59:
20:
31:
47:
163:
219:. The reforms also standardised the training for armed officers and the rank of an officer who could authorise the issuing of firearms. Armed officers on protection duties, such as those guarding embassies or government buildings or acting as bodyguards for government officials or royalty, were granted a standing authority to carry arms without the need for repeated authorisation.
550:
high-profile political sites (such as 10 Downing Street, Buckingham Palace and the UK Parliament for example), containing over one hundred foreign embassies, and the fact that the
Metropolitan Police carry out specialist national policing functions such as Diplomatic and Royalty protection duties UK-wide that all require a substantial number of firearms officers.
248:) is an officer who has undergone training to a more advanced level than authorised firearms officer. SFOs receive additional training in areas such as building assault and specialist weapon usage. The common role of an SFO is to assault premises involved in a siege situation, effect high-risk firearms related arrests and respond to terrorist threats.
223:
interviews, psychological and physical fitness tests, medical examinations and assessment days, before permission to commence firearms training is given. There is no guarantee of success; candidates can be returned to their previous role at any point in training if they do not meet the required standard.
1906:
All the forces in the UK and Wales are also issued with the 'Firearms
Guidance to Police' manual, a lengthy document detailing the legal regulation of firearms in the UK and covers the vast range of domestic legislation and international guidance on firearms use. Codes of practice are also issued by
358:
The CTSFO Network provides a collective response capability to terrorist incidents from police forces with CTSFO teams through regional hubs based nationally. The national
Combined Response Firearms Teams established for the Olympics was maintained after the closing of the Games forming the basis of
593:
are not included either. Although to note the BTP is a routinely unarmed police force that maintains its own dedicated firearms unit in the same way as most other police forces in the UK. The other two, the MoD police and the CNC, are however routinely armed police forces with all roughly 3,000 MoD
222:
All police forces in the United
Kingdom have an AFO selection process, varying slightly between each force. As with many police specialities, all authorised firearms officers have volunteered for the role. Candidates are required to gain approval from their superiors before embarking on a series of
549:
for example. Although the figure for the
Metropolitan Police is a uniquely high number compared to police forces outside of London due to certain factors such as London being the UK capital and by far the biggest city by population, being the location of the head of the UK government, monarchy and
540:
The number of firearms officers per police force varies on many factors ranging from the force area population covered, force area jurisdiction covered, force area firearm crime rate, sites regarded at higher risk of threat from terrorism (such as governmental or national infrastructure sites for
226:
Once authorised, AFOs must pass regular refresher training and retests in order to maintain their authorisation. Failure to meet the required standards can result in the officer having their firearms authorisation revoked. Health or fitness problems can also result in temporary or permanent
350:), to form what was named the national Combined Response Firearms Teams (CRFT) capability for the London Olympics and Paralympic Games. The police forces received standardised training and also had standardised procedures, weaponry and equipment to enable interoperability.
288:
1377:
1579:
Deputy Chief
Constable Simon Chesterman (West Mercia) (April 2013). "UK Response to Active Shooters and Terrorist Incidents: Increasing Interoperability across Police Forces and Military". In COL Andrew F. Mazzara USMC (Ret) (ed.).
1919:
1118:
1388:
1319:
581:
sidearm as routine. Though the PSNI does also have in the hundreds of officers trained and equipped to ARVO, SFO and CTSFO standards. Additionally, three specialist UK police forces those being the
1551:
215:
The term "authorised firearms officer" became the national standard term for a police officer trained in the use of firearms as a result of reforms in the late 1980s which were prompted by the
397:
AFOs are used by some specialist units of police forces throughout the United
Kingdom, who by nature of their role have a requirement to deploy armed police officers. Such units include the
1286:
1945:
594:
police officers and all roughly 1,500 CNC officers being trained to AFO as standard and carrying the Glock 17 sidearm as routine as well as main primary firearms such as the
491:
only allows "the use of force which is no more than absolutely necessary". Firearms officers may therefore only discharge their weapons "to stop an imminent threat to life".
1638:
1522:
1436:
487:
United
Kingdom law allows the use of "reasonable force" in order to make an arrest or prevent a crime or to defend oneself. However, if the force used is fatal, then the
1491:
1417:
1901:
573:
Police with 221. The most common number of firearms officers per UK police forces typically ranges between 40 and 100. However this does not include the
1228:
307:(SFO). The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) in preparation for the Olympics trained officers to a higher standard, including use of live rounds during
553:
In comparison, all other UK police forces number significantly fewer firearms officers with the next biggest five police firearms units being those of
50:
Authorised firearms officers standing guard at the entrance to
Downing Street, London, home of the UK Prime Minister. This officer is attached to the
24:
1664:
1583:
Report on the Ninth
International Law Enforcement Forum - International Law Enforcement Recommendations on Preventing and Countering Armed Attacks
1966:
464:
AFOs may only carry firearms when authorised by an "appropriate authorising officer". The appropriate authorising officer must be of the rank of
146:
1077:
430:
180:
1931:
1297:
116:
1885:
1863:
1841:
1819:
1797:
1750:
1728:
1706:
1684:
385:
National Armed Uplift Programme, commenced to double the number of CTSFOs and was extended until the end of 2018. In July 2019, the
1533:
520:
Different police forces in the United Kingdom use different firearms. For forces in England and Wales, guidance is provided from
1452:
410:
1255:
1765:
436:
451:
316:
287:
A national capability to respond to terrorist incidents such as marauding terrorist attacks (MTA) through collaboration of
70:
1188:
1502:
488:
574:
481:
386:
100:
1907:
the Home Office providing comprehensive guidance on the policy and use of firearms and less lethal weapons by police.
1475:
1099:
202:
308:
1617:"Counter Terrorist Specialist Firearms Officers are not just based in London, they are part of a national network"
1144:
541:
example), and more. As of 2021, the number of firearms officers per police force ranges from a lower end of 37 in
264:) is the highest AFO level in the National Police Firearms Training Curriculum (NPFTC) and was established by the
1320:"NPCC Lead for Armed Policing has said he is confident in the ability of firearms officers to protect the public"
184:
58:
1581:
1350:
1236:
494:
ACPO policy states that "use" of a firearm includes both pointing it at a person and discharging it (whether
320:
126:
in which the deployment of firearms was authorised and 6,518 firearms officers, 4.9% of the 132,467 active
402:
398:
304:
265:
216:
142:
134:, the decision was made to significantly increase the numbers of armed officers, particularly in London.
131:
51:
1639:"Increases in firearms officers allows forces to carry out more armed operations to protect the public"
700:
590:
586:
515:
418:
414:
108:
104:
35:
1614:
760:
620:
566:
339:
1552:"London 2012 Olympics: police officers across Great Britain seconded to help bolster Games security"
19:
1060:
582:
528:. Decisions on which weapons will be employed by an individual police force largely rest with the
900:
173:
950:
920:
890:
750:
506:
in England and Wales, the onus is on the individual officer to justify their actions in court.
484:
have authority to carry a personal issue handgun as a matter of routine, both on duty and off.
473:
406:
138:
112:
319:, to be able to respond more effectively to terrorist incidents. CTSFOs conduct training with
1777:
1040:
830:
660:
640:
562:
440:
331:
66:
1203:
99:
do not routinely carry firearms. The only forces where officers are routinely armed are the
1878:
1856:
1834:
1812:
1790:
1743:
1721:
1699:
1677:
1620:
1616:
1030:
1000:
970:
960:
790:
595:
570:
558:
495:
381:
In April 2016, a two-year recruitment drive known as the CTSFO uplift project, part of the
335:
327:
281:
269:
127:
8:
1950:
1615:
Deputy Chief Constable Simon Chesterman (NPCC lead for Armed Policing) (3 August 2016).
1010:
860:
840:
720:
630:
546:
499:
371:
370:
In 2013, West Midlands Police CTSFOs deployed to London to support the MPS following the
1768:, Section 117 or Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989, Article 88
1443:. Vol. 47, no. 3. Rockville, Maryland, USA: Access Intelligence. p. 54.
1020:
940:
910:
880:
730:
542:
343:
303:
Prior to the Summer Olympics, the highest authorised firearms officer standard was the
62:
1590:
1578:
1471:
1444:
1095:
850:
820:
800:
690:
123:
465:
1050:
780:
670:
23:
An authorised firearms officer in London, England on 29 April 2011 on duty for the
577:
where all roughly 7,000 officers there are trained to AFO as standard and carry a
1889:
1867:
1845:
1823:
1801:
1754:
1732:
1710:
1688:
930:
650:
554:
529:
347:
1418:"Scotland Yard creates SAS-style unit to counter threat of terrorist gun attack"
1589:. Pennsylvania: Institute for Non-Lethal Defense Technologies. pp. 16–25.
1387:. Association of Chief Police Officers Minutes. 24 January 2013. Archived from
1119:"Police use of firearms statistics England and Wales: April 2019 to March 2020"
870:
680:
96:
88:
85:
1594:
1960:
1448:
1229:"Operations Unit - Operations Department - Devon & Cornwall Constabulary"
990:
980:
710:
277:
30:
770:
740:
503:
46:
810:
525:
444:
382:
312:
326:
Training was also provided to five territorial police forces, including
458:
187: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
122:
In 2019/20 fiscal year, there were 19,372 police operations throughout
477:
435:
The use of firearms by the police is covered by statute (such as the
95:. The designation is significant because most police officers in the
476:
in certain areas, 'standing authority' is granted to carry personal
389:
reported that the uplift had increased the number of CTSFOs by 63%.
162:
578:
364:
359:
the CTSFO Network. The CTSFO Network has six regional hubs outside
1780:, Section 3 or Criminal Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1967, Section 3
448:
Code of Practice on Police use of Firearms and Less Lethal Weapons
1624:
469:
92:
1930:
Scotland.police.uk. Armed policing quarterly report q1 2021-22.
1918:
Gov.uk. Police use of firearm statistics April 2020-March 2021.
251:
535:
360:
273:
137:
AFOs can be up-skilled with additional qualifications, such as
521:
280:
of police forces organise CTSFOs into teams to establish a
1468:
Stop! Armed police! : inside the Met's firearms unit
603:
599:
149:(CTSFO), alongside other specialities, including rifles.
39:
1358:(Radio broadcast). File on 4. BBC Radio 4. 17 May 2016
472:, nuclear sites, on protection duties and deployed in
424:
392:
291:
who maintain CTSFO teams was established known as the
1256:"More firearms officers ready to protect the public"
1517:
1515:
1092:
Armed Police: The Police Use of Firearms Since 1945
1378:"Minutes of the ACPO Armed Policing Working Group"
1294:Police & Crime Commissioner Greater Manchester
509:
1287:"Firearms Training - Commissioner Briefing Paper"
1204:"By the book: how force trains its firearms unit"
25:wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton
1958:
1665:"Ministry of Defence Police and Guarding Agency"
1512:
1411:
1409:
409:in various police forces throughout the UK, in
91:who is authorised and trained to carry and use
1281:
1279:
1277:
235:
1147:Met Police To Double Armed Officers On Patrol
258:counter terrorist specialist firearms officer
252:Counter terrorist specialist firearms officer
147:Counter Terrorist Specialist Firearms Officer
1881:Manual of Guidance on Police Use of Firearms
1859:Manual of Guidance on Police Use of Firearms
1837:Manual of Guidance on Police Use of Firearms
1815:Manual of Guidance on Police Use of Firearms
1793:Manual of Guidance on Police Use of Firearms
1746:Manual of Guidance on Police Use of Firearms
1724:Manual of Guidance on Police Use of Firearms
1702:Manual of Guidance on Police Use of Firearms
1680:Manual of Guidance on Police Use of Firearms
1574:
1572:
1406:
1370:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1078:Police use of firearms in the United Kingdom
536:Number of firearms officers per police force
455:Manual of Guidance on Police Use of Firearms
431:Police use of firearms in the United Kingdom
1523:"Strategic Policing and Crime Board Report"
1415:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1274:
16:British police officer armed with a firearm
1250:
1248:
1246:
117:Belfast International Airport Constabulary
1569:
1338:
203:Learn how and when to remove this message
1307:
57:
45:
29:
18:
1434:
1243:
1089:
1967:Police positions in the United Kingdom
1959:
1549:
1201:
1766:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
1465:
1142:
437:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
185:adding citations to reliable sources
156:
1189:"Authorised Firearms Officer (AFO)"
489:European Convention of Human Rights
425:Legal status of the use of firearms
393:Use of authorised firearms officers
13:
1532:. 3 September 2013. Archived from
1437:"A Career Policing London's Skies"
575:Police Service of Northern Ireland
482:Police Service of Northern Ireland
101:Police Service of Northern Ireland
65:authorised firearms officers with
38:officer on duty in London with an
14:
1978:
1939:
1550:Magnay, Jacquelin (21 May 2012).
1326:(Press release). 18 November 2015
227:suspension from firearms duties.
1501:. 2 October 2012. Archived from
1116:
545:to a higher end of 2,469 in the
353:
161:
71:UK general election in June 2017
1924:
1912:
1894:
1872:
1850:
1828:
1806:
1783:
1771:
1759:
1737:
1715:
1693:
1671:
1657:
1643:National Police Chiefs' Council
1631:
1608:
1543:
1484:
1459:
1428:
1385:National Police Chief's Council
1324:National Police Chiefs' Council
1296:. 1 August 2013. Archived from
1260:National Police Chiefs' Council
1143:White, Mark (13 January 2016).
510:Firearms currently used by AFOs
387:National Police Chiefs' Council
172:needs additional citations for
1499:Thames Valley Police Authority
1492:"Performance Review Committee"
1435:Drweiga, Andrew (March 2013).
1262:(Press release). 19 April 2017
1221:
1195:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1136:
1110:
139:Armed Response Vehicle Officer
1:
1645:(Press release). 25 July 2019
1202:Morris, Steven (2004-11-04).
1083:
321:United Kingdom Special Forces
1416:Vikram Dodd (29 June 2015).
1233:www.devon-cornwall.police.uk
615:Number of firearms officers
502:or on purpose). As with all
7:
1946:Authorised firearms officer
1071:
701:Devon & Cornwall Police
468:or higher. When working at
403:Metropolitan Police Service
399:Diplomatic Protection Group
305:Specialist Firearms Officer
266:Metropolitan Police Service
242:specialist firearms officer
236:Specialist firearms officer
217:shooting of Stephen Waldorf
152:
143:Specialist Firearms Officer
132:November 2015 Paris attacks
78:authorised firearms officer
52:Diplomatic Protection Group
10:
1983:
1921:. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
1902:"Police Arms and Weaponry"
621:Avon & Somerset Police
591:Civil Nuclear Constabulary
587:Ministry of Defence Police
516:List of UK police firearms
513:
428:
419:Civil Nuclear Constabulary
415:Ministry of Defence Police
298:
109:Civil Nuclear Constabulary
105:Ministry of Defence Police
36:Ministry of Defence Police
1090:Waldren, Michael (2007).
761:Greater Manchester Police
567:Greater Manchester Police
340:Greater Manchester Police
1933:Retrieved 12 April 2022.
1789:Common Law, as cited in
1061:British Transport Police
583:British Transport Police
230:
130:officers. Following the
42:Personal Defence Weapon.
1470:. London: Robert Hale.
1466:Smith, Stephen (2013).
901:Northamptonshire Police
474:armed response vehicles
443:), policy (such as the
407:armed response vehicles
67:Heckler & Koch G36C
951:South Yorkshire Police
921:Nottinghamshire Police
891:North Yorkshire Police
751:Gloucestershire Police
413:, and officers of the
268:in the lead up to the
113:Belfast Harbour Police
73:
55:
43:
27:
1778:Criminal Law Act 1967
1041:West Yorkshire Police
831:Leicestershire Police
661:City of London Police
641:Cambridgeshire Police
563:West Yorkshire Police
480:. All members of the
441:Human Rights Act 1998
332:West Yorkshire Police
309:close quarters combat
276:on 27th of July. The
61:
49:
33:
22:
1530:West Midlands Police
1455:on 18 November 2015.
1031:West Midlands Police
1001:Thames Valley Police
961:Staffordshire Police
791:Hertfordshire Police
596:Heckler and Koch G36
559:Thames Valley Police
336:West Midlands Police
328:Thames Valley Police
282:police tactical unit
270:2012 Summer Olympics
181:improve this article
128:full-time equivalent
1951:Metropolitan Police
1011:Warwickshire Police
861:Metropolitan Police
841:Lincolnshire Police
631:Bedfordshire Police
547:Metropolitan Police
372:Murder of Lee Rigby
311:(CQC) training and
1888:2008-04-13 at the
1866:2008-04-13 at the
1844:2008-04-13 at the
1822:2008-04-13 at the
1800:2008-04-13 at the
1753:2008-04-13 at the
1731:2008-04-13 at the
1709:2008-04-13 at the
1687:2008-04-13 at the
1094:. Stroud: Sutton.
1021:West Mercia Police
941:South Wales Police
911:Northumbria Police
881:North Wales Police
731:Dyfed-Powys Police
543:North Wales Police
376:Operation Pegboard
344:Strathclyde Police
74:
63:North Wales Police
56:
44:
28:
1539:on 24 March 2017.
1303:on 23 March 2017.
1069:
1068:
851:Merseyside Police
821:Lancashire Police
801:Humberside Police
691:Derbyshire Police
213:
212:
205:
124:England and Wales
1974:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1898:
1892:
1876:
1870:
1854:
1848:
1832:
1826:
1810:
1804:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1741:
1735:
1719:
1713:
1697:
1691:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
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1635:
1629:
1628:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1588:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1527:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1496:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1451:. Archived from
1432:
1426:
1425:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1394:on 23 March 2017
1393:
1382:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1357:
1352:Police Firepower
1347:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1316:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1291:
1283:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1252:
1241:
1240:
1235:. Archived from
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1179:
1178:Waldren, p. 222.
1176:
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1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1051:Wiltshire Police
781:Hampshire Police
671:Cleveland Police
609:
608:
411:airport policing
208:
201:
197:
194:
188:
165:
157:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1975:
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1971:
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1937:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1890:Wayback Machine
1877:
1873:
1868:Wayback Machine
1855:
1851:
1846:Wayback Machine
1833:
1829:
1824:Wayback Machine
1811:
1807:
1802:Wayback Machine
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1755:Wayback Machine
1742:
1738:
1733:Wayback Machine
1720:
1716:
1711:Wayback Machine
1698:
1694:
1689:Wayback Machine
1676:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1648:
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1637:
1636:
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1613:
1609:
1599:
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1586:
1577:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1508:on 9 June 2015.
1505:
1494:
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1485:
1478:
1464:
1460:
1433:
1429:
1414:
1407:
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1226:
1222:
1213:
1211:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1169:Waldren, p. 94.
1168:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1111:
1102:
1086:
1074:
931:Police Scotland
651:Cheshire Police
555:Police Scotland
538:
530:chief constable
518:
512:
433:
427:
395:
356:
348:Police Scotland
301:
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238:
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209:
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155:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1980:
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1940:External links
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1692:
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1630:
1623:) – via
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1483:
1476:
1458:
1441:Rotor and Wing
1427:
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1369:
1337:
1306:
1273:
1242:
1239:on 2003-12-29.
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1117:Shaw, Daniel.
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971:Suffolk Police
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871:Norfolk Police
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1927:
1920:
1915:
1908:
1903:
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1884:
1883:Chapter 3.3.1
1882:
1879:ACPO (2003),
1875:
1869:
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1857:ACPO (2003),
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170:This section
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69:rifle during
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41:
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26:
21:
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1773:
1761:
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1723:
1717:
1701:
1695:
1679:
1673:
1659:
1647:. Retrieved
1642:
1633:
1610:
1598:. Retrieved
1582:
1559:. Retrieved
1555:
1545:
1534:the original
1529:
1503:the original
1498:
1486:
1467:
1461:
1453:the original
1440:
1430:
1422:The Guardian
1421:
1396:. Retrieved
1389:the original
1384:
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1351:
1328:. Retrieved
1323:
1298:the original
1293:
1264:. Retrieved
1259:
1237:the original
1232:
1223:
1212:. Retrieved
1208:The Guardian
1207:
1197:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1153:. Retrieved
1146:
1138:
1126:. Retrieved
1112:
1091:
771:Gwent Police
741:Essex Police
612:Police force
552:
539:
519:
504:use of force
496:accidentally
493:
486:
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292:
286:
261:
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221:
214:
199:
190:
179:Please help
174:verification
171:
136:
121:
81:
77:
75:
1649:26 February
1600:24 February
811:Kent Police
526:Home Office
500:negligently
445:Home Office
383:Home Office
317:helicopters
313:fast-roping
145:(SFO), and
1595:1079869509
1214:2010-05-23
1155:13 January
1151:. Sky News
1084:References
589:, and the
565:with 227,
561:with 240,
557:with 530,
459:common law
363:including
1449:1066-8098
466:inspector
193:June 2014
1961:Category
1886:Archived
1864:Archived
1842:Archived
1820:Archived
1798:Archived
1751:Archived
1729:Archived
1707:Archived
1685:Archived
1561:23 March
1398:24 March
1210:. London
1072:See also
579:Glock 17
524:and the
478:sidearms
470:airports
450:and the
417:and the
365:Scotland
272:held in
153:Training
141:(ARVO),
115:and the
93:firearms
1839:, 5.6.1
1817:, 2.3.7
1795:, 2.3.4
1748:, 3.8.5
1704:, 3.6.6
1682:, 3.2.1
1625:Twitter
1128:20 July
401:of the
299:History
89:officer
84:) is a
1593:
1474:
1447:
1362:28 May
1330:27 May
1266:27 May
1098:
865:2,469
585:, the
457:) and
361:London
274:London
107:, the
103:, the
1861:3.2.4
1726:, 3.8
1621:Tweet
1587:(PDF)
1537:(PDF)
1526:(PDF)
1506:(PDF)
1495:(PDF)
1392:(PDF)
1381:(PDF)
1356:(PDF)
1301:(PDF)
1290:(PDF)
1122:(PDF)
346:(now
315:from
262:CTSFO
231:Types
1651:2020
1602:2020
1591:OCLC
1563:2017
1472:ISBN
1445:ISSN
1400:2017
1364:2017
1332:2017
1268:2017
1157:2016
1130:2021
1096:ISBN
1065:171
1045:227
1035:221
1025:125
1005:240
995:147
955:123
935:530
915:120
875:157
855:124
825:100
815:109
765:225
745:165
705:142
625:112
602:and
522:ACPO
452:ACPO
439:and
342:and
1055:59
1015:42
985:84
975:65
965:89
945:94
925:67
905:51
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885:37
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755:76
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725:68
715:66
695:60
685:81
675:71
665:86
655:51
645:43
635:61
604:MP5
600:MP7
374:in
246:SFO
183:by
82:AFO
76:An
40:MP7
1963::
1948:-
1904:.
1641:.
1571:^
1554:.
1528:.
1514:^
1497:.
1439:.
1420:.
1408:^
1383:.
1340:^
1322:.
1309:^
1292:.
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1231:.
1206:.
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256:A
240:A
119:.
111:,
34:A
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260:(
244:(
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191:(
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80:(
54:.
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