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475:
in electromagnetism, which is neutral, the gluon carries a color charge. Quarks and gluons are the only fundamental particles that carry non-vanishing color charge, and hence they participate in strong interactions only with each other. The strong force is the expression of the gluon interaction with
526:
The elementary quark and gluon particles involved in a high energy collision are not directly observable. The interaction produces jets of newly created hadrons that are observable. Those hadrons are created, as a manifestation of massâenergy equivalence, when sufficient energy is deposited into a
569:
While color confinement implies that the strong force acts without distance-diminishment between pairs of quarks in compact collections of bound quarks (hadrons), at distances approaching or greater than the radius of a proton, a residual force (described below) remains. It manifests as a force
236:, while neutrons were electrically neutral. By the understanding of physics at that time, positive charges would repel one another and the positively charged protons should cause the nucleus to fly apart. However, this was never observed. New physics was needed to explain this phenomenon.
490:
The strong force acts between quarks. Unlike all other forces (electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational), the strong force does not diminish in strength with increasing distance between pairs of quarks. After a limiting distance (about the size of a
636:. The rapid decrease with distance of the attractive residual force and the less rapid decrease of the repulsive electromagnetic force acting between protons within a nucleus, causes the instability of larger atomic nuclei, such as all those with
514:
is enough to create particleâantiparticle pairs within a very short distance. The energy added to the system by pulling two quarks apart would create a pair of new quarks that will pair up with the original ones. In QCD, this phenomenon is called
629:
Unlike the strong force, the residual strong force diminishes with distance, and does so rapidly. The decrease is approximately as a negative exponential power of distance, though there is no simple expression known for this; see
671:(GUT) aim to describe the strong interaction and the electroweak interaction as aspects of a single force, similarly to how the electromagnetic and weak interactions were unified by the GlashowâWeinbergâSalam model into
810:
171:
on this scale, the residual strong interaction obeys a distance-dependent behavior between nucleons that is quite different from when it is acting to bind quarks within hadrons. There are also differences in the
926:
The idiot physicists, unable to come up with any wonderful Greek words anymore, call this type of polarization by the unfortunate name of 'color', which has nothing to do with color in the normal sense.
467:. Color charge is analogous to electromagnetic charge, but it comes in three types (±red, ±green, and ±blue) rather than one, which results in different rules of behavior. These rules are described by
282:, although it has no relation to visible color. Quarks with unlike color charge attract one another as a result of the strong interaction, and the particle that mediates this was called the
679:, wherein the strength of the strong force diminishes at higher energies (or temperatures). The theorized energy where its strength becomes equal to the electroweak interaction is the
817:
779:
425:
is used since the strong interaction is the "strongest" of the four fundamental forces. At a distance of 10 m, its strength is around 100 times that of the
274:. The strong attraction between nucleons was the side-effect of a more fundamental force that bound the quarks together into protons and neutrons. The theory of
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614:
The residual strong force is thus a minor residuum of the strong force that binds quarks together into protons and neutrons. This same force is much weaker
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were composed of elementary particles. Zweig called the elementary particles "aces" while Gell-Mann called them "quarks"; the theory came to be called the
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of massive particles instead of emitting their constituents (quarks and gluons) as freely moving particles. This property of the strong force is called
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is the result of the strong interaction energy; the individual quarks provide only about 1% of the mass of a proton. At the range of 10 m (1
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The strong interaction is observable at two ranges, and mediated by different force carriers in each one. On a scale less than about 0.8
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196:, although it is often mediated by the weak interaction. Artificially, the energy associated with the nuclear force is partially released in
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All quarks and gluons in QCD interact with each other through the strong force. The strength of interaction is parameterized by the strong
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Before 1971, physicists were uncertain as to how the atomic nucleus was bound together. It was known that the nucleus was composed of
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683:. However, no Grand Unified Theory has yet been successfully formulated to describe this process, and Grand Unification remains an
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Although the nuclear force is weaker than the strong interaction itself, it is still highly energetic: transitions produce
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elongates until it reaches a point where it "snaps" and the energy added to the system results in the formation of a quarkâ
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together to form protons, neutrons, and other hadrons. On a larger scale, up to about 3 fm, the force is carried by
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of the strong interaction, from left to right: (a) gluon radiation, (b) gluon splitting and (c,d) gluon self-coupling.
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quarkâquark bond, as when a quark in one proton is struck by a very fast quark of another impacting proton during a
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A stronger attractive force was postulated to explain how the atomic nucleus was bound despite the protons' mutual
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In the context of atomic nuclei, the force binds protons and neutrons together to form a nucleus and is called the
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particles. The strong interaction also binds neutrons and protons to create atomic nuclei, where it is called the
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647:. The mass of a nucleus is significantly different from the summed masses of the individual nucleons. This
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is due to the potential energy associated with the nuclear force. Differences between mass defects power
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1009:. Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge. Archived from
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595:. This "residual strong force", acting indirectly, transmits gluons that form part of the virtual
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Wilczek, Frank (1982). "Quantum chromodynamics: The modern theory of the strong interaction".
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constituents shown, to illustrate how the fundamental strong interaction gives rise to the
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796:"The four forces: the strong interaction Duke University Astrophysics Dept website"
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An animation of the strong interaction between a proton and a neutron, mediated by
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The force carrier particle of the strong interaction is the gluon, a massless
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them, in the same way that electromagnetic forces between neutral atoms (
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Relative strength of interaction varies with distance. See for instance
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Quarks and
Leptons: An Introductory Course in Modern Particle Physics
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A diagram (shown by the animation in the lead) with the individual
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The Last
Sorcerers: The Path from Alchemy to the Periodic Table
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184:. Nuclear fusion accounts for most energy production in the
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975:"Quarkâgluon plasma is the most primordial state of matter"
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561:. Straight lines are quarks, while multi-colored loops are
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298:(roughly the radius of a nucleon), the force is carried by
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471:(QCD), the theory of quarkâgluon interactions. Unlike the
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of particle physics. Mathematically, QCD is a non-abelian
185:
167:). Because the force is mediated by massive, short lived
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neutrons and protons, because it is mostly neutralized
495:) has been reached, it remains at a strength of about
212:-based fission weapons and in fusion weapons like the
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between the "colorless" hadrons, and is known as the
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pair. Thus single quarks are never seen in isolation.
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30:"Color force" redirects here. For the company, see
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326:. In the former context, it is often known as the
587:The nuclear force acts between hadrons, known as
523:is considered to be evidence of this phenomenon.
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702:separated from the strong force. Accordingly, a
811:"Chapter 4 Nuclear Processes, The Strong Force"
706:is hypothesized to have existed prior to this.
675:. The strong interaction has a property called
1465:Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
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737:Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
69:. The colored small double circles inside are
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872:Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science
732:Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics
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278:explains that quarks carry what is called a
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914:. Princeton University Press. p. 136.
911:QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter
842:"Lesson 13: Binding energy and mass defect"
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243:. This hypothesized force was called the
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816:. University of Illinois. Archived from
565:(the carriers of the fundamental force).
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27:Binding of quarks in subatomic particles
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846:Furry Elephant physics educational site
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1059:Introduction to Elementary Particles
232:and that protons possessed positive
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892:10.1146/annurev.ns.32.120182.001141
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640:larger than 82 (the element lead).
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1111:Modern Elementary Particle Physics
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780:"The strength of the known forces"
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290:Behavior of the strong interaction
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690:If GUT is correct, after the
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945:Quarks: The Stuff of Matter
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685:unsolved problem in physics
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1091:. John Wiley & Sons.
1061:. John Wiley & Sons.
580:(and historically as the
448:based on a local (gauge)
241:electromagnetic repulsion
1729:Fundamental interactions
1626:Superfluid vacuum theory
1187:Fundamental interactions
1038:Christman, J.R. (2001).
949:. Basic Books. pp.
681:grand unification energy
1408:Quantum electrodynamics
1398:Electroweak interaction
1222:Electroweak interaction
704:grand unification epoch
673:electroweak interaction
318:) together to form the
99:fundamental interaction
1739:Quantum chromodynamics
1386:Quantum chromodynamics
1136:. Joseph Henry Press.
1042:The Strong Interaction
742:Nuclear binding energy
669:Grand Unified Theories
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469:quantum chromodynamics
438:quantum chromodynamics
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276:quantum chromodynamics
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1502:Cosmological constant
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1004:"3. The Strong Force"
941:Fritzsch, H. (1983).
698:of the universe, the
578:residual strong force
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531:experiment. However,
440:(QCD), a part of the
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165:residual strong force
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1611:Loop quantum gravity
1550:Theory of everything
1545:Grand Unified Theory
1519:Neutrino oscillation
1366:Quantum field theory
752:Quantum field theory
624:van der Waals forces
582:strong nuclear force
535:have been observed.
529:particle accelerator
310:and binds nucleons (
249:protons and neutrons
95:strong nuclear force
18:Strong Nuclear Force
1578:Split supersymmetry
1540:KaluzaâKlein theory
1413:Fermi's interaction
1273:Glossary of physics
1248:Hypothetical forces
1128:Morris, R. (2003).
979:About.com Education
884:1982ARNPS..32..177W
611:nucleus) together.
533:quarkâgluon plasmas
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1606:Superstring theory
1376:Strong interaction
1207:Strong interaction
1016:on 22 October 2021
757:Yukawa interaction
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1514:Strong CP problem
1492:Hierarchy problem
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1143:978-0-309-50593-2
1120:978-0-201-11749-3
1113:. Perseus Books.
1098:978-0-471-88741-6
1068:978-0-471-60386-3
960:978-0-465-06781-7
921:978-0-691-08388-9
700:electroweak force
696:electroweak epoch
517:color confinement
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906:Feynman, R.P.
901:
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852:on 2023-05-28
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573:nuclear force
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52:
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39:
33:
19:
1705:
1693:
1583:Supergravity
1443:Constituents
1423:Weak isospin
1381:Color charge
1375:
1371:Gauge theory
1260:Quintessence
1206:
1131:
1110:
1086:
1081:Martin, A.D.
1058:
1041:
1018:. Retrieved
1011:the original
998:
987:. Retrieved
983:the original
978:
969:
944:
925:
910:
900:
875:
871:
865:
854:. Retrieved
850:the original
845:
836:
825:. Retrieved
818:the original
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642:
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465:color charge
458:
446:gauge theory
435:
422:
420:
327:
293:
280:color charge
260:George Zweig
253:
245:strong force
244:
238:
223:
164:
158:
124:Most of the
123:
113:, and other
94:
91:strong force
90:
86:
76:
1644:Experiments
1535:Technicolor
1497:Dark matter
1391:Quark model
1359:Higgs boson
1354:Gauge boson
1255:Fifth force
1239:Gravitation
1211:fundamental
663:Unification
649:mass defect
521:free quarks
461:gauge boson
431:gravitation
388:1â3 fm
369:0.8 fm
347:Interaction
328:color force
272:quark model
154:gravitation
32:Color Force
1723:Categories
1651:Gran Sasso
1475:Beyond the
1450:CKM matrix
1337:Background
1107:Kane, G.L.
1077:Halzen, F.
1020:10 January
989:2017-01-16
856:2023-10-03
827:2023-10-03
778:'s essay,
763:References
747:QCD matter
645:gamma rays
609:hydrogen-1
487:property.
302:and holds
204:, both in
188:and other
138:femtometer
421:The word
415:couplings
254:In 1964,
210:plutonium
55:antiquark
1695:Category
1676:Tevatron
1528:Theories
1485:Evidence
1349:Fermions
1288:Universe
1215:residual
1109:(1987).
1083:(1984).
1057:(1987).
908:(1985).
710:See also
692:Big Bang
398:nucleus
316:neutrons
230:neutrons
194:isotopes
111:neutrons
1707:Commons
1671:Super-K
1507:problem
1191:physics
951:167â168
880:Bibcode
616:between
593:baryons
512: N
452:called
379:hadron
359:result
356:carrier
320:nucleus
312:protons
264:baryons
226:protons
220:History
206:uranium
180:versus
142:nucleon
134:neutron
107:protons
97:, is a
1140:
1117:
1095:
1065:
957:
918:
620:within
605:mesons
603:
589:mesons
563:gluons
501:
493:hadron
473:photon
423:strong
392:hadron
364:Strong
322:of an
308:mesons
304:quarks
300:gluons
268:mesons
169:mesons
130:proton
115:hadron
103:quarks
85:, the
71:gluons
51:quarks
1573:NMSSM
1047:(PDF)
1014:(PDF)
1007:(PDF)
821:(PDF)
814:(PDF)
555:quark
454:SU(3)
395:meson
376:gluon
373:quark
367:<
350:range
284:gluon
190:stars
128:of a
105:into
67:pions
47:gluon
1568:MSSM
1138:ISBN
1115:ISBN
1093:ISBN
1063:ISBN
1022:2023
955:ISBN
916:ISBN
655:and
599:and
591:and
353:held
332:jets
324:atom
314:and
228:and
200:and
163:(or
126:mass
81:and
1666:SNO
1661:LHC
1656:INO
1189:of
888:doi
584:).
576:or
510:000
499:000
208:or
186:Sun
132:or
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