127:
32:
73:
189:
1192:
Much of
Bahamian terminology is derived from British English, West African languages, and Spanish, due to the country's colonial past. Bahamian English has also come under the influence of American English due to a boost in tourism after the country gained independence, along with the resulting
873:-based with regard to spelling, vocabulary, and pronunciation; however, perceptions of the standard are more recently changing toward American English. In particular, 21st-century news-industry and younger Bahamian speakers are often more influenced in their pronunciations by
945:
The Trap vowel: This vowel is mostly . It can change to before a bilabial plosive and before an alveolar plosive, with the former being especially common among black speakers and the latter being especially common among white speakers. The dialect does not feature the
1696:
British-based standard
Bahamian English is the official language Although standard Bahamian is non-rhotic, many Bahamians view r-full American pronunciations as "correct" and try to imitate them, even to the extent of introducing a
878:
523:
1143:
The past participle is not indicated using the verb "have" in
Bahamian English. Instead, it is indicated with the verb "be", especially among white speakers. (
1103:
is often inserted into words that are not spelled with the letter H, leaving "up" to be pronounced as . However, it is also frequently dropped from words that
3198:
1045:
3138:
845:
1215:– supposed to mean "boy", but can also refer to any person. It can also be used as an imperative command to make somebody pay attention to a point.
819:
1954:
1158:
For some speakers (particularly black speakers), the present progressive is written using the present participle preceded by "does be" (
3233:
2206:
1621:- used to refer to a person or thing with a name that cannot be easily recalled by the speaker. Can also be represented with "t'ing".
487:
838:
3283:
3068:
2175:
1917:
1763:
1736:
1689:
1907:
3303:
2376:
2261:
750:
2784:
2134:
906:
443:
1251:(adjective) - big and round (of a person's lips). (Not to be confused with "bubbie", which refers to a woman's breasts.)
2889:
3339:
2144:
1778:, and of the Bahamas, are non-rhotic. Jamaica and Guyana occupy intermediate positions, with variable semi-rhoticity.
1184:) Thus, the use of "ain't" is highly important to distinguish an interrogative sentence from a declarative sentence.
831:
239:
170:
148:
108:
59:
45:
2158:
141:
2688:
1257:(noun) – the way that someone is raised. "No broughtupcy" can also be used as an adjective, meaning "bad-mannered".
83:
2071:
956:
The Strut vowel: It is the same as in the US English, . However, it is also possible for it to vary between and .
2936:
2732:
548:
433:
3253:
2693:
2199:
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1081:
becomes /d/, e.g. "That" turns into "dat"; "Those" > "Dose"; "There" > "Dere"; "They" > "Dey".
508:
2184:
1305:(verb) - to give somebody a beating. The noun "cut-hip" refers to a beating that is given in this act.
3228:
2754:
2712:
2683:
2615:
2583:
2192:
1176:
Questions retain the same syntax as statements; the subject and verb do not switch their positions. (
1044:
sounds like , or . This process is especially common among white speakers. This also happens in the
2953:
2907:
2806:
2779:
2744:
2639:
2510:
874:
650:
135:
1848:
Childs, Becky; Wolfram, Walt (2008). "Bahamian
English: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W. (ed.).
1649:(noun) - a problem or bad situation. The verb "to wybe" means to have an argument or disagreement.
3165:
2998:
2816:
2791:
1096:
changes to in the letter combination "str", leaving words like "strangle" to be pronounced as .
355:
300:
290:
280:
1151:) It can also be omitted and replaced by "done", with the verb left in its present-tense form. (
3080:
3058:
2862:
2559:
2528:
2406:
1679:
1162:). Among white speakers, it is more common to just use "be" when talking in the third person. (
1036:
There is poor distinction between the and sounds in
Bahamian English. The contrast is often
923:
The realization of vowels in
Bahamian English is as follows. The vowels below are named by the
898:
775:
760:
482:
152:
2976:
1753:
3278:
3063:
2958:
2671:
2605:
2359:
2349:
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51:
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2700:
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2533:
2411:
2384:
2301:
1877:
1852:. Vol. 2: The Americas and the Caribbean. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 239–255.
1287:(noun) - can refer to either a white native/longtime resident of the Bahamas or a cocktail.
917:
370:
210:
90:
8:
3298:
3128:
3120:
3018:
2981:
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2852:
2727:
2717:
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1324:
730:
625:
600:
595:
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513:
1012:
The Choice diphthong: It is or . It changes to in some words, like "foil" and "moist".
3188:
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2928:
2749:
2296:
2286:
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and by members of the
Bahamian people. The standard for official use and education is
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2839:
2588:
2364:
2328:
2171:
2140:
1913:
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becomes /t/, e.g. "Thanks" becomes "tanks"; "Throw" > "Trow"; "Three" > "Tree".
1053:
1049:
939:
890:
765:
740:
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635:
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575:
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419:
315:
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1834:
1491:- addresses the fact that a person's hair has tight curls at the nape of their head.
439:
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310:
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1681:
Sociolinguistics: An
International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society
3183:
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1469:(interjection) – an expression used to represent excitement, surprise, or shock.
3258:
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1993:
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1926:
1459:(noun) - a boiler (of a coral reef), especially one set in deeper open water.
790:
2811:
2659:
2538:
1698:
710:
214:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1758:. Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles. Cambridge U. Press. p. 570.
889:
The phonology of
Bahamian English is believed to be derived from those of
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1528:
1387:(particle) - used at the end of a yes/no question when seeking agreement.
1239:(noun) - the hindquarters area. As a verb, it refers to anal penetration.
1129:
When emphasizing a word in
Bahamian English, it is common to repeat it. (
1067:
924:
866:
360:
263:
2722:
2214:
1909:
Ecology and Oceanography of the Coral-Reef Tract, Abaco Island, Bahamas
1783:
2279:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
1357:(noun) - the act of having sex. Can also be expressed with "juicing".
966:
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392:
203:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
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2316:
2072:"Bahamas words and phrases 2022 | 15 fun sayings and quotes"
2000:
1856:
1479:- a contraction of "must be", often used to mean only the former.
1441:(noun) - a person who is a pushover or can be taken advantage of.
1245:(noun) - a woman's genitals. Can also be expressed with "crabby".
720:
447:
2311:
2291:
2136:
How to Buy and Sell Real Estate in the Bahamas: Insider's Guide
1155:) This practice is common among both white and black speakers.
2129:
2127:
1878:"16 Bahamian Words You Need to Know | This Bahamian Gyal"
2066:
1678:
Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J. (2006).
1126:
The grammar is not so different from the US ( as per Zaka ).
1026:
2064:
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2056:
2054:
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2046:
1317:(noun) - oil. (Can refer to both cooking oil and motor oil.)
82:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's
2124:
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2085:
2083:
2081:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1107:
spelled with an H, so "harm" is left to be pronounced as .
975:
The Thought vowel: The vowel is . The dialect features the
953:
The Lot vowel: As mostly of the US, this vowel is usually .
450:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2043:
1829:
1827:
2078:
1884:
1515:(noun) - the top of a coral reef, especially a flat one.
1369:- describes the curvature of a woman's upper thigh area.
1333:(adjective) - foul-smelling, often in an extreme sense.
1824:
1677:
1561:(noun) - a beverage made from gin and coconut water.
1293:(noun) - can refer to a coral stack or a coral head.
1988:
1986:
1984:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1717:Reaser, Jeffrey; Torbert, Benjamin (2008-12-19).
3326:
1955:"15 Phrases to Know Before Visiting the Bahamas"
935:: The same as in American English, the default .
2112:
2110:
2108:
1666:
1435:- an idiom used when somebody arrives too late.
920:, but often now rhotic among younger speakers.
1961:
1509:(noun) - the main reef of a coral reef system.
1269:- a proverb meaning to run when trouble comes.
1015:The Mouth diphthong: It varies among , and .
93:to make improvements to the overall structure.
2200:
2167:A Handbook of Varieties of English: Phonology
1847:
1716:
839:
2558:
2105:
1009:The Price/Prize diphthong: It's generally .
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3234:Comparison of American and British English
2207:
2193:
1994:"Bahamian Slang | This Bahamian Gyal"
1579:- used when a person goes out on the town.
1423:(noun) - a loud, uncouth and fiesty woman.
1263:(verb) - to run into something or someone.
913:, according to Reaser and Torbert (2004).
846:
832:
1485:(noun) - fecal matter or excretory waste.
1003:The Nurse vowel: It varies among , and .
982:The Goat diphthong: It is generally or .
962:The Fleece vowel: It is or a diphthong .
240:Learn how and when to remove this message
171:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2927:
2163:
134:This article includes a list of general
1720:Bahamian English: morphology and syntax
1453:(verb) - to break or destroy something.
1299:(verb) - to give somebody a dirty look.
1196:Some distinctive Bahamianisms include:
1018:The happY vowel: It is pretty much the
444:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3327:
1770:The accents of Trinidad and the other
1567:(noun) - a sausage and bread sandwich.
1521:(noun) - title history (of an estate).
2188:
1905:
1875:
1751:
916:The Bahamian accent is traditionally
820:Teaching English as a second language
3304:Non-native pronunciations of English
1033:Vowels are often nasalized before .
182:
120:
66:
25:
2037:"Bahamas Slang Bahamian Speak Talk"
1684:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 2069.
1025:The lettEr-horsEs-commA vowel is (
907:African-American Vernacular English
879:African-American Vernacular English
13:
1591:(verb) - to cheat on one's spouse.
1537:(noun) - the back of a coral reef.
1323:(particle) - used at the end of a
140:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3356:
1912:. Geological Society of America.
1429:(adjective) - drunk (on alcohol).
1145:I have already washed the clothes
41:This article has multiple issues.
2139:. Matthew Simon. 12 March 2012.
884:
187:
125:
71:
30:
1639:(noun) - a derogatory term for
1149:I am already washed the clothes
1006:The Goose vowel: It is mostly .
985:The Near diphthong: It is or .
49:or discuss these issues on the
3254:English-based creole languages
1906:Storr, John Frederick (1964).
1841:
1745:
1710:
1399:(adjective) - unsophisticated.
997:The Force diphthong: usually .
994:The North diphthong: usually .
972:The Palm vowel: It is mostly .
202:format but may read better as
1:
3294:List of English-based pidgins
1876:Smith, Rogan (19 July 2021).
1659:
1363:- a contraction of "give me".
1193:diffusion of American media.
1187:
1160:I does be washing the clothes
1118:are devoiced and merged to .
1000:The Cure diphthong: usually .
988:The Square diphthong: It is .
3289:Linguistic purism in English
1633:(adjective) - untrustworthy.
1615:(adjective) - materialistic.
1603:(adverb) - directly or soon.
1381:(noun) - property (of land).
1345:- a contraction of "got to".
7:
2390:London & Thames Estuary
2159:How to Talk like a Bahamian
1535:Seaward (of a reef barrier)
1221:(adjective) - bold or loud.
1164:They be washing the clothes
1138:the car was going fast fast
861:is a group of varieties of
803:List of dialects of English
10:
3361:
3249:English as a lingua franca
1627:(verb) - to spread gossip.
1549:(verb) - to be a show-off.
1311:(noun) - a man's genitals.
1121:
1040:or merged into , or , so
509:English as a lingua franca
18:
3229:Broad and general accents
3211:
3164:
3139:regional and occupational
3119:
3106:
3099:
3011:
2972:
2920:
2898:
2838:
2770:
2635:
2624:
2569:
2551:
2524:
2496:
2459:
2436:
2375:
2337:
2260:
2251:
2240:
2231:
1729:10.1515/9783110197181-101
1655:(pronoun) - you (plural).
1447:- a light-skinned person.
1417:(verb) - to poke or stab.
1327:when seeking information.
1169:The possessive indicator
430:
418:
402:
390:
385:
343:
269:
259:
254:
3340:Languages of the Bahamas
2164:Kortmann, Bernd (2004).
1585:(verb) - to be stubborn.
1209:(noun) - a line of reef.
1110:The sibilant fricatives
991:The Start vowel: It is .
875:General American English
19:Not to be confused with
1543:(noun) - a bright reef.
1497:(noun) - a small child.
1275:(adjective) - confused.
1227:(adjective) - pregnant.
1153:I done wash the clothes
1062:are usually changed to
969:: It is generally or .
959:The Foot vowel: It is .
463:Part of a series on the
211:converting this article
155:more precise citations.
2407:Received Pronunciation
1405:(adjective) - crowded.
751:San Andrés–Providencia
483:English-speaking world
432:This article contains
2601:Multicultural Toronto
2170:. Walter de Gruyter.
1818:"Linguistic Features"
1752:Wells, J. C. (1982).
1723:. De Gruyter Mouton.
1503:(noun) - a stray dog.
1351:(adjective) - greedy.
581:Antiguan and Barbudan
2762:Western Pennsylvania
1850:Varieties of English
1573:(adjective) - moody.
1411:(noun) - a city bus.
488:As a second language
371:Early Modern English
3335:Dialects of English
3299:Mid-Atlantic accent
2890:Trinidad and Tobago
1957:. 22 December 2017.
1267:Bush crack man gone
1207:Aligned patch reefs
1054:Caribbean Englishes
351:Proto-Indo-European
91:editing the article
2822:Pennsylvania Dutch
2099:"Talkin Sex Stuff"
1755:Accents of English
1609:(verb) - to steal.
1597:(noun) - lemonade.
1281:(noun) - children.
1233:(noun) - buttocks.
1203:(verb) - to cheat.
1182:What she is doing?
1178:What is she doing?
1173:is often omitted.
1131:the car was going
877:or sometimes even
296:North Sea Germanic
213:, if appropriate.
16:Variety of English
3345:Caribbean English
3322:
3321:
3207:
3206:
3007:
3006:
2916:
2915:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2755:Pacific Northwest
2616:Standard Canadian
2547:
2546:
2492:
2491:
2432:
2431:
2177:978-3-11-017532-5
1919:978-0-8137-2079-1
1765:978-0-521-28541-4
1738:978-3-11-019718-1
1691:978-3-11-018418-1
1064:alveolar plosives
1060:Dental fricatives
891:Bermudian English
856:
855:
529:Linguistic purism
514:European language
458:
457:
440:rendering support
436:phonetic symbols.
316:Caribbean English
250:
249:
242:
232:
231:
181:
180:
173:
119:
118:
111:
84:layout guidelines
64:
3352:
3219:English language
3104:
3103:
2925:
2924:
2908:Falkland Islands
2807:General American
2780:African-American
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2101:. 21 March 2013.
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1708:
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1675:
1555:(noun) - gossip.
1117:
1113:
1102:
1095:
942:: The vowel is .
927:they belong to:
903:Scottish English
859:Bahamian English
848:
841:
834:
651:Falkland Islands
469:English language
460:
459:
426:
414:
395:
321:Bahamian English
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255:Bahamian English
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227:
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209:You can help by
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151:this article by
142:inline citations
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2999:Solomon Islands
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2912:
2894:
2826:
2817:New York Latino
2792:American Indian
2772:
2766:
2627:
2620:
2561:
2543:
2529:Channel Islands
2520:
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2455:
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2333:
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2227:
2213:
2178:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2118:"Ting's to Say"
2116:
2115:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2079:
2074:. 30 June 2018.
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2001:
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1991:
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1904:
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1842:
1835:"Grammar Rules"
1833:
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1776:Leeward Islands
1766:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1715:
1711:
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1676:
1667:
1662:
1325:yes/no question
1190:
1124:
977:lot-cloth split
948:trap-bath split
895:Cockney English
887:
852:
501:Advanced topics
438:Without proper
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339:
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273:Language family
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147:Please help to
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89:Please help by
88:
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35:
31:
24:
21:Bahamian Creole
17:
12:
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5:
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3259:Englishisation
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3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3166:Southeast Asia
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3081:South Atlantic
3078:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2933:
2931:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2863:Cayman Islands
2860:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2776:
2774:
2773:ethno-cultural
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2564:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2365:Stoke-on-Trent
2362:
2357:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2224:Modern English
2212:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2123:
2104:
2077:
2042:
1999:
1996:. 27 May 2018.
1960:
1925:
1918:
1883:
1855:
1840:
1823:
1782:
1764:
1744:
1737:
1709:
1690:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1470:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1375:(noun) – girl.
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1291:Coral pinnacle
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1189:
1186:
1123:
1120:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
973:
970:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
943:
936:
886:
883:
854:
853:
851:
850:
843:
836:
828:
825:
824:
823:
822:
814:
813:
809:
808:
807:
806:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
776:South Atlantic
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
560:
559:
555:
554:
553:
552:
539:
538:
534:
533:
532:
531:
526:
521:
519:Modern English
516:
511:
503:
502:
498:
497:
496:
495:
490:
485:
477:
476:
472:
471:
465:
464:
456:
455:
442:, you may see
428:
427:
422:
416:
415:
408:
400:
399:
396:
388:
387:
386:Language codes
383:
382:
380:
379:
378:
377:
376:
375:
374:
373:
366:Middle English
356:Proto-Germanic
349:
347:
344:
341:
340:
338:
337:
336:
335:
334:
333:
332:
331:
330:
329:
328:
327:
326:
325:
324:
323:
279:
277:
270:
267:
266:
261:
257:
256:
248:
247:
230:
229:
195:
193:
186:
179:
178:
133:
131:
124:
117:
116:
79:
77:
70:
65:
39:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3357:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3279:International
3277:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:Torres Strait
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2694:North-Central
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2672:New York City
2670:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2606:Ottawa Valley
2604:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2400:Multicultural
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2360:Black Country
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2350:West Midlands
2348:
2346:
2345:East Midlands
2343:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2179:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2148:
2146:9781438250519
2142:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2128:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1879:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1851:
1844:
1837:. March 2013.
1836:
1830:
1828:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1713:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1665:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1513:Reef platform
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1379:Hereditaments
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1303:Cut one's hip
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1119:
1108:
1106:
1097:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
974:
971:
968:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
944:
941:
937:
934:
930:
929:
928:
926:
921:
919:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
885:Pronunciation
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
849:
844:
842:
837:
835:
830:
829:
827:
826:
821:
818:
817:
816:
815:
811:
810:
805:
804:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
771:South African
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
562:
561:
557:
556:
550:
546:
543:
542:
541:
540:
536:
535:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
505:
504:
500:
499:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
480:
479:
478:
474:
473:
470:
467:
466:
462:
461:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
435:
429:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
407:
406:
401:
397:
394:
389:
384:
372:
369:
368:
367:
364:
363:
362:
359:
358:
357:
354:
353:
352:
348:
342:
322:
319:
318:
317:
314:
313:
312:
309:
308:
307:
304:
303:
302:
301:Anglo-Frisian
299:
298:
297:
294:
293:
292:
291:West Germanic
289:
288:
287:
284:
283:
282:
281:Indo-European
278:
274:
268:
265:
262:
258:
253:
244:
241:
226:
223:November 2012
217:is available.
216:
212:
206:
205:
201:
196:This article
194:
185:
184:
175:
172:
164:
154:
150:
144:
143:
137:
132:
123:
122:
113:
110:
102:
92:
86:
85:
80:This article
78:
69:
68:
63:
61:
54:
53:
48:
47:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
3064:South Africa
3059:Sierra Leone
2847:
2812:Miami Latino
2701:Philadelphia
2689:Inland North
2594:Newfoundland
2412:West Country
2226:by continent
2166:
2135:
1908:
1849:
1843:
1769:
1754:
1747:
1719:
1712:
1702:
1699:hypercorrect
1695:
1680:
1652:
1646:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
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3189:Philippines
2982:New Zealand
2868:Bay Islands
2848:The Bahamas
2771:Social and
2728:New Orleans
2645:New England
2539:Isle of Man
2484:Port Talbot
2385:East Anglia
2302:Northumbria
1529:alcyonarian
1349:Grabalishus
1255:Broughtupcy
1038:neutralized
940:Dress vowel
925:lexical set
867:The Bahamas
731:New Zealand
626:Cameroonian
601:Bay Islands
596:Bangladeshi
446:instead of
361:Old English
345:Early forms
264:The Bahamas
153:introducing
3329:Categories
3129:Bangladesh
3121:South Asia
3074:Cape Flats
3024:The Gambia
2949:Aboriginal
2785:vernacular
2750:California
2723:High Tider
2718:Appalachia
2579:Aboriginal
2511:South-West
2355:Birmingham
2312:Sunderland
2297:Manchester
2287:Lancashire
1660:References
1589:Sweetheart
1577:Spilligate
1519:Root title
1457:Mound reef
1445:Mango skin
1285:Conchy Joe
1188:Vocabulary
1099:The sound
1092:The sound
1052:and other
1046:Vincentian
918:non-rhotic
865:spoken in
801:see also:
796:Zimbabwean
781:Sri Lankan
746:Philippine
586:Australian
571:Anguillian
136:references
46:improve it
3194:Singapore
3156:Sri Lanka
3111:Hong Kong
2937:variation
2929:Australia
2840:Caribbean
2706:Baltimore
2589:Lunenburg
2534:Gibraltar
2451:Highlands
2329:Yorkshire
2292:Liverpool
1625:Tote news
1601:Terreckly
1571:Sometimey
1559:Sky juice
1489:Peasyhead
1467:muddasick
1439:Low fence
1433:Leg short
1421:Jungaless
1397:Islandish
1367:Gun casin
1231:Boom-boom
1201:Advantage
1084:Unvoiced
1071:-stopping
1050:Bermudian
967:diphthong
965:The Face
933:Kit vowel
766:Singapore
741:Pakistani
706:Malaysian
636:Caribbean
611:Bermudian
576:Antarctic
545:Phonology
537:Phonology
524:Loanwords
405:Glottolog
393:ISO 639-3
161:July 2012
99:July 2012
52:talk page
3314:Standard
3284:Learning
3272:Nerrière
3263:Globish
3179:Malaysia
3151:Pakistan
3091:Zimbabwe
3019:Cameroon
2853:Barbados
2584:Atlantic
2552:Americas
2469:Abercraf
2438:Scotland
2417:Cornwall
2338:Midlands
2322:Teesside
2317:Tyneside
2307:Pitmatic
2270:Cheshire
2216:Dialects
1772:Windward
1703:Baharmas
1701:/r/ in
1641:HIV/AIDS
1565:Slam bam
1547:Show sef
1525:Sea whip
1355:Grinding
1273:Capoonka
1022:vowel: .
812:Teaching
756:Scottish
736:Nigerian
721:Namibian
701:Malawian
696:Liberian
686:Jamaican
671:Gustavia
666:Ghanaian
631:Canadian
606:Belizean
566:American
558:Dialects
452:Help:IPA
412:baha1263
286:Germanic
3244:Engrish
3239:E-Prime
3212:Related
3199:Vietnam
3184:Myanmar
3054:Nigeria
3049:Namibia
3039:Liberia
2921:Oceania
2903:Bermuda
2875:Jamaica
2802:Chicano
2640:Midland
2626:United
2562:America
2498:Ireland
2474:Cardiff
2446:Glasgow
2395:Cockney
2275:Cumbria
2253:England
2244:Britain
2220:accents
1595:Switcha
1553:Sip sip
1501:Potcake
1451:Mash up
1393:– I am.
1297:Cut eye
1279:Chirren
1261:Buck up
1237:Boonggy
1219:Biggety
1122:Grammar
1077:Voiced
1042:village
871:British
863:English
786:Ugandan
716:Myanmar
661:Gambian
646:England
641:Cornish
616:British
549:History
493:History
448:Unicode
311:English
149:improve
3267:Gogate
3174:Brunei
3086:Uganda
3069:accent
3044:Malawi
3012:Africa
2987:accent
2942:accent
2885:Samaná
2858:Bequia
2677:accent
2650:Boston
2628:States
2611:Quebec
2571:Canada
2560:North
2516:Ulster
2506:Dublin
2422:Dorset
2280:Barrow
2242:Great
2233:Europe
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1631:Trapsy
1619:Tingum
1613:Tingsy
1583:Stench
1495:Pikney
1409:Jitney
1403:Jam up
1343:Gattee
1339:- got.
1331:Frowsy
1225:Big-up
911:Gullah
909:, and
726:Nepali
691:Kenyan
676:Indian
656:Fijian
621:Brunei
475:Topics
306:Anglic
260:Region
198:is in
138:, but
3309:Plain
3224:Basic
3146:Nepal
3134:India
3034:Kenya
3029:Ghana
2994:Palau
2954:South
2797:Cajun
2738:Texas
2733:Older
2713:South
2684:North
2660:Maine
2479:Gower
2461:Wales
2377:South
2262:North
1653:Yinna
1637:Wammy
1483:Nanny
1477:mussy
1473:Musse
1463:Muddo
1361:Gumma
1309:Doggy
1249:Bubby
1243:Bread
1027:schwa
791:Welsh
681:Irish
591:Bajan
425:en-BS
204:prose
3100:Asia
2977:Fiji
2964:West
2880:Saba
2745:West
2665:West
2655:East
2218:and
2172:ISBN
2141:ISBN
1914:ISBN
1774:and
1760:ISBN
1733:ISBN
1686:ISBN
1647:Wybe
1607:Tief
1415:Jook
1373:Gyal
1133:fast
1114:and
938:The
931:The
711:Manx
420:IETF
200:list
2222:of
1725:doi
1475:or
1465:or
1391:I's
1385:Hey
1337:Gat
1315:Erl
1213:Bey
1116:/Ę’/
1112:/z/
1105:are
1101:/h/
1094:/t/
1073:):
1020:kit
434:IPA
3331::
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