Axion - Knowledge

1757: 1291:), photons will convert much more efficiently. This would in turn give rise to distinct absorption-like features in the spectra detectable by early 21st century telescopes. A new (2009) promising means is looking for quasi-particle refraction in systems with strong magnetic gradients. In particular, the refraction will lead to beam splitting in the radio light curves of highly magnetized pulsars and allow much greater sensitivities than currently achievable. The 8803: 8099: 1206: 1198: 8211: 8815: 1185:– an excitation of electrons that behave together as an axion – and its discovery demonstrates the consistency of axion electrodynamics as a description of the interaction of axion-like particles with electromagnetic fields. In this way, the discovery of axion-like quasiparticles in axion insulators provides motivation to use axion electrodynamics to search for the axion itself. 937: 1310:. The emerging photons lie in the GHz frequency range and can be potentially picked up in radio detectors, leading to a sensitive probe of the axion parameter space. This strategy has been used to constrain the axion–photon coupling in the 5–11 μeV mass range, by re-analyzing existing data from the 3840:

Silva-Feaver, Maximiliano; Chaudhuri, Saptarshi; Cho, Hsaio-Mei; Dawson, Carl; Graham, Peter; Irwin, Kent; Kuenstner, Stephen; Li, Dale; Mardon, Jeremy; Moseley, Harvey; Mule, Richard; Phipps, Arran; Rajendran, Surjeet; Steffen, Zach; Young, Betty (June 2017). "Design Overview of DM Radio Pathfinder

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Axion-like bosons could have a signature in astrophysical settings. In particular, several works have proposed axion-like particles as a solution to the apparent transparency of the Universe to TeV photons. It has also been demonstrated that, in the large magnetic fields threading the atmospheres of

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Another technique is so called "light shining through walls", where light passes through an intense magnetic field to convert photons into axions, which then pass through metal and are reconstituted as photons by another magnetic field on the other side of the barrier. Experiments by BFRS and a team

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noticed a seasonal variation for which no conventional explanation could be found. One potential explanation for the variation, described as "plausible" by the senior author of the paper, is the known seasonal variation in visibility to XMM-Newton of the sunward magnetosphere in which X-rays may be

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for axions resonant with a cold microwave cavity. ADMX has excluded optimistic axion models in the 1.9–3.53 μeV range. From 2013 to 2018 a series of upgrades were done and it is taking new data, including at 4.9–6.2 μeV. In December 2021 it excluded the 3.3–4.2 μeV range for the KSVZ

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QCD effects produce an effective periodic potential in which the axion field moves. Expanding the potential about one of its minima, one finds that the product of the axion mass with the axion decay constant is determined by the topological susceptibility of the QCD vacuum. An axion with mass much

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Despite not yet having been found, the axion has been well studied for over 40 years, giving time for physicists to develop insight into axion effects that might be detected. Several experimental searches for axions are presently underway; most exploit axions' expected slight interaction with

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This interpretation of the seasonal variation is disputed by two Italian researchers, who identify flaws in the arguments of the Leicester group that are said to rule out an interpretation in terms of axions. Most importantly, the scattering in angle assumed by the Leicester group to be caused by

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Foster, Joshua W.; Kahn, Yonatan; Macias, Oscar; Sun, Zhiquan; Eatough, Ralph P.; Kondratiev, Vladislav I.; Peters, Wendy M.; Weniger, Christoph; Safdi, Benjamin R. (2020). "Green Bank and Effelsberg Radio Telescope Searches for Axion Dark Matter Conversion in Neutron Star Magnetospheres".

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If axions have low mass, thus preventing other decay modes (since there are no lighter particles to decay into), the low coupling constant thus predicts that the axion is not scattered out of its state despite its small mass so that the universe would be filled with a very cold

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led by Rizzo ruled out an axion cause. GammeV saw no events, reported in a 2008 Physics Review Letter. ALPS I conducted similar runs, setting new constraints in 2010; ALPS II began collecting data in May 2023. OSQAR found no signal, limiting coupling, and will continue.

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The very weakly coupled axion is also very light, because axion couplings and mass are proportional. Satisfaction with "invisible axions" changed when it was shown that any very light axion would have been overproduced in the early universe and therefore must be excluded.

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Progress in the late 2010s in determining the present abundance of a KSVZ-type axion using numerical simulations lead to values between 0.02 and 0.1 meV, although these results have been challenged by the details on the power spectrum of emitted axions from strings.

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The proper treatment in this scenario is to solve numerically the equation of motion of the PQ field in an expanding Universe, in order to capture all features coming from the misalignment mechanism, including the contribution from topological defects like "axionic"

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process. Those searches are sensitive for rather large axion masses between 100 MeV/c and hundreds of GeV/c. Assuming a coupling of axions to the Higgs boson, searches for anomalous Higgs boson decays into two axions can theoretically provide even stronger limits.

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Diaz Ortiz, M.; Gleason, J.; Grote, H.; Hallal, A.; Hartman, M.T.; Hollis, H.; Isleif, K.-S.; James, A.; Karan, K.; Kozlowski, T.; Lindner, A.; Messineo, G.; Mueller, G.; Põld, J.H.; Smith, R.C.G.; Spector, A.D.; Tanner, D.B.; Wei, L.-W.; Willke, B. (March 2022).

1652:. High mass axions of the kind searched for by Jain and Singh (2007) would not persist in the modern universe. Moreover, if axions exist, scatterings with other particles in the thermal bath of the early universe unavoidably produce a population of hot axions. 1069: 1474:

It was reported in 2014 that evidence for axions may have been detected as a seasonal variation in observed X-ray emission that would be expected from conversion in the Earth's magnetic field of axions streaming from the Sun. Studying 15 years of data by the

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of the standard model is massless, CP-violation becomes unobservable. However, empirical evidence strongly suggests that none of the quarks are massless. Consequently, particle theorists sought other resolutions to the problem of inexplicably conserved

1659:" rings, just as the stream of water in a continuously flowing fountain is thicker at its peak. The gravitational effects of these rings on galactic structure and rotation might then be observable. Other cold dark matter theoretical candidates, such as 5117:

Salemi, Chiara P.; Foster, Joshua W.; Ouellet, Jonathan L.; Gavin, Andrew; Pappas, Kaliroë M. W.; Cheng, Sabrina; Richardson, Kate A.; Henning, Reyco; Kahn, Yonatan; Nguyen, Rachel; Rodd, Nicholas L.; Safdi, Benjamin R.; Winslow, Lindley (2021-08-17).

1450:. If this nuclear EDM oscillation frequency is in resonance with an external electric field, a precession in the nuclear spin rotation occurs. This precession can be measured using precession magnetometry and if detected, would be evidence for Axions. 1678:

might initiate a chain of reactions that radiate electromagnetic waves, allowing their detection. When adjusting the mass of the axions to explain dark matter, the pair discovered that the value would also explain the luminosity and wavelength of

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Garcon, Antoine; Aybas, Deniz; Blanchard, John W; Centers, Gary; Figueroa, Nataniel L; Graham, Peter W; et al. (January 2018). "The cosmic axion spin precession experiment (CASPEr): a dark-matter search with nuclear magnetic resonance".

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The oscillations of the axion field about the minimum of the effective potential, the so-called misalignment mechanism, generate a cosmological population of cold axions with an abundance depending on the mass of the axion. With a mass above

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Aprile, E.; Abe, K.; Agostini, F.; Maouloud, S. Ahmed; Althueser, L.; Andrieu, B.; Angelino, E.; Angevaare, J. R.; Antochi, V. C.; Martin, D. Antón; Arneodo, F. (2022-07-22). "Search for New Physics in Electronic Recoil Data from XENONnT".

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magnetic field gradients during the photon production, necessary to allow the X-rays to enter the detector that cannot point directly at the sun, would dissipate the flux so much that the probability of detection would be negligible.

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scanning machine. It would show variation, a slight wavering, that is linked to the mass of the axion. Results from the ensuing experiment published in 2021 reported no evidence of axions in the mass range from 4.1x10 to 8.27x10 eV.

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converts axions produced in the Sun's core to X-rays, and other experiments search for axions produced in laser light. As of the early 2020s, there are dozens of proposed or ongoing experiments searching for axion dark matter.

1648:. Observational studies are underway, but they are not yet sufficiently sensitive to probe the mass regions if they are the solution to the dark matter problem with the fuzzy dark matter region starting to be probed via 525:

are modified in the presence of an axion in 1983. He showed that these axions could be detected on Earth by converting them to photons, using a strong magnetic field, motivating a number of experiments. For example, the

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Alternative forms of these equations have been proposed, which imply completely different physical signatures. For example, Visinelli wrote a set of equations that imposed duality symmetry, assuming the existence of

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Aybas, Deniz; Adam, Janos; Blumenthal, Emmy; Gramolin, Alexander V.; Johnson, Dorian; Kleyheeg, Annalies; et al. (9 April 2021). "Search for Axionlike Dark Matter Using Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance".

268:, this presents a "naturalness" problem for the standard model. Why should this parameter find itself so close to zero? (Or, why should QCD find itself CP-preserving?) This question constitutes what is known as the 372:

The PQ symmetry is never restored after its spontaneous breaking occurs. This condition is realized whenever the axion energy scale is larger than the maximum temperature reached in the post-inflationary Universe.

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Pugnat, P.; Ballou, R.; Schott, M.; Husek, T.; Sulc, M.; Deferne, G.; et al. (August 2014). "Search for weakly interacting sub-eV particles with the OSQAR laser-based experiment: Results and perspectives".

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Chen, Yifan; Liu, Yuxin; Lu, Ru-Sen; Mizuno, Yosuke; Shu, Jing; Xue, Xiao; Yuan, Qiang; Zhao, Yue (17 March 2022). "Stringent axion constraints with Event Horizon Telescope polarimetric measurements of M87⋆".

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The axion models originally proposed by Wilczek and by Weinberg chose axion coupling strengths that were so strong that they would have already been detected in prior experiments. It had been thought that the

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Flambaum, V. V.; Tan, H. B. Tran (27 December 2019). "Oscillating nuclear electric dipole moment induced by axion dark matter produces atomic and molecular electric dipole moments and nuclear spin rotation".

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selects one patch of the Universe within which the spontaneous breaking of the PQ symmetry leads to a homogeneous value of the initial value of the axion field. In this "pre-inflationary" scenario,

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Axions may also be produced at colliders, in particular in electron-positron collisions as well as in ultra-peripheral heavy ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, reinterpreting the

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While Schiff's theorem states that a static nuclear electric dipole moment (EDM) does not produce atomic and molecular EDMs, the axion induces an oscillating nuclear EDM that oscillates at the

348:, and thus be both a dark-matter candidate and a solution to the strong CP problem. If inflation occurs at a low scale and lasts sufficiently long, the axion mass can be as low as 1 peV/ 3897:

Brubaker, B. M.; Zhong, L.; Gurevich, Y. V.; Cahn, S. B.; Lamoreaux, S. K.; Simanovskaia, M.; et al. (9 February 2017). "First Results from a Microwave Cavity Axion Search at 24 μ eV".

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Robilliard, C.; Battesti, R.; Fouche, M.; Mauchain, J.; Sautivet, A.-M.; Amiranoff, F.; Rizzo, C. (2007). "No 'light shining through a wall': Results from a photoregeneration experiment".

948: 932:{\displaystyle \quad \nabla \times \mathbf {B} ={\dot {\mathbf {E} }}\ +\ \mathbf {J} \ +\ g_{a\gamma \gamma }\ \left(\ {\dot {a}}\ \mathbf {B} -\mathbf {E} \times \nabla a\ \right)\quad } 5925:

Vagnozzi, Sunny; Visinelli, Luca; Brax, Philippe; Davis, Anne-Christine; Sakstein, Jeremy (15 September 2021). "Direct detection of dark energy: The XENON1T excess and future prospects".

1410:, indicating said axions would not have enough mass to be the sole component of dark matter. The ORGAN experiment plans to conduct a direct test of this result via the haloscope method. 735: 316:

because it "cleaned up" a problem, while Weinberg called it "the higglet". Weinberg later agreed to adopt Wilczek's name for the particle. Because it has a non-zero mass, the axion is a

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Wu, Liang; Salehi, M.; Koirala, N.; Moon, J.; Oh, S.; Armitage, N. P. (2 December 2016). "Quantized Faraday and Kerr rotation and axion electrodynamics of a 3D topological insulator".

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Buschmann, Malte; Co, Raymond T.; Dessert, Christopher; Safdi, Benjamin R. (12 January 2021). "Axion Emission Can Explain a New Hard X-Ray Excess from Nearby Isolated Neutron Stars".

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McAllister, Ben T.; Flower, Graeme; Ivanov, Eugene N.; Goryachev, Maxim; Bourhill, Jeremy; Tobar, Michael E. (December 2017). "The ORGAN experiment: An axion haloscope above 15 GHz".

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required such large couplings. However, it was soon realized that "invisible axions" with much smaller couplings also work. Two such classes of models are known in the literature as

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photons in strong magnetic fields. Axions are also one of the few remaining plausible candidates for dark matter particles, and might be discovered in some dark matter experiments.

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Budker, Dmitry; Graham, Peter W.; Ledbetter, Micah; Rajendran, Surjeet; Sushkov, Alexander O. (19 May 2014). "Proposal for a Cosmic Axion Spin Precession Experiment (CASPEr)".

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Edwards, Thomas D. P.; Kavanagh, Bradley J.; Visinelli, Luca; Weniger, Christoph (2021). "Transient Radio Signatures from Neutron Star Encounters with QCD Axion Miniclusters".

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Commins, Eugene D.; Jackson, J. D.; DeMille, David P. (June 2007). "The electric dipole moment of the electron: An intuitive explanation for the evasion of Schiff's theorem".

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upper limit on the axion mass of 0.079 eV. In 2021 it has been also suggested that a reported excess of hard X-ray emission from a system of neutron stars known as the

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The PQ symmetry is spontaneously broken during inflation. This condition is realized whenever the axion energy scale is larger than the Hubble rate at the end of inflation.

427:. An axion mass estimate between 0.05 and 1.50 meV was reported by Borsanyi et al. (2016). The result was calculated by simulating the formation of axions during the 1245:

Other experiments of this type include DMRadio, HAYSTAC, CULTASK, and ORGAN. HAYSTAC completed the first scanning run of a haloscope above 20 μeV in the late 2010s.

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Low mass axions could have additional structure at the galactic scale. If they continuously fall into galaxies from the intergalactic medium, they would be denser in "

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required for confirmation, and other explanations of the data are possible though less likely. New observations made in July 2022 after the observatory upgrade to

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Gooth, J.; Bradlyn, B.; Honnali, S.; Schindler, C.; Kumar, N.; Noky, J.; et al. (7 October 2019). "Axionic charge-density wave in the Weyl semimetal (TaSe

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Chelouche, Doron; Rabadan, Raul; Pavlov, Sergey S.; Castejon, Francisco (2009). "Spectral signatures of photon–particle oscillations from celestial objects".

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Beltran, Maria; Garcia-Bellido, Juan; Lesgourgues, Julien; Liddle, Andrew R.; Slosar, Anze (2005). "Bayesian model selection and isocurvature perturbations".

1333:. The subsequent decay of axions to gamma rays allows constraints on the axion mass to be placed from observations of neutron stars in gamma-rays using the 4919:

Berenji, B.; Gaskins, J.; Meyer, M. (2016). "Constraints on axions and axionlike particles from Fermi Large Area Telescope observations of neutron stars".

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input – its value is not predicted by the theory, but must be measured. However, large CP-violating interactions originating from QCD would induce a large

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that seems to solve the small scale problems of CDM. A single ULA with a GUT scale decay constant provides the correct relic density without fine-tuning.

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solar telescope is underway, and has set limits on coupling to photons and electrons. Axions may also be produced within neutron stars by nucleon–nucleon

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Duffy, L. D.; Sikivie, P.; Tanner, D. B.; Bradley, R. F.; Hagmann, C.; Kinion, D.; et al. (2006). "High resolution search for dark-matter axions".

8510: 8490: 1318:. A novel, alternative strategy consists in detecting the transient signal from the encounter between a neutron star and an axion minicluster in the 1372:

were used to constrain the mass of the axion assuming that hypothetical clouds of axions could form around a black hole, rejecting the approximate

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Zavattini, E.; et al. (PVLAS Collaboration) (2006). "Experimental Observation of Optical Rotation Generated in Vacuum by a Magnetic Field".

8022: 1499:; and in 2014, he argued that a signature, consistent with a mass ≈110 μeV, had in fact been observed in several preexisting experiments. 8480: 3250:

Qi, Xiao-Liang; Hughes, Taylor L.; Zhang, Shou-Cheng (24 November 2008). "Topological field theory of time-reversal invariant insulators".

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De Angelis, A.; Mansutti, O.; Roncadelli, M. (2007). "Evidence for a new light spin-zero boson from cosmological gamma-ray propagation?".

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than other more massive dark particles. The lingering effects of this difference could perhaps be calculated and observed astronomically.

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If at least one of the conditions (a) or (b) is violated, the axion field takes different values within patches that are initially out of

8405: 415:. In this scenario, isocurvature fluctuations in the PQ field randomise the axion field, with no preferred value in the power spectrum. 8871: 8861: 5034: 746: 8663: 8565: 7772: 4665:

Chelouche, Doron; Guendelman, Eduardo I. (2009). "Cosmic analogs of the Stern–Gerlach experiment and the detection of light bosons".

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forces. Because of their properties, axions would interact only minimally with ordinary matter. Axions would also change to and from

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of the standard model, QCD, possess a non-trivial vacuum structure that in principle permits violation of the combined symmetries of

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Crotty, P.; Garcia-Bellido, J.; Lesgourgues, J.; Riazuelo, A. (2003). "Bounds on isocurvature perturbations from CMB and LSS data".

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Ehret, Klaus; Frede, Maik; Ghazaryan, Samvel; Hildebrandt, Matthias; Knabbe, Ernst-Axel; Kracht, Dietmar; et al. (May 2010).

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Pshirkov, Maxim S.; Popov, Sergei B. (2009). "Conversion of Dark matter axions to photons in magnetospheres of neutron stars".

1427: 1174: 8260: 8135: 6065: 4227: 1903: 1349: 1342: 1127:. However, these alternative formulations are less theoretically motivated, and in many cases cannot even be derived from an 8618: 6926: 6902: 5204: 1660: 1352:

devised a possible way of detecting axions using a strong magnetic field that need be no stronger than that produced in an

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There are two distinct scenarios in which the axion field begins its evolution, depending on the following two conditions:

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Davoudiasl, Hooman; Denton, Peter (2019). "Ultralight Boson Dark Matter and Event Horizon Telescope Observations of M87".

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Shifman, M.; Vainshtein, A.; Zakharov, V. (1980). "Can confinement ensure natural CP invariance of strong interactions?".

312:, naturally relaxing the CP-violation parameter to zero. Wilczek named this new hypothesized particle the "axion" after a 8475: 8348: 8265: 7052: 6992: 6453:

Rosa, João G.; Kephart, Thomas W. (2018). "Stimulated axion decay in superradiant clouds around primordial black holes".

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The properties of the axion, such as the axion mass, decay constant, and abundance, all have implications for cosmology.

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Buschmann, Malte; Foster, Joshua W.; Safdi, Benjamin R. (2020). "Early-Universe Simulations of the Cosmological Axion".

8520: 8500: 6873: 3574: 1064:{\displaystyle {\ddot {a}}^{2}\ -\ \nabla ^{2}a\ +\ m_{a}^{2}\ a=-g_{a\gamma \gamma }\ \mathbf {E} \cdot \mathbf {B} } 8846: 8455: 7908: 6563:

Nobutaka, Abe; Moroi, Takeo & Yamaguchi, Masahiro (2002). "Anomaly-Mediated Supersymmetry Breaking with Axion".

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Peccei, R. D. (2008). "The Strong CP Problem and Axions". In Kuster, Markus; Raffelt, Georg; Beltrán, Berta (eds.).

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Miller, D. J.; Nevzorov, R. (2003). "The Peccei-Quinn Axion in the Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model".

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At present, physics literature discusses "invisible axion" mechanisms in two forms, one of them is called KSVZ for

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The equations of axion electrodynamics are typically written in "natural units", where the reduced Planck constant

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Dine, M.; Fischler, W.; Srednicki, M. (1981). "A simple solution to the strong CP problem with a harmless axion".

1756: 207:(QCD). If axions exist and have low mass within a specific range, they are of interest as a possible component of 8876: 8648: 8638: 8623: 8560: 2122: 1334: 1292: 706: 8415: 2675:

Borsanyi, S.; Fodor, Z.; Guenther, J.; Kampert, K.-H.; Katz, S. D.; Kawanai, T.; et al. (3 November 2016).

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in Italy reported a result suggesting the discovery of solar axions. The results are not yet significant at the

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all reduce to 1 when expressed in these "natural units". In this unit system, the electrodynamic equations are:

8841: 8768: 6565: 256:. Experimental constraints on the unobserved EDM implies CP violation from QCD must be extremely tiny and thus 253: 5222:

Beck, Christian (2 December 2013). "Possible Resonance Effect of Axionic Dark Matter in Josephson Junctions".

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Jain, P. L.; Singh, G. (2007). "Search for new particles decaying into electron pairs of mass below 100

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Beltran, Maria; Garcia-Bellido, Juan; Lesgourgues, Julien (2007). "Isocurvature bounds on axions revisited".

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Takahashi, Fuminobu; Yin, Wen; Guth, Alan H. (31 July 2018). "The QCD Axion Window and Low Scale Inflation".

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Katz, Emanuel; Schwartz, Matthew D (28 August 2007). "An eta primer: solving the U(1) problem with AdS/QCD".

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Bauer, Martin; Neubert, Matthias; Thamm, Andrea (December 2017). "Collider Probes of Axion-Like Particles".

4555:"Photon propagation and the very high energy gamma-ray spectra of blazars: How transparent is the Universe?" 4421: 3573:

Asztalos, S. J.; Carosi, G.; Hagmann, C.; Kinion, D.; van Bibber, K.; Hoskins, J.; et al. (2010).

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di Luzio, L.; Nardi, E.; Giannotti, M.; Visinelli, L. (25 July 2020). "The landscape of QCD axion models".

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are inflated away and do not contribute to the axion energy density. However, other bounds that come from

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Bartram, C.; Braine, T.; Burns, E.; Cervantes, R.; Crisosto, N.; Du, N.; et al. (23 December 2021).

1938:'t Hooft, Gerard (1976). "Computation of the quantum effects due to a four-dimensional pseudo-particle". 399:

severely constrain this scenario, which require a relatively low-energy scale of inflation to be viable.

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by creating more imbalance between the amounts of matter and antimatter – which possibly resolves the

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and thus experience friction or scattering among themselves, the rings would be less sharply defined.

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Broadly speaking, one of the two possible scenarios outlined in the two following subsections occurs:

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Hooper, Dan; Wang, Lian-Tao (2004). "Possible evidence for axino dark matter in the galactic bulge".

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Above, a dot above a variable denotes its time derivative; the dot spaced between variables is the

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Aprile, E.; et al. (2020-06-17). "Observation of excess electronic recoil events in XENON1T".

1622: 1230: 1159: 690:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} =\rho \ -\ g_{a\gamma \gamma }\ \mathbf {B} \cdot \nabla a} 3960:"Haloscope searches for dark matter axions at the Center for Axion and Precision Physics Research" 1745:

in such a model. In part due to this property, it is also considered a candidate for dark matter.

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from a supposed high flux of axions from the galactic halo with mass of 110 μeV and density

1369: 1269:. A rotation claim in 2006 was excluded by an upgraded setup. An optimized search began in 2014. 289: 196: 45: 7984: 7321: 6890: 2283: 2235: 1799:

This non-trivial vacuum structure solves a problem associated to the U(1) axial symmetry of QCD

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Dark matter cryogenic detectors have searched for electron recoils that would indicate axions.

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In 2020, it was proposed that the axion field might actually have influenced the evolution of

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Axions would also have stopped interaction with normal matter at a different moment after the

8303: 8200: 8071: 3476:"Physicists have finally seen traces of a long-sought particle. Here's why that's a Big Deal" 2051:

Wilczek, Frank (1978). "Problem of Strong P and T Invariance in the Presence of Instantons".

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An experiment using this technique is the Cosmic Axion Spin Precession Experiment (CASPEr).

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Axions can be produced in the Sun's core when X-rays scatter in strong electric fields. The

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Ringwald, A. (16–21 October 2001). "Fundamental Physics at an X-Ray Free Electron Laser".

4080:"Effects of nearly massless, spin-zero particles on light propagation in a magnetic field" 4079: 3667: 8: 8613: 8086: 7069: 6087: 6060: 1496: 1338: 454: 180: 6821: 6773: 6741: 6700: 6643: 6596: 6588: 6476: 6431: 6346: 6338: 6286: 6231: 6178: 6125: 6078: 6021: 5948: 5850: 5795: 5736: 5711:"Potential solar axion signatures in X-ray observations with the XMM-Newton observatory" 5650: 5589: 5481: 5428: 5382: 5339: 5245: 5173: 5085: 4995: 4942: 4881: 4820: 4766: 4688: 4635: 4580: 4523: 4470: 4389: 4331: 4266: 4166: 4098: 4041: 3985: 3920: 3864: 3808: 3751: 3603: 3543: 3436: 3367: 3320: 3273: 3220: 3177: 3089: 3031: 2986: 2921: 2876: 2868: 2823: 2785: 2692: 2677:"Calculation of the axion mass based on high-temperature lattice quantum chromodynamics" 2645: 2592: 2531: 2478: 2425: 2372: 2327: 2279: 2231: 2099: 2064: 2004: 1996: 1951: 1438:

used a 225-day run to set the best coupling limits to date and exclude some parameters.

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less than 60 keV is long-lived and weakly interacting: A perfect dark matter candidate.

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possible early evidence of 7±1 and 19±1 MeV axions of less than 10 s lifetime

6251: 6217: 6190: 6164: 6137: 6111: 6041: 6007: 5960: 5934: 5907: 5889: 5862: 5836: 5809: 5781: 5750: 5722: 5662: 5636: 5609: 5575: 5547: 5521: 5493: 5467: 5440: 5414: 5351: 5325: 5265: 5231: 5185: 5159: 5099: 5071: 5015: 4981: 4954: 4928: 4901: 4867: 4840: 4806: 4778: 4752: 4700: 4674: 4647: 4621: 4594: 4566: 4535: 4509: 4482: 4456: 4403: 4375: 4343: 4317: 4286: 4252: 4205: 4152: 4053: 4027: 3997: 3971: 3940: 3906: 3876: 3850: 3822: 3773: 3737: 3706: 3641: 3623: 3589: 3555: 3529: 3456: 3422: 3387: 3353: 3285: 3259: 3189: 3163: 3134: 3000: 2972: 2941: 2907: 2880: 2854: 2751: 2712: 2657: 2631: 2604: 2578: 2551: 2517: 2490: 2464: 2437: 2411: 2384: 2358: 2177: 2127: 2008: 1982: 1909: 1881: 1683:, being a possible origin for both phenomena. In 2022 a similar hypothesis was used to 1645: 1601: 1562: 1462: 1395: 1163: 1077: 561: 392: 229: 225: 62: 1674:

João G. Rosa and Thomas W. Kephart suggested that axion clouds formed around unstable

8773: 8658: 8180: 8175: 8098: 8066: 7979: 7458: 7203: 7130: 6659: 6620: 6545: 6488: 6381: 6294: 6255: 6243: 6141: 6045: 6033: 5964: 5911: 5866: 5813: 5666: 5613: 5601: 5497: 5444: 5257: 5189: 5103: 5019: 5007: 4958: 4905: 4893: 4844: 4832: 4782: 4696: 4589: 4554: 4539: 4478: 4407: 4278: 4223: 4178: 4106: 4057: 4001: 3932: 3826: 3777: 3765: 3710: 3698: 3615: 3460: 3448: 3379: 3289: 3232: 3193: 3039: 3004: 2945: 2933: 2884: 2831: 2755: 2704: 2661: 2543: 2441: 2388: 2335: 2297: 2249: 2012: 1913: 1899: 1835: 1809: 1731: 1584:

Inflation suggests that if they exist, axions would be created abundantly during the

1447: 1155: 1124: 474: 458: 269: 200: 6604: 6500: 6393: 6354: 5754: 5551: 5355: 5269: 4704: 4643: 4598: 4486: 4347: 4290: 3880: 3627: 3559: 3391: 2555: 2494: 8732: 8308: 8255: 8185: 8165: 8076: 7847: 7622: 7483: 7468: 7150: 7061: 6825: 6777: 6745: 6716: 6704: 6647: 6592: 6541: 6537: 6484: 6480: 6435: 6373: 6342: 6290: 6239: 6235: 6194: 6182: 6129: 6082: 6029: 6025: 5952: 5899: 5854: 5799: 5740: 5654: 5597: 5593: 5539: 5485: 5432: 5386: 5343: 5253: 5249: 5177: 5135: 5131: 5089: 5003: 4999: 4946: 4889: 4885: 4828: 4824: 4770: 4692: 4651: 4639: 4584: 4527: 4474: 4393: 4339: 4335: 4270: 4215: 4170: 4102: 4075: 4045: 3993: 3989: 3944: 3928: 3924: 3868: 3812: 3760: 3755: 3725: 3690: 3611: 3607: 3547: 3440: 3371: 3324: 3277: 3224: 3181: 3093: 3035: 2990: 2929: 2925: 2872: 2827: 2789: 2741: 2736: 2716: 2696: 2649: 2608: 2596: 2535: 2482: 2429: 2376: 2331: 2293: 2245: 2103: 2068: 2000: 1955: 1891: 1695: 1680: 1605: 1566: 1266: 1238: 1219: 1128: 241: 237: 208: 150: 6789: 6133: 5827:

Beck, Christian (2015). "Axion mass estimates from resonant Josephson junctions".

4274: 4174: 2995: 2960: 2539: 2380: 1150:

This term leads to several interesting predicted properties including a quantized

8851: 8788: 8673: 8170: 8044: 7969: 7953: 7893: 7303: 7228: 7218: 7208: 7120: 6757: 4422:"'Light shining through a wall' experiment ALPS starts searching for dark matter" 2154: 1831: 1536: 1258: 1233:

uses a strong magnetic field to detect the possible weak conversion of axions to

1147:

giving an effective axion description of the electrodynamics of these materials.

470: 305: 192: 188: 122: 93: 6934: 6910: 6708: 5956: 5903: 5658: 5436: 3228: 3097: 1895: 8727: 8313: 8103: 8017: 7974: 7710: 7498: 7271: 7193: 7188: 7110: 6829: 6781: 6676: 6651: 5858: 5543: 5347: 5181: 5094: 5059: 4950: 4531: 4398: 4363: 4219: 4071: 4049: 3551: 3281: 2793: 2653: 2600: 2486: 2433: 2402:

Graham, Peter W.; Scherlis, Adam (9 August 2018). "Stochastic axion scenario".

2266:

Abbott, L.; Sikivie, P. (1983). "A cosmological bound on the invisible axion".

2107: 2072: 1762: 1337:. From an analysis of four neutron stars, Berenji et al. (2016) obtained a 95% 1330: 1262: 1178: 518: 493: 408: 281: 249: 132: 110: 100: 6996: 6186: 5489: 4774: 4129: 3872: 3444: 3185: 3076:

Sikivie, P. (17 October 1983). "Experimental Tests of the 'Invisible' Axion".

2746: 2731: 1261:

propagating in a magnetic field. The concept was first put forward in 1986 by

8835: 8783: 8763: 8555: 8505: 8343: 8061: 7913: 7880: 7672: 7642: 7574: 7433: 7213: 7140: 7125: 6797: 6749: 6424:

The Milky Way's Dark Matter Distribution and Consequences for Axion Detection

6408: 5289: 5058:

Dessert, Christopher; Foster, Joshua W.; Safdi, Benjamin R. (November 2020).

2208: 2200: 2145: 1959: 1707: 1649: 1518:

discarded the excess, thus ending the possibility of new particle discovery.

1303: 1222:, which converts axions to photons and vice versa in electromagnetic fields. 1182: 432: 420: 341: 334: 313: 301: 184: 89: 50: 5804: 5769: 5745: 5710: 5313: 3817: 3792: 3375: 1927:'t Hooft, Gerard (1976). "Symmetry breaking through Bell-Jackiw anomalies". 8039: 7589: 7579: 7569: 7330: 7281: 7223: 7145: 7100: 6881: 6549: 6515: 6492: 6426:. Axions 2010. AIP Conference Proceedings. Vol. 1274. pp. 85–90. 6247: 6037: 5686: 5605: 5261: 5011: 4897: 4836: 4282: 4198:

Electromagnetic Probes of Fundamental Physics – Proceedings of the Workshop

4182: 3936: 3769: 3619: 3452: 3383: 3236: 3111: 2937: 2708: 2676: 2547: 2204: 1827: 1711: 1307: 1143:

to account for axions also appears in recent (2008) theoretical models for

489: 466: 296:

to a field. This is accomplished by adding a new global symmetry (called a

106: 5709:

Fraser, G. W.; Read, A. M.; Sembay, S.; Carter, J. A.; Schyns, E. (2014).

3207:

Wilczek, Frank (4 May 1987). "Two applications of axion electrodynamics".

8758: 8722: 8714: 8298: 8235: 8144: 8054: 7822: 7725: 7720: 7637: 7632: 7562: 7516: 7473: 7438: 7397: 7289: 7253: 7115: 6845: 6680: 3726:"Search for Invisible Axion Dark Matter in the 3.3 – 4.2 μ eV Mass Range" 3534: 3329: 3304: 2583: 2522: 2182: 1770: 1641: 424: 345: 285: 3959: 2772:

Kim, J. E. (1979). "Weak-interaction singlet and strong CP invariance".

2700: 8753: 8590: 8440: 8293: 8250: 7796: 7690: 7680: 7662: 7552: 7453: 7388: 7105: 7030: 6634: 6579: 6312: 4210: 4157: 2845:

Klaer, Vincent B.; Moore, Guy D. (2017). "The dark-matter axion mass".

2636: 2507: 1886: 1480: 1365: 1296: 1181:

material. In the axion insulator phase, the material has an axion-like

233: 8778: 7023: 6439: 5390: 3702: 2568: 2261: 2259: 1119:

is the axion-to-photon coupling constant rendered in "natural units".

8737: 8694: 8485: 7938: 7928: 7898: 7791: 7757: 7750: 7627: 7617: 7612: 7584: 7352: 7135: 6385: 5980:"A new dark matter experiment quashed earlier hints of new particles" 1589: 1532: 1515: 1503: 1495:

In 2013, Christian Beck suggested that axions might be detectable in

1423: 1319: 1234: 3694: 8445: 8034: 7862: 7817: 7801: 7762: 7735: 7448: 7443: 7423: 7393: 7383: 7378: 7198: 7173: 7168: 7095: 6532: 6467: 6377: 6222: 6116: 6012: 5939: 5894: 5641: 5580: 5526: 5419: 5164: 5076: 4986: 4933: 4872: 4811: 4380: 4032: 3976: 3911: 3855: 3742: 3427: 3358: 3139: 2977: 2912: 2859: 2732:"Axion alert! Exotic-particle detector may miss out on dark matter" 2469: 2416: 2363: 2256: 1629: 1593: 1585: 1435: 1288: 6329: 6169: 5841: 5786: 5727: 5472: 5330: 5236: 4757: 4679: 4626: 4571: 4552: 4514: 4461: 4322: 4257: 3594: 3264: 3168: 1987: 8678: 8550: 7943: 7933: 7903: 7857: 7852: 7827: 7745: 7730: 7657: 7652: 7557: 7542: 7488: 7463: 7428: 7357: 7339: 7078: 4553:

De Angelis, A.; Mansutti, O.; Persic, M.; Roncadelli, M. (2009).

1727: 1715: 1668: 784:{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\dot {\mathbf {B} }}} 288:

postulated a more elegant solution to the strong CP problem, the

6422:

Duffy, Leanne D.; Tanner, David B.; Van Bibber, Karl A. (2010).

5682:"Dark matter may have been detected – streaming from sun's core" 4242: 2621: 1640:

of primordial axions. Hence, axions could plausibly explain the

1608:. This robs all such primordial axions of their kinetic energy. 1205: 1162:

on quantum regime thin film topological insulators developed at

8535: 8410: 7923: 7918: 7547: 7534: 7525: 7347: 7261: 7160: 7007:. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington. Archived from 6977: 5205:"How light from black holes is narrowing the search for axions" 4857: 4017: 3132: 2348: 1813: 1723: 1570: 513: 240:, collectively known as CP. Together with effects generated by 8113: 6995:. Darmstadt, Germany: University of Technology. Archived from 5457: 5285:"Hints of cold dark matter pop up in 10 year-old circuit" 5120:"Search for Low-Mass Axion Dark Matter with ABRACADABRA-10 cm" 4611: 4303: 3839: 3674:. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington. 4 March 2006. 1667:, could also form such rings, but because such candidates are 1209:

Constraints on the axion's dimensionless coupling to electrons

1197: 1134: 8699: 8585: 8580: 8430: 8385: 8225: 7948: 7888: 7740: 7599: 7478: 7373: 7266: 7244: 7087: 5035:"A Hint of Dark Matter Sends Physicists Looking to the Skies" 4201: 4200:. Workshop on Electromagnetic Probes of Fundamental Physics. 2959:

Gorghetto, Marco; Hardy, Edward; Villadoro, Giovanni (2021).

1738: 1719: 1664: 1431: 1254: 21: 6724:

Peccei, R. D.; Quinn, H. R. (1977). "Constraints imposed by

5060:"Hard X-Ray Excess from the Magnificent Seven Neutron Stars" 4499: 4360: 3575:"SQUID-based microwave cavity search for dark-matter axions" 3404: 2674: 2314:

Dine, M.; Fischler, W. (1983). "The not-so-harmless axion".

2309: 2307: 8545: 8540: 8465: 8420: 8390: 7715: 7647: 7607: 7183: 7178: 6954: 5564: 5510: 4722: 3723: 3572: 1540: 1218:

Several experiments search for astrophysical axions by the

165: 25: 5924: 5774:

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters

4559:

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters

3055:"On possible suppression of the axion–hadron interactions" 1880:. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 741. pp. 3–17. 168: 6058: 5996: 3896: 3519: 2809: 2304: 156: 5116: 4070: 3503:"Team simulates a magnetar to seek dark matter particle" 1213: 6409:"Pictures of alleged triangular structure in Milky Way" 6311:

Salvio, Alberto; Strumia, Alessandro; Xue, Wei (2014).

5761: 4971: 4445: 3509:(Press release). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 3133:

Adams, C. B.; et al. (2022). "Axion Dark Matter".

2958: 6958: 6562: 5708: 2028:"'t Hooft and η'ail Instantons and their applications" 1248: 6421: 5368: 3154:

Visinelli, L. (2013). "Axion-electromagnetic waves".

3017: 1604:

is created during the acquisition of mass, following

1086: 951: 803: 749: 709: 627: 584: 564: 544: 530:

converts axion dark matter to microwave photons, the

411:, but that today populate the volume enclosed by our 171: 162: 159: 2897: 2805: 2803: 2140: 2138: 2123:"Seeking dark matter, they detected another mystery" 1878:

Axions: Theory, Cosmology, and Experimental Searches

1752: 5767: 4918: 4795: 4664: 3343: 2199: 1171:

Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids

1139:A term analogous to the one that would be added to 442: 244:, the effective periodic strong CP-violating term, 153: 6728:conservation in the presence of pseudoparticles". 6687:conservation in the presence of pseudoparticles". 6059:Redondo, J.; Raffelt, G.; Viaux Maira, N. (2012). 5314:"First axion results from the XENON100 experiment" 5057: 1302:Axions can resonantly convert into photons in the 1111: 1063: 931: 783: 729: 689: 597: 570: 550: 5715:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 5626: 2800: 2135: 1684: 1456: 1389: 1201:Constraints on the axion's coupling to the photon 8833: 6310: 6207: 4306:"New ALPS results on hidden-sector lightweights" 3793:"Tightening the Net on Two Kinds of Dark Matter" 2454: 1257:experiment searches for polarization changes of 5148: 5032: 4745:Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics 4120:Reucroft, Steve; Swain, John (5 October 2006). 3687:The "Gen 2" Axion Dark Matter Experiment (ADMX) 3648:. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington 2086:Weinberg, Steven (1978). "A New Light Boson?". 1281: 199:, which had been proposed in 1977 to solve the 6317:Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 5702: 3843:IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 3684: 2847:Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2401: 2175: 1846: 1413: 1272: 183:originally theorized in 1978 independently by 8129: 7046: 6102:Marsh, David J.E. (2016). "Axion cosmology". 5879: 4742: 4119: 3249: 2265: 1154:. Evidence for this effect has been given in 402: 5312:Aprile, E.; et al. (9 September 2014). 2729: 2313: 1972: 1937: 1926: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1710:the axion has both a scalar and a fermionic 1576: 1402:compared to the implied dark matter density 514:Maxwell's equations with axion modifications 382: 254:electric dipole moment (EDM) for the neutron 6808:invariance in the presence of instantons". 6723: 6675: 6452: 5403: 4136: 2767: 2765: 1135:Analogous effect for topological insulators 730:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0} 502: 8136: 8122: 7053: 7039: 6617: 6415: 6155:Sikivie, P. (2009). "Dark matter axions". 3892: 3890: 3642:"ADMX | Axion Dark Matter eXperiment" 3052: 2844: 1845:See discussion in the "Searches" section, 1441: 6633: 6578: 6531: 6513: 6466: 6328: 6268: 6221: 6168: 6157:International Journal of Modern Physics A 6115: 6086: 6011: 5938: 5893: 5840: 5803: 5785: 5744: 5726: 5640: 5579: 5525: 5471: 5418: 5329: 5235: 5163: 5093: 5075: 4985: 4932: 4871: 4810: 4756: 4678: 4625: 4588: 4570: 4513: 4460: 4397: 4379: 4321: 4256: 4209: 4156: 4142: 4031: 3975: 3910: 3854: 3816: 3759: 3741: 3685:Tanner, David B.; Sullivan, Neil (2019). 3593: 3533: 3426: 3357: 3328: 3263: 3167: 3153: 3138: 2994: 2976: 2911: 2858: 2745: 2635: 2582: 2521: 2468: 2415: 2362: 2287: 2239: 2181: 1986: 1885: 1862: 1687:the mass of the axion from data of M87*. 1434:also set limits on solar axions in 2013. 7060: 6756: 6061:"Journey at the axion meV mass frontier" 5673: 4195: 4013: 4011: 3957: 3790: 3296: 2762: 2730:Castelvecchi, Davide (3 November 2016). 2085: 1722:, the scalar superpartner is called the 1718:superpartner of the axion is called the 1488:produced by axions from the Sun's core. 1204: 1196: 6888: 6796: 6516:"Axions Could Explain Baryon Asymmetry" 6367: 6154: 5977: 4236: 3951: 3887: 3206: 3075: 2195: 2193: 2144: 2120: 2050: 1295:(IAXO) is a proposed fourth generation 1112:{\displaystyle \ g_{a\gamma \gamma }\ } 8834: 7524: 5768:Roncadelli, M.; Tavecchio, F. (2015). 5679: 5311: 5202: 4364:"Design of the ALPS II optical system" 1875: 1840: 1588:. Because of a unique coupling to the 1535:had predicted that they would have no 1469: 1426:set coupling and mass limits in 2013. 1345:could be explained as axion emission. 497: 479: 260:must itself be extremely small. Since 8117: 7034: 6843: 6101: 6066:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 5282: 4719:"The International Axion Observatory" 4008: 3791:Stephens, Marric (23 December 2021). 3302: 1350:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1316:Effelsberg 100 m Radio Telescope 1287:compact astrophysical objects (e.g., 1214:Direct conversion in a magnetic field 292:. The idea is to effectively promote 8814: 6370:Dark matter axions and caustic rings 5826: 5221: 5033:O'Callaghan, Jonathan (2021-10-19). 3473: 3305:"High-energy physics in a new guise" 2190: 1394:Resonance effects may be evident in 323: 264:could have any value between 0 and 2 219: 6889:Collins, Graham P. (17 July 2006). 6406: 3474:Fore, Meredith (22 November 2019). 2771: 1781:Weakly interacting slender particle 1249:Polarized light in a magnetic field 387:If both (a) and (b) are satisfied, 13: 6933:. 24 November 2004. Archived from 6844:Franz, Marcel (24 November 2008). 3303:Franz, Marcel (24 November 2008). 2213:"Cosmology of the invisible axion" 2150:"Time's (almost) reversible arrow" 2025: 981: 914: 805: 750: 710: 681: 628: 14: 8888: 8872:Physics beyond the Standard Model 8862:Hypothetical elementary particles 6880:. 6 December 2006. Archived from 6837: 3059:Soviet Journal of Nuclear Physics 1531:One theory of axions relevant to 1483:observatory, a research group at 1348:In 2016, a theoretical team from 943:Axion field's equation of motion 578:, and permittivity of free space 8813: 8802: 8801: 8209: 8097: 7990:Timeline of particle discoveries 6611: 6556: 6507: 6446: 6400: 6361: 4590:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2008.00602.x 2121:Overbye, Dennis (17 June 2020). 1755: 1743:lightest supersymmetric particle 1701: 1173:published their detection of an 1057: 1049: 907: 899: 843: 823: 812: 771: 757: 717: 674: 635: 598:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}} 443:Phenomenology of the axion field 149: 16:Hypothetical elementary particle 8867:Subatomic particles with spin 0 8143: 6976:. Spain: UNIZAR. Archived from 6909:. 27 March 2006. Archived from 6304: 6262: 6201: 6148: 6095: 6052: 5990: 5978:Conover, Emily (22 July 2022). 5971: 5918: 5873: 5820: 5680:Sample, Ian (16 October 2014). 5620: 5558: 5504: 5451: 5397: 5362: 5305: 5276: 5215: 5196: 5142: 5110: 5051: 5026: 4965: 4912: 4851: 4789: 4736: 4711: 4658: 4605: 4546: 4493: 4449:The European Physical Journal C 4439: 4414: 4354: 4297: 4189: 4113: 4064: 3833: 3784: 3717: 3678: 3660: 3634: 3566: 3513: 3500: 3494: 3467: 3398: 3337: 3243: 3200: 3147: 3126: 3104: 3069: 3046: 3011: 2952: 2891: 2838: 2723: 2668: 2615: 2562: 2501: 2448: 2395: 2342: 2169: 1820: 1812:exists: If at least one of the 1335:Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope 1293:International Axion Observatory 928: 804: 8769:Galaxy formation and evolution 6760:(1978). "A new light boson?". 6566:Journal of High Energy Physics 6542:10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.111602 6485:10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.231102 6240:10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.021102 6088:10.1088/1742-6596/375/1/022004 6030:10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.161805 5629:Journal of High Energy Physics 5598:10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.141802 5514:Quantum Science and Technology 5254:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.231801 5136:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.081801 5004:10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.021102 4890:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.131103 4829:10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.171301 4479:10.1140/epjc/s10052-014-3027-8 4340:10.1016/j.physletb.2010.04.066 3929:10.1103/physrevlett.118.061302 3761:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.261803 3612:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.041301 2930:10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.161103 2114: 2079: 2044: 2019: 1975:Journal of High Energy Physics 1966: 1920: 1802: 1793: 1776:List of hypothetical particles 1526: 1508:Gran Sasso National Laboratory 1457:Searches at particle colliders 1390:Searches for resonance effects 1188: 1: 6597:10.1088/1126-6708/2002/01/010 6347:10.1088/1475-7516/2014/01/011 6134:10.1016/j.physrep.2016.06.005 5203:Kruesi, Liz (17 March 2022). 4275:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.190403 4175:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.110406 3156:Modern Physics Letters A 2996:10.21468/SciPostPhys.10.2.050 2877:10.1088/1475-7516/2017/11/049 2540:10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.171301 2381:10.1016/j.physrep.2020.06.002 2005:10.1088/1126-6708/2007/08/077 1856: 1741:has been predicted to be the 1521: 1237:. ADMX searches the galactic 275: 8191:Self-interacting dark matter 8006:History of subatomic physics 5829:Physics of the Dark Universe 4368:Physics of the Dark Universe 4122:"Axion signature may be QED" 4107:10.1016/0370-2693(86)90869-5 4020:Physics of the Dark Universe 3994:10.1051/epjconf/201716401012 3040:10.1016/0370-2693(81)90590-6 2832:10.1016/0550-3213(80)90209-6 2336:10.1016/0370-2693(83)90639-1 2298:10.1016/0370-2693(83)90638-X 2250:10.1016/0370-2693(83)90637-8 1786: 1730:. They are all bundled in a 1611:Ultralight axion (ULA) with 1360:In 2022 the polarized light 1282:Astrophysical axion searches 1227:Axion Dark Matter Experiment 1156:THz spectroscopy experiments 528:Axion Dark Matter Experiment 318:pseudo-Nambu–Goldstone boson 7: 8349:Navarro–Frenk–White profile 8339:Massive compact halo object 8334:Mass dimension one fermions 6800:(1978). "Problem of strong 6709:10.1103/PhysRevLett.38.1440 5957:10.1103/PhysRevD.104.063023 5904:10.1103/PhysRevD.102.072004 5437:10.1103/PhysRevD.100.111301 5371:American Journal of Physics 3229:10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.1799 3098:10.1103/physrevlett.51.1415 1896:10.1007/978-3-540-73518-2_1 1808:One simple solution to the 1748: 1557:, and very low interaction 1414:Dark matter recoil searches 1273:Light shining through walls 447: 344:) axions could account for 10: 8893: 6830:10.1103/PhysRevLett.40.279 6782:10.1103/PhysRevLett.40.223 6669: 6652:10.1103/PhysRevD.70.063506 6313:"Thermal axion production" 6295:10.1088/0954-3899/34/1/009 5859:10.1016/j.dark.2015.03.002 5348:10.1103/PhysRevD.90.062009 5182:10.1038/s41550-022-01620-3 4951:10.1103/PhysRevD.93.045019 4697:10.1088/0004-637X/699/1/L5 4532:10.1103/PhysRevD.76.121301 4399:10.1016/j.dark.2022.100968 4220:10.1142/9789812704214_0007 4050:10.1016/j.dark.2017.09.010 3552:10.1103/PhysRevD.74.012006 3282:10.1103/PhysRevB.78.195424 2961:"More axions from strings" 2794:10.1103/PhysRevLett.43.103 2654:10.1103/PhysRevD.75.103507 2601:10.1103/PhysRevD.71.063532 2487:10.1103/PhysRevD.98.015042 2434:10.1103/PhysRevD.98.035017 2108:10.1103/PhysRevLett.40.223 2073:10.1103/PhysRevLett.40.279 701:Gauss's law for magnetism 532:CERN Axion Solar Telescope 403:Post-inflationary scenario 314:brand of laundry detergent 298:Peccei–Quinn (PQ) symmetry 214: 18: 8797: 8746: 8712: 8687: 8599: 8371: 8362: 8279: 8218: 8207: 8151: 8095: 7998: 7962: 7879: 7840: 7810: 7784: 7780: 7771: 7703: 7671: 7598: 7533: 7515: 7411: 7366: 7338: 7329: 7320: 7302: 7280: 7252: 7243: 7159: 7086: 7077: 7068: 6187:10.1142/S0217751X10048846 5490:10.1103/PhysRevX.4.021030 5064:The Astrophysical Journal 4775:10.1134/S1063776109030030 4667:The Astrophysical Journal 4644:10.1088/0067-0049/180/1/1 4614:The Astrophysical Journal 4204:, Italy. pp. 63–74. 3873:10.1109/TASC.2016.2631425 3445:10.1038/s41586-019-1630-4 3186:10.1142/S0217732313501629 2747:10.1038/nature.2016.20925 1577:Cosmological implications 1463:light-by-light scattering 942: 794: 740: 700: 618: 613: 610: 383:Pre-inflationary scenario 308:, that fills the role of 131: 121: 99: 84: 76: 68: 44: 8847:Concepts in astrophysics 8354:Scalar field dark matter 8196:Scalar field dark matter 8023:mathematical formulation 7618:Eta and eta prime mesons 6750:10.1103/PhysRevD.16.1791 6514:Anonymous (2020-03-19). 5770:"No axions from the Sun" 5544:10.1088/2058-9565/aa9861 5095:10.3847/1538-4357/abb4ea 3958:Petrakou, Eleni (2017). 1960:10.1103/PhysRevD.14.3432 1638:Bose–Einstein condensate 1623:scalar field dark matter 1592:field of the primordial 1265:, Roberto Petronzio and 1231:University of Washington 1160:Johns Hopkins University 20:Not to be confused with 7685:Double-charm tetraquark 6810:Physical Review Letters 6762:Physical Review Letters 6689:Physical Review Letters 6455:Physical Review Letters 6210:Physical Review Letters 6000:Physical Review Letters 5659:10.1007/JHEP12(2017)044 5568:Physical Review Letters 5536:2018QS&T....3a4008G 5224:Physical Review Letters 5124:Physical Review Letters 4974:Physical Review Letters 4860:Physical Review Letters 4799:Physical Review Letters 4245:Physical Review Letters 4145:Physical Review Letters 3899:Physical Review Letters 3818:10.1103/Physics.14.s164 3730:Physical Review Letters 3582:Physical Review Letters 3376:10.1126/science.aaf5541 3209:Physical Review Letters 3078:Physical Review Letters 3053:Zhitnitsky, A. (1980). 2900:Physical Review Letters 2774:Physical Review Letters 2510:Physical Review Letters 2088:Physical Review Letters 2053:Physical Review Letters 1929:Physical Review Letters 1708:supersymmetric theories 1442:Nuclear spin precession 1370:Event Horizon Telescope 1169:In 2019, a team at the 8877:Quantum chromodynamics 8219:Hypothetical particles 8201:Primordial black holes 3964:EPJ Web of Conferences 3668:"Phase 1 results" 3252:Physical Review B 2812:Nuclear Physics B 2268:Physics Letters B 2220:Physics Letters B 1946:(12). APS: 3432–3450. 1676:primordial black holes 1598:misalignment mechanism 1422:published in 2009 and 1386:range of mass values. 1210: 1202: 1152:magnetoelectric effect 1145:topological insulators 1113: 1065: 933: 785: 731: 691: 599: 572: 552: 551:{\displaystyle \hbar } 455:Peccei-Quinn mechanism 290:Peccei–Quinn mechanism 205:quantum chromodynamics 33:Axion (disambiguation) 8842:Astroparticle physics 8304:Dark globular cluster 8082:Wave–particle duality 8072:Relativistic particle 7209:Electron antineutrino 5805:10.1093/mnrasl/slv040 5746:10.1093/mnras/stu1865 4616:. Supplement Series. 1477:European Space Agency 1208: 1200: 1114: 1066: 934: 786: 732: 692: 600: 573: 553: 8324:Dwarf galaxy problem 8246:Minicharged particle 8161:Baryonic dark matter 7312:Faddeev–Popov ghosts 7062:Particles in physics 6372:(Technical report). 6368:Sikivie, P. (1997). 6275:Journal of Physics G 3689:(Technical report). 3330:10.1103/Physics.1.36 2033:. Cornell University 1573:in magnetic fields. 1485:Leicester University 1312:Green Bank Telescope 1084: 949: 801: 747: 707: 625: 582: 562: 542: 179:) is a hypothetical 123:Electric charge 31:For other uses, see 8087:Particle chauvinism 8030:Subatomic particles 6895:Scientific American 6884:on 7 December 2006. 6822:1978PhRvL..40..279W 6774:1978PhRvL..40..223W 6742:1977PhRvD..16.1791P 6701:1977PhRvL..38.1440P 6644:2004PhRvD..70f3506H 6589:2002JHEP...01..010A 6477:2018PhRvL.120w1102R 6432:2010AIPC.1274...85D 6339:2014JCAP...01..011S 6287:2007JPhG...34..129J 6232:2019PhRvL.123b1102D 6179:2010IJMPA..25..554S 6126:2016PhR...643....1M 6079:2012JPhCS.375b2004R 6022:2022PhRvL.129p1805A 5949:2021PhRvD.104f3023V 5851:2015PDU.....7....6B 5796:2015MNRAS.450L..26R 5737:2014MNRAS.445.2146F 5651:2017JHEP...12..044B 5590:2021PhRvL.126n1802A 5482:2014PhRvX...4b1030B 5429:2019PhRvD.100k1301F 5383:2007AmJPh..75..532C 5340:2014PhRvD..90f2009A 5246:2013PhRvL.111w1801B 5174:2022NatAs...6..592C 5086:2020ApJ...904...42D 4996:2021PhRvL.126b1102B 4943:2016PhRvD..93d5019B 4882:2021PhRvL.127m1103E 4821:2020PhRvL.125q1301F 4767:2009JETP..108..384P 4689:2009ApJ...699L...5C 4636:2009ApJS..180....1C 4581:2009MNRAS.394L..21D 4524:2007PhRvD..76l1301D 4471:2014EPJC...74.3027P 4390:2022PDU....3500968D 4332:2010PhLB..689..149E 4267:2007PhRvL..99s0403R 4167:2006PhRvL..96k0406Z 4099:1986PhLB..175..359M 4042:2017PDU....18...67M 3986:2017EPJWC.16401012P 3921:2017PhRvL.118f1302B 3865:2017ITAS...2731425S 3809:2021PhyOJ..14.s164S 3752:2021PhRvL.127z1803B 3672:phys.washington.edu 3646:phys.washington.edu 3604:2010PhRvL.104d1301A 3544:2006PhRvD..74a2006D 3437:2019Natur.575..315G 3368:2016Sci...354.1124W 3352:(6316): 1124–1127. 3321:2008PhyOJ...1...36F 3274:2008PhRvB..78s5424Q 3221:1987PhRvL..58.1799W 3178:2013MPLA...2850162V 3090:1983PhRvL..51.1415S 3032:1981PhLB..104..199D 2987:2021ScPP...10...50G 2922:2020PhRvL.124p1103B 2869:2017JCAP...11..049K 2824:1980NuPhB.166..493S 2786:1979PhRvL..43..103K 2701:10.1038/nature20115 2693:2016Natur.539...69B 2646:2007PhRvD..75j3507B 2593:2005PhRvD..71f3532B 2532:2003PhRvL..91q1301C 2479:2018PhRvD..98a5042T 2426:2018PhRvD..98c5017G 2373:2020PhR...870....1D 2328:1983PhLB..120..137D 2280:1983PhLB..120..133A 2232:1983PhLB..120..127P 2100:1978PhRvL..40..223W 2065:1978PhRvL..40..279W 1997:2007JHEP...08..077K 1952:1976PhRvD..14.3432T 1497:Josephson junctions 1470:Disputed detections 1396:Josephson junctions 1339:confidence interval 1141:Maxwell's equations 1016: 795:Ampère–Maxwell law 523:Maxwell's equations 393:topological defects 230:strong interactions 197:Peccei–Quinn theory 181:elementary particle 41: 8329:Halo mass function 8289:Cuspy halo problem 6913:on 3 December 2008 6891:"A Hint of Axions" 6868:. 28 January 2007. 5283:Moskvitch, Katia. 4132:on 20 August 2008. 4109:. CERN-TH.4411/86. 2211:(6 January 1983). 2148:(7 January 2016). 2128:The New York Times 1646:physical cosmology 1602:dynamical friction 1543:in the range from 1506:experiment at the 1211: 1203: 1164:Rutgers University 1125:magnetic monopoles 1109: 1078:vector dot product 1061: 1002: 929: 781: 727: 687: 595: 568: 548: 397:isocurvature modes 234:charge conjugation 39: 8829: 8828: 8774:Illustris project 8708: 8707: 8181:Mixed dark matter 8176:Light dark matter 8111: 8110: 8067:Massless particle 7875: 7874: 7871: 7870: 7836: 7835: 7699: 7698: 7511: 7510: 7507: 7506: 7459:Magnetic monopole 7407: 7406: 7298: 7297: 7239: 7238: 7219:Muon antineutrino 7204:Electron neutrino 6951:"CAST Experiment" 6730:Physical Review D 6695:(25): 1440–1443. 6621:Physical Review D 6440:10.1063/1.3489563 5927:Physical Review D 5882:Physical Review D 5460:Physical Review X 5407:Physical Review D 5391:10.1119/1.2710486 5318:Physical Review D 4921:Physical Review D 4502:Physical Review D 4310:Physics Letters B 4229:978-981-238-566-6 4087:Physics Letters B 4078:(7 August 1986). 4074:; Petronzio, R.; 3522:Physical Review D 3421:(7782): 315–319. 3215:(18): 1799–1802. 3020:Physics Letters B 2624:Physical Review D 2571:Physical Review D 2457:Physical Review D 2404:Physical Review D 2316:Physics Letters B 1940:Physical Review D 1905:978-3-540-73517-5 1810:strong CP problem 1732:chiral superfield 1681:fast radio bursts 1600:"), an effective 1343:magnificent seven 1158:performed at the 1108: 1089: 1074: 1073: 1047: 1019: 1001: 995: 979: 973: 962: 922: 897: 892: 882: 874: 855: 849: 841: 835: 830: 778: 672: 653: 647: 571:{\displaystyle c} 558:, speed of light 459:strong CP problem 377: 376: 324:Axion dark matter 270:strong CP problem 242:weak interactions 220:Strong CP problem 201:strong CP problem 141: 140: 8884: 8817: 8816: 8805: 8804: 8369: 8368: 8309:Dark matter halo 8256:Sterile neutrino 8213: 8212: 8186:Warm dark matter 8166:Cold dark matter 8138: 8131: 8124: 8115: 8114: 8101: 8077:Virtual particle 7848:Mesonic molecule 7782: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7623:Bottom eta meson 7531: 7530: 7522: 7521: 7494:W′ and Z′ bosons 7484:Sterile neutrino 7469:Majorana fermion 7336: 7335: 7327: 7326: 7250: 7249: 7229:Tau antineutrino 7084: 7083: 7075: 7074: 7055: 7048: 7041: 7032: 7031: 7027: 7019: 7017: 7016: 7000: 6988: 6986: 6985: 6969: 6967: 6966: 6957:. Archived from 6946: 6944: 6942: 6937:on 10 March 2007 6922: 6920: 6918: 6898: 6885: 6869: 6857: 6833: 6793: 6758:Weinberg, Steven 6753: 6736:(6): 1791–1797. 6720: 6664: 6663: 6637: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6582: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6535: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6470: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6332: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6225: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6172: 6163:(203): 554–563. 6152: 6146: 6145: 6119: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6015: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5942: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5897: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5844: 5824: 5818: 5817: 5807: 5789: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5748: 5730: 5721:(2): 2146–2168. 5706: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5644: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5583: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5529: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5475: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5422: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5333: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5239: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5167: 5152:Nature Astronomy 5146: 5140: 5139: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5097: 5079: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5045: 5030: 5024: 5023: 4989: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4936: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4875: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4814: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4760: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4682: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4629: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4592: 4574: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4517: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4464: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4433: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4401: 4383: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4325: 4316:(4–5): 149–155. 4301: 4295: 4294: 4260: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4213: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4160: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4128:. Archived from 4117: 4111: 4110: 4084: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4035: 4015: 4006: 4005: 3979: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3914: 3894: 3885: 3884: 3858: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3820: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3763: 3745: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3597: 3579: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3537: 3535:astro-ph/0603108 3517: 3511: 3510: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3482:. Future US, Inc 3471: 3465: 3464: 3430: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3361: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3267: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3171: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3015: 3009: 3008: 2998: 2980: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2915: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2862: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2807: 2798: 2797: 2769: 2760: 2759: 2749: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2639: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2586: 2584:astro-ph/0501477 2566: 2560: 2559: 2525: 2523:astro-ph/0306286 2505: 2499: 2498: 2472: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2419: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2366: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2322:(1–3): 137–141. 2311: 2302: 2301: 2291: 2274:(1–3): 133–136. 2263: 2254: 2253: 2243: 2226:(1–3): 127–132. 2217: 2197: 2188: 2187: 2185: 2183:hep-ph/0309143v1 2173: 2167: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2142: 2133: 2132: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2039: 2038: 2032: 2023: 2017: 2016: 1990: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1936: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1889: 1873: 1850: 1844: 1842: 1824: 1818: 1806: 1800: 1797: 1765: 1760: 1759: 1696:baryon asymmetry 1620: 1615: 1606:cosmic inflation 1556: 1549: 1448:Larmor frequency 1409: 1407: 1401: 1400:0.05 GeV/cm 1385: 1378: 1267:Emilio Zavattini 1239:dark matter halo 1220:Primakoff effect 1118: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1087: 1070: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1052: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1017: 1015: 1010: 999: 993: 989: 988: 977: 971: 970: 969: 964: 963: 955: 938: 936: 935: 930: 927: 923: 920: 910: 902: 895: 894: 893: 885: 880: 872: 871: 870: 853: 847: 846: 839: 833: 832: 831: 826: 821: 815: 790: 788: 787: 782: 780: 779: 774: 769: 760: 736: 734: 733: 728: 720: 696: 694: 693: 688: 677: 670: 669: 668: 651: 645: 638: 608: 607: 604: 602: 601: 596: 594: 593: 577: 575: 574: 569: 557: 555: 554: 549: 506: 504: 499: 487: 483: 481: 464: 457:for solving the 389:cosmic inflation 358: 357: 351: 338: 311: 295: 267: 263: 259: 247: 209:cold dark matter 178: 177: 174: 173: 170: 167: 164: 161: 158: 155: 117: 42: 38: 36: 29: 8892: 8891: 8887: 8886: 8885: 8883: 8882: 8881: 8832: 8831: 8830: 8825: 8793: 8789:UniverseMachine 8742: 8704: 8683: 8601: 8595: 8373: 8364: 8358: 8281: 8275: 8214: 8210: 8205: 8171:Hot dark matter 8153: 8147: 8142: 8112: 8107: 8091: 8045:Nuclear physics 7994: 7958: 7894:Davydov soliton 7867: 7832: 7806: 7767: 7695: 7667: 7594: 7503: 7403: 7362: 7316: 7294: 7276: 7235: 7155: 7064: 7059: 7024:"Axion in nLab" 7022: 7014: 7012: 7003: 6991: 6983: 6981: 6972: 6964: 6962: 6953:. Switzerland: 6949: 6940: 6938: 6925: 6916: 6914: 6901: 6872: 6860: 6840: 6672: 6667: 6616: 6612: 6561: 6557: 6512: 6508: 6451: 6447: 6420: 6416: 6405: 6401: 6366: 6362: 6309: 6305: 6267: 6263: 6206: 6202: 6153: 6149: 6104:Physics Reports 6100: 6096: 6057: 6053: 5995: 5991: 5976: 5972: 5923: 5919: 5878: 5874: 5825: 5821: 5766: 5762: 5707: 5703: 5693: 5691: 5678: 5674: 5625: 5621: 5563: 5559: 5509: 5505: 5456: 5452: 5402: 5398: 5367: 5363: 5310: 5306: 5296: 5294: 5281: 5277: 5220: 5216: 5201: 5197: 5147: 5143: 5115: 5111: 5056: 5052: 5043: 5041: 5039:Quanta Magazine 5031: 5027: 4970: 4966: 4917: 4913: 4856: 4852: 4794: 4790: 4741: 4737: 4727: 4725: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4663: 4659: 4610: 4606: 4551: 4547: 4498: 4494: 4444: 4440: 4431: 4429: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4359: 4355: 4302: 4298: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4194: 4190: 4141: 4137: 4118: 4114: 4082: 4069: 4065: 4016: 4009: 3956: 3952: 3895: 3888: 3838: 3834: 3789: 3785: 3722: 3718: 3695:10.2172/1508642 3683: 3679: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3651: 3649: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3577: 3571: 3567: 3518: 3514: 3501:Chu, Jennifer. 3499: 3495: 3485: 3483: 3472: 3468: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3342: 3338: 3301: 3297: 3248: 3244: 3205: 3201: 3162:(35): 1350162. 3152: 3148: 3131: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3074: 3070: 3051: 3047: 3016: 3012: 2965:SciPost Physics 2957: 2953: 2896: 2892: 2843: 2839: 2808: 2801: 2770: 2763: 2728: 2724: 2687:(7627): 69–71. 2673: 2669: 2620: 2616: 2567: 2563: 2506: 2502: 2453: 2449: 2400: 2396: 2351:Physics Reports 2347: 2343: 2312: 2305: 2289:10.1.1.362.5088 2264: 2257: 2241:10.1.1.147.8685 2215: 2198: 2191: 2174: 2170: 2160: 2158: 2155:Quanta Magazine 2143: 2136: 2119: 2115: 2084: 2080: 2049: 2045: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2024: 2020: 1971: 1967: 1925: 1921: 1906: 1874: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1853: 1839: 1825: 1821: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1761: 1754: 1751: 1704: 1613: 1612: 1579: 1551: 1544: 1539:, a very small 1537:electric charge 1529: 1524: 1472: 1459: 1444: 1416: 1408:0.1 GeV/cm 1405: 1403: 1399: 1392: 1380: 1373: 1284: 1275: 1251: 1216: 1191: 1175:axion insulator 1137: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1056: 1048: 1033: 1029: 1011: 1006: 984: 980: 965: 954: 953: 952: 950: 947: 946: 906: 898: 884: 883: 879: 875: 860: 856: 842: 822: 820: 819: 811: 802: 799: 798: 770: 768: 767: 756: 748: 745: 744: 716: 708: 705: 704: 673: 658: 654: 634: 626: 623: 622: 589: 585: 583: 580: 579: 563: 560: 559: 543: 540: 539: 516: 501: 485: 478: 462: 450: 445: 405: 385: 349: 336: 326: 309: 306:Steven Weinberg 293: 278: 265: 261: 257: 248:, appears as a 245: 226:Gerard 't Hooft 222: 217: 193:Goldstone boson 189:Steven Weinberg 152: 148: 115: 55:electromagnetic 37: 30: 19: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8890: 8880: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8827: 8826: 8824: 8823: 8811: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8779:Imaginary mass 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8750: 8748: 8744: 8743: 8741: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8728:HVC 127-41-330 8725: 8719: 8717: 8710: 8709: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8702: 8697: 8691: 8689: 8688:Other projects 8685: 8684: 8682: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8605: 8603: 8597: 8596: 8594: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8377: 8375: 8366: 8360: 8359: 8357: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8314:Dark radiation 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8285: 8283: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8222: 8220: 8216: 8215: 8208: 8206: 8204: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8157: 8155: 8149: 8148: 8141: 8140: 8133: 8126: 8118: 8109: 8108: 8104:Physics portal 8096: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8058: 8057: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8026: 8025: 8018:Standard Model 8015: 8014: 8013: 8002: 8000: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7992: 7987: 7985:Quasiparticles 7982: 7977: 7972: 7966: 7964: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7885: 7883: 7881:Quasiparticles 7877: 7876: 7873: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7844: 7842: 7838: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7814: 7812: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7788: 7786: 7775: 7769: 7768: 7766: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7754: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7718: 7713: 7707: 7705: 7701: 7700: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7693: 7688: 7677: 7675: 7673:Exotic hadrons 7669: 7668: 7666: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7604: 7602: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7566: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7539: 7537: 7528: 7519: 7513: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7501: 7499:X and Y bosons 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7415: 7413: 7409: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7401: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7370: 7368: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7344: 7342: 7333: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7314: 7308: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7292: 7286: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7274: 7272:W and Z bosons 7269: 7264: 7258: 7256: 7247: 7241: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7233: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7165: 7163: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7126:Strange (quark 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7092: 7090: 7081: 7072: 7066: 7065: 7058: 7057: 7050: 7043: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7020: 7001: 6999:on 2009-03-18. 6989: 6970: 6947: 6931:PhysicsWeb.org 6927:"news article" 6923: 6907:PhysicsWeb.org 6903:"news article" 6899: 6886: 6874:"news article" 6870: 6862:"news article" 6858: 6839: 6838:External links 6836: 6835: 6834: 6816:(5): 279–282. 6798:Wilczek, Frank 6794: 6768:(4): 223–226. 6754: 6721: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6665: 6635:hep-ph/0402220 6610: 6580:hep-ph/0111155 6555: 6506: 6461:(23): 231102. 6445: 6414: 6399: 6378:10.2172/484584 6360: 6303: 6281:(1): 129–138. 6261: 6200: 6147: 6094: 6051: 6006:(16): 161805. 5989: 5970: 5917: 5872: 5819: 5780:(1): L26–L28. 5760: 5701: 5672: 5619: 5574:(14): 141802. 5557: 5503: 5450: 5413:(11): 111301. 5396: 5377:(6): 532–536. 5361: 5304: 5275: 5214: 5195: 5158:(5): 592–598. 5141: 5109: 5050: 5025: 4964: 4927:(14): 045019. 4911: 4866:(13): 131103. 4850: 4805:(17): 171301. 4788: 4751:(3): 384–388. 4735: 4710: 4657: 4604: 4565:(1): L21–L25. 4545: 4508:(12): 121301. 4492: 4438: 4413: 4353: 4296: 4251:(19): 190403. 4235: 4228: 4211:hep-ph/0112254 4188: 4158:hep-ex/0507107 4151:(11): 110406. 4135: 4112: 4093:(3): 359–363. 4063: 4007: 3950: 3886: 3832: 3783: 3736:(26): 261803. 3716: 3677: 3659: 3633: 3565: 3512: 3493: 3466: 3410: 3406: 3397: 3336: 3295: 3258:(19): 195424. 3242: 3199: 3146: 3125: 3103: 3068: 3045: 3026:(3): 199–202. 3010: 2951: 2906:(16): 161103. 2890: 2837: 2818:(3): 493–506. 2799: 2780:(2): 103–107. 2761: 2722: 2667: 2637:hep-ph/0606107 2630:(10): 103507. 2614: 2561: 2516:(17): 171301. 2500: 2447: 2394: 2341: 2303: 2255: 2189: 2168: 2146:Wilczek, Frank 2134: 2113: 2094:(4): 223–226. 2078: 2059:(5): 279–282. 2043: 2026:Tanedo, Flip. 2018: 1965: 1919: 1904: 1887:hep-ph/0607268 1860: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1819: 1801: 1791: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1767: 1766: 1763:Physics portal 1750: 1747: 1703: 1700: 1692:early Universe 1578: 1575: 1559:cross-sections 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1471: 1468: 1458: 1455: 1443: 1440: 1415: 1412: 1391: 1388: 1331:bremsstrahlung 1304:magnetospheres 1283: 1280: 1274: 1271: 1263:Luciano Maiani 1250: 1247: 1229:(ADMX) at the 1215: 1212: 1190: 1187: 1179:Weyl semimetal 1136: 1133: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1072: 1071: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1014: 1009: 1005: 998: 992: 987: 983: 976: 968: 961: 958: 944: 940: 939: 926: 919: 916: 913: 909: 905: 901: 891: 888: 878: 869: 866: 863: 859: 852: 845: 838: 829: 825: 818: 814: 810: 807: 796: 792: 791: 777: 773: 766: 763: 759: 755: 752: 742: 741:Faraday's law 738: 737: 726: 723: 719: 715: 712: 702: 698: 697: 686: 683: 680: 676: 667: 664: 661: 657: 650: 644: 641: 637: 633: 630: 620: 616: 615: 612: 592: 588: 567: 547: 519:Pierre Sikivie 515: 512: 449: 446: 444: 441: 429:post-inflation 413:Hubble horizon 409:causal contact 404: 401: 384: 381: 375: 374: 370: 366: 365: 362: 340:(10 times the 325: 322: 282:Roberto Peccei 277: 274: 250:Standard Model 221: 218: 216: 213: 139: 138: 135: 129: 128: 125: 119: 118: 103: 97: 96: 86: 82: 81: 78: 74: 73: 70: 66: 65: 59:strong nuclear 48: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8889: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8822: 8821: 8812: 8810: 8809: 8800: 8799: 8796: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8784:Negative mass 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8764:Exotic matter 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8745: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8733:Smith's Cloud 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8716: 8715:dark galaxies 8711: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8686: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8598: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8370: 8367: 8361: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8344:Mirror matter 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8217: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8158: 8156: 8150: 8146: 8139: 8134: 8132: 8127: 8125: 8120: 8119: 8116: 8106: 8105: 8100: 8094: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8062:Exotic matter 8060: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8051: 8050:Eightfold way 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8040:Antiparticles 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8019: 8016: 8012: 8009: 8008: 8007: 8004: 8003: 8001: 7997: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7961: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7878: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7839: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7809: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7770: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7723: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7711:Atomic nuclei 7709: 7708: 7706: 7702: 7692: 7689: 7686: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7670: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7643:Upsilon meson 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7597: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7575:Lambda baryon 7573: 7571: 7568: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7536: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7514: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7434:Dual graviton 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7410: 7399: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7365: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7331:Superpartners 7328: 7325: 7323: 7319: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7301: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7242: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7214:Muon neutrino 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7158: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7146:Bottom (quark 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7056: 7051: 7049: 7044: 7042: 7037: 7036: 7033: 7025: 7021: 7011:on 2015-02-14 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6980:on 2016-04-15 6979: 6975: 6971: 6961:on 2013-01-16 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6866:New Scientist 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6842: 6841: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6677:Peccei, R. D. 6674: 6673: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6628:(6): 063506. 6627: 6623: 6622: 6614: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6567: 6559: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6510: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6449: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6418: 6410: 6403: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6364: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6307: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6265: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6216:(2): 021102. 6215: 6211: 6204: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6151: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6098: 6089: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6073:(2): 022004. 6072: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6055: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5993: 5985: 5981: 5974: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5933:(6): 063023. 5932: 5928: 5921: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5876: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5823: 5815: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5764: 5756: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5705: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5676: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5623: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5561: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5520:(1): 014008. 5519: 5515: 5507: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5466:(2): 021030. 5465: 5461: 5454: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5400: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5365: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5324:(6): 062009. 5323: 5319: 5315: 5308: 5293: 5291: 5290:New Scientist 5286: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5199: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5145: 5137: 5133: 5130:(8): 081801. 5129: 5125: 5121: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4980:(2): 021102. 4979: 4975: 4968: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4915: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4792: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4739: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4442: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4300: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4231: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4077: 4076:Zavattini, E. 4073: 4067: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4014: 4012: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3905:(6): 061302. 3904: 3900: 3893: 3891: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3841:Experiment". 3836: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3663: 3647: 3643: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3587: 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1949: 1945: 1941: 1934: 1930: 1923: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1861: 1848: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1823: 1815: 1811: 1805: 1796: 1792: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1764: 1758: 1753: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1702:Supersymmetry 1699: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1650:superradiance 1647: 1643: 1639: 1633: 1631: 1626: 1624: 1621:is a kind of 1619: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1548: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1512:5-sigma level 1509: 1505: 1502:In 2020, the 1500: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1467: 1464: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1411: 1397: 1387: 1384: 1377: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1308:neutron stars 1305: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1279: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1207: 1199: 1195: 1186: 1184: 1183:quasiparticle 1180: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1120: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1080:; the factor 1079: 1053: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1012: 1007: 1003: 996: 990: 985: 974: 966: 959: 956: 945: 941: 924: 917: 911: 903: 889: 886: 876: 867: 864: 861: 857: 850: 836: 827: 816: 808: 797: 793: 775: 764: 761: 753: 743: 739: 724: 721: 713: 703: 699: 684: 678: 665: 662: 659: 655: 648: 642: 639: 631: 621: 617: 609: 606: 590: 586: 565: 545: 536: 533: 529: 524: 521:computed how 520: 511: 507: 495: 491: 476: 472: 468: 460: 456: 440: 436: 434: 433:supercomputer 430: 426: 422: 416: 414: 410: 400: 398: 394: 390: 380: 371: 368: 367: 363: 360: 359: 356: 353: 347: 343: 342:electron mass 339: 330: 321: 319: 315: 307: 303: 302:Frank Wilczek 299: 291: 287: 283: 273: 271: 255: 251: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 212: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 185:Frank Wilczek 182: 176: 146: 136: 134: 130: 126: 124: 120: 114: 113: 108: 104: 102: 98: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 64: 60: 56: 52: 51:Gravitational 49: 47: 43: 34: 27: 23: 8818: 8806: 8230: 8102: 7773:Hypothetical 7721:Exotic atoms 7590:Omega baryon 7580:Sigma baryon 7570:Delta baryon 7418: 7322:Hypothetical 7304:Ghost fields 7290:Higgs boson 7224:Tau neutrino 7116:Charm (quark 7013:. Retrieved 7009:the original 6997:the original 6982:. Retrieved 6978:the original 6963:. Retrieved 6959:the original 6939:. Retrieved 6935:the original 6930: 6915:. Retrieved 6911:the original 6906: 6894: 6882:the original 6877: 6865: 6853: 6849: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6765: 6761: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6681:Quinn, H. R. 6625: 6619: 6613: 6570: 6564: 6558: 6523: 6519: 6509: 6458: 6454: 6448: 6423: 6417: 6407:Sikivie, P. 6402: 6369: 6363: 6320: 6316: 6306: 6298: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6264: 6213: 6209: 6203: 6160: 6156: 6150: 6107: 6103: 6097: 6070: 6064: 6054: 6003: 5999: 5992: 5984:Science News 5983: 5973: 5930: 5926: 5920: 5885: 5881: 5875: 5832: 5828: 5822: 5777: 5773: 5763: 5718: 5714: 5704: 5692:. Retrieved 5690:. London, UK 5687:The Guardian 5685: 5675: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5571: 5567: 5560: 5517: 5513: 5506: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5374: 5370: 5364: 5321: 5317: 5307: 5295:. Retrieved 5288: 5278: 5230:(23): 1801. 5227: 5223: 5217: 5209:Science News 5208: 5198: 5155: 5151: 5144: 5127: 5123: 5112: 5067: 5063: 5053: 5042:. Retrieved 5038: 5028: 4977: 4973: 4967: 4924: 4920: 4914: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4802: 4798: 4791: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4726:. Retrieved 4713: 4673:(1): L5–L8. 4670: 4666: 4660: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4430:. Retrieved 4428:. 2023-05-23 4425: 4416: 4371: 4367: 4356: 4313: 4309: 4299: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4197: 4191: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4130:the original 4126:CERN Courier 4125: 4115: 4090: 4086: 4066: 4023: 4019: 3967: 3963: 3953: 3902: 3898: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3800: 3796: 3786: 3733: 3729: 3719: 3686: 3680: 3671: 3662: 3650:. Retrieved 3645: 3636: 3588:(4): 41301. 3585: 3581: 3568: 3528:(1): 12006. 3525: 3521: 3515: 3506: 3496: 3484:. Retrieved 3480:Live Science 3479: 3469: 3418: 3414: 3400: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3312: 3308: 3298: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3212: 3208: 3202: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3128: 3116:. Retrieved 3114:. CERN. 2017 3106: 3084:(16): 1413. 3081: 3077: 3071: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3023: 3019: 3013: 2968: 2964: 2954: 2903: 2899: 2893: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2815: 2811: 2777: 2773: 2735: 2725: 2684: 2680: 2670: 2627: 2623: 2617: 2574: 2570: 2564: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2460: 2456: 2450: 2407: 2403: 2397: 2354: 2350: 2344: 2319: 2315: 2271: 2267: 2223: 2219: 2201:Preskill, J. 2171: 2159:. Retrieved 2153: 2126: 2116: 2091: 2087: 2081: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2035:. Retrieved 2021: 1978: 1974: 1968: 1943: 1939: 1932: 1928: 1922: 1877: 1822: 1804: 1795: 1736: 1712:superpartner 1705: 1689: 1673: 1654: 1634: 1627: 1617: 1610: 1583: 1580: 1553: 1546: 1530: 1501: 1494: 1490: 1473: 1460: 1452: 1445: 1417: 1393: 1382: 1375: 1362:measurements 1359: 1347: 1324: 1301: 1285: 1276: 1253:The Italian 1252: 1244: 1224: 1217: 1192: 1168: 1149: 1138: 1121: 1075: 619:Gauss's law 537: 517: 508: 451: 437: 431:period on a 425:domain walls 417: 406: 386: 378: 354: 331: 327: 279: 224:As shown by 223: 144: 142: 111: 72:Hypothetical 63:weak nuclear 46:Interactions 8857:Dark matter 8759:Dark energy 8723:HE0450-2958 8365:experiments 8299:Dark galaxy 8282:and objects 8236:Dark photon 8154:dark matter 8145:Dark matter 8055:Quark model 7823:Theta meson 7726:Positronium 7638:Omega meson 7633:J/psi meson 7563:Antineutron 7474:Dark photon 7439:Graviphoton 7398:Stop squark 7106:Down (quark 6941:28 November 6878:physorg.com 6850:APS Physics 6526:(11): s38. 4620:(1): 1–29. 4455:(8): 3027. 3670:. Physics. 3644:. Physics. 3486:25 February 2853:(11): 049. 2209:Wilczek, F. 1771:Dark photon 1644:problem of 1642:dark matter 1545:1 μeV/ 1527:Predictions 1381:10 eV/ 1374:10 eV/ 1366:Messier 87* 1189:Experiments 1177:phase of a 346:dark matter 286:Helen Quinn 8836:Categories 8754:Antimatter 8713:Potential 8441:DAMA/LIBRA 8294:Dark fluid 8251:Neutralino 7797:Heptaquark 7758:Superatoms 7691:Pentaquark 7681:Tetraquark 7663:Quarkonium 7553:Antiproton 7454:Leptoquark 7389:Neutralino 7151:antiquark) 7141:antiquark) 7136:Top (quark 7131:antiquark) 7121:antiquark) 7111:antiquark) 7101:antiquark) 7070:Elementary 7015:2008-03-21 6984:2015-08-12 6965:2007-09-23 6533:1910.02080 6468:1709.06581 6223:1904.09242 6117:1510.07633 6013:2207.11330 5940:2103.15834 5895:2006.09721 5888:: 072004. 5694:16 October 5642:1708.00443 5635:(12): 44. 5581:2101.01241 5527:1707.05312 5420:1904.07609 5297:3 December 5165:2105.04572 5077:1910.02956 5044:2021-10-25 4987:1910.04164 4934:1602.00091 4873:2011.05378 4812:2004.00011 4432:2024-09-25 4381:2009.14294 4374:: 100968. 4072:Maiani, L. 4033:1706.00209 3977:1702.03664 3912:1610.02580 3856:1610.09344 3849:(4): 1–4. 3743:2110.06096 3428:1906.04510 3359:1603.04317 3140:2203.14923 2978:2007.04990 2971:(2): 050. 2913:1906.00967 2860:1708.07521 2470:1805.08763 2417:1805.07362 2364:2003.01100 2037:2023-06-20 1981:(8): 077. 1857:References 1836:Vainshtein 1552:1 eV/ 1522:Properties 1481:XMM-Newton 1297:helioscope 1235:microwaves 614:Equations 503:Zhitnitsky 475:Vainshtein 276:Prediction 8738:VIRGOHI21 8695:MultiDark 8602:detection 8486:EDELWEISS 8374:detection 8319:Dark star 8035:Particles 7980:Particles 7939:Polariton 7929:Plasmaron 7899:Dropleton 7792:Hexaquark 7763:Molecules 7751:Protonium 7628:Phi meson 7613:Rho meson 7585:Xi baryon 7517:Composite 7353:Gravitino 7096:Up (quark 6846:"article" 6683:(1977). " 6660:118153564 6573:(1): 10. 6330:1310.6982 6323:(1): 11. 6256:126147949 6170:0909.0949 6142:119264863 6046:251040527 5965:232417159 5912:222338600 5867:119239296 5842:1403.5676 5814:119275136 5787:1411.3297 5728:1403.2436 5667:119422560 5614:230524028 5498:118351193 5473:1306.6089 5445:119303702 5331:1404.1455 5237:1309.3790 5190:247188135 5104:203902766 5070:(1): 42. 5020:231764983 4959:118723146 4906:226300099 4845:214743261 4783:119269835 4758:0711.1264 4680:0810.3002 4627:0806.0411 4572:0807.4246 4540:119152884 4515:0707.4312 4462:1306.0443 4408:222067049 4323:1004.1313 4258:0707.1296 4058:118887710 4026:: 67–72. 4002:119381143 3970:: 01012. 3827:247277808 3778:238634307 3711:204183272 3595:0910.5914 3461:184487056 3290:117659977 3265:0802.3537 3194:119221244 3169:1401.0709 3118:3 October 3005:220486728 2946:174797749 2885:119227153 2756:125299733 2662:119451896 2442:119432896 2389:211678181 2357:: 1–117. 2284:CiteSeerX 2236:CiteSeerX 2013:119594300 1988:0705.0534 1914:119482294 1787:Footnotes 1716:fermionic 1698:problem. 1685:constrain 1669:fermionic 1590:instanton 1533:cosmology 1424:EDELWEISS 1320:Milky Way 1289:magnetars 1102:γ 1099:γ 1054:⋅ 1041:γ 1038:γ 1027:− 982:∇ 975:− 960:¨ 915:∇ 912:× 904:− 890:˙ 868:γ 865:γ 828:˙ 809:× 806:∇ 776:˙ 765:− 754:× 751:∇ 714:⋅ 711:∇ 682:∇ 679:⋅ 666:γ 663:γ 649:− 643:ρ 632:⋅ 629:∇ 587:ε 546:ℏ 498:Srednicki 448:Searches 280:In 1977, 85:Theorized 8808:Category 8600:Indirect 8456:DarkSide 8446:DAMA/NaI 8280:Theories 8152:Forms of 8011:timeline 7863:R-hadron 7818:Glueball 7802:Skyrmion 7736:Tauonium 7449:Inflaton 7444:Graviton 7424:Curvaton 7394:Sfermion 7384:Higgsino 7379:Chargino 7340:Gauginos 7199:Neutrino 7184:Antimuon 7174:Positron 7169:Electron 7079:Fermions 6605:15280422 6550:32242736 6501:49382336 6493:29932720 6394:13840214 6355:67775116 6248:31386502 6110:: 1–79. 6038:36306777 5835:: 6–11. 5755:56328280 5606:33891466 5552:51686418 5356:55875111 5292:Magazine 5270:23845250 5262:24476255 5012:33512228 4898:34623827 4837:33156637 4728:19 March 4705:11868951 4599:18184567 4487:29889038 4348:58898031 4291:23159010 4283:18233050 4183:16605804 3937:28234529 3881:29416513 3770:35029490 3628:35365606 3620:20366699 3560:35236485 3507:Phys.org 3453:31590178 3392:25311729 3384:27934759 3237:10034541 2938:32383908 2740:. news. 2709:27808190 2556:12140847 2548:14611330 2495:54584447 2205:Wise, M. 1841:Zakharov 1749:See also 1630:Big Bang 1616:~ 10 eV/ 1594:universe 1586:Big Bang 1436:XENON100 1314:and the 494:Fischler 480:Zakharov 105:10 to 1 94:Weinberg 8820:Commons 8747:Related 8679:VERITAS 8654:IceCube 8614:ANTARES 8566:TREX-DM 8551:ROSEBUD 8541:PICASSO 7999:Related 7970:Baryons 7944:Polaron 7934:Plasmon 7909:Fracton 7904:Exciton 7858:Diquark 7853:Pomeron 7828:T meson 7785:Baryons 7746:Pionium 7731:Muonium 7658:D meson 7653:B meson 7558:Neutron 7543:Nucleon 7535:Baryons 7526:Hadrons 7489:Tachyon 7464:Majoron 7429:Dilaton 7358:Photino 7194:Antitau 7161:Leptons 6917:6 April 6818:Bibcode 6770:Bibcode 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