:
15036:
15035:
15032:
15031:
15029:
15028:
15023:
15017:
15015:
15008:
15007:
15005:
15004:
14998:
14996:
14992:
14991:
14989:
14988:
14987:
14986:
14981:
14976:
14971:
14959:
14957:
14953:
14952:
14949:
14948:
14945:
14944:
14942:
14941:
14936:
14931:
14926:
14921:
14916:
14911:
14906:
14901:
14896:
14891:
14886:
14881:
14876:
14871:
14866:
14861:
14856:
14851:
14846:
14841:
14835:
14830:
14825:
14820:
14815:
14810:
14805:
14800:
14795:
14790:
14785:
14780:
14775:
14770:
14769:
14768:
14763:
14752:
14749:
14748:
14746:
14745:
14740:
14735:
14730:
14724:
14718:
14716:
14707:
14703:
14702:
14700:
14699:
14694:
14689:
14684:
14679:
14674:
14669:
14664:
14658:
14656:
14647:
14643:
14642:
14640:
14639:
14634:
14629:
14624:
14619:
14614:
14609:
14604:
14599:
14594:
14589:
14584:
14579:
14573:
14571:
14565:
14564:
14562:
14561:
14556:
14551:
14546:
14541:
14536:
14531:
14526:
14521:
14516:
14510:
14508:
14502:
14501:
14499:
14498:
14492:
14486:
14481:
14476:
14471:
14469:Bah-Biau Punan
14466:
14461:
14456:
14451:
14446:
14441:
14436:
14431:
14426:
14421:
14416:
14410:
14408:
14402:
14401:
14398:
14397:
14395:
14394:
14389:
14384:
14379:
14374:
14369:
14364:
14359:
14354:
14349:
14344:
14339:
14333:
14328:
14323:
14318:
14313:
14307:
14305:
14298:
14297:
14294:
14293:
14290:
14289:
14287:
14286:
14284:Sesayap Tidong
14281:
14279:Nonukan Tidong
14276:
14271:
14266:
14261:
14256:
14251:
14246:
14241:
14236:
14231:
14225:
14223:
14217:
14216:
14214:
14213:
14208:
14201:
14195:
14189:
14188:
14185:
14184:
14182:
14181:
14176:
14171:
14166:
14160:
14158:
14152:
14151:
14149:
14148:
14143:
14138:
14133:
14128:
14123:
14122:
14121:
14116:
14107:
14105:
14099:
14098:
14096:
14095:
14090:
14084:
14082:
14075:
14066:
14059:
14058:
14056:
14055:
14049:
14044:
14038:
14036:
14026:
14025:North Borneo *
14019:
14010:
14009:
14006:
14005:
13999:
13996:
13995:
13992:
13991:
13989:
13988:
13983:
13978:
13973:
13968:
13963:
13958:
13952:
13950:
13944:
13943:
13941:
13940:
13935:
13930:
13925:
13920:
13915:
13910:
13905:
13900:
13895:
13890:
13885:
13880:
13875:
13870:
13869:
13868:
13857:
13851:
13842:
13838:
13837:
13834:
13833:
13830:
13829:
13827:
13826:
13821:
13815:
13809:
13807:
13803:
13802:
13800:
13799:
13797:Umiray Dumaget
13794:
13789:
13783:
13777:
13776:Other branches
13773:
13772:
13770:
13769:
13764:
13759:
13754:
13749:
13743:
13741:
13735:
13734:
13732:
13731:
13726:
13721:
13716:
13710:
13708:
13702:
13701:
13699:
13698:
13693:
13688:
13682:
13680:
13674:
13673:
13671:
13670:
13665:
13659:
13657:
13651:
13650:
13647:
13646:
13644:
13643:
13638:
13633:
13628:
13623:
13618:
13613:
13608:
13603:
13597:
13595:
13589:
13588:
13586:
13585:
13580:
13575:
13570:
13565:
13560:
13555:
13550:
13545:
13540:
13535:
13530:
13525:
13519:
13517:
13511:
13510:
13508:
13507:
13502:
13497:
13491:
13489:
13483:
13482:
13480:
13479:
13473:
13471:
13465:
13464:
13462:
13461:
13456:
13451:
13446:
13441:
13435:
13433:
13427:
13426:
13423:
13422:
13420:
13419:
13412:
13410:
13409:(unclassified)
13406:
13405:
13403:
13402:
13397:
13392:
13387:
13382:
13377:
13371:
13369:
13363:
13362:
13360:
13359:
13354:
13349:
13344:
13339:
13334:
13329:
13324:
13319:
13314:
13309:
13304:
13299:
13294:
13289:
13284:
13279:
13274:
13273:
13272:
13265:
13253:
13248:
13243:
13238:
13233:
13228:
13223:
13217:
13215:
13209:
13208:
13206:
13205:
13200:
13195:
13190:
13185:
13180:
13175:
13169:
13167:
13161:
13160:
13158:
13157:
13156:
13155:
13148:
13135:
13130:
13124:
13122:
13115:
13109:
13108:
13106:
13105:
13100:
13095:
13089:
13087:
13078:
13070:
13069:
13067:
13066:
13061:
13056:
13050:
13048:
13042:
13041:
13038:
13037:
13035:
13034:
13029:
13024:
13019:
13014:
13009:
13004:
12999:
12993:
12991:
12985:
12984:
12982:
12981:
12975:
12969:
12963:
12957:
12956:
12953:
12952:
12949:
12948:
12946:
12945:
12940:
12935:
12930:
12925:
12920:
12914:
12912:
12906:
12905:
12903:
12902:
12897:
12892:
12887:
12882:
12877:
12872:
12867:
12861:
12859:
12853:
12852:
12850:
12849:
12844:
12838:
12832:
12826:
12825:
12823:
12822:
12817:
12812:
12807:
12802:
12797:
12792:
12787:
12781:
12779:
12777:Cagayan Valley
12773:
12772:
12770:
12769:
12764:
12758:
12752:
12746:
12744:Northern Luzon
12740:
12739:
12737:
12736:
12731:
12726:
12720:
12718:
12709:
12693:
12692:
12676:
12675:
12663:
12662:
12659:
12658:
12655:
12654:
12652:
12651:
12646:
12641:
12635:
12633:
12629:
12628:
12625:
12624:
12622:
12621:
12615:
12608:
12606:
12600:
12599:
12597:
12596:
12591:
12585:
12583:
12579:
12578:
12576:
12575:
12569:
12564:
12557:
12555:
12548:
12542:
12541:
12538:
12537:
12535:
12534:
12528:
12522:
12516:
12511:
12505:
12499:
12493:
12491:
12485:
12484:
12482:
12481:
12476:
12470:
12468:
12459:
12453:
12452:
12450:
12449:
12444:
12439:
12433:
12431:
12425:
12424:
12422:
12421:
12415:
12413:
12403:
12402:
12390:
12389:
12382:
12381:
12374:
12367:
12359:
12335:
12334:
12322:
12311:
12306:
12301:
12289:
12284:
12269:
12259:
12253:
12251:
12250:External links
12248:
12246:
12245:
12231:
12222:
12208:
12190:(4): 586â590.
12177:
12162:
12148:
12141:
12127:
12120:
12107:
12099:
12097:
12094:
12092:
12091:
12078:
12052:(1): 282â287.
12041:
11988:
11943:
11937:
11913:
11885:
11879:
11859:
11853:
11836:
11818:(2): 411â440.
11803:
11786:
11768:(2): 187â209.
11753:
11744:
11716:Pawley, Andrew
11708:
11699:
11693:
11673:
11664:
11655:
11633:10.1086/302131
11627:(6): 1807â23.
11612:
11606:
11594:Crowley, Terry
11582:
11535:10.1101/278374
11509:
11497:
11483:
11446:
11403:
11382:
11362:
11315:
11286:
11261:
11232:
11218:
11172:
11163:
11155:Crowley, Terry
11151:
11145:
11125:
11107:(2): 300â391.
11096:
11090:
11069:
11049:
11033:
11020:
11018:on 2011-01-11.
10995:(1): 154â198.
10974:
10960:
10948:10.1086/430018
10942:(3): 480â484.
10929:
10923:
10907:Tryon, Darrell
10898:
10885:
10876:
10843:
10841:
10838:
10836:
10835:
10829:From Spanish "
10822:
10805:
10776:
10763:
10750:
10737:
10717:
10698:
10682:
10667:
10651:
10633:
10624:
10612:
10608:Blevins (2007)
10600:
10583:
10576:
10550:
10518:
10503:
10480:(2): 210â251.
10460:
10448:
10436:
10424:
10412:
10410:, p. 189.
10400:
10364:
10362:, p. 188.
10345:
10304:
10302:, p. 225.
10292:
10280:
10276:Diamond (2000)
10268:
10256:
10244:
10242:, p. 742.
10232:
10212:
10203:
10194:
10182:
10159:
10136:
10124:
10112:
10100:
10088:
10076:
10074:, p. 315.
10064:
10049:
10043:978-0199248599
10042:
10024:
10018:978-0415681537
10017:
9999:
9997:, p. 453.
9987:
9975:
9963:
9961:, p. 355.
9951:
9939:
9937:, p. 100.
9935:Crowley (2009)
9927:
9915:
9903:
9901:, p. 212.
9891:
9889:, p. 169.
9879:
9872:(Dictionary).
9853:
9831:
9829:, p. 143.
9819:
9801:
9794:
9776:
9757:
9743:
9729:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9694:
9693:
9676:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9669:
9668:
9663:
9658:
9653:
9646:
9643:
9639:
9638:
9635:
9632:
9629:
9626:
9623:
9620:
9617:
9614:
9611:
9608:
9605:
9602:
9599:
9593:
9592:
9589:
9586:
9581:
9578:
9575:
9572:
9569:
9566:
9563:
9560:
9557:
9554:
9551:
9545:
9544:
9541:
9536:
9533:
9530:
9527:
9524:
9521:
9516:
9513:
9510:
9507:
9504:
9501:
9495:
9494:
9491:
9488:
9485:
9482:
9479:
9476:
9473:
9470:
9467:
9464:
9461:
9458:
9453:
9447:
9446:
9443:
9440:
9437:
9434:
9431:
9428:
9423:
9420:
9415:
9412:
9409:
9406:
9401:
9395:
9394:
9391:
9388:
9385:
9382:
9379:
9376:
9373:
9370:
9367:
9364:
9361:
9358:
9355:
9349:
9348:
9343:
9340:
9337:
9334:
9331:
9328:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9312:
9307:
9304:
9301:
9295:
9294:
9291:
9286:
9283:
9280:
9277:
9274:
9271:
9268:
9265:
9262:
9259:
9256:
9253:
9247:
9246:
9243:
9240:
9237:
9234:
9231:
9228:
9225:
9220:
9217:
9214:
9211:
9208:
9205:
9199:
9198:
9195:
9192:
9189:
9186:
9183:
9180:
9177:
9174:
9171:
9168:
9165:
9162:
9159:
9153:
9152:
9149:
9146:
9143:
9140:
9137:
9134:
9131:
9128:
9125:
9122:
9119:
9116:
9113:
9107:
9106:
9103:
9100:
9097:
9094:
9091:
9088:
9085:
9082:
9079:
9076:
9073:
9070:
9067:
9061:
9060:
9057:
9054:
9051:
9048:
9045:
9040:
9037:
9034:
9031:
9028:
9025:
9022:
9019:
9013:
9012:
9009:
9004:
9001:
8998:
8995:
8992:
8987:
8976:
8973:
8970:
8967:
8964:
8961:
8955:
8954:
8951:
8948:
8943:
8940:
8937:
8934:
8931:
8928:
8925:
8922:
8919:
8916:
8913:
8907:
8906:
8903:
8900:
8895:
8892:
8889:
8886:
8883:
8880:
8877:
8874:
8871:
8868:
8863:
8857:
8856:
8853:
8850:
8847:
8844:
8841:
8838:
8835:
8832:
8831:taotao/tautau
8829:
8826:
8823:
8820:
8815:
8809:
8808:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8792:
8789:
8786:
8781:
8778:
8775:
8772:
8769:
8766:
8763:
8757:
8756:
8753:
8750:
8747:
8744:
8741:
8738:
8735:
8730:
8727:
8724:
8721:
8718:
8715:
8709:
8708:
8705:
8702:
8699:
8696:
8693:
8690:
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8684:
8681:
8678:
8675:
8672:
8669:
8663:
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8659:
8656:
8653:
8650:
8645:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8624:
8621:
8618:
8615:
8609:
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8602:
8599:
8596:
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8590:
8587:
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8581:
8578:
8575:
8572:
8569:
8563:
8562:
8559:
8556:
8549:
8544:
8541:
8538:
8535:
8532:
8529:
8526:
8523:
8520:
8517:
8511:
8510:
8507:
8504:
8501:
8498:
8495:
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8480:
8477:
8474:
8471:
8465:
8464:
8461:
8454:
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8445:
8442:
8439:
8436:
8433:
8430:
8427:
8424:
8421:
8415:
8414:
8411:
8408:
8405:
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8399:
8394:
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8388:
8385:
8382:
8379:
8376:
8373:
8367:
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8363:
8360:
8357:
8354:
8351:
8348:
8345:
8338:
8335:
8332:
8329:
8326:
8323:
8317:
8316:
8313:
8307:
8304:
8299:
8296:
8293:
8290:
8284:
8282:jalma, jalmi
8278:
8275:
8272:
8269:
8263:
8257:
8256:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8212:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8179:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8165:
8162:
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8156:
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8150:
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8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
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8120:
8117:
8112:
8109:
8106:
8103:
8100:
8097:
8092:
8089:
8086:
8083:
8080:
8073:
8063:
8062:
8059:
8056:
8053:
8050:
8047:
8044:
8041:
8038:
8035:
8032:
8029:
8026:
8023:
8017:
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8013:
8010:
8007:
8004:
8001:
7998:
7995:
7992:
7989:
7986:
7983:
7980:
7977:
7971:
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7967:
7964:
7961:
7958:
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7940:
7937:
7934:
7931:
7925:
7924:
7921:
7918:
7915:
7912:
7909:
7906:
7903:
7900:
7897:
7894:
7891:
7888:
7885:
7879:
7878:
7875:
7872:
7869:
7866:
7863:
7860:
7857:
7854:
7851:
7848:
7845:
7842:
7839:
7833:
7832:
7829:
7826:
7823:
7820:
7817:
7814:
7811:
7808:
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7799:
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7679:
7676:
7673:
7670:
7667:
7664:
7661:
7658:
7652:
7651:
7648:
7645:
7644:sÉkita/sÉkami
7642:
7639:
7636:
7633:
7630:
7627:
7624:
7621:
7618:
7615:
7612:
7606:
7605:
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7599:
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7466:
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7407:
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7299:
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7232:
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7225:
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7219:
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7207:
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7046:
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7018:
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6500:
6497:
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6458:
6455:
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6440:
6437:
6434:
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6428:
6422:
6421:
6418:
6415:
6412:
6409:
6406:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6394:
6391:
6388:
6382:
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6378:
6375:
6372:
6369:
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6360:
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6348:
6342:
6341:
6338:
6335:
6332:
6329:
6326:
6323:
6320:
6317:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6298:
6295:
6292:
6289:
6286:
6283:
6280:
6277:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6263:
6262:
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6256:
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6232:
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6214:
6211:
6208:
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6199:
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6138:
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6123:
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6114:
6109:
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6099:
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6093:
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6087:
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6078:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6066:
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6056:
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6047:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6029:
6026:
6020:
6019:
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5992:
5989:
5987:
5981:
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5977:
5974:
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5968:
5965:
5962:
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5932:
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5926:
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5914:
5911:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5892:
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5883:
5880:
5877:
5874:
5871:
5868:
5862:
5861:
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5850:
5847:
5844:
5841:
5838:
5835:
5832:
5829:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5801:
5798:
5795:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5780:
5779:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5764:
5761:
5758:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5715:
5712:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5682:
5679:
5676:
5673:
5670:
5667:
5665:
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5655:
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5646:
5643:
5640:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5628:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5606:
5603:
5600:
5597:
5594:
5591:
5586:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5573:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5549:
5546:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5432:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5390:
5387:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5368:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5315:
5297:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5228:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5014:
5005:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4884:
4877:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4831:
4825:
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4821:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
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4760:
4757:
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4751:
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4701:
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4683:
4680:
4677:
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4640:
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4611:
4608:
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4599:
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4364:
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4314:
4303:
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4230:
4227:
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4216:
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4212:
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4112:
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3992:
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3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2985:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2857:
2848:
2838:
2828:
2827:(Refaluwasch).
2818:
2804:
2794:
2785:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2763:
2729:
2714:Pegon alphabet
2706:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2682:
2672:
2669:Malay language
2662:
2652:
2638:
2620:
2610:
2596:
2586:
2572:
2558:
2548:
2545:Buhid language
2541:Buhid alphabet
2538:
2528:
2514:
2507:Batak alphabet
2504:
2448:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2430:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2401:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2382:
2379:
2370:Blevins (2007)
2363:Main article:
2360:
2357:
2330:region except
2316:Main article:
2313:
2310:
2302:Central Asians
2245:Main article:
2242:
2239:
2223:Laurent Sagart
2212:Main article:
2209:
2206:
2181:Main article:
2178:
2175:
2119:Main article:
2116:
2113:
2109:Southeast Asia
2081:
2078:
1942:
1939:
1934:Main article:
1931:
1928:
1904:Main article:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1864:
1859:
1832:
1830:
1821:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1801:
1788:
1786:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1731:
1722:
1709:
1700:
1685:
1683:
1674:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1629:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1551:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1517:Ts'ole' Atayal
1514:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1485:
1477:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1423:
1405:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1376:
1368:Proto-Formosan
1358:
1357:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1295:
1293:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1267:Rukai language
1260:
1258:
1254:Bunun language
1247:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1206:
1203:Basay language
1184:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1171:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1145:Pazeh language
1142:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1102:
1090:Western Plains
1084:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1033:
1030:
990:
987:
906:
905:Classification
903:
831:Main article:
828:
825:
824:
823:
820:
788:
736:
733:
620:
617:
613:New Caledonian
549:
546:
544:
541:
519:Extra-Formosan
388:Otto Dempwolff
364:Adriaan Reland
231:
230:
227:
219:
218:
211:
205:
204:
197:
187:
186:
185:
184:
177:
168:
159:
150:
143:
140:Western Plains
136:
129:
122:
113:
104:
100:
99:
94:
93:Proto-language
90:
89:
83:
77:
76:
47:
41:
40:
35:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
24374:
24363:
24360:
24358:
24355:
24353:
24350:
24348:
24345:
24343:
24340:
24339:
24337:
24322:
24319:
24318:
24316:
24314:
24310:
24304:
24301:
24300:
24298:
24294:
24286:
24283:
24281:
24278:
24274:
24271:
24270:
24269:
24266:
24265:
24263:
24262:
24260:
24256:
24248:
24245:
24244:
24243:
24240:
24236:
24233:
24232:
24230:
24229:
24227:
24223:
24217:
24214:
24212:
24209:
24207:
24204:
24203:
24201:
24198:
24191:
24185:
24182:
24178:
24175:
24174:
24172:
24170:
24167:
24165:
24162:
24161:
24159:
24155:
24149:
24146:
24142:
24139:
24138:
24136:
24135:
24133:
24129:
24117:
24114:
24113:
24111:
24109:
24106:
24105:
24103:
24099:
24093:
24090:
24088:
24085:
24084:
24082:
24078:
24072:
24069:
24068:
24066:
24062:
24056:
24053:
24049:
24046:
24045:
24043:
24039:
24036:
24034:
24031:
24030:
24028:
24024:
24021:
24020:
24019:
24016:
24015:
24013:
24009:
23997:
23994:
23992:
23989:
23988:
23987:
23984:
23980:
23977:
23976:
23974:
23972:
23969:
23965:
23962:
23961:
23959:
23955:
23952:
23951:
23949:
23945:
23942:
23941:
23939:
23935:
23932:
23930:
23927:
23926:
23925:
23922:
23916:
23913:
23912:
23911:
23908:
23907:
23905:
23904:
23902:
23900:
23896:
23888:
23885:
23883:
23880:
23879:
23877:
23876:
23873:
23870:
23866:
23858:
23855:
23854:
23852:
23851:
23849:
23845:
23839:
23836:
23834:
23831:
23827:
23824:
23823:
23821:
23817:
23814:
23812:
23809:
23808:
23807:
23804:
23803:
23801:
23798:
23794:
23789:
23785:
23782:
23779:
23774:Indo-European
23772:
23764:
23761:
23759:
23756:
23754:
23751:
23749:
23746:
23744:
23741:
23739:
23736:
23735:
23734:
23731:
23729:
23728:Orthographies
23726:
23724:
23721:
23720:
23717:
23713:
23709:
23702:
23697:
23695:
23690:
23688:
23683:
23682:
23679:
23665:
23661:
23658:
23654:
23653:
23649:
23643:
23640:
23638:
23635:
23633:
23630:
23628:
23625:
23623:
23620:
23618:
23615:
23613:
23610:
23608:
23605:
23603:
23600:
23598:
23595:
23594:
23592:
23590:
23586:
23576:
23573:
23571:
23568:
23566:
23563:
23561:
23558:
23556:
23553:
23551:
23548:
23547:
23545:
23543:
23539:
23533:
23530:
23528:
23525:
23523:
23520:
23518:
23515:
23511:
23508:
23506:
23503:
23502:
23501:
23498:
23497:
23495:
23493:
23489:
23483:
23480:
23478:
23477:EskimoâUralic
23475:
23473:
23470:
23468:
23465:
23463:
23460:
23458:
23455:
23453:
23450:
23448:
23445:
23443:
23440:
23438:
23435:
23433:
23430:
23428:
23425:
23423:
23420:
23418:
23415:
23413:
23410:
23408:
23405:
23401:
23398:
23396:
23393:
23391:
23388:
23387:
23386:
23383:
23381:
23378:
23376:
23373:
23372:
23369:
23366:
23362:
23352:
23349:
23346:
23345:
23341:
23339:
23338:
23334:
23332:
23331:
23327:
23326:
23324:
23322:
23317:
23311:
23308:
23306:
23303:
23301:
23298:
23296:
23293:
23291:
23288:
23287:
23285:
23282:
23281:Paleosiberian
23277:
23274:
23272:
23268:
23262:
23261:
23257:
23255:
23252:
23250:
23247:
23245:
23242:
23241:
23239:
23236:
23232:
23226:
23223:
23221:
23218:
23216:
23213:
23211:
23208:
23206:
23205:
23201:
23199:
23198:
23194:
23192:
23191:
23187:
23185:
23184:
23180:
23178:
23177:
23176:Austroasiatic
23173:
23171:
23170:
23166:
23165:
23163:
23161:
23157:
23150:
23149:
23145:
23143:
23140:
23138:
23135:
23133:
23130:
23128:
23127:
23126:Austroasiatic
23123:
23121:
23120:
23116:
23114:
23113:
23109:
23107:
23106:
23105:Indo-European
23102:
23101:
23099:
23097:
23093:
23085:
23082:
23080:
23077:
23076:
23075:
23074:
23070:
23068:
23065:
23064:
23062:
23060:
23056:
23050:
23049:
23045:
23043:
23042:
23038:
23036:
23035:
23031:
23029:
23028:
23024:
23022:
23021:
23017:
23015:
23014:
23010:
23008:
23007:
23003:
23001:
23000:
22996:
22994:
22993:
22989:
22987:
22986:
22982:
22980:
22979:
22978:Indo-European
22975:
22974:
22972:
22970:
22966:
22960:
22959:
22955:
22953:
22952:
22948:
22946:
22945:
22941:
22939:
22938:
22934:
22932:
22931:
22927:
22925:
22924:
22920:
22918:
22917:
22913:
22911:
22910:
22906:
22904:
22903:
22899:
22897:
22896:
22892:
22890:
22889:
22885:
22883:
22882:
22878:
22876:
22873:
22871:
22870:
22866:
22864:
22863:
22859:
22857:
22856:
22855:Indo-European
22852:
22851:
22849:
22847:
22843:
22839:
22835:
22828:
22823:
22821:
22816:
22814:
22809:
22808:
22805:
22791:
22787:
22784:
22780:
22777:
22776:
22772:
22766:
22763:
22761:
22758:
22756:
22753:
22751:
22748:
22746:
22743:
22741:
22738:
22737:
22735:
22731:
22721:
22720:
22715:
22714:
22712:
22708:
22701:
22698:
22696:
22693:
22691:
22690:Original Thai
22688:
22686:
22683:
22681:
22678:
22676:
22673:
22671:
22670:
22666:
22664:
22661:
22659:
22656:
22654:
22651:
22650:
22647:
22644:
22642:
22636:
22626:
22623:
22621:
22618:
22616:
22613:
22611:
22608:
22606:
22603:
22601:
22598:
22596:
22593:
22591:
22588:
22585:
22582:
22580:
22577:
22575:
22572:
22570:
22568:
22564:
22562:
22559:
22557:
22556:
22552:
22550:
22547:
22544:
22541:
22539:
22536:
22534:
22531:
22529:
22526:
22523:
22520:
22518:
22515:
22513:
22510:
22508:
22505:
22503:
22500:
22498:
22495:
22492:
22489:
22488:
22486:
22480:
22473:
22470:
22467:
22464:
22461:
22458:
22455:
22454:HibitoâCholĂłn
22452:
22449:
22446:
22443:
22440:
22437:
22434:
22432:
22429:
22427:
22424:
22422:
22419:
22417:
22414:
22412:
22409:
22407:
22406:
22402:
22400:
22397:
22395:
22392:
22390:
22387:
22385:
22382:
22380:
22377:
22375:
22374:
22370:
22368:
22365:
22363:
22360:
22358:
22355:
22353:
22350:
22348:
22345:
22343:
22340:
22338:
22335:
22333:
22330:
22328:
22325:
22323:
22322:
22318:
22316:
22313:
22311:
22308:
22306:
22303:
22301:
22298:
22296:
22293:
22291:
22288:
22286:
22285:
22281:
22279:
22276:
22274:
22273:
22269:
22267:
22264:
22262:
22259:
22257:
22254:
22252:
22249:
22247:
22244:
22242:
22239:
22237:
22236:
22232:
22230:
22227:
22225:
22222:
22220:
22217:
22216:
22213:
22210:
22208:
22202:
22192:
22189:
22187:
22184:
22182:
22181:
22177:
22176:
22174:
22170:
22164:
22163:
22159:
22157:
22156:
22152:
22150:
22147:
22145:
22142:
22140:
22139:
22135:
22133:
22130:
22128:
22125:
22123:
22122:
22118:
22116:
22115:
22111:
22109:
22106:
22104:
22101:
22100:
22097:
22094:
22092:
22088:
22078:
22075:
22073:
22070:
22068:
22065:
22063:
22062:
22058:
22056:
22053:
22051:
22050:
22046:
22044:
22043:
22039:
22037:
22036:
22032:
22030:
22029:
22025:
22023:
22022:
22018:
22016:
22013:
22011:
22008:
22006:
22003:
22001:
21998:
21996:
21995:
21991:
21989:
21988:
21984:
21983:
21981:
21977:
21971:
21970:YumanâCochimĂ
21968:
21966:
21965:
21961:
21959:
21958:
21954:
21952:
21949:
21947:
21946:
21942:
21940:
21937:
21935:
21932:
21930:
21927:
21925:
21922:
21920:
21919:
21915:
21913:
21910:
21908:
21905:
21903:
21900:
21898:
21897:
21893:
21891:
21890:
21886:
21884:
21881:
21879:
21878:
21874:
21872:
21869:
21867:
21866:
21862:
21860:
21857:
21855:
21852:
21850:
21849:
21845:
21843:
21842:
21838:
21836:
21835:
21831:
21829:
21828:
21824:
21822:
21821:
21817:
21815:
21812:
21810:
21809:
21805:
21803:
21802:
21798:
21797:
21794:
21791:
21789:
21783:
21773:
21770:
21767:
21764:
21762:
21761:
21757:
21756:
21754:
21750:
21743:
21739:
21736:
21734:
21731:
21729:
21728:
21724:
21722:
21719:
21717:
21714:
21712:
21709:
21706:
21705:Southern Daly
21703:
21701:
21700:
21696:
21694:
21691:
21689:
21688:
21684:
21682:
21681:
21677:
21675:
21672:
21669:
21668:
21664:
21662:
21659:
21657:
21654:
21652:
21649:
21647:
21646:
21642:
21640:
21639:
21635:
21632:
21631:
21630:Darwin Region
21627:
21625:
21622:
21619:
21616:
21615:
21612:
21609:
21607:
21603:
21593:
21590:
21588:
21586:
21582:
21579:
21576:
21573:
21570:
21568:
21565:
21563:
21560:
21558:
21555:
21553:
21550:
21548:
21545:
21543:
21540:
21537:
21534:
21531:
21528:
21526:
21523:
21521:
21518:
21517:
21515:
21511:
21504:
21501:
21498:
21495:
21493:
21490:
21488:
21485:
21483:
21480:
21478:
21475:
21473:
21470:
21468:
21465:
21463:
21462:
21458:
21456:
21453:
21451:
21450:
21446:
21444:
21441:
21439:
21436:
21434:
21431:
21429:
21428:
21424:
21422:
21419:
21417:
21414:
21412:
21411:
21407:
21405:
21402:
21400:
21397:
21395:
21392:
21390:
21389:
21385:
21383:
21380:
21378:
21375:
21373:
21370:
21368:
21365:
21363:
21360:
21358:
21355:
21353:
21350:
21348:
21345:
21343:
21340:
21338:
21335:
21333:
21330:
21328:
21325:
21323:
21320:
21318:
21315:
21313:
21312:DemtaâSentani
21310:
21308:
21305:
21303:
21300:
21298:
21295:
21293:
21290:
21288:
21285:
21283:
21282:
21278:
21276:
21273:
21272:
21269:
21266:
21264:
21259:
21255:
21245:
21243:
21239:
21237:
21236:
21232:
21229:
21226:
21224:
21221:
21219:
21217:
21213:
21211:
21208:
21206:
21204:
21200:
21198:
21197:
21193:
21191:
21190:
21186:
21184:
21181:
21179:
21176:
21175:
21173:
21169:
21162:
21159:
21156:
21153:
21150:
21147:
21144:
21141:
21138:
21135:
21132:
21129:
21127:
21124:
21122:
21119:
21117:
21116:
21112:
21110:
21109:
21105:
21103:
21102:
21098:
21096:
21093:
21091:
21090:
21086:
21084:
21081:
21079:
21076:
21074:
21073:
21069:
21067:
21064:
21062:
21059:
21057:
21056:
21052:
21050:
21047:
21045:
21042:
21040:
21037:
21035:
21034:
21033:Indo-European
21030:
21028:
21027:
21023:
21021:
21020:
21016:
21014:
21011:
21009:
21006:
21004:
21003:
20999:
20997:
20994:
20992:
20991:
20987:
20985:
20984:
20983:Austroasiatic
20980:
20978:
20975:
20973:
20972:
20968:
20967:
20964:
20961:
20958:
20953:
20946:
20935:
20932:
20929:
20926:
20924:
20921:
20919:
20918:
20914:
20912:
20909:
20907:
20904:
20903:
20901:
20897:
20890:
20887:
20884:
20881:
20878:
20875:
20872:
20869:
20866:
20863:
20861:
20858:
20855:
20854:
20850:
20848:
20847:
20843:
20841:
20838:
20836:
20833:
20831:
20830:
20826:
20824:
20823:
20819:
20818:
20815:
20812:
20810:
20806:
20802:
20795:
20790:
20788:
20783:
20781:
20776:
20775:
20772:
20759:
20755:
20752:
20749:
20748:
20744:
20706:
20703:
20701:
20698:
20695:
20692:
20691:
20689:
20687:
20683:
20673:
20670:
20668:
20665:
20663:
20660:
20658:
20655:
20653:
20650:
20648:
20645:
20643:
20640:
20638:
20635:
20633:
20630:
20628:
20625:
20624:
20622:
20618:
20612:
20609:
20607:
20604:
20602:
20599:
20597:
20594:
20592:
20589:
20587:
20584:
20582:
20579:
20574:
20571:
20570:
20569:
20566:
20564:
20561:
20559:
20556:
20554:
20551:
20549:
20546:
20545:
20543:
20539:
20533:
20530:
20528:
20525:
20522:
20519:
20518:
20516:
20514:
20510:
20504:
20501:
20499:
20496:
20494:
20491:
20489:
20486:
20484:
20481:
20479:
20476:
20474:
20471:
20469:
20466:
20465:
20462:
20459:
20457:
20451:
20448:
20446:
20442:
20436:
20433:
20431:
20428:
20426:
20423:
20421:
20418:
20417:
20414:
20411:
20407:
20401:
20398:
20396:
20393:
20391:
20388:
20387:
20385:
20381:
20378:
20376:
20370:
20352:
20349:
20347:
20344:
20342:
20339:
20337:
20334:
20333:
20331:
20329:
20325:
20319:
20316:
20314:
20311:
20309:
20306:
20304:
20301:
20299:
20296:
20294:
20291:
20289:
20286:
20284:
20281:
20279:
20276:
20274:
20271:
20268:
20265:
20263:
20260:
20258:
20255:
20254:
20252:
20250:
20246:
20243:
20241:
20235:
20229:
20226:
20224:
20221:
20219:
20216:
20215:
20212:
20209:
20203:
20197:
20194:
20193:
20190:
20187:
20185:
20181:
20159:
20156:
20153:
20150:
20148:
20145:
20143:
20140:
20138:
20135:
20133:
20130:
20128:
20125:
20123:
20120:
20118:
20115:
20113:
20110:
20108:
20105:
20103:
20100:
20098:
20095:
20093:
20090:
20088:
20085:
20083:
20080:
20078:
20075:
20073:
20070:
20069:
20067:
20063:
20056:
20053:
20051:
20048:
20046:
20043:
20041:
20038:
20036:
20033:
20031:
20028:
20026:
20023:
20021:
20018:
20016:
20013:
20011:
20008:
20006:
20003:
20002:
20000:
19996:
19993:
19989:
19983:
19980:
19978:
19975:
19973:
19970:
19969:
19967:
19963:
19960:
19958:New Caledonia
19954:
19944:
19941:
19940:
19937:
19931:
19928:
19926:
19923:
19921:
19918:
19916:
19913:
19911:
19908:
19907:
19905:
19901:
19894:
19891:
19889:
19886:
19883:
19880:
19878:
19875:
19874:
19872:
19868:
19865:
19863:
19862:South Vanuatu
19859:
19849:
19846:
19844:
19841:
19839:
19836:
19834:
19831:
19829:
19826:
19824:
19821:
19819:
19816:
19814:
19811:
19809:
19806:
19804:
19801:
19799:
19796:
19794:
19791:
19789:
19788:Port Sandwich
19786:
19784:
19781:
19779:
19776:
19774:
19771:
19769:
19766:
19764:
19761:
19759:
19756:
19754:
19751:
19749:
19746:
19744:
19741:
19739:
19736:
19734:
19731:
19729:
19726:
19724:
19721:
19719:
19716:
19714:
19711:
19709:
19706:
19704:
19701:
19699:
19696:
19694:
19691:
19689:
19686:
19684:
19681:
19679:
19676:
19674:
19671:
19669:
19666:
19664:
19661:
19660:
19658:
19656:
19652:
19646:
19643:
19641:
19638:
19636:
19633:
19631:
19628:
19626:
19623:
19621:
19618:
19617:
19615:
19613:
19609:
19603:
19600:
19598:
19595:
19593:
19590:
19588:
19585:
19583:
19580:
19578:
19575:
19573:
19570:
19568:
19565:
19563:
19560:
19558:
19555:
19553:
19550:
19548:
19545:
19544:
19542:
19540:
19534:
19531:
19523:
19513:
19510:
19508:
19505:
19503:
19500:
19498:
19495:
19493:
19490:
19488:
19485:
19483:
19480:
19478:
19475:
19473:
19470:
19468:
19465:
19463:
19460:
19458:
19455:
19451:
19448:
19447:
19446:
19443:
19441:
19438:
19435:
19432:
19430:
19427:
19426:
19424:
19422:
19418:
19411:
19408:
19406:
19403:
19401:
19398:
19396:
19393:
19392:
19390:
19386:
19380:
19377:
19375:
19372:
19370:
19367:
19365:
19362:
19360:
19357:
19355:
19352:
19351:
19349:
19343:
19337:
19334:
19331:
19328:
19326:
19323:
19321:
19318:
19316:
19313:
19311:
19308:
19306:
19303:
19301:
19298:
19296:
19293:
19291:
19288:
19286:
19283:
19281:
19278:
19276:
19273:
19271:
19268:
19266:
19263:
19261:
19258:
19256:
19253:
19252:
19250:
19248:
19244:
19241:
19239:
19233:
19230:
19228:
19222:
19208:
19205:
19203:
19200:
19199:
19197:
19193:
19187:
19184:
19182:
19179:
19177:
19174:
19172:
19169:
19168:
19166:
19162:
19156:
19153:
19151:
19148:
19146:
19143:
19141:
19138:
19136:
19133:
19131:
19128:
19126:
19123:
19121:
19118:
19116:
19113:
19111:
19108:
19106:
19103:
19101:
19098:
19096:
19093:
19091:
19088:
19086:
19083:
19081:
19078:
19076:
19073:
19071:
19068:
19066:
19063:
19061:
19058:
19056:
19053:
19051:
19048:
19046:
19043:
19041:
19038:
19036:
19033:
19031:
19028:
19026:
19023:
19021:
19018:
19016:
19013:
19011:
19008:
19006:
19003:
19001:
18998:
18996:
18993:
18991:
18988:
18986:
18983:
18981:
18978:
18976:
18973:
18971:
18968:
18966:
18963:
18961:
18958:
18957:
18955:
18951:
18948:
18946:
18942:
18932:
18929:
18927:
18924:
18922:
18919:
18917:
18914:
18912:
18909:
18907:
18904:
18902:
18899:
18897:
18894:
18892:
18889:
18887:
18884:
18882:
18879:
18877:
18874:
18872:
18869:
18867:
18864:
18862:
18859:
18857:
18854:
18852:
18851:Lesing-Gelimi
18849:
18847:
18844:
18842:
18839:
18837:
18834:
18832:
18829:
18827:
18824:
18822:
18819:
18817:
18814:
18812:
18809:
18806:
18803:
18801:
18798:
18796:
18793:
18791:
18788:
18786:
18783:
18781:
18778:
18776:
18773:
18771:
18768:
18766:
18763:
18761:
18758:
18756:
18753:
18751:
18748:
18746:
18743:
18741:
18738:
18736:
18733:
18731:
18728:
18726:
18723:
18721:
18718:
18716:
18713:
18712:
18710:
18708:
18704:
18698:
18695:
18693:
18690:
18688:
18685:
18683:
18680:
18678:
18675:
18673:
18670:
18668:
18665:
18663:
18660:
18658:
18655:
18653:
18650:
18648:
18645:
18643:
18640:
18638:
18635:
18633:
18630:
18628:
18625:
18623:
18620:
18618:
18615:
18613:
18610:
18608:
18605:
18603:
18600:
18598:
18595:
18593:
18590:
18588:
18585:
18582:
18579:
18577:
18574:
18572:
18569:
18567:
18564:
18563:
18561:
18559:
18555:
18549:
18546:
18544:
18541:
18539:
18536:
18534:
18531:
18529:
18526:
18524:
18521:
18519:
18516:
18514:
18511:
18509:
18506:
18504:
18501:
18499:
18496:
18494:
18491:
18489:
18486:
18484:
18481:
18479:
18476:
18475:
18473:
18471:
18467:
18461:
18458:
18456:
18453:
18451:
18448:
18446:
18443:
18441:
18438:
18436:
18433:
18431:
18428:
18426:
18423:
18421:
18418:
18416:
18413:
18411:
18408:
18406:
18403:
18401:
18398:
18397:
18395:
18392:
18386:
18383:
18381:
18375:
18361:
18358:
18357:
18354:
18348:
18345:
18343:
18340:
18338:
18335:
18333:
18330:
18328:
18325:
18322:
18319:
18317:
18314:
18312:
18309:
18307:
18304:
18302:
18299:
18297:
18294:
18292:
18289:
18287:
18284:
18282:
18279:
18277:
18274:
18272:
18269:
18267:
18264:
18262:
18259:
18257:
18254:
18252:
18249:
18247:
18244:
18242:
18239:
18237:
18234:
18231:
18228:
18226:
18223:
18221:
18218:
18215:
18212:
18210:
18207:
18205:
18202:
18200:
18197:
18195:
18192:
18190:
18187:
18185:
18182:
18180:
18177:
18175:
18172:
18170:
18167:
18165:
18162:
18161:
18159:
18157:
18151:
18145:
18142:
18140:
18137:
18135:
18132:
18130:
18127:
18125:
18122:
18120:
18117:
18115:
18112:
18110:
18107:
18105:
18102:
18100:
18097:
18095:
18092:
18089:
18086:
18084:
18081:
18079:
18076:
18075:
18073:
18069:
18063:
18060:
18058:
18055:
18053:
18050:
18049:
18047:
18043:
18037:
18034:
18032:
18029:
18027:
18024:
18023:
18021:
18017:
18011:
18008:
18006:
18003:
18001:
17998:
17996:
17993:
17991:
17988:
17986:
17983:
17982:
17980:
17976:
17973:
17965:
17959:
17956:
17954:
17951:
17950:
17948:
17944:
17938:
17935:
17933:
17930:
17928:
17925:
17923:
17920:
17919:
17917:
17913:
17910:
17908:
17902:
17899:
17897:
17891:
17881:
17878:
17876:
17873:
17871:
17868:
17866:
17863:
17861:
17858:
17856:
17853:
17851:
17848:
17846:
17843:
17841:
17838:
17836:
17833:
17831:
17828:
17826:
17823:
17820:
17817:
17815:
17812:
17810:
17807:
17805:
17802:
17800:
17797:
17795:
17792:
17790:
17787:
17785:
17782:
17781:
17779:
17777:San Cristobal
17773:
17767:
17764:
17762:
17759:
17757:
17754:
17752:
17749:
17747:
17744:
17742:
17739:
17737:
17734:
17733:
17731:
17727:
17724:
17722:
17716:
17703:
17700:
17699:
17698:
17695:
17693:
17690:
17688:
17685:
17684:
17682:
17680:
17676:
17670:
17667:
17665:
17662:
17660:
17657:
17656:
17654:
17650:
17644:
17641:
17639:
17636:
17634:
17631:
17630:
17628:
17624:
17621:
17619:
17615:
17609:
17606:
17604:
17601:
17600:
17598:
17596:
17592:
17582:
17579:
17577:
17574:
17572:
17569:
17566:
17563:
17560:
17557:
17556:
17554:
17550:
17544:
17541:
17539:
17536:
17534:
17531:
17529:
17526:
17523:
17520:
17518:
17515:
17513:
17510:
17509:
17507:
17503:
17496:
17493:
17492:
17489:
17486:
17484:
17480:
17477:
17475:
17471:
17457:
17454:
17452:
17449:
17447:
17444:
17443:
17441:
17437:
17431:
17428:
17426:
17423:
17421:
17418:
17416:
17413:
17411:
17408:
17406:
17403:
17401:
17398:
17396:
17393:
17391:
17388:
17386:
17383:
17381:
17378:
17377:
17375:
17373:
17369:
17363:
17360:
17358:
17355:
17353:
17350:
17348:
17345:
17344:
17342:
17340:
17336:
17333:
17331:
17327:
17317:
17314:
17312:
17309:
17307:
17304:
17302:
17299:
17297:
17294:
17292:
17289:
17287:
17284:
17283:
17281:
17279:
17275:
17269:
17266:
17265:
17263:
17259:
17253:
17250:
17248:
17245:
17244:
17242:
17238:
17232:
17229:
17227:
17224:
17223:
17221:
17217:
17211:
17208:
17206:
17203:
17202:
17200:
17196:
17193:
17191:
17190:Halmahera Sea
17187:
17180:
17177:
17174:
17171:
17169:
17166:
17164:
17161:
17158:
17155:
17154:
17151:
17148:
17146:
17142:
17138:
17134:
17129:
17125:
17099:
17096:
17094:
17091:
17089:
17086:
17084:
17081:
17079:
17076:
17073:
17070:
17068:
17065:
17063:
17060:
17058:
17055:
17053:
17050:
17048:
17045:
17043:
17040:
17038:
17035:
17033:
17030:
17028:
17025:
17023:
17020:
17017:
17014:
17012:
17009:
17008:
17006:
17003:
16999:
16993:
16990:
16988:
16985:
16983:
16980:
16978:
16975:
16973:
16970:
16967:
16964:
16963:
16960:
16957:
16955:
16951:
16945:
16942:
16940:
16937:
16935:
16932:
16929:
16926:
16924:
16921:
16919:
16916:
16914:
16911:
16909:
16906:
16904:
16901:
16899:
16896:
16895:
16892:
16889:
16885:
16879:
16876:
16874:
16871:
16869:
16866:
16863:
16860:
16857:
16854:
16852:
16849:
16847:
16844:
16842:
16839:
16838:
16836:
16832:
16826:
16823:
16822:
16819:
16816:
16813:
16809:
16803:
16800:
16799:
16797:
16795:Kowiai ?
16793:
16782:
16779:
16776:
16773:
16771:
16768:
16766:
16763:
16762:
16760:
16756:
16750:
16747:
16745:
16742:
16740:
16737:
16735:
16732:
16730:
16727:
16725:
16722:
16720:
16717:
16715:
16712:
16710:
16707:
16705:
16702:
16701:
16699:
16697:
16693:
16687:
16684:
16682:
16679:
16677:
16674:
16672:
16669:
16667:
16664:
16662:
16659:
16657:
16654:
16652:
16649:
16647:
16644:
16643:
16641:
16639:
16635:
16628:
16625:
16623:
16620:
16618:
16615:
16613:
16610:
16608:
16605:
16604:
16602:
16598:
16591:
16588:
16585:
16582:
16580:
16577:
16575:
16572:
16570:
16567:
16566:
16564:
16562:
16558:
16552:
16549:
16547:
16544:
16542:
16539:
16538:
16536:
16532:
16526:
16523:
16521:
16518:
16516:
16513:
16511:
16508:
16507:
16505:
16501:
16495:
16492:
16490:
16487:
16485:
16482:
16481:
16478:
16475:
16472:
16468:
16462:
16459:
16457:
16454:
16452:
16449:
16447:
16444:
16442:
16439:
16437:
16434:
16432:
16429:
16427:
16424:
16422:
16419:
16417:
16414:
16412:
16409:
16407:
16404:
16403:
16401:
16399:
16395:
16389:
16386:
16384:
16381:
16379:
16376:
16374:
16371:
16369:
16366:
16364:
16361:
16360:
16358:
16355:
16351:
16345:
16342:
16340:
16337:
16336:
16334:
16332:
16328:
16318:
16315:
16313:
16310:
16308:
16305:
16303:
16300:
16298:
16295:
16293:
16292:South Lembata
16290:
16288:
16285:
16283:
16280:
16278:
16275:
16273:
16270:
16268:
16265:
16264:
16262:
16258:
16252:
16249:
16247:
16244:
16243:
16240:
16237:
16235:
16231:
16221:
16218:
16216:
16213:
16211:
16208:
16206:
16203:
16201:
16198:
16196:
16193:
16191:
16188:
16186:
16183:
16181:
16178:
16176:
16173:
16171:
16168:
16166:
16163:
16161:
16158:
16156:
16153:
16152:
16150:
16146:
16134:
16131:
16130:
16129:
16126:
16124:
16121:
16119:
16116:
16114:
16111:
16109:
16106:
16104:
16101:
16099:
16096:
16094:
16091:
16089:
16086:
16085:
16083:
16081:
16077:
16071:
16068:
16066:
16063:
16062:
16060:
16058:
16054:
16051:
16049:
16045:
16042:
16040:
16036:
16030:
16027:
16026:
16024:
16020:
16016:
16012:
16007:
16003:
15989:
15986:
15984:
15981:
15980:
15978:
15974:
15964:
15961:
15960:
15957:
15947:
15944:
15941:
15938:
15936:
15933:
15929:
15926:
15925:
15924:
15921:
15919:
15916:
15915:
15913:
15909:
15903:
15900:
15898:
15895:
15893:
15890:
15888:
15885:
15883:
15880:
15879:
15877:
15873:
15867:
15864:
15862:
15859:
15857:
15854:
15852:
15849:
15848:
15846:
15844:Massenrempulu
15842:
15836:
15833:
15831:
15828:
15827:
15824:
15821:
15819:
15815:
15805:
15802:
15800:
15797:
15795:
15792:
15791:
15789:
15787:
15783:
15777:
15774:
15772:
15769:
15767:
15764:
15762:
15761:Budong-Budong
15759:
15758:
15756:
15754:
15750:
15747:
15745:SekoâBadaic *
15743:
15737:
15734:
15732:
15729:
15727:
15726:Coastal Konjo
15724:
15722:
15719:
15717:
15714:
15713:
15711:
15709:
15705:
15699:
15696:
15694:
15691:
15689:
15686:
15684:
15681:
15680:
15678:
15674:
15671:
15669:
15665:
15651:
15648:
15646:
15643:
15640:
15637:
15635:
15632:
15630:
15627:
15625:
15622:
15621:
15619:
15617:
15613:
15603:
15600:
15598:
15595:
15593:
15590:
15588:
15585:
15583:
15580:
15578:
15575:
15573:
15570:
15568:
15565:
15563:
15560:
15559:
15556:
15553:
15551:
15547:
15544:
15542:KailiâWolio *
15540:
15533:
15530:
15528:
15525:
15523:
15520:
15518:
15515:
15513:
15510:
15508:
15505:
15503:
15500:
15498:
15495:
15492:
15489:
15487:
15484:
15483:
15481:
15478:
15474:
15468:
15465:
15463:
15460:
15458:
15455:
15453:
15450:
15448:
15445:
15443:
15440:
15439:
15437:
15435:
15431:
15425:
15422:
15420:
15417:
15415:
15412:
15410:
15407:
15405:
15402:
15400:
15397:
15395:
15392:
15390:
15387:
15385:
15382:
15380:
15377:
15376:
15374:
15372:
15368:
15362:
15359:
15357:
15354:
15352:
15349:
15347:
15344:
15342:
15339:
15337:
15334:
15332:
15329:
15327:
15324:
15322:
15319:
15317:
15314:
15312:
15309:
15307:
15304:
15302:
15299:
15298:
15296:
15294:
15293:BungkuâTolaki
15290:
15287:
15285:
15281:
15275:
15272:
15270:
15267:
15265:
15262:
15261:
15259:
15257:
15251:
15245:
15242:
15240:
15237:
15236:
15234:
15230:
15222:
15219:
15217:
15214:
15212:
15209:
15206:
15203:
15202:
15201:
15198:
15197:
15195:
15191:
15185:
15182:
15179:
15176:
15174:
15171:
15170:
15168:
15164:
15153:
15150:
15149:
15146:
15136:
15133:
15131:
15128:
15126:
15123:
15121:
15118:
15116:
15113:
15111:
15108:
15106:
15103:
15102:
15100:
15098:
15094:
15088:
15085:
15083:
15080:
15078:
15075:
15073:
15070:
15068:
15065:
15062:
15059:
15058:
15055:
15052:
15050:
15044:
15041:
15037:
15027:
15024:
15022:
15019:
15018:
15016:
15013:
15009:
15003:
15000:
14999:
14997:
14995:Rejang ?
14993:
14985:
14982:
14980:
14977:
14975:
14972:
14969:
14968:Old Sundanese
14966:
14965:
14964:
14961:
14960:
14958:
14954:
14940:
14937:
14935:
14932:
14930:
14927:
14925:
14924:Sarawak Malay
14922:
14920:
14917:
14915:
14912:
14910:
14907:
14905:
14902:
14900:
14897:
14895:
14894:Orang Seletar
14892:
14890:
14887:
14885:
14882:
14880:
14877:
14875:
14872:
14870:
14867:
14865:
14862:
14860:
14857:
14855:
14852:
14850:
14847:
14845:
14842:
14839:
14836:
14834:
14831:
14829:
14826:
14824:
14821:
14819:
14816:
14814:
14811:
14809:
14806:
14804:
14801:
14799:
14796:
14794:
14791:
14789:
14786:
14784:
14781:
14779:
14776:
14774:
14771:
14767:
14764:
14762:
14759:
14758:
14757:
14754:
14753:
14750:
14744:
14741:
14739:
14736:
14734:
14731:
14728:
14725:
14723:
14720:
14719:
14717:
14715:
14711:
14708:
14704:
14698:
14695:
14693:
14690:
14688:
14685:
14683:
14680:
14678:
14675:
14673:
14670:
14668:
14667:Cham dialects
14665:
14663:
14660:
14659:
14657:
14655:
14651:
14648:
14644:
14638:
14635:
14633:
14630:
14628:
14625:
14623:
14620:
14618:
14615:
14613:
14610:
14608:
14605:
14603:
14600:
14598:
14595:
14593:
14590:
14588:
14585:
14583:
14580:
14578:
14575:
14574:
14572:
14570:
14566:
14560:
14557:
14555:
14552:
14550:
14547:
14545:
14542:
14540:
14537:
14535:
14532:
14530:
14527:
14525:
14522:
14520:
14517:
14515:
14512:
14511:
14509:
14507:
14503:
14496:
14493:
14490:
14487:
14485:
14482:
14480:
14477:
14475:
14472:
14470:
14467:
14465:
14462:
14460:
14457:
14455:
14452:
14450:
14447:
14445:
14442:
14440:
14437:
14435:
14432:
14430:
14427:
14425:
14422:
14420:
14417:
14415:
14412:
14411:
14409:
14407:
14403:
14393:
14390:
14388:
14385:
14383:
14380:
14378:
14375:
14373:
14370:
14368:
14365:
14363:
14360:
14358:
14355:
14353:
14350:
14348:
14345:
14343:
14340:
14337:
14334:
14332:
14329:
14327:
14324:
14322:
14319:
14317:
14314:
14312:
14309:
14308:
14306:
14303:
14302:North Sarawak
14299:
14285:
14282:
14280:
14277:
14275:
14272:
14270:
14267:
14265:
14262:
14260:
14257:
14255:
14252:
14250:
14247:
14245:
14242:
14240:
14237:
14235:
14232:
14230:
14227:
14226:
14224:
14222:
14218:
14212:
14209:
14206:
14203:
14202:
14199:
14196:
14190:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14172:
14170:
14167:
14165:
14162:
14161:
14159:
14157:
14153:
14147:
14144:
14142:
14139:
14137:
14134:
14132:
14129:
14127:
14124:
14120:
14117:
14115:
14114:Central Dusun
14112:
14111:
14110:Kadazandusun
14109:
14108:
14106:
14104:
14100:
14094:
14091:
14089:
14088:Brunei Bisaya
14086:
14085:
14083:
14079:
14076:
14070:
14067:
14064:
14060:
14053:
14050:
14048:
14045:
14043:
14040:
14039:
14037:
14034:
14030:
14027:
14023:
14020:
14017:
14011:
14002:
13997:
13987:
13984:
13982:
13979:
13977:
13974:
13972:
13969:
13967:
13964:
13962:
13959:
13957:
13954:
13953:
13951:
13949:
13945:
13939:
13936:
13934:
13931:
13929:
13926:
13924:
13921:
13919:
13916:
13914:
13911:
13909:
13906:
13904:
13901:
13899:
13896:
13894:
13891:
13889:
13886:
13884:
13881:
13879:
13876:
13874:
13871:
13867:
13864:
13863:
13862:
13859:
13858:
13855:
13852:
13850:
13846:
13843:
13839:
13825:
13822:
13819:
13816:
13814:
13813:Inagta Alabat
13811:
13810:
13808:
13806:ManideâAlabat
13804:
13798:
13795:
13793:
13790:
13788:
13785:
13784:
13781:
13778:
13774:
13768:
13765:
13763:
13760:
13758:
13755:
13753:
13750:
13748:
13745:
13744:
13742:
13740:
13736:
13730:
13727:
13725:
13722:
13720:
13717:
13715:
13712:
13711:
13709:
13707:
13703:
13697:
13694:
13692:
13689:
13687:
13684:
13683:
13681:
13679:
13675:
13669:
13666:
13664:
13661:
13660:
13658:
13656:
13652:
13642:
13639:
13637:
13634:
13632:
13629:
13627:
13624:
13622:
13619:
13617:
13614:
13612:
13609:
13607:
13604:
13602:
13599:
13598:
13596:
13594:
13590:
13584:
13581:
13579:
13576:
13574:
13571:
13569:
13566:
13564:
13561:
13559:
13556:
13554:
13551:
13549:
13546:
13544:
13541:
13539:
13536:
13534:
13531:
13529:
13526:
13524:
13521:
13520:
13518:
13516:
13512:
13506:
13503:
13501:
13498:
13496:
13493:
13492:
13490:
13488:
13484:
13478:
13475:
13474:
13472:
13470:
13466:
13460:
13457:
13455:
13452:
13450:
13447:
13445:
13442:
13440:
13437:
13436:
13434:
13432:
13428:
13417:
13414:
13413:
13411:
13407:
13401:
13398:
13396:
13393:
13391:
13388:
13386:
13383:
13381:
13378:
13376:
13373:
13372:
13370:
13368:
13364:
13358:
13355:
13353:
13350:
13348:
13345:
13343:
13340:
13338:
13335:
13333:
13330:
13328:
13325:
13323:
13320:
13318:
13315:
13313:
13310:
13308:
13305:
13303:
13300:
13298:
13295:
13293:
13290:
13288:
13285:
13283:
13280:
13278:
13275:
13270:
13269:Old Cebuano â
13266:
13263:
13259:
13258:
13257:
13254:
13252:
13249:
13247:
13244:
13242:
13239:
13237:
13234:
13232:
13229:
13227:
13224:
13222:
13219:
13218:
13216:
13214:
13210:
13204:
13201:
13199:
13196:
13194:
13191:
13189:
13186:
13184:
13181:
13179:
13178:Central Bikol
13176:
13174:
13171:
13170:
13168:
13166:
13162:
13153:
13149:
13145:
13141:
13140:
13139:
13136:
13134:
13131:
13129:
13126:
13125:
13123:
13119:
13116:
13114:
13110:
13104:
13101:
13099:
13096:
13094:
13091:
13090:
13088:
13086:
13082:
13079:
13077:
13071:
13065:
13062:
13060:
13057:
13055:
13052:
13051:
13049:
13047:
13043:
13033:
13030:
13028:
13025:
13023:
13020:
13018:
13015:
13013:
13010:
13008:
13005:
13003:
13000:
12998:
12995:
12994:
12992:
12990:
12986:
12979:
12976:
12974:
12971:
12970:
12967:
12964:
12962:
12961:Central Luzon
12958:
12944:
12941:
12939:
12936:
12934:
12931:
12929:
12926:
12924:
12921:
12919:
12916:
12915:
12913:
12911:
12907:
12901:
12898:
12896:
12893:
12891:
12888:
12886:
12883:
12881:
12878:
12876:
12873:
12871:
12868:
12866:
12863:
12862:
12860:
12858:
12854:
12848:
12847:Southern Alta
12845:
12843:
12842:Northern Alta
12840:
12839:
12836:
12833:
12831:
12827:
12821:
12818:
12816:
12813:
12811:
12808:
12806:
12803:
12801:
12798:
12796:
12793:
12791:
12788:
12786:
12783:
12782:
12780:
12778:
12774:
12768:
12765:
12762:
12759:
12757:
12754:
12753:
12750:
12747:
12745:
12741:
12735:
12732:
12730:
12727:
12725:
12722:
12721:
12719:
12717:
12713:
12710:
12707:
12702:
12698:
12694:
12690:
12685:
12681:
12677:
12673:
12668:
12664:
12650:
12647:
12645:
12642:
12640:
12637:
12636:
12634:
12630:
12619:
12616:
12613:
12610:
12609:
12607:
12605:
12601:
12595:
12592:
12590:
12587:
12586:
12584:
12580:
12573:
12570:
12568:
12565:
12562:
12559:
12558:
12556:
12552:
12549:
12547:
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12531:Papora-Hoanya
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12083:Ross, Malcolm
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11938:0-8248-2131-9
11934:
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11918:
11914:
11904:on 2021-04-11
11903:
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11880:0-520-01115-5
11876:
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11863:Sapir, Edward
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11590:Ross, Malcolm
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11488:
11484:
11474:on 2019-04-18
11470:
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11421:
11418:(3): 426â36.
11417:
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11409:
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11396:
11392:
11388:
11383:
11373:on 2018-12-19
11372:
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11222:Dyen, Isidore
11219:
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11146:1-4051-0252-7
11142:
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11133:Aronoff, Mark
11130:
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11053:Blust, Robert
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10445:
10444:Winter (2010)
10440:
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10428:
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10416:
10409:
10404:
10390:on 2011-07-26
10386:
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10264:Sagart (2002)
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9866:Edmund Weiner
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9483:
9480:
9477:
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9468:
9465:
9462:
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9454:
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9451:Sarawak Malay
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9008:-ra (suffix)
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7038:*kita, *kami
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6742:
6738:
6735:
6732:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6714:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6698:
6695:
6692:
6689:
6686:
6683:
6680:
6677:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6659:
6656:
6653:
6650:
6647:
6644:
6641:
6638:
6635:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6619:
6616:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6580:
6577:
6574:
6571:
6568:
6565:
6562:
6559:
6556:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6540:
6537:
6534:
6531:
6528:
6525:
6522:
6519:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6501:
6498:
6495:
6492:
6489:
6486:
6483:
6480:
6477:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6459:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6447:
6444:
6441:
6438:
6435:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6419:
6416:
6413:
6410:
6407:
6404:
6401:
6398:
6395:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6379:
6376:
6373:
6370:
6367:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6355:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6339:
6336:
6333:
6330:
6327:
6324:
6321:
6318:
6315:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6299:
6296:
6293:
6290:
6287:
6284:
6281:
6278:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6260:
6257:
6254:
6251:
6248:
6245:
6242:
6239:
6236:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6223:
6222:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6203:
6200:
6197:
6194:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6178:
6175:
6172:
6169:
6166:
6163:
6160:
6157:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6139:
6136:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6124:
6121:
6118:
6115:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6097:
6094:
6091:
6088:
6085:
6082:
6079:
6076:
6073:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6057:
6054:
6051:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6017:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6005:
6002:
5999:
5996:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5978:
5975:
5972:
5969:
5966:
5963:
5960:
5957:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5939:
5936:
5933:
5930:
5927:
5924:
5921:
5918:
5915:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5899:
5896:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5875:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5734:
5731:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5716:
5713:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5686:
5683:
5680:
5677:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5632:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5595:
5592:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5531:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5519:
5516:
5513:
5510:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5488:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5476:
5473:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5406:
5403:
5400:
5397:
5394:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5363:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5351:
5348:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5331:
5323:
5322:
5316:
5313:
5305:
5304:
5298:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5224:Tsat (HuiHui)
5222:
5221:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5159:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5137:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5010:
5006:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4989:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4413:
4409:
4402:
4398:
4391:
4387:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4365:
4358:
4354:
4345:
4341:
4332:
4328:
4319:
4315:
4308:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3148:mopuw / mpuw
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2851:Gangga Melayu
2849:
2846:
2842:
2841:Gagarit Abada
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2821:Woleai script
2819:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2801:Raga language
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:Iban language
2789:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2732:Jawi alphabet
2730:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2709:Arabic script
2707:
2702:
2701:Cham language
2698:
2697:Cham alphabet
2695:
2690:
2686:
2685:Lota alphabet
2683:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2535:Bima language
2532:
2531:Bima alphabet
2529:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2471:Brahmi script
2469:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2434:
2427:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2388:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2344:Austroasiatic
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2155:proto-Kra-Dai
2152:
2151:Blench (2004)
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2046:Sagart (2002)
2041:
2039:
2038:Bellwood 1997
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2014:Peiros (2004)
2011:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1984:According to
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1953:
1948:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1831:
1828:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1681:
1673:
1670:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1538:East Formosan
1530:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1512:Squliq Atayal
1510:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1337:
1321:
1320:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1281:
1277:are divergent
1276:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1191:East Formosan
1183:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1097:
1096:Thao language
1094:
1093:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1068:Tsou language
1066:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
986:
984:
983:
978:
974:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
911:
902:
900:
896:
893:
889:
886:
882:
879:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
834:
821:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
789:
786:
782:
778:
773:
772:semantic role
769:
765:
761:
760:
759:
753:
741:
732:
730:
727:'puppy' <
726:
722:
718:
715:
711:
707:
704:
700:
696:
693:
689:
685:
684:Reduplication
681:
679:
675:
672:
668:
664:
660:
657:
653:
649:
645:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
566:
564:
563:New Caledonia
560:
555:
540:
531:
527:
526:Cham language
522:
520:
516:
512:
511:Yami language
508:
504:
501:According to
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:Easter Island
477:
473:
472:Indo-European
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
448:
444:
439:
436:
431:
429:
424:
423:Ancient Greek
420:
419:
418:
413:
409:
405:
403:
402:austronesisch
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:Pacific Ocean
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:
280:
238:
225:
220:
216:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
196:
192:
188:
182:
178:
175:
174:
169:
166:
165:
160:
157:
156:
151:
148:
144:
141:
137:
134:
130:
127:
126:East Formosan
123:
120:
119:
114:
111:
107:
106:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
82:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
42:
39:
36:
32:
27:
22:
24313:Austronesian
24312:
24197:Derived stem
23996:irregularity
23762:
23753:Prepositions
23663:
23656:
23655:Families in
23612:Pre-Goidelic
23607:Pre-Germanic
23437:Indo-Semitic
23432:Indo-Pacific
23427:Indo-Hittite
23342:
23335:
23328:
23258:
23235:Indian Ocean
23202:
23197:Austronesian
23196:
23195:
23188:
23181:
23174:
23169:Sino-Tibetan
23167:
23146:
23124:
23119:Sino-Tibetan
23117:
23110:
23103:
23071:
23046:
23039:
23032:
23025:
23018:
23011:
23004:
22997:
22990:
22983:
22976:
22956:
22949:
22942:
22935:
22928:
22923:North Picene
22921:
22914:
22907:
22900:
22893:
22886:
22879:
22867:
22860:
22853:
22789:
22782:
22781:Families in
22716:
22667:
22565:
22553:
22403:
22371:
22362:Pano-Tacanan
22319:
22282:
22270:
22241:ArutaniâSape
22233:
22178:
22160:
22153:
22138:Oto-Manguean
22136:
22119:
22112:
22059:
22047:
22040:
22033:
22026:
22019:
21992:
21985:
21962:
21955:
21943:
21916:
21894:
21887:
21875:
21863:
21846:
21839:
21832:
21825:
21818:
21806:
21799:
21758:
21725:
21721:Western Daly
21699:PamaâNyungan
21697:
21685:
21678:
21665:
21643:
21638:Eastern Daly
21636:
21628:
21583:
21459:
21447:
21425:
21408:
21386:
21357:KaureâKosare
21317:DosoâTurumsa
21307:ChimbuâWahgi
21297:Bulaka River
21281:Austronesian
21280:
21279:
21240:
21233:
21214:
21201:
21194:
21187:
21113:
21106:
21099:
21089:Sino-Tibetan
21087:
21070:
21053:
21031:
21024:
21017:
21000:
20990:Austronesian
20989:
20988:
20981:
20969:
20915:
20853:Nilo-Saharan
20851:
20844:
20829:Austronesian
20828:
20827:
20820:
20756:â indicates
20521:Niuatoputapu
19345:MaewoâAmbaeâ
19247:TorresâBanks
19195:NimoaâSudest
18707:NgeroâVitiaz
18667:Mangga Buang
18478:Arop-Sissano
17978:TungagâNalik
17967:New Irelandâ
17603:Mussau-Emira
17330:Cenderawasih
17067:Seit-Kaitetu
16354:KeiâTanimbar
16039:SumbaâFlores
15550:KailiâPamona
14899:Pahang Malay
14798:Bangka Malay
14706:IbanâMalayan
14592:BukarâSadong
14331:Wahau Kenyah
14169:Kinabatangan
14081:BisayaâLotud
14016:North Borneo
13198:Pandan Bikol
12790:Cagayan Agta
12761:Dicamay Agta
12385:
12343:
12297:the original
12276:. Retrieved
12234:
12225:
12211:
12187:
12181:
12165:
12151:
12144:
12143:Marion, P.,
12130:
12123:
12115:
12111:
12086:
12049:
12045:
12000:
11996:
11955:
11951:
11920:
11906:. Retrieved
11902:the original
11897:
11893:
11869:. Berkeley:
11866:
11844:
11815:
11811:
11794:
11765:
11761:
11748:
11723:
11719:
11703:
11680:
11668:
11659:
11624:
11620:
11597:
11553:10072/383365
11517:
11513:
11504:
11491:
11476:. Retrieved
11469:the original
11464:
11460:
11415:
11411:
11390:
11386:
11375:. Retrieved
11371:the original
11327:
11323:
11297:(1): 13â58.
11294:
11290:
11278:. Retrieved
11274:the original
11269:
11253:. Retrieved
11246:the original
11237:
11230:(Memoir 19).
11225:
11187:
11183:
11167:
11158:
11136:
11104:
11100:
11073:
11056:
11044:
11040:
11028:
11024:
11013:the original
10992:
10988:
10965:
10939:
10933:
10910:
10893:
10889:
10880:
10858:(1): 88â93.
10855:
10851:
10840:Bibliography
10825:
10808:
10800:
10771:
10766:
10758:
10757:s.v. hañar,
10753:
10745:
10744:s.v. kawan,
10740:
10720:
10706:
10701:
10693:
10689:
10685:
10678:
10670:
10663:
10654:
10645:
10636:
10627:
10620:Blust (2014)
10615:
10603:
10595:
10586:
10561:
10553:
10542:. Retrieved
10540:. 2011-05-09
10537:
10512:
10506:
10477:
10473:
10463:
10456:Blust (2013)
10451:
10439:
10427:
10415:
10403:
10392:. Retrieved
10385:the original
10380:
10367:
10319:
10313:
10307:
10295:
10288:Blust (1999)
10283:
10271:
10259:
10247:
10240:Blust (2013)
10235:
10215:
10206:
10197:
10185:
10176:
10162:
10153:
10149:
10145:
10139:
10127:
10120:Blust (1977)
10115:
10103:
10096:Grace (1966)
10091:
10079:
10067:
10033:
10027:
10008:
10002:
9990:
9983:Blust (2013)
9978:
9971:Blust (2013)
9966:
9959:Blust (2013)
9954:
9947:Blust (2013)
9942:
9930:
9923:Blust (2013)
9918:
9911:Blust (2013)
9906:
9899:Blust (2013)
9894:
9887:Blust (2013)
9882:
9869:
9862:John Simpson
9856:
9847:
9843:
9822:
9813:
9810:Robert Blust
9804:
9785:
9779:
9769:
9760:
9746:
9732:
9720:. Retrieved
9716:
9706:
9688:
9684:
9680:
9499:Terengganuan
8983:
8359:(geu)tanyoë
8310:
8287:
8281:
8266:
8241:awaké dhéwé,
8164:hañar, añar
8125:Old Javanese
8037:lemulun/lun
7224:tayo / kami
6822:hĆ'Ä 'ahuru
6538:taurahani-ta
6224:
5327:
5319:
5309:
5301:
5017:
5008:
4628:Old Javanese
4253:asa ngernan
4176:
4134:
3500:xasebisupat
3145:mqeru / qeru
3142:mspat / spat
3139:mpitu / pitu
3136:mtzyu / tzyu
3072:
3067:*(sa-)puluq
2902:
2760:Western Cham
2578:
2523:and several
2461:
2410:script at a
2368:
2321:
2306:old Japanese
2283:
2275:Macro-Altaic
2268:
2257:
2250:
2217:
2186:
2139:Roger Blench
2124:
2106:
2100:
2063:
2055:
2042:
2018:
2006:Sapir (1968)
2003:
1995:
1990:Comrie (2001
1986:Robert Blust
1983:
1964:
1958:
1920:
1909:
1837:
1765:Walu-Siwaish
1764:
1746:
1724:
1702:
1658:Austronesian
1657:
1651:
1639:
1628:(2004, 2021)
1574:
1536:
1487:West Coast (
1455:
1445:
1410:
1400:
1381:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1346:
1317:
1300:
1287:
1265:
1252:
1189:
1179:Truku/Taroko
1160:
1132:
1089:
1057:
1047:
1032:Blust (1999)
1025:
1021:
1015:
1007:Blust (1999)
1003:Blust (1999)
992:
980:
977:Robert Blust
970:
950:Isidore Dyen
943:
926:
916:
894:
887:
880:
873:
871:
850:
846:
839:cognate sets
836:
809:Old Javanese
800:
796:
785:definiteness
776:
756:
728:
724:
720:
719:'legs' <
716:
709:
705:
698:
694:
682:
677:
673:
662:
658:
647:
646:'walk' <
643:
622:
601:MokenâMoklen
595:
567:
551:
523:
518:
503:Robert Blust
500:
464:
440:
425:
421:"south" and
414:
399:
396:Austronesian
395:
361:
236:
234:
171:
162:
153:
116:
103:Subdivisions
46:distribution
29:Austronesian
24268:conjugation
24225:NigerâCongo
24193:Afroasiatic
24177:conjugation
24141:conjugation
24048:conjugation
24044:Macedonian
24033:conjugation
24023:conjugation
23991:conjugation
23979:conjugation
23964:conjugation
23960:Portuguese
23954:conjugation
23944:conjugation
23929:conjugation
23910:conjugation
23882:conjugation
23857:conjugation
23826:conjugation
23743:Determiners
23723:Phonologies
23462:Ural-Altaic
23442:Indo-Uralic
23254:Sentinelese
22985:Afroasiatic
22951:Eteocypriot
22675:Germanosign
22579:Mura-PirahĂŁ
22460:LuleâVilela
22436:Bora-Witoto
22411:UruâChipaya
22384:TicunaâYuri
22367:PebaâYaguan
22352:Nambikwaran
22155:Uto-Aztecan
22091:Mesoamerica
21945:Uto-Aztecan
21934:Tsimshianic
21896:Palaihnihan
21766:Malak-Malak
21503:Papuan Gulf
21477:West Papuan
21382:Lower Sepik
21372:Lakes Plain
21275:AraiâSamaia
21263:the Pacific
20971:Afroasiatic
20846:NigerâCongo
20822:Afroasiatic
20488:Ontong Java
20346:Pingelapese
20273:Mortlockese
20228:Marshallese
20207:Micronesian
20184:Micronesian
19920:North Tanna
19893:Utaha / Ifo
19547:North Efate
19467:Merei-Tiale
18672:Mapos Buang
17219:MayaâMatbat
17037:Sepa-Teluti
16714:North Babar
16666:Dela-Oenale
16388:Uruangnirin
15776:Seko Tengah
15771:Seko Padang
15716:Makassarese
15688:Campalagian
15424:Tukang Besi
15180:Lampung Api
15177:Lampung Nyo
14939:Urak Lawoiʌ
14919:Reman Malay
14909:Perak Malay
14889:Orang Kanaq
14844:Kutai Malay
14833:Kedah Malay
14823:Jambi Malay
14793:Berau Malay
14773:Minangkabau
14654:AcehâChamic
14479:Punan Merap
14174:Abai Sungai
13500:Maguindanao
13459:TaawÊŒt Bato
13332:Romblomanon
13183:Isarog Agta
13173:Albay Bikol
13144:Old Tagalog
13133:Kasiguranin
12980:(Remontado)
12978:Hatang Kayi
12973:Kapampangan
12338:âč The
12081:Wouk, Fay;
12003:(4): 1â12.
11958:(8): e247.
11726:: 425â459.
11586:Lynch, John
11393:: 315â329.
11334:: 271â283.
10326:: 188â196.
10152:: 137â161.
10108:Dahl (1973)
10084:Dyen (1965)
9995:Ross (2002)
9540:gape, nape
9538:mende, ape,
9405:siti, sigi
8982:auti (from
8689:biang, asu
8371:Minangkabau
8274:tilu, tolu
8111:kita, kami
7656:Kapampangan
7041:*anu, *apa
7008:*Ésa, *isa
6468:Marshallese
5702:Romblomanon
5468:métung/ iså
5461:Kapampangan
4925:Minangkabau
4829:Makassarese
4466:Batak, Toba
4090:ra-kaitian
3497:xasebitu'u
3494:xasebidusa
3379:nataxaxoan
2957:New Zealand
2913:Philippines
2855:Perak Malay
2762:and others.
2752:Maguindanao
2748:Minangkabau
2631:Makassarese
2476:Kawi script
2101:M119-Baiyue
2052::8) states:
1843:abilitative
1229:Amis proper
997:, thirteen
927:Melanesisch
793:applicative
781:usual sense
764:Philippines
748: 1839
665:'ash') and
467:NigerâCongo
438:"island").
303:, parts of
60:, parts of
24336:Categories
24116:pure verbs
24087:Hindustani
24080:Indo-Aryan
24038:morphology
23975:Sardinian
23934:morphology
23738:Adjectives
23602:Pre-Celtic
23570:East Asian
23560:Austro-Tai
23550:Andamanese
23400:Eurasiatic
23321:North Asia
23271:North Asia
23183:HmongâMien
23137:Burushaski
23096:South Asia
23067:Kartvelian
23034:Philistine
22944:Eteocretan
22888:Tartessian
22669:Francosign
22517:Chiquitano
22497:Alacalufan
22305:Guaicuruan
22278:Chapacuran
22261:Cahuapanan
22229:Araucanian
22132:MixeâZoque
22127:Misumalpan
21841:Comecrudan
21693:Nyulnyulan
21472:Upper Yuat
21449:Torricelli
21421:Senu River
21352:Foja Range
21258:New Guinea
21183:Burushaski
21044:Kartvelian
21019:HmongâMien
20835:KhoeâKwadi
20672:West Uvean
20657:Rennellese
20456:Polynesian
20445:Polynesian
20293:Satawalese
20288:Puluwatese
20257:Carolinian
20218:Gilbertese
19956:Loyaltiesâ
19728:Maskelynes
19683:Big Nambas
19374:SunÌwadaga
18970:Bwanabwana
18945:Papuan Tip
18881:Arop-Lukep
18493:Ulau-Suain
18380:New Guinea
18179:Cheke Holo
18134:Sursurunga
18109:Lungalunga
18071:St. George
17907:Melanesian
17819:Marau Wawa
17517:Baluan-Pam
17420:Serui-Laut
17198:AmbelâBiga
16765:East Damar
16704:West Damar
16282:Lewo Eleng
16098:Anakalangu
16048:SumbaâHawu
15639:Ledo Kaili
15616:WotuâWolio
15394:Kaimbulawa
15371:MunaâButon
15326:Mori Bawah
15254:BaliâSasak
15221:Tenggerese
15211:Banyumasan
15135:Mandailing
15125:Simalungun
15039:Sumatran *
14984:Cirebonese
14869:Orang Laut
14766:Indonesian
14569:Land Dayak
14554:Krio Dayak
14449:Punan Batu
14326:Umaʌ Lasan
13948:SamaâBajaw
13818:Katabangan
13767:Tontemboan
13563:Matigsalug
13528:Ata Manobo
13347:Surigaonon
13282:Hiligaynon
13231:Bantayanon
13152:Batangueño
13076:Philippine
13027:Mariveleño
12943:Pangasinan
12701:Philippine
12442:Kanakanavu
12220:3110127296
11908:2019-04-18
11478:2019-04-18
11377:2018-12-19
11082:1885/10191
10903:Fox, James
10544:2023-06-13
10394:2010-10-29
9795:9711130009
9722:26 October
9699:References
9622:kanaawooq
8959:Gilbertese
8667:Toba Batak
8469:Lampungese
8211:priyantun
8189:setunggal
8067:Indonesian
7963:ikkanetam
7785:sangapulo
7702:Pangasinan
7424:Hiligaynon
7270:kitĂĄ/kami
6862:hongofulu
6346:Gilbertese
6028:na luk dih
5784:Hiligaynon
5741:Masbatenyo
5422:Pangasinan
5376:sangapulo
5275:tÊ°uË©paËn˧˚
4871:Indonesian
4859:sangantuju
4292:sikureueng
3628:Kanakanavu
2965:Madagascar
2949:East Timor
2872:Indonesian
2862:â used in
2831:Rongorongo
2619:languages.
2450:Rongorongo
2414:temple in
2402:A sign in
2385:See also:
2348:Hmong-Mien
2324:East Asian
2312:East Asian
2260:substratum
2220:Sinologist
2163:HmongâMien
2127:Austro-Tai
2115:Austro-Tai
2070:Austro-Tai
1849:Northern:
1519:(= C'uli')
1434:Kanakanavu
703:Karo Batak
692:Indonesian
641:Indonesian
619:Morphology
537: 350
521:) branch.
447:indigenous
333:Indonesian
309:Madagascar
58:Madagascar
44:Geographic
24264:Japanese
24231:Chichewa
24184:Kabardian
24173:Georgian
24148:Hungarian
24018:Bulgarian
23811:auxiliary
23627:Pre-Vedic
23617:Pre-Greek
23589:Substrata
23492:Arunachal
23390:Nostratic
23375:Alarodian
23310:Yeniseian
23160:East Asia
23112:Dravidian
22969:West Asia
22937:Tyrsenian
22700:Tanzanian
22641:languages
22538:HodĂŻ/Joti
22482:Isolates
22421:Yanomaman
22357:OtomĂĄkoan
22321:Jirajaran
22310:Guajiboan
22272:Catacaoan
22251:Barbacoan
22180:Cuitlatec
22149:Totonacan
22108:Jicaquean
21987:Chimariko
21883:Muskogean
21865:Kalapuyan
21859:Iroquoian
21834:Chumashan
21827:Chinookan
21820:Chimakuan
21738:Yangmanic
21733:Worrorran
21716:Wagaydyic
21606:Australia
21455:Trans-Fly
21121:Yeniseian
21108:Tyrsenian
21002:Dravidian
20694:Niuafoʻou
20652:Pukapukan
20647:Mele-Fila
20611:Tuamotuan
20581:Marquesan
20563:Mangareva
20532:Tokelauan
20435:Lomaiviti
20351:Pohnpeian
20341:Ngatikese
20278:Namonuito
19870:Erromango
19798:Sörsörian
19723:Malua Bay
19708:Lendamboi
19698:Bwenelang
19597:Port Vato
19587:Lonwolwol
19582:Dalkalaen
19482:Shark Bay
19379:SunÌwadia
19145:Yakaikeke
19095:Gapapaiwa
18960:ÊŒAuhelawa
18891:Malasanga
18790:Mouk-Aria
18745:Awad Bing
18735:Malalamai
18612:Maralango
18587:Aribwaung
18581:Aribwatsa
18558:Huon Gulf
18410:Kayupulau
18189:Ghanongga
18174:Blablanga
18156:Solomonic
18154:Northwest
18124:Ramoaaina
18114:Niwer Mil
18088:Guramalum
18083:Fanamaket
17990:Laxudumau
17971:Solomonic
17969:Northwest
17946:Bali-Vitu
17915:Willaumez
17860:GulaÊŒalaa
17825:ToÊŒabaita
17821: ? â
17721:Solomonic
17719:Southeast
17643:Tanimbili
17483:Admiralty
17439:Southwest
17173:Warembori
17088:Nusa Laut
16992:Yalahatan
16638:RoteâMeto
16561:Kawaimina
16344:Seluwasan
16267:Lamaholot
16260:Lamaholot
16160:Manggarai
15918:Kalumpang
15902:Ulumandaʌ
15866:Malimpung
15486:Balaesang
15399:Kumbewaha
15331:Mori Atas
15301:Bahonsuai
15166:Lampungic
14979:Bantenese
14963:Sundanese
14956:Sundanese
14761:Malaysian
14743:Seberuang
14622:Semandang
14429:Daro-Matu
14274:Kalabakan
14249:Sembakung
14194:Murutic *
14164:Tombonuwo
14074:Dusunic *
13757:Tonsawang
13739:Minahasan
13724:Sangirese
13663:Agutaynen
13636:Ponosakan
13631:Mongondow
13621:Kaidipang
13616:Gorontalo
13573:Sarangani
13553:Kagayanen
13431:Palawanic
13375:Davawenyo
13322:Porohanon
13307:Masbateño
13297:Karolanos
13246:Caluyanon
13203:Rinconada
13121:Tagalogic
13007:Mag-antsi
12933:Kalanguya
12895:Kankanaey
12554:Kavalanic
12525:Favorlang
12488:Northwest
12243:0097-8507
12204:162244203
12074:143458895
11952:PLOS Biol
11782:165587524
11578:206667111
11562:0036-8075
11255:10 August
11121:144931249
11009:143141296
10956:145495386
10658:from the
10340:141811621
10190:Li (2008)
10173:Dah-an Ho
10132:Li (2004)
9601:tâaareeb
9403:satu, sa,
9111:Banjarese
8894:matamata
8540:ranggaya
8534:lombahan
8261:Sundanese
7908:daddaman
7742:sikatayo
7647:antonaâa
7598:kitaniyu
7518:Kinaray-a
7476:sambilog
6864:taha noa
6748:(K-type)
6620:angahuru
6581:hogofulu
6535:taurahani
6499:ratimjuon
5326:The word
5308:The word
5104:Sundanese
5059:sĂȘpuluak
4958:sapuluah
4220:Yami(Tao)
4078:ra-hurum
4072:ra-sipat
3622:kumaahlÊ
3538:maykaSpat
3491:xasebuza
3454:mahalpat
3418:tannacho
3388:Favorlang
3361:natool'a
3343:myataisi
2921:Indonesia
2905:comparing
2868:Malaysian
2722:Sundanese
2328:East Asia
2264:adstratum
2050:Fox (2004
1715:Favorlang
1411:Central (
1389:Mantauran
1349:Li (2008)
1341:Li (2008)
1331:Li (2008)
1221:Central (
1011:Li (2008)
954:Melanesia
706:nipe-nipe
701:'child';
695:anak-anak
644:ber-jalan
589:and many
548:Phonology
532:dated to
384:phonology
341:Sundanese
209:Glottolog
191:ISO 639-2
34:Ethnicity
24216:Tigrinya
24137:Finnish
24108:Armenian
24092:Sanskrit
23971:Romanian
23950:Occitan
23940:Italian
23906:Catalan
23788:Germanic
23758:Pronouns
23733:Grammars
23622:Vasconic
23597:Atlantic
23351:Eskaleut
23305:Yukaghir
23220:Koreanic
23215:Tungusic
23210:Mongolic
23148:Harappan
23059:Caucasus
23041:Sumerian
22916:Ligurian
22733:See also
22710:Isolates
22685:Japanese
22625:Yuracaré
22507:Candoshi
22466:Macro-JĂȘ
22431:Zaparoan
22426:Zamucoan
22416:Witotoan
22399:Tucanoan
22394:Tiniguan
22389:Timotean
22373:Quechuan
22342:Matacoan
22337:Mascoian
22327:Jivaroan
22290:Chibchan
22284:Charruan
22235:Arawakan
22172:Isolates
22103:Chibchan
21979:Isolates
21951:Wakashan
21912:Salishan
21854:Eskaleut
21760:Giimbiyu
21752:Isolates
21661:Jarrakan
21656:Iwaidjan
21513:Isolates
21367:Kutubuan
21235:Sumerian
21171:Isolates
21126:Yukaghir
21095:Tungusic
21061:Mongolic
21049:Koreanic
21008:Eskaleut
20899:Isolates
20883:Ubangian
20606:Tahitian
20601:Rapa Nui
20558:Hawaiian
20503:Tuvaluan
20493:Sikaiana
20478:Nukumanu
20425:Gone Dau
20336:Mokilese
20328:Pohnpeic
20318:Woleaian
20313:Ulithian
20298:Sonsorol
20262:Chuukese
20240:Pohnpeic
20238:Chuukicâ
20223:Kosraean
20152:Waamwang
20102:Hmwaveke
20065:Northern
20050:XĂąrĂągurĂš
20020:Ndrumbea
19998:Southern
19943:Aneityum
19768:Neverver
19738:Nasarian
19718:Malfaxal
19713:Litzlitz
19673:Aveteian
19655:Malakula
19537:Central
19527:Southern
19502:Tolomako
19497:Tasiriki
19225:Southern
19176:Kilivila
19155:Gumawana
19130:Minaveha
19105:Kaninuwa
19065:Sewa Bay
19035:Boselewa
19025:Maiadomu
19020:Koluwawa
19010:Iamalele
19000:Bwaidoka
18995:Wagawaga
18896:Mur Pano
18856:Mangseng
18816:Sengseng
18632:Silisili
18470:Schouten
18420:Masimasi
18391:Jayapura
18261:Papapana
18246:Mono-Alu
18214:Kazukuru
18164:Babatana
18119:Patpatar
18099:Konomala
17932:Meramera
17875:êAreêare
17850:KwaraÊŒae
17840:Fataleka
17830:Baelelea
17775:Malaitaâ
17652:Vanikoro
17451:Yerisiam
17072:Kamarian
17027:Wakasihu
17002:Piru Bay
16982:Manusela
16954:Nunusaku
16923:Masiwang
16913:Watubela
16856:Hukumina
16825:Teor-Kur
16739:Emplawas
16681:Uab Meto
16515:Tukudede
16456:Tarangan
16446:Manombai
16302:Lewotobi
16297:Lamalera
16277:Lamatuka
16205:Nagé-Kéo
16185:Wae Rana
16113:Baliledo
16103:Wanukaka
15983:Chamorro
15976:Isolates
15963:Lemolang
15940:Talondoʌ
15856:Enrekang
15818:Northern
15766:Panasuan
15708:Makassar
15683:Buginese
15497:Dampelas
15462:Bobongko
15447:Balantak
15404:Lasalimu
15379:Bonerate
15351:Tomadino
15341:Rahambuu
15321:Moronene
15316:Kulisusu
15264:Balinese
15256:âSumbawa
15239:Madurese
15232:Madurese
15200:Javanese
15193:Javanese
15184:Komering
15087:Simeulue
15072:Mentawai
15012:Moklenic
14803:Bengkulu
14727:Keninjal
14662:Acehnese
14632:Benyaduʌ
14617:Kembayan
14612:Jangkang
14602:Tringgus
14534:Hovongan
14352:Lundayeh
14244:Selungai
14239:Keningau
14179:Serudung
14156:Paitanic
13933:Ampanang
13923:Bakumpai
13903:Lawangan
13893:MaÊŒanyan
13888:Balangan
13861:Malagasy
13706:Sangiric
13655:Kalamian
13601:Bintauna
13578:Tagabawa
13543:Higaonon
13454:Palawano
13367:Mansakan
13327:Ratagnon
13287:Kabalian
13262:Boholano
13251:Capiznon
13241:Butuanon
13128:Filipino
13064:Tadyawan
13022:Mag-indi
12989:Sambalic
12918:Bugkalot
12865:Balangao
12708:) ?
12604:Siraiyac
12594:Sakizaya
12497:Saisiyat
12490:Formosan
12466:Atayalic
12457:Northern
12340:template
12328:Archived
12278:July 28,
12235:Language
12066:40783595
12037:28380021
11997:PLOS ONE
11984:15984912
11925:Honolulu
11919:(1999).
11832:49547647
11679:(2018).
11596:(2002).
11570:29976827
11489:(2006).
11452:(2004).
11442:24607387
11358:19204825
11280:July 28,
11214:10693781
11178:(2000).
11047:: 46â67.
10980:(2007).
10909:(1995).
10896:: 39â48.
10646:Omniglot
10315:Language
9812:(2016).
9768:(2004).
9645:See also
9628:beqeech
9610:anngeeg
9604:lâugruw
9549:Kanayatn
9157:Malagasy
9133:hadupan
9065:Hawaiian
9017:Tuvaluan
8927:tangata
8837:ga'lÄgu
8813:Chamorro
8567:Buginese
8515:Komering
8494:ranlaya
8393:anjiang
8337:ureuëng
8321:Acehnese
8306:arurang
8223:sÄgawon
8204:sekawan
8183:Javanese
7966:sanenay
7917:sikitam
7902:binalay
7816:rarahan
7721:apatira
7690:Ăkatamu
7568:hambuuk
7522:(i)sara
7035:*baqÉRu
6959:English
6920:tâaareeb
6870:Tuvaluan
6787:Tahitian
6699:saghulu
6660:nga'uru
6529:tauratoi
6502:jonÌoul
6462:ngahuru
6386:Hawaiian
6380:tebwina
6267:Chuukese
6104:Malagasy
6018:sepuluh
5940:hangpu'
5696:sampulo
5590:sambilog
5575:sampulĂČ
5138:sapuluh
5056:sĂȘmbilan
4955:sambilan
4919:sepuluh
4916:sembilan
4865:sampulo
4862:salapang
4833:lobbang
4789:Madurese
4749:Komering
4703:sepuluh
4669:Javanese
4663:sapuluh
4538:seppulo
4505:Buginese
4499:sampulu
4460:sapuluh
4301:Balinese
4259:Acehnese
4129:labatan
4087:ra-siwa
4084:ra-haru
4081:ra-pito
4075:ra-lima
4069:ra-ruma
4066:ra-ruha
4063:na-saad
4051:kaipien
3997:tu-rima
3940:Sakizaya
3895:labatan
3778:tapuluq
3589:Hla'alua
3541:hae'hae'
3530:SayboSi:
3515:'aeihae'
3509:Saisiyat
3460:tais'id
3421:tschiet
3415:maaspat
3400:natorra
3376:maaspat
3265:makthin
2973:Kiribati
2941:Cambodia
2937:Thailand
2925:Malaysia
2892:Malagasy
2864:Filipino
2815:Boholano
2740:Acehnese
2726:Madurese
2718:Javanese
2635:Sulawesi
2627:Buginese
2607:Komering
2569:Madurese
2517:Baybayin
2501:Sanskrit
2485:Balinese
2404:Balinese
2336:Koreanic
2298:Tibetans
2253:Japanese
2241:Japanese
2058:P'eng-hu
1966:Urheimat
1838:Puluqish
1741:Atayalic
1669:Saisiyat
1575:Southern
1567:Sakizaya
1562:Nataoran
1507:Atayalic
1499:âTaokas)
1479:Western
1467:Saisiyat
1362:Formosan
1234:Sakizaya
1162:Atayalic
1048:Formosan
1018:Paiwanic
935:Formosan
857:such as
813:Balinese
801:-an/-kÉn
750:, using
731:'dog').
717:taktakki
659:titis-ĂĄn
652:suffixes
633:prefixes
587:Malagasy
579:Buginese
496:Malagasy
488:Rapa Nui
484:Hawaiian
456:official
353:Malagasy
349:Filipino
337:Javanese
295:) are a
215:aust1307
110:Atayalic
24321:Ilocano
24258:Japonic
24071:Persian
24064:Iranian
24055:Slovene
23986:Spanish
23899:Romance
23806:English
23710:of the
23657:italics
23555:Austric
23532:Kho-Bwa
23527:Hrusish
23505:Siangic
23447:Karasuk
23347: ?
23260:Kenaboi
23225:Japonic
23190:KraâDai
23151: ?
23142:Kusunda
23048:Elamite
23020:Kassite
23006:Kaskian
22909:Camunic
22881:Iberian
22838:Eurasia
22783:italics
22760:Pidgins
22745:Creoles
22695:Swedish
22663:Chinese
22610:Urarina
22595:Puinave
22549:Itonama
22543:Irantxe
22512:Chimane
22442:Chimuan
22347:Nadahup
22266:Cariban
22246:Aymaran
22207:America
22049:Waikuri
22042:Tonkawa
22035:Timucua
22028:Takelma
22021:Siuslaw
22010:Kutenai
21994:Esselen
21957:Wintuan
21918:Shastan
21889:Na-Dene
21877:Maiduan
21814:Caddoan
21788:America
21742:Wagiman
21740:(incl.
21711:Tangkic
21651:Garawan
21624:Bunuban
21585:Tambora
21552:Maybrat
21520:Abinomn
21443:Teberan
21404:Pauwasi
21394:Mairasi
21362:Kiwaian
21242:Tambora
21228:Shompen
21210:Kusunda
21203:Kenaboi
21189:Elamite
21161:Siangic
21143:Kho-Bwa
21137:Hrusish
21055:KraâDai
21039:Japonic
20948:Eurasia
20923:Sandawe
20906:Bangime
20871:Songhay
20696: ?
20662:Tikopia
20620:Futunic
20586:Penrhyn
20573:Moriori
20548:Austral
20541:Eastern
20483:Nukuoro
20473:Nuguria
20454:Nuclear
20395:Rotuman
20375:Pacific
20373:Central
20303:Tanapag
20283:PĂĄĂĄfang
20249:Chuukic
20205:Nuclear
20196:Nauruan
20137:PwaamĂši
20122:NyĂąlayu
20045:XĂąrĂącĂčĂč
19982:Nengone
19763:Neveʻei
19753:Navwien
19743:Nasvang
19733:Nahavaq
19703:Larëvat
19693:Burmbar
19688:Botovro
19625:Bierebo
19592:Paamese
19577:Daakaka
19557:Efatese
19539:Vanuatu
19529:Oceanic
19525:Nuclear
19487:Tamambo
19354:Baetora
19310:Mwotlap
19300:Mwerlap
19285:Lo-Toga
19280:Lemerig
19238:Vanuatu
19227:Oceanic
19171:Budibud
19135:Taupota
19125:Maiwala
19120:Haigwai
19100:Ghayavi
19075:Kakabai
19060:Mwatebu
18990:Unubahe
18975:OyaÊŒoya
18953:Nuclear
18805:Kaulong
18785:Lamogai
18770:Mindiri
18765:Matukar
18755:Gedaged
18750:Bilibil
18697:Numbami
18538:Medebur
18513:Kairiru
18503:Yakamul
18488:Sissano
18435:Kaptiau
18393: ?
18332:Vangunu
18306:Tinputz
18281:Roviana
18225:Kusaghe
18169:Bannoni
17937:Nakanai
17896:Oceanic
17894:Western
17761:Malango
17638:Asumboa
17552:Western
17543:Penchal
17505:Eastern
17497: ?
17474:Oceanic
17405:Munggui
17357:Meoswar
17181: ?
17175: ?
17168:Waropen
17093:Saparua
17047:Kaibobo
17042:Paulohi
17011:Asilulu
17004: ?
16934:Benggoi
16878:Taliabo
16873:Mangole
16862:Moksela
16841:Ambelau
16744:Imroing
16686:Amarasi
16671:Termanu
16661:Ringgou
16592: ?
16586: ?
16551:Atauran
16494:Idalaka
16471:Timoric
16411:Batuley
16406:Barakai
16373:Yamdena
16368:Fordata
16356: ?
16312:Ile Ape
16307:Adonara
16272:Alorese
16170:Rembong
16123:Lamboya
16093:Mamboru
16088:Kambera
15988:Palauan
15942: ?
15928:Pattaeʌ
15736:Selayar
15721:Bentong
15693:Embaloh
15634:Laiyolo
15597:Topoiyo
15567:Mbelala
15534: ?
15493: ?
15452:Banggai
15419:Pancana
15409:Liabuku
15389:Cia-Cia
15361:Wawonii
15311:Kodeoha
15284:Celebic
15274:Sumbawa
15244:Kangean
15173:Lampung
15154: ?
15110:Angkola
15063: ?
15061:Enggano
15014: ?
14854:Kerinci
14840: ?
14733:Mualang
14729: ?
14637:Sanggau
14577:Bakatiʌ
14506:Kayanic
14444:Bukitan
14439:Melanau
14424:Sekapan
14419:Lahanan
14414:Kajaman
14392:Bintulu
14367:Berawan
14347:Lengilu
14342:Kelabit
14338: ?
14234:Timugon
14221:Murutic
14207: ?
14192:Greater
14103:Dusunic
14072:Greater
14054: ?
14014:Greater
13956:Abaknon
13938:Tunjung
13752:Tondano
13747:Tombulu
13719:Ratahan
13696:Teduray
13606:Bolango
13558:Kamigin
13548:Ilianen
13533:Binukid
13505:Maranao
13469:Subanen
13400:Mansaka
13395:Mandaya
13390:Mamanwa
13380:Kalagan
13302:Magahat
13292:Karay-a
13277:Cuyonon
13256:Cebuano
13221:Akeanon
13213:Bisayan
13138:Tagalog
13103:Tawbuid
13098:Hanunoo
13054:Alangan
13017:Botolan
13012:Bolinao
12997:Abellen
12890:Kalinga
12800:Gaddang
12795:GaÊŒdang
12767:Ilocano
12724:Itbayat
12706:linkage
12618:Taivoan
12572:Luilang
12567:Kavalan
12342:below (
12325:ć泶èȘæććžć
12320:YouTube
12118:: 1â26.
12028:5381892
12005:Bibcode
11975:1166350
11740:1783647
11651:9837834
11642:1377653
11530:bioRxiv
11522:Bibcode
11514:Science
11433:3951936
11349:2614200
11311:3622788
11192:Bibcode
10860:Bibcode
10814:Spanish
10694:delapan
10420:Ko 2014
9637:nifiiy
9574:jalatn
9565:urakng
9526:jalang
9523:anjing
9518:ghumoh,
9515:oghang
9324:valzai
9319:tulzun
9251:Kadazan
9242:onu/nu
9188:vaovao
9182:lalana
9170:efatra
9142:hanyar
9081:kanaka
8975:aomata
8963:teuana
8902:dahaka
8867:tamona
8843:ha'Ă„ni
8840:chÄlan
8828:fatfat
8737:anjing
8732:ghumoh,
8652:bahauk
8639:anying,
8592:laleng
8543:harani
8488:lamban
8485:jelema
8396:labuah,
8344:seuëng
8315:seuneu
8311:nahaon
8303:Ă©nggal
8292:anying
8280:urang,
8248:punapa
8238:Ă©nggal
8233:dinten
8209:tiyang,
8172:aparan
8099:anjing
7954:dallan
7929:Gaddang
7871:sittam
7841:tadday
7798:dadowa
7754:Ilokano
7716:talora
7660:métung
7638:gawiâi
7610:Maranao
7558:kalayo
7512:kaeayo
7470:Aklanon
7464:kalayo
7418:kalayo
7376:Cebuano
7370:kalayo
7322:kalayĆ
7276:kalĂĄyo
7255:harĂłng
7197:dalawa
7190:Tagalog
7179:amanai
7112:tamdaw
7044:*Sapuy
7029:*zalan
6974:person
6947:ragaag
6944:meereeb
6941:meeruuk
6929:anngeeg
6923:lâugruw
6915:dĂŠriiy
6905:sefulu
6781:sefulu
6739:sefulu
6666:Rotuman
6587:Rapanui
6541:gwauta
6496:ralitĆk
6493:jimjuon
6490:jiljino
6414:'e-walu
6411:'e-hiku
6405:'e-lima
6399:'e-kolu
6393:'e-kahi
6300:engoon
6219:samfur
6179:mapulo
5979:sapolo
5946:Maranao
5900:napulĂČ
5858:napulĂČ
5824:Cebuano
5818:napulĂČ
5778:napulĂČ
5735:napuyĂČ
5657:napulo
5630:(i)sara
5623:Karay-a
5617:napueo
5581:Aklanon
5511:dalawĂĄ
5501:Tagalog
5455:samplo
5416:mafulu
5344:ibbong
5340:Ilocano
5296: :
5218:sanulu
5178:spuloh
5175:smilang
5135:salapan
5132:dalapan
5098:sepulu
5053:dĂȘlapĂȘn
5004:(walÉy)
4984:(tÉlÉy)
4952:salapan
4911:delapan
4879:kosong
4823:sapolo
4796:settong
4743:spuloh
4622:sapluh
4619:salapan
4616:dalapan
4583:ompulu
4544:Cia-Cia
4295:siploh
4214:*puluq
4096:Qauqaut
4057:Makatao
4048:matuha
4024:tsaha'
4018:Taivoan
4012:keteng
4000:tu-num
3985:sasaat
3880:tsjima
3856:rabtin
3823:Kavalan
3736:bangate
3700:masÊan
3643:sÊÊpatÊ
3457:tanaso
3451:yuweto
3439:tool'a
3433:tatanu
3409:nataap
3406:nachab
3403:naspat
3397:narroa
3382:tsihet
3262:tanathu
3259:kashpat
3181:mmsepac
2945:Vietnam
2860:Braille
2807:Eskayan
2797:Avoiuli
2788:Dunging
2603:Lampung
2579:Kaganga
2521:Tagalog
2340:Kra-Dai
2332:Japonic
2193:Austric
2191:in an '
2177:Austric
2167:Sinitic
2131:Kra-Dai
2010:Li 2006
1998:genetic
1941:History
1922:of the
1872:Kra-Dai
1747:Enemish
1725:Limaish
1703:Pituish
1680:Luilang
1590:Isbukun
1545:Kavalan
1026:Sanasay
1022:Sinasay
964:or the
939:Oceanic
923:Oceanic
827:Lexicon
723:'leg',
671:Roviana
667:infixes
656:Tagalog
629:affixes
554:phoneme
474:in the
357:Cebuano
345:Tagalog
74:Oceania
72:), and
24303:Korean
24235:tenses
24211:Hebrew
24206:Arabic
24169:Basque
24164:Adyghe
24131:Uralic
24112:Greek
24029:Czech
24011:Slavic
23924:French
23887:tenses
23878:Latin
23868:Italic
23853:Irish
23847:Celtic
23838:Gothic
23833:German
23822:Dutch
23793:strong
23517:Mijiic
23510:Digaro
23457:Pontic
23385:Borean
23380:Altaic
23344:Rouran
23337:Turkic
23330:Uralic
23319:Other
23204:Turkic
23132:Nihali
23027:Gutian
22999:Hattic
22992:Turkic
22958:Minoan
22930:Sicani
22875:Basque
22869:Turkic
22862:Uralic
22846:Europe
22658:BANZSL
22620:Yamana
22605:Trumai
22574:Movima
22528:FulniĂŽ
22491:AikanĂŁ
22405:Tupian
22300:Chonan
22224:Arauan
22162:Xincan
22114:Lencan
22067:Yokuts
21964:Yukian
21929:Tanoan
21924:Siouan
21907:Pomoan
21848:Coosan
21674:Mirndi
21567:Porome
21562:Pawaia
21416:Senagi
21388:Madang
21337:Eleman
21292:Border
21223:Nihali
21216:Minoan
21196:Hattic
21178:Basque
21149:Mijiic
21131:Digaro
21115:Uralic
21101:Turkic
20952:Europe
20809:Africa
20705:Tongan
20700:Niuean
20686:Tongic
20527:Samoan
20513:Samoic
20420:Fijian
20308:Tobian
20158:Yuanga
20147:Vamale
20142:PwapwĂą
20097:Haveke
20082:CĂšmuhĂź
20072:Bwatoo
19882:Sorung
19838:Alovas
19783:Nitita
19778:Nisvai
19630:Bieria
19572:Makura
19567:Lelepa
19552:Nafsan
19507:Tutuba
19492:Tangoa
19462:MavÌea
19450:Nokuku
19359:Duidui
19325:VeraÊŒa
19305:Mwesen
19275:Lehali
19207:Sudest
19181:Misima
19140:Tawala
19070:Dawawa
19055:Molima
19050:Galeya
19030:Bunama
19005:Diodio
18980:Saliba
18965:Buhutu
18886:Karnai
18876:Mengen
18871:Mamusi
18861:Solong
18841:Bebeli
18831:Apalik
18826:Akolet
18821:Aiklep
18800:Karore
18715:Bariai
18677:Mumeng
18662:Kumalu
18642:Wampur
18637:Wampar
18597:Dangal
18592:Adzera
18566:Bukawa
18518:Terebu
18498:Tumleo
18450:Tobati
18445:Tarpia
18430:Podena
18405:Bonggo
18389:Sarmiâ
18360:Tomoip
18342:Zabana
18337:Varisi
18327:Vaghua
18321:Uruava
18316:Ughele
18286:Saposa
18266:Petats
18241:Marovo
18236:Lungga
18220:Kokota
18139:Tangga
18094:Kandas
18031:Madara
18010:Tungag
17870:DoriÊŒo
17835:Baeggu
17799:Fagani
17784:Longgu
17766:Talise
17736:Bugotu
17701:Nalögo
17669:Tanema
17664:Lovono
17626:Utupua
17618:Temotu
17576:Wuvulu
17571:Seimat
17528:Lenkau
17522:Hermit
17495:Yapese
17425:Kurudu
17410:Papuma
17395:Wamesa
17352:Dusner
17339:Biakic
17306:Patani
17252:Fiawat
17231:Matbat
17157:Tandia
17083:Amahai
17078:Haruku
17057:Tulehu
17022:Manipa
16987:Wemale
16977:Huaulu
16972:Nuaulu
16966:Kayeli
16851:Lisela
16802:Kowiai
16749:TelaÊŒa
16729:Serili
16724:Masela
16651:Dengka
16627:Makuva
16607:Romang
16584:Naueti
16579:Midiki
16574:Waimoa
16569:Kairui
16546:Galoli
16525:Bekais
16520:Mambai
16484:Helong
16451:Mariri
16441:Lorang
16339:Selaru
16331:Selaru
16317:Mingar
16287:Levuka
16251:Kedang
16215:Rongga
16210:Ngadha
16190:PaluÊŒe
16175:Rajong
16155:Komodo
16118:Wejewa
16108:Pondok
15923:Mamasa
15911:Toraja
15897:Pannei
15887:Bambam
15835:Mandar
15830:Mamuju
15786:Badaic
15629:Kamaru
15587:Sarudu
15577:Pamona
15532:Totoli
15527:Tomini
15512:Pendau
15467:Saluan
15346:Tolaki
15306:Bungku
15082:Sikule
15026:Moklen
15002:Rejang
14929:Temuan
14813:Duanoʌ
14788:Banjar
14783:Bamayo
14714:Ibanic
14692:Roglai
14597:Biatah
14539:Aoheng
14524:Modang
14464:Burusu
14387:Tutong
14372:Belait
14357:SaÊŒban
14264:Paluan
14259:Okolod
14254:Baukan
14205:Tatana
14126:Kuijau
14052:Molbog
14047:Bonggi
14042:IdaÊŒan
13878:Malang
13849:Barito
13824:Manide
13762:Tonsea
13729:Talaud
13714:Bantik
13641:Suwawa
13523:Agusan
13515:Manobo
13495:Iranun
13385:Kamayo
13352:Tausug
13236:Baybay
13032:Sambal
13002:Ambala
12923:Ibaloi
12900:Tuwali
12880:Isinai
12875:Ifugao
12870:Bontoc
12815:Itawis
12805:Ibanag
12729:Ivatan
12644:Paiwan
12639:Puyuma
12612:Siraya
12519:Babuza
12479:Seediq
12474:Atayal
12447:Saaroa
12429:Tsouic
12411:Rukaic
12241:
12218:
12202:
12172:
12158:
12137:
12072:
12064:
12035:
12025:
11982:
11972:
11935:
11877:
11851:
11830:
11780:
11738:
11691:
11649:
11639:
11604:
11576:
11568:
11560:
11532:
11440:
11430:
11387:Lingua
11356:
11346:
11309:
11212:
11184:Nature
11143:
11119:
11088:
11061:Taipei
11007:
10954:
10921:
10732:
10679:nullus
10662:Ű”ÙÙÙ۱
10660:Arabic
10574:
10570:â197.
10338:
10040:
10015:
9792:
9634:maang
9631:gamow
9616:noqun
9607:dalip
9597:Yapese
9585:diri'
9583:kami',
9568:rumah
9562:ampat
9532:baghu
9520:dumoh
9478:jalan
9472:rumah
9469:orang
9466:empat
9457:sigek
9439:kitai
9430:jalai
9422:rumah
9419:urang
9417:orang,
9414:empat
9381:runat
9378:ralan
9372:waloi
9369:lobuw
9345:tapui,
9339:tokou
9333:tadau
9330:dalan
9322:valai,
9317:tulun,
9311:tolzu
9299:Rungus
9293:tapui
9285:tokou
9279:tadau
9276:lahan
9270:hamin
9267:tuhun
9245:tapui
9239:tokou
9233:tadau
9230:ralan
9224:lamin
9222:walai,
9219:tulun
9194:inona
9191:isika
9185:andro
9179:alika
9176:trano
9173:olona
9130:rƫmah
9127:urang
9124:ampat
9099:kÄkou
9087:'Ä«lio
8994:kawai
8989:kamea,
8969:tenua
8930:whare
8885:sisia
8855:guÄfi
8846:nuebu
8834:guma'
8822:hugua
8819:maisa
8817:hÄcha,
8785:rofan
8746:baghu
8734:dumoh
8692:dalan
8683:halak
8655:kitak
8644:jalan
8641:koyok
8634:gumah,
8629:uwang,
8626:empat
8623:tigak
8617:satuk
8613:Temuan
8580:eppa'
8577:tellu
8571:se'di
8558:apiya
8548:ompay
8531:jolma
8497:khani
8456:jano,
8447:bilai
8444:dalĂȘn
8441:kuyuk
8438:umĂȘak
8419:Rejang
8398:jalan
8390:rumah
8387:urang
8384:ampek
8340:rumoh,
8334:peuët
8309:naon,
8301:anyar,
8295:jalan
8286:imah,
8267:saésé
8265:hiji,
8255:brama
8236:anyar,
8226:dalan,
8218:dalem
8216:griya,
8207:uwong,
8202:papat,
8194:kalih
8158:dalan
8149:wwang
8146:catur
8102:jalan
8096:balai
8094:rumah,
8091:orang
8088:empat
8079:suatu
8075:sa/se,
8052:beruh
8046:dalan
8040:ruma'
8031:teluh
8009:tekuy
7948:balay
7945:tolay
7942:appat
7939:tallo
7936:addwa
7933:antet
7899:tolay
7896:appat
7893:tallu
7865:aggaw
7862:dalan
7856:balay
7853:tolay
7850:appa'
7847:tallu
7837:Ibanag
7825:yaten
7822:va-yo
7813:chito
7810:vahay
7801:tatdo
7791:Ivatan
7773:innem
7767:uppat
7764:tallo
7758:maysa
7733:dalan
7727:abong
7711:duara
7706:sakey
7681:dĂĄlan
7635:lalan
7629:walay
7595:ba-gu
7592:adlaw
7564:Tausug
7549:bag-o
7546:adlaw
7543:dalan
7537:balay
7528:tatlo
7525:darwa
7503:bag-o
7500:adlaw
7497:daean
7491:baeay
7485:ap-at
7482:tatlo
7479:daywa
7474:isaea,
7455:bag-o
7452:adlaw
7449:dalan
7443:balay
7434:tatlo
7409:bag-o
7406:adlaw
7403:dalan
7397:balay
7361:bag-o
7358:adlaw
7355:dalan
7347:balay
7310:aldÉw
7307:raran
7301:balÉy
7289:darwÄ
7264:aldĂĄw
7261:dalan
7209:bahay
7200:tatlo
7173:vekar
7167:dalan
7161:rumah
7142:Puyuma
7136:namal
7127:faroh
7124:cidal
7121:lalan
7109:sepat
7100:cecay
7087:saida
7078:loron
7075:dalan
7017:*Épat
7014:*tÉlu
7011:*duSa
6977:house
6968:three
6938:medlip
6917:dĂŠriiq
6911:Yapese
6828:Tongan
6745:Samoan
6705:Samoan
6547:Niuean
6460:tekau
6417:'e-iwa
6408:'e-ono
6396:'e-lua
6377:ruaiwa
6365:nimaua
6353:teuana
6306:Fijian
6158:tatelu
6152:sembau
6122:efatra
6098:hopod
6058:pulu'
6006:jawatn
5906:Tausug
5588:isaea
5572:siyĂĄm
5535:sampĂ»
5532:siyĂĄm
5514:tatlĂł
5495:apĂșlu
5389:tadday
5382:Ibanag
5270:paËn˧˚
5260:naËn˧˚
5172:lapang
5148:kosong
5050:tujuak
5026:Rejang
5002:waloj
4999:luÉuËk
4982:teloj
4949:tujuah
4886:sa/se
4881:sifar
4853:annang
4820:sanga'
4817:ballu'
4814:petto'
4802:tello'
4799:dhuwa'
4783:puluh
4713:kosong
4526:enneng
4427:Banjar
4280:limong
4263:sifar
4045:kipa'
4042:kito'
4033:paha'
3994:tapat
3979:Siraya
3877:sÉpat
3784:Puyuma
3760:sepatj
3745:Paiwan
3721:supate
3613:kupitu
3610:kÊnÊmÊ
3607:kulima
3583:maskÊ
3521:to:lo'
3488:xasep
3485:supat
3476:adang
3470:Kaxabu
3448:tahap
3445:hasap
3442:lapat
3427:Taokas
3412:naito
3394:natta
3370:natap
3367:nahup
3364:napat
3358:naroa
3349:Babuza
3325:mipal
3316:mital
3310:Hoanya
3304:metsi
3298:mehal
3292:minum
3271:Papora
3253:katuru
3250:tarima
3226:maxal
3223:mngari
3220:maspat
3217:empitu
3214:mataru
3199:kingal
3187:maxal
3184:mngari
3175:mmteru
3160:kingal
3154:Seediq
3127:cyugal
3124:sazing
3115:Atayal
3049:*SÉpat
2981:Tuvalu
2979:, and
2969:Borneo
2961:Hawaii
2943:, and
2933:Champa
2915:, the
2911:, the
2909:Taiwan
2888:Samoan
2778:Hangul
2756:Tausug
2744:Banjar
2499:, and
2435:script
2197:phylum
2159:Hainan
1862:Paiwan
1855:Puyuma
1836:
1834:
1825:
1823:
1808:Tsouic
1790:
1781:Hoanya
1777:Papora
1773:
1759:Siraya
1757:
1755:
1735:
1733:
1719:Taokas
1713:
1711:
1689:
1687:
1678:
1676:
1667:
1665:
1625:Sagart
1608:Puyuma
1604:Paiwan
1602:
1600:
1583:
1581:
1554:Siraya
1535:
1533:
1523:Seediq
1497:Babuza
1493:Hoanya
1489:Papora
1454:
1452:
1429:Saaroa
1413:Tsouic
1409:
1407:
1380:
1378:
1316:
1314:
1299:
1297:
1286:
1284:
1264:
1262:
1251:
1249:
1188:
1186:
1177:a.k.a.
1159:
1157:
1131:
1129:
1110:; old
1099:a.k.a.
1088:
1086:
1059:Tsouic
1056:
1054:
960:, the
735:Syntax
725:at-atu
678:tavete
605:Chamic
528:, the
494:, and
445:, are
417:auster
317:Taiwan
288:-strÉ-
181:Tsouic
164:Puyuma
155:Paiwan
66:Hainan
50:Taiwan
24242:Sotho
24101:Other
23816:modal
23763:Verbs
23748:Nouns
23708:Verbs
23295:Nivkh
23249:Ongan
22615:Warao
22584:Nukak
22555:Kunza
22533:GuatĂł
22522:CofĂĄn
22502:CamsĂĄ
22295:Choco
22256:Boran
22205:South
22186:Huave
22121:Mayan
22072:Yuchi
22055:Washo
22005:Karuk
22000:Haida
21939:Utian
21871:Keres
21808:Alsea
21801:Algic
21786:North
21578:Taiap
21572:Sulka
21427:Sepik
21342:Engan
21083:Ongan
21066:Nivkh
20934:Shabo
20917:Jalaa
20911:Hadza
20865:Mande
20627:Anuta
20568:MÄori
20498:Takuu
20430:Lauan
20267:Mapia
20127:PaicĂź
20112:Kumak
20092:Haeke
20035:Orowe
20030:NumÚÚ
19972:Drehu
19903:Tanna
19843:Najit
19833:Rutan
19828:Vivti
19808:Tirax
19793:Rerep
19773:Ninde
19678:Axamb
19668:Avava
19663:Aulua
19635:Lamen
19477:Sakao
19472:Mores
19440:Araki
19336:Vurës
19330:Volow
19320:Olrat
19290:Löyöp
19270:Lakon
19255:Dorig
19236:North
19202:Nimoa
19186:Muyuw
19150:Anuki
19115:Gweda
19015:Iduna
18921:Mbula
18916:Maleu
18911:Amara
18906:Ronji
18795:Aigon
18775:Takia
18760:Marik
18720:Gitua
18692:Yamap
18687:Vehes
18657:Kapin
18622:Musom
18602:Duwet
18576:Yabem
18548:Wogeo
18533:Manam
18508:Kaiep
18460:Yamna
18455:Wakde
18440:Sobei
18378:North
18347:Zazao
18311:Torau
18296:Solos
18291:Simbo
18276:Ririo
18256:Nehan
18251:Nduke
18230:Laghu
18209:Hoava
18204:Halia
18194:Hahon
18144:Tolai
18104:Label
18078:Bilur
18062:Madak
18052:Barok
18045:Madak
18036:Notsi
18026:Lihir
18019:Tabar
18005:Tigak
18000:Tiang
17995:Nalik
17905:Mesoâ
17880:Oroha
17865:Kwaio
17809:Kahua
17804:Bauro
17794:Arosi
17756:Ghari
17751:Birao
17746:Lengo
17704:Noipx
17687:Ăiwoo
17659:Teanu
17608:Tenis
17538:Nauna
17512:Manus
17390:Marau
17385:Ansus
17380:Ambai
17372:Yapen
17311:Sawai
17247:Maden
17240:Maden
17226:MaÊŒya
17205:Ambel
17145:SHWNG
17032:Boano
16944:Liana
16939:Salas
16918:Bobot
16908:Geser
16898:Banda
16781:Serua
16696:Babar
16646:Bilba
16622:Luang
16612:Kisar
16590:Habun
16541:Wetar
16510:Kemak
16489:Tetum
16421:Karey
16416:Dobel
16383:Sekar
16180:Kepoʌ
16165:Riung
16133:Gaura
16080:Sumba
15892:Dakka
15861:Maiwa
15799:Behoa
15698:Taman
15676:Bugis
15645:Wolio
15624:Kalao
15592:Sedoa
15582:Rampi
15562:Kaili
15522:Tajio
15507:Lauje
15502:Dondo
15491:Boano
15457:Batui
15442:Andio
15384:Busoa
15336:Padoe
15269:Sasak
15216:Osing
15152:Nasal
15115:Dairi
15097:Batak
15021:Moken
14974:Baduy
14904:Pekal
14828:Jakun
14756:Malay
14738:Remun
14682:Jarai
14677:Haroi
14627:Ribun
14607:Jagoi
14587:Laraʌ
14559:Murik
14549:Punan
14529:Segai
14519:Bahau
14514:Kayan
14495:Lelak
14484:Bukat
14474:Sajau
14382:Narom
14377:Kiput
14362:Tring
14336:Penan
14321:Tutoh
14316:Sebob
14269:Ganaʌ
14229:Tagol
14211:Papar
14093:Lotud
14001:Basap
13986:Yakan
13966:Mapun
13961:Bajaw
13928:Ngaju
13918:Siang
13913:Dohoi
13908:Kohin
13873:Deyah
13866:Bushi
13792:Klata
13691:Tboli
13686:Blaan
13678:Bilic
13626:Lolak
13487:Danao
13444:Batak
13357:Waray
13342:Sulod
13317:Onhan
13165:Bikol
13093:Buhid
13059:Iraya
12938:Karao
12928:Iwaak
12885:Itneg
12820:Yogad
12810:Isnag
12649:Bunun
12561:Basay
12508:Kulon
12502:Pazeh
12419:Rukai
12200:S2CID
12070:S2CID
12062:JSTOR
11828:S2CID
11799:(PDF)
11778:S2CID
11574:S2CID
11472:(PDF)
11457:(PDF)
11307:JSTOR
11249:(PDF)
11242:(PDF)
11117:S2CID
11016:(PDF)
11005:S2CID
10985:(PDF)
10970:(PDF)
10952:S2CID
10831:nuevo
10818:galgo
10812:From
10690:lapan
10676:Latin
10388:(PDF)
10377:(PDF)
10336:S2CID
10322:(1).
10227:(PDF)
10169:P. Li
9846:[
9672:Notes
9625:raan
9619:kuus
9613:beaq
9580:baru
9571:asu'
9559:talu
9535:kite
9529:aghi
9509:tige
9506:duwe
9487:kita
9484:baru
9475:asuk
9463:tiga
9455:satu,
9442:nama
9436:baru
9433:hari
9427:uduk
9425:ukui,
9411:tiga
9393:apui
9387:toko
9384:wagu
9366:opat
9363:tolu
9347:apui
9342:nunu
9336:vagu
9327:tasu
9314:apat
9309:tolu,
9306:duvo
9290:nunu
9282:vagu
9273:tasu
9264:apat
9261:tohu
9258:duvo
9236:wagu
9227:tasu
9216:apat
9213:tolu
9203:Dusun
9167:telo
9145:kami
9139:hÇri
9136:heko
9121:talu
9118:duwa
9084:hale
9075:kolu
9069:kahi
9053:tÄua
9039:kuli
9036:fale
9033:toko
9027:tolu
9021:tasi
9006:tera,
8997:bong
8991:kiri
8984:house
8980:bata,
8966:uoua
8933:kurī
8921:toru
8915:tahi
8911:MÄori
8905:lahi
8891:dina
8888:dala
8882:ruma
8876:hani
8852:hÄfa
8849:hita
8825:tulu
8804:masa
8799:nggo
8794:babo
8788:nyan
8777:snon
8774:fyak
8771:kyor
8768:suru
8765:oser
8752:gapo
8749:kito
8743:aghi
8740:jale
8729:oghe
8723:tigo
8720:duwo
8701:hita
8698:baru
8686:jabu
8680:opat
8677:tolu
8671:sada
8661:apik
8658:apak
8649:haik
8636:umah
8631:eang
8620:duak
8601:idi'
8598:baru
8595:esso
8586:bola
8561:apuy
8555:kita
8553:sikam
8546:anyar
8525:tolu
8522:ruwa
8519:osay
8509:apui
8503:kham
8500:baru
8491:kaci
8479:telu
8476:khua
8463:opoi
8458:gen,
8450:blau
8429:tlau
8426:duai
8407:awak
8404:baru
8401:hari
8381:tigo
8375:ciek
8365:apui
8362:peuë
8356:barĂŽ
8353:uroë
8347:asÚë
8342:balĂš,
8331:lhÚë
8328:duwa
8277:opat
8253:latu,
8251:gÄni,
8231:dina,
8228:gili
8214:omah,
8199:tiga
8197:tÄlu,
8192:loro,
8187:siji,
8177:agni
8175:apuy,
8167:kami
8161:dina
8152:umah
8139:tÄlu,
8108:baru
8105:hari
8085:tiga
8077:satu,
8071:Malay
8061:apui
8058:enun
8043:uko'
8034:epat
8028:dueh
8025:eceh
8015:ofih
8012:tedu
8006:lomi
8003:kdaw
7994:gunu
7982:lewu
7979:sotu
7975:Tboli
7969:afuy
7960:bawu
7923:afuy
7920:gani
7914:bagu
7911:agaw
7890:addu
7887:tata
7883:Yogad
7874:anni
7868:bagu
7859:kitu
7831:apoy
7828:ango
7819:araw
7804:apat
7782:siam
7779:walo
7776:pito
7770:lima
7748:pool
7745:anto
7739:balo
7736:ageo
7719:apat,
7714:talo,
7693:nĂĄnu
7687:bĂĄyu
7684:aldĂł
7675:balé
7669:ĂĄpat
7666:atlĂș
7663:adwĂĄ
7650:apoy
7641:bago
7620:tÉlo
7617:dowa
7604:kayu
7586:iru'
7577:upat
7571:duwa
7552:kita
7540:ayam
7534:tawo
7531:apat
7506:kita
7494:ayam
7488:tawo
7458:kita
7440:tawo
7437:apat
7431:duha
7415:unsa
7412:kita
7394:tawo
7391:upat
7388:tulo
7385:duha
7364:kita
7350:ayam,
7344:tawo
7341:upat
7338:tulo
7335:duha
7328:Waray
7316:kitÄ
7313:bÄgo
7304:ayam
7298:tawĆ
7295:Épat
7292:tolĆ
7286:Ésad
7267:bĂ go
7258:ĂĄyam
7252:tĂĄwo
7249:apĂĄt
7246:tulĂł
7243:duwĂĄ
7240:sarĂŽ
7236:Bikol
7230:apoy
7221:bago
7218:araw
7215:daan
7203:apat
7182:apue,
7170:wari
7164:soan
7152:telu
7133:uman
7130:kita
7118:wacu
7115:luma
7106:tolo
7103:tosa
7081:foun
7063:haat
7060:tolu
7050:Tetum
7026:*asu
7020:*Cau
6998:fire
6995:what
6983:road
6971:four
6935:neelâ
6926:dalip
6876:tahi
6793:hĆ'Ä
6551:nakai
6487:ÄŒalem
6451:whitu
6426:MÄori
6420:'umi
6402:'e-hÄ
6374:wanua
6368:onoua
6359:tenua
6340:tini
6310:saiva
6276:Ă©rĂșĂșw
6207:wonem
6167:eneng
6155:darua
6140:folo
6128:enina
6108:aotra
6064:Dusun
6055:liwa'
6052:waluh
6049:tudu'
6043:limeh
6037:teluh
6003:limaq
6000:opaat
5997:toluu
5976:siyaw
5937:siyam
5910:sipar
5897:siyĂĄm
5870:warĂĄy
5866:Waray
5860:pulĂČ
5855:siyĂĄm
5815:siyĂĄm
5797:tatlĂł
5775:siyĂĄm
5752:duwĂĄ
5747:isĂĄd
5732:siyĂĄm
5693:siyam
5684:an-om
5675:tatlo
5672:darwa
5663:Onhan
5654:siyam
5636:tatlo
5633:darwa
5614:siyam
5605:an-om
5599:ap-at
5596:tatlo
5593:daywa
5569:walĂł
5566:pitĂł
5563:anĂłm
5560:limĂĄ
5557:apĂĄt
5554:tulĂł
5551:duwĂĄ
5548:sarĂŽ
5545:warĂą
5541:Bikol
5529:walĂł
5526:pitĂł
5523:anim
5520:limĂĄ
5517:apat
5505:walĂą
5452:siyam
5428:sakey
5413:siyam
5404:annam
5398:appa'
5395:tallu
5364:innem
5358:uppat
5355:tallo
5349:maysa
5292:' in
5240:tʰua˩
5184:Tetun
5169:tujoh
5129:tujuh
5126:genep
5095:siwak
5092:baluk
5089:pituk
5080:empat
5071:sekek
5065:Sasak
4990:lema:
4976:tuwa:
4964:Moken
4940:ampek
4913:lapan
4908:tujuh
4899:empat
4890:suatu
4888:satu
4875:Malay
4847:appa'
4844:tallu
4838:se're
4835:nolo'
4811:ennem
4808:lema'
4805:empa'
4780:suway
4740:smile
4734:tujoh
4700:sanga
4685:papat
4660:sanga
4634:siji
4613:tujuh
4575:walu
4550:dise
4535:aséra
4520:eppaâ
4517:tellu
4511:séddi
4457:sanga
4442:ampat
4421:dasa
4407:kutus
4385:nenem
4363:papat
4337:kalih
4326:besik
4289:lapan
4286:tujoh
4277:peuet
4250:asiam
4244:apito
4238:alima
4211:*siwa
4208:*walu
4205:*pitu
4202:*ÉnÉm
4199:*lima
4196:*Épat
4193:*tÉlu
4190:*duha
4111:sÉpat
4036:hima
4030:toho
4027:ruha
4009:kuda
4006:pipa
4003:pitu
3991:turu
3988:duha
3955:sepat
3946:cacay
3907:cecay
3892:siwa
3889:wasu
3886:pitu
3883:anÉm
3871:lusa
3862:Basay
3853:usiwa
3850:uwalu
3847:upitu
3841:ulima
3838:uspat
3835:utulu
3832:uzusa
3817:pulu
3793:druwa
3769:pitju
3757:tjelu
3754:drusa
3733:valru
3727:eneme
3724:lrima
3718:tulru
3715:drusa
3706:Rukai
3673:tasÊa
3667:Bunun
3661:maan
3619:kusia
3616:kualu
3604:paatÊ
3601:tuulu
3595:canni
3565:sÊptÊ
3527:haseb
3524:Sopat
3518:roSa'
3503:isit
3482:tu'u
3479:dusa
3466:Pazeh
3373:natu
3355:nata
3340:asia
3337:talo
3334:pito
3328:lima
3322:miru
3319:misa
3301:mesi
3295:pitu
3289:lima
3277:tanu
3247:shpat
3241:tusha
3193:Truku
3178:mpitu
3169:sepac
3133:magal
3130:payat
3121:qutux
3064:*Siwa
3061:*walu
3058:*pitu
3055:*ÉnÉm
3052:*lima
3046:*tÉlu
3043:*duSa
2953:Papua
2929:Chams
2884:MÄori
2876:Tolai
2736:Malay
2497:Sasak
2493:Malay
2464:Latin
2433:Batak
2412:Hindu
2408:Latin
2374:Ongan
2359:Ongan
1804:Rukai
1799:Bunun
1695:Kulon
1691:Pazeh
1643:Pazeh
1585:Bunun
1549:Basay
1475:Pazeh
1471:Kulon
1383:Rukai
1275:Rukai
1149:Kulun
892:MÄori
878:Bunun
867:MÄori
859:Bunun
817:Sasak
777:focus
721:takki
688:Malay
663:tĂtis
648:jalan
637:Malay
575:drift
492:MÄori
435:nĂȘsos
428:ÎœáżÏÎżÏ
412:Latin
406:) by
329:Malay
292:-zhÉn
173:Rukai
118:Bunun
70:China
23797:weak
23795:and
23664:bold
23522:Miju
23290:Ainu
22790:bold
22717:See
22653:Arab
22639:Sign
22590:PĂĄez
22567:Maku
22561:Leco
22077:Zuni
22061:Yana
22015:Seri
21772:Tiwi
21592:Wiru
21557:Mpur
21547:Kuot
21530:AnĂȘm
21525:Abun
21492:Yuat
21487:Yawa
21433:Skou
21410:Ramu
21261:and
21155:Miju
20977:Ainu
20957:Asia
20955:and
20928:Laal
20889:Kadu
20877:Ijaw
20840:Kx'a
20632:Emae
20596:Rapa
20409:East
20383:West
20132:Pije
20117:Nemi
20107:Jawe
20087:FwĂąi
20077:Caac
20055:Zire
20040:TĂźrĂź
20025:Neku
20015:Arhö
20010:ArhĂą
20005:Ajië
19977:Iaai
19848:Njav
19813:Unua
19803:Tape
19758:Nese
19748:NÄti
19645:Maii
19640:Lewo
19620:Baki
19562:Eton
19512:Wusi
19457:Kiai
19434:Aore
19429:Akei
19410:Sowa
19395:Apma
19369:Raga
19315:Nume
19295:Mota
19265:Koro
19110:Ubir
19090:Doga
19045:Duau
19040:Dobu
18985:Suau
18931:Tami
18901:Mato
18866:Lote
18846:Gimi
18836:Avau
18740:Mutu
18730:Lusi
18725:Kove
18652:Iwal
18647:Hote
18627:Nafi
18617:Mari
18607:Labu
18571:Kela
18543:Sepa
18523:Biem
18483:Sera
18425:Ormu
18415:Liki
18400:Anus
18301:Teop
18271:Piva
18199:Hakö
18129:Siar
17985:Kara
17958:Vitu
17953:Bali
17927:Bulu
17922:Bola
17855:Wala
17789:SaÊŒa
17741:Gela
17633:Amba
17456:Umar
17446:Yaur
17430:Wabo
17400:Wooi
17362:Roon
17347:Biak
17316:Gebe
17301:Maba
17296:Buli
17291:Taba
17286:Gane
17210:Biga
17179:Yoke
17098:Latu
17062:Laha
17052:Hitu
17016:Luhu
16928:Hoti
16903:Bati
16887:East
16868:Sula
16846:Buru
16834:West
16775:Nila
16770:Teun
16656:Lole
16617:Leti
16461:Ujir
16436:Lola
16431:Kola
16426:Koba
16378:Onin
16246:Sika
16220:SoÊŒa
16195:Ende
16128:Kodi
16070:Dhao
16065:Hawu
16057:Savu
16029:Bima
16022:Bima
15935:Lawa
15851:Duri
15804:Napu
15794:Bada
15753:Seko
15650:Wotu
15572:Moma
15517:Taje
15414:Muna
15356:Waru
15130:Toba
15120:Karo
15105:Alas
15077:Nias
15067:Gayo
14879:Musi
14874:Lubu
14864:Kubu
14849:Kaur
14818:Haji
14722:Iban
14697:Tsat
14687:Rade
14672:Chru
14582:Sara
14544:Aput
14489:Seru
14459:Ukit
14454:Sian
13976:Sama
13898:Paku
13883:Witu
13611:Buol
12785:Atta
12756:Arta
12734:Yami
12589:Amis
12546:East
12514:Thao
12437:Tsou
12280:2005
12239:ISSN
12216:ISBN
12170:ISBN
12156:ISBN
12135:ISBN
12033:PMID
11980:PMID
11933:ISBN
11875:ISBN
11849:ISBN
11736:OCLC
11689:ISBN
11647:PMID
11602:ISBN
11566:PMID
11558:ISSN
11438:PMID
11354:PMID
11282:2005
11257:2006
11210:PMID
11141:ISBN
11086:ISBN
10919:ISBN
10730:ISBN
10664:áčŁifr
10572:ISBN
10038:ISBN
10013:ISBN
9790:ISBN
9724:2016
9687:and
9591:api
9588:ahe
9577:ari
9556:dua
9543:api
9512:pak
9493:api
9490:apa
9481:ari
9460:dua
9445:api
9408:dua
9399:Iban
9390:onu
9375:asu
9360:duo
9357:ido
9303:iso
9288:onu,
9255:iso
9210:duo
9207:iso
9197:afo
9164:roa
9161:isa
9151:api
9148:apa
9115:asa
9105:ahi
9102:aha
9096:hou
9090:ala
9072:lua
9059:afi
9050:fou
9047:aso
9044:tuu
9042:ala,
9024:lua
9000:bou
8978:uma,
8972:aua
8953:ahi
8950:aha
8942:hou
8936:ara
8924:whÄ
8918:rua
8897:ita,
8879:tau
8873:toi
8870:rua
8861:Motu
8807:for
8791:ras
8783:naf,
8780:rum
8761:Biak
8755:api
8726:pak
8707:api
8704:aha
8695:ari
8674:dua
8647:aik,
8607:api
8604:aga
8589:asu
8583:tau
8574:dua
8537:asu
8528:pak
8506:api
8482:pak
8473:sai
8460:inĂȘ
8453:itĂȘ
8435:tun
8432:pat
8413:api
8410:apo
8378:duo
8350:röt
8298:poé
8246:apa,
8221:asu,
8170:apa,
8155:asu
8144:pat,
8141:tri
8136:dwi
8134:rwa,
8131:eka
8129:esa,
8119:api
8116:anu
8114:apa,
8082:dua
8055:teu
8049:eco
8000:lan
7997:ohu
7991:tau
7988:fat
7985:tlu
7951:atu
7905:atu
7877:afi
7844:dua
7807:tao
7795:asa
7761:dua
7730:aso
7724:too
7709:dua,
7696:apĂź
7678:ĂĄsu
7672:tĂĄu
7632:aso
7626:taw
7623:pat
7614:isa
7601:unu
7589:dan
7583:bay
7580:tau
7555:ano
7509:ano
7461:ano
7446:ido
7428:isa
7400:iro
7382:isa
7380:usa,
7367:anu
7352:ido
7332:usa
7319:onĆ
7273:anĂł
7227:ano
7212:aso
7206:tao
7194:isa
7184:asi
7158:taw
7155:pat
7149:dua
7096:Amis
7090:ahi
7084:ita
7072:asu
7069:uma
7066:ema
7057:rua
7054:ida
6989:new
6986:day
6980:dog
6965:two
6962:one
6932:laal
6899:valu
6896:fitu
6890:lima
6884:tolu
6878:tasi
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