229:
216:, then Assistant Director for Grand Challenges, and later Chief of Staff at OSTP; and Carlos Peña, Assistant Director for Emerging Technologies and currently the Division Director for the Division of Neurological and Physical Medicine Devices, in the Office of Device Evaluation, Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), at the U.S.
785:. Psychologist Ed Vul expressed concern, however, that the initiative would divert funding from individual investigator studies. Neuroscientist Donald Stein expressed concern that it would be a mistake to begin by spending money on technological methods, before knowing exactly what would be measured. Physicist
146:'s Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders, including "From Molecules to Mind: Challenges for the 21st Century," a report of a June 25, 2008 Workshop on Grand Challenges in Neuroscience.; years of research and reports from scientists and professional societies; and congressional interest.
800:
of data every year, presenting a significant technical barrier. Most of the available high-resolution brain activity monitors are of limited use, as they must be invasively implanted surgically by opening the skull. Parallels have been drawn to past large-scale government-led research efforts
184:
Other influences included the interdisciplinary "Decade of the Mind" project led by James L. Olds, who is currently the
Assistant Director for Biological Sciences at NSF, and the "Revolutionizing Prosthetics" project at
157:
organized a conference in London, at which scientists first put forth the idea of such a project. At subsequent meetings, scientists from US government laboratories, including members of the
72:
1087:
862:
264:
793:
declared at the first
Rockefeller meeting "What has happened here is magnificent, never before in neuroscience have I seen so much unity in such a glorious purpose."
291:
participation from DARPA and NSF, to help shape NIH's role in the BRAIN Initiative. NSF planned to receive advice from its directorate advisory committees, from the
668:
267:
to explore the ethical, legal, and societal implications raised by the initiative and by neuroscience in general. Additional commitments were also made by the
1749:
1019:
574:
1852:
986:
56:
on April 2, 2013, with the goal of supporting the development and application of innovative technologies that can create a dynamic understanding of
619:
332:", as well as new technologies that will have to be developed in the course of the project. They indicated that initial studies might be done in
1259:
789:
argued instead that methods in nanotechnology are becoming sufficiently mature to make the time right for a brain activity map. Neuroscientist
1666:
897:
628:
252:
139:
1056:
118:
The BRAIN Initiative reflects a number of influences, stemming back over a decade. Some of these include: planning meetings at the
110:
as well as numerous private companies, universities, and other organizations in the United States, Australia, Canada, and
Denmark.
1413:
1149:
158:
68:
1095:
251:
announced The BRAIN Initiative, with proposed initial expenditures for fiscal year 2014 of approximately $ 110 million from the
1842:
1122:
740:
778:
719:
551:
481:
1178:
929:
Alivisatos, A. Paul; Chun, Miyoung; Church, George M.; Greenspan, Ralph J.; Roukes, Michael L.; Yuste, Rafael (June 2012).
882:
872:
386:. In particular, they called for the use of wireless, noninvasive methods of neuronal activity detection, either utilizing
357:
279:. The NIH also announced the creation of a working group of the Advisory Committee to the Director, led by neuroscientists
1684:
569:
432:
2020–2025: application of those technologies in an integrated fashion to make fundamental new discoveries about the brain
1721:
1439:
773:
Scientists offered differing views of the plan. Neuroscientist John
Donoghue said that the project would fill a gap in
472:
1408:
643:
613:
268:
201:
166:
1469:
328:
outlined a variety of specific experimental techniques that might be used to achieve what they termed a "functional
276:
154:
650:
272:
162:
1847:
877:
492:
796:
The projects face great logistical challenges. Neuroscientists estimated that the project would generate 300
777:
research between, on the one hand, activity measurements at the level of brain regions using methods such as
601:
256:
119:
1837:
1817:
1144:
505:
390:
217:
607:
260:
123:
1554:; Schmidt, Daniel; Martin-Alarcon, Daniel; Tyo, Keith; Boyden, Edward S.; Church, George (August 2012).
1615:
Zador, Anthony M.; Dubnau, Joshua; Oyibo, Hassana K.; Zhan, Huiqing; Cao, Gang; Peikon, Ian D. (2012).
1495:
892:
698:
410:
208:, then Principal Assistant Director for Science and leader of the White House Neuroscience Initiative;
150:
67:
focused on revolutionizing our understanding of the human brain, and was developed by the White House
1832:
1267:
1233:
28:
Understanding how the brain works is arguably one of the greatest scientific challenges of our time.
324:
In a 2012 scientific commentary outlining experimental plans for a more limited project, Alivisatos
887:
867:
837:
597:
As of
December 2018, the BRAIN Initiative website lists the following participants and affiliates:
578:
295:, and from a series of meetings bringing together scientists in neuroscience and related areas.
1822:
454:
334:
292:
96:
1827:
782:
143:
135:
1569:
1504:
802:
560:
383:
344:, because of their comparatively simple neural circuits. Mid-term studies could be done in
76:
8:
852:
847:
514:
463:
20:
1573:
1508:
1382:
1356:
1643:
1616:
1592:
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1527:
1490:
1333:
1316:
957:
930:
857:
827:
536:
527:
523:
376:
16:
Collaborative public-private research initiative announced by the Obama administration
1648:
1597:
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1338:
962:
822:
810:
692:
634:
468:
450:
394:
380:
312:
280:
92:
790:
138:, including a 2006 report on "Grand Challenges of Mind and Brain"; reports from the
1777:
1692:
Brain
Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Working Group
1638:
1628:
1587:
1577:
1522:
1512:
1328:
952:
944:
935:
686:
496:
387:
372:
308:
64:
1695:
1556:"Measuring Cation Dependent DNA Polymerase Fidelity Landscapes by Deep Sequencing"
1020:"Brain Map: President Obama Proposes First Detailed Guide of Human Brain Function"
397:
rather than microelectronics. In one such proposed method, enzymatically produced
1633:
1582:
1517:
1291:"Local Scientists on Brain Mapping Dream Team Reflect on Challenges, Opportunity"
948:
674:
547:
486:
459:
349:
284:
236:
213:
80:
1186:
228:
1551:
1486:
806:
786:
716:
University of
Arizona Center for Innovation in Brain Science (B.I. Participant)
565:
541:
501:
414:
406:
353:
318:
88:
84:
1781:
1811:
931:"The Brain Activity Map Project and the Challenge of Functional Connectomics"
304:
190:
1447:
317:
News reports said the research would map the dynamics of neuron activity in
122:
that led to the NIH's
Blueprint for Neuroscience Research; workshops at the
1652:
1601:
1536:
1342:
966:
774:
532:
361:
248:
240:
209:
205:
131:
53:
758:
Australian
National Health and Medical Research Council (B.I. Participant)
52:) is a collaborative, public-private research initiative announced by the
842:
477:
42:
1207:
556:
510:
340:
329:
194:
1468:
Human brains average 86 billion neurons by a recent estimate. Source:
902:
832:
401:
would serve as a "ticker tape record" of neuronal activity, based on
345:
174:
127:
683:
Boston
University Center for Systems Neuroscience (B.I. Participant)
1800:
1667:"NIH embraces bold, 12-year scientific vision for BRAIN Initiative"
1560:
1470:
How many neurons make a human brain? Billions fewer than we thought
321:
and eventually the tens of billions of neurons in the human brain.
178:
797:
402:
365:
1357:"NSF Selects James Olds to head Biological Science Directorate"
749:
368:
181:, discussed possibilities for a future government-led project.
170:
1549:
659:
Pacific Northwest Neuroscience Neighborhood (B.I. Participant)
928:
713:
University of Texas System UT Neuroscience (B.I. Participant)
204:(EOP) was led by OSTP and included the following EOP staff:
186:
107:
103:
57:
50:
Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies
662:
University of California System Cal-BRAIN (B.I. Participant)
200:
Development of the plan for the BRAIN Initiative within the
102:
Participants in BRAIN and affiliates of the project include
1425:
1161:
863:
G20 World Brain Mapping & Therapeutic Scientific Summit
731:
University of Utah Neurosciences Gateway (B.I. Participant)
680:
Brain & Behavior Research Foundation (B.I. Participant)
665:
University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute (B.I. Participant)
1125:. White House Office of the Press Secretary. April 2, 2013
413:. A related technique proposed the use of high-throughput
265:
Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues
79:, BRAIN aims to help researchers uncover the mysteries of
398:
232:
153:. In September 2011, molecular biologist Miyoung Chun of
1290:
781:, and, on the other hand, measurements at the level of
656:
Neurotechnology Architecting Network (B.I. Participant)
425:
The timeline proposed by the Working Group in 2014 is:
1173:
1171:
247:
On April 2, 2013, at a White House event, President
1614:
409:. Data would be analyzed and modeled by large scale
1057:"Obama to unveil initiative to map the human brain"
1722:"Big dreams emerge for big brain science projects"
1234:"NSF Report on Grand Challenges of Mind and Brain"
1168:
764:Denmark's Lundbeck Foundation (B.I. Participant).
625:White House BRAIN Initiative (Alliance Affiliate)
212:, Deputy Director for Technology and Innovation;
1809:
640:National Photonics Initiative (B.I. Participant)
620:Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity
429:2016–2020: technology development and validation
1694:. National Institutes of Health. Archived from
1266:. National Academies of Science. Archived from
1550:Zamft, Bradley Michael; Marblestone, Adam H.;
1260:"Workshop on Grand Challenges in Neuroscience"
1055:Markoff, John; Gorman, James (April 2, 2013).
1054:
987:"Obama Seeking to Boost Study of Human Brain"
710:Pediatric Brain Foundation (B.I. Participant)
360:and humans. They proposed the development of
1117:
1115:
1113:
924:
922:
920:
918:
1282:
1088:"White House pitches brain mapping project"
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
980:
978:
976:
898:Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics
761:Brain Canada Foundation (B.I. Participant)
298:
1784:"The impact of the NIH BRAIN Initiitve",
1642:
1632:
1591:
1581:
1526:
1516:
1332:
1317:"For an International Decade of the Mind"
1208:"NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research"
1110:
1017:
956:
915:
734:Blackrock Microsystems (B.I. Participant)
629:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
417:for rapidly mapping neural connectivity.
253:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
19:For the different project in Europe, see
1853:2013 establishments in the United States
1491:"Of Toasters and Molecular Ticker Tapes"
1321:The Malaysian Journal of Medical Studies
356:, with studies ultimately to be done in
227:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1543:
1485:
1414:Office of Science and Technology Policy
1288:
1150:Office of Science and Technology Policy
1037:
984:
973:
263:(NSF). The President also directed the
159:Office of Science and Technology Policy
69:Office of Science and Technology Policy
1810:
1719:
1479:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
741:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
1145:"White House Neuroscience Initiative"
1081:
1079:
1077:
1018:Szalavitz, Maia (February 19, 2013).
720:Salk Institute for Biological Studies
552:Salk Institute for Biological Studies
482:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1738:
1685:"Advisory Committee to the Director"
1314:
883:Organization for Human Brain Mapping
873:List of animals by number of neurons
444:
1748:Markoff, John (February 26, 2013).
1671:National Institutes of Health (NIH)
1440:"BRAIN Grand Challenges Conference"
1085:
1004:
985:Markoff, John (February 18, 2013).
570:University of California, San Diego
73:White House Neuroscience Initiative
13:
1771:
1289:Johnson, Carolyn (April 5, 2013).
1074:
728:Kavli Foundation (Alliance Member)
473:California Institute of Technology
169:, along with representatives from
14:
1864:
1792:
644:Allen Institute for Brain Science
614:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
269:Allen Institute for Brain Science
202:Executive Office of the President
167:Allen Institute for Brain Science
436:
405:ion-induced errors in coding by
1720:Wadman, Meredith (2016-09-20).
1713:
1677:
1659:
1608:
1462:
1432:
1401:
1375:
1349:
1315:Olds, James L. (Apr–Jun 2011).
1308:
1252:
1226:
1214:. National Institutes of Health
725:Second Sight (B.I. Participant)
651:Howard Hughes Medical Institute
592:
273:Howard Hughes Medical Institute
243:announcing the BRAIN Initiative
223:
163:Howard Hughes Medical Institute
149:One important activity was the
1200:
1137:
1123:"Fact Sheet: BRAIN Initiative"
878:List of neuroscience databases
811:development of the atomic bomb
489:, MD, PhD, Stanford University
1:
1843:Research in the United States
1086:Fox, Maggie (April 2, 2013).
908:
704:NeuroNexus (B.I. Participant)
602:National Institutes of Health
371:that would detect individual
257:National Institutes of Health
120:National Institutes of Health
113:
1750:"Connecting the Neural Dots"
1634:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001411
1583:10.1371/journal.pone.0043876
1518:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002291
949:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.006
768:
746:NeuroPace (B.I. Participant)
707:Medtronic (B.I. Participant)
506:Morehouse School of Medicine
391:very-large-scale integration
218:Food and Drug Administration
71:(OSTP) as part of a broader
7:
1617:"Sequencing the Connectome"
1383:"The Pentagon's Bionic Arm"
816:
755:Inscopix (B.I. Participant)
701:BrainHub (B.I. Participant)
699:Carnegie Mellon University
608:National Science Foundation
441:The advisory committee is:
420:
261:National Science Foundation
124:National Science Foundation
10:
1869:
1496:PLOS Computational Biology
893:Outline of the human brain
544:, PhD, Stanford University
302:
151:Brain Activity Map Project
18:
1788:editorial, November 2018.
1782:10.1038/s41592-018-0210-0
737:Ripple (B.I. Participant)
622:(IARPA) (Alliance Member)
140:National Research Council
1472:. Notes & Theories.
1409:"White House OSTP staff"
888:Outline of brain mapping
868:Human Connectome Project
838:Brain Mapping Foundation
803:map of the human genome
579:University of Minnesota
299:Experimental approaches
1446:. IEEE. Archived from
669:Blackrock Microsystems
455:Rockefeller University
453:, PhD (co-chair), The
364:that could be used as
335:Caenorhabditis elegans
319:mice and other animals
293:National Science Board
244:
97:traumatic brain injury
30:
1848:Neuroscience projects
1264:Institute of Medicine
384:multielectrode arrays
303:Further information:
231:
144:Institute of Medicine
26:
1183:The BRAIN Initiative
653:(Alliance Affiliate)
561:Princeton University
381:electrophysiological
379:that could serve as
277:The Kavli Foundation
155:The Kavli Foundation
77:Human Genome Project
54:Obama administration
1838:Politics of science
1818:Government research
1574:2012PLoSO...743876Z
1509:2011PLSCB...7E2291K
1270:on 21 February 2011
853:Decade of the Brain
848:China Brain Project
515:Brandeis University
464:Stanford University
63:This activity is a
21:Human Brain Project
858:Decade of the Mind
828:Blue Brain Project
807:voyage to the moon
752:(B.I. Participant)
743:(B.I. Participant)
722:(B.I. Participant)
695:(B.I. Participant)
689:(B.I. Participant)
677:(B.I. Participant)
671:(B.I. Participant)
631:(B.I. Participant)
537:Harvard University
528:University of Utah
524:Richard A. Normann
462:, PhD (co-chair),
245:
136:convergent science
75:. Inspired by the
1489:(December 2011).
1426:National Archives
1162:National Archives
1098:on August 4, 2020
823:Allen Brain Atlas
693:Boston Scientific
646:(Alliance Member)
637:(Alliance Member)
635:Simons Foundation
616:(Alliance Member)
610:(Alliance Member)
604:(Alliance Member)
589:
588:
469:David J. Anderson
451:Cornelia Bargmann
395:synthetic biology
373:action potentials
313:Nanobiotechnology
281:Cornelia Bargmann
1860:
1833:Neuroinformatics
1804:
1803:
1801:Official website
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1701:on 24 April 2013
1700:
1689:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1636:
1627:(10): e1001411.
1612:
1606:
1605:
1595:
1585:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1530:
1520:
1503:(12): e1002291.
1483:
1477:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1336:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1185:. Archived from
1175:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1119:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1094:. Archived from
1083:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1052:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1015:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
982:
971:
970:
960:
926:
687:General Electric
497:Brown University
445:
309:Neuroinformatics
46:BRAIN Initiative
37:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1808:
1807:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1774:
1772:Further reading
1769:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1746:
1739:
1730:
1728:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1673:. 16 July 2015.
1665:
1664:
1660:
1613:
1609:
1552:Kording, Konrad
1548:
1544:
1487:Kording, Konrad
1484:
1480:
1476:. Feb 28, 2012.
1467:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1419:
1417:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1389:. 10 April 2009
1381:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1238:NSF publication
1232:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1192:
1190:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1155:
1153:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1084:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1053:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1016:
1005:
995:
993:
983:
974:
927:
916:
911:
819:
771:
675:GlaxoSmithKline
595:
590:
548:Terry Sejnowski
487:Karl Deisseroth
460:William Newsome
439:
423:
388:microelectronic
315:
301:
285:William Newsome
259:(NIH), and the
237:Francis Collins
226:
214:Cristin Dorgelo
197:in April 2009.
161:, and from the
116:
81:brain disorders
65:Grand Challenge
39:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1866:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
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1825:
1820:
1806:
1805:
1794:
1793:External links
1791:
1790:
1789:
1786:Nature Methods
1773:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1754:New York Times
1737:
1726:Science | AAAS
1712:
1676:
1658:
1607:
1542:
1478:
1461:
1431:
1400:
1374:
1348:
1307:
1281:
1251:
1225:
1199:
1179:"Participants"
1167:
1136:
1109:
1073:
1061:New York Times
1036:
1003:
991:New York Times
972:
943:(6): 970–974.
913:
912:
910:
907:
906:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
818:
815:
801:including the
791:Rodolfo Llinás
787:Michael Roukes
770:
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572:
566:Roger Y. Tsien
563:
554:
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542:Mark Schnitzer
539:
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519:
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517:
508:
502:Peter MacLeish
499:
490:
484:
475:
466:
457:
443:
438:
435:
434:
433:
430:
422:
419:
415:DNA sequencing
407:DNA polymerase
393:, or based on
354:Etruscan shrew
338:, followed by
300:
297:
255:(DARPA), the
239:and President
225:
222:
115:
112:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1865:
1854:
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1849:
1846:
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1834:
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1824:
1823:Neural coding
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1579:
1575:
1571:
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1759:February 27,
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1621:PLOS Biology
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533:Joshua Sanes
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249:Barack Obama
246:
241:Barack Obama
224:Announcement
210:Thomas Kalil
206:Philip Rubin
199:
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132:neuroscience
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480:, MD, PhD,
478:Emery Brown
411:computation
89:Parkinson's
85:Alzheimer's
43:White House
1812:Categories
1731:2019-05-22
1327:(2): 1–2.
1193:2019-05-13
909:References
809:, and the
557:David Tank
511:Eve Marder
377:nanoprobes
352:, and the
341:Drosophila
330:connectome
289:ex officio
195:60 Minutes
114:Background
93:depression
91:diseases,
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1300:April 11,
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346:zebrafish
287:and with
175:Microsoft
128:cognition
126:(NSF) on
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1653:23109909
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1561:PLOS ONE
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1343:22135580
1129:April 2,
1102:April 2,
1092:NBC News
1066:April 2,
967:22726828
817:See also
798:exabytes
649:Janelia/
421:Timeline
358:primates
179:Qualcomm
165:and the
142:and the
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1593:3425509
1570:Bibcode
1528:3248391
1505:Bibcode
1361:NSF.gov
1334:3216206
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1699:(PDF)
1688:(PDF)
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1367:9 May
1363:. NSF
1274:9 May
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1240:. NSF
1218:7 May
1156:7 May
187:DARPA
108:IARPA
104:DARPA
58:brain
1761:2013
1707:2013
1649:PMID
1598:PMID
1533:PMID
1456:2015
1422:2015
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1339:PMID
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1024:Time
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