1434:
1398:
878:
345:
1422:
722:
353:
493:
749:
1386:
635:
1374:
947:
1140:
98:
1410:
282:
1130:
807:
501:
776:
695:
73:
54:
1242:, and others. Despite its invasiveness in parts of eastern North America, the pine does not often grow well there, partly due to climate and soil differences between its native habitat and that of North America, and partly due to damage by pests and diseases; the tree often grows in a twisted, haphazard manner if not tended to (as they are in the Christmas tree trade). The pines may be killed by the
465: in) basal sheath. On vigorous young trees the leaves can be twice as long, and occasionally occur in fascicles of three or four on the tips of strong shoots. Leaf persistence varies from two to four years in warmer climates, and up to nine years in subarctic regions. Seedlings up to one year old bear juvenile leaves; these are single (not in pairs), 2–3 cm (
1361:
than genes expressed only in the diploid stage. The concept that those genes of an organism that are expressed in the haploid stage are subject to more efficient natural selection than those genes expressed exclusively in the diploid stage is referred to as the “masking theory”. This theory implies
981:
The Irish and western
Scottish populations went through a massive decline around 4,000 years ago which ultimately led to the practical extinction of the Irish population between 2,000 and 1,000 years ago. It was replaced by large areas of blanket bog in western Scotland and Ireland though the reasons
961:
It was present in
Ireland over 8,800 years ago but absent from Wales at that time which suggests that the pine in Ireland had a separate Iberian origin or contained surviving populations, although evidence towards its survival is lacking. Pine expanded into Scotland between 8,000 and 8,500 years ago
1253:
Previously, the pine was grown in and used extensively by the coal mining regions of
Flanders, Belgium. It was used to fortify tunnels, primarily because it would make a cracking sound when in need of replacement. Large patches of forest, mostly containing the species, are still scattered over the
1110:
trees in four forest farms in northeastern China. It first appeared on the upper part of the needles, and then the needles became withered and gradually showed light black spots, although they still remained green. As the fungal disease progressed, the needles eventually died and turned gray with
994:
and grazing; it has been re-introduced in these countries. Similar historical extinction and re-introduction applies to
Ireland, Denmark and the Netherlands. Whether it truly became extinct in England is unknown. It has been speculated that it may have survived wild long enough for trees used in
1030:
demand, fire, overgrazing by sheep and deer, and even deliberate clearance to deter wolves have all been factors in the decline of this once great pine and birch forest. Only comparatively small areas – 17,000 hectares (42,000 acres), only just over 1% of the estimated original
664:
composition. Populations in westernmost
Scotland are genetically distinct from those in the rest of Scotland and northern Europe, but not sufficiently to have been distinguished as separate botanical varieties. Trees in the far north of the range were formerly sometimes treated as var.
2294:
413:
is thick, flaky and orange-red when young to scaly and gray-brown in maturity, sometimes retaining the former on the upper portion. The habit of the mature tree is distinctive due to its long, bare and straight trunk topped by a rounded or flat-topped mass of foliage.
2875:
The
Pliocene flora of Frankfurt am Main, Germany: taxonomy, palaeoenvironments and biogeographic affinities by Zlatko Kvaček, Vasilis Teodoridis & Thomas Denk – Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, pages 647–703 (2020) – Springer Link –
921:. In the north of its range, it occurs from sea level to 1,000 m (3,300 ft), while in the south of its range it is a mountain tree, growing at 1,200–2,600 m (3,900–8,500 ft) altitude. Its distribution intersects with
2316:
958:. Pollen records show that pine was present locally in southern England by 9,000 years ago having entered from northeast France and that it had spread as far north as the Lake District and North Pennines 500 years later.
989:
In
Britain it now occurs naturally only in Scotland. Historical and archaeological records indicate that it also occurred in Wales and England until about 300–400 years ago, becoming extinct there due to
1218:
The pine has also been widely planted in New
Zealand and much of the colder regions of North America; it was one of the first trees introduced to North America, in about 1600. It is listed as an
1234:
trade, and was one of the most popular
Christmas trees from the 1950s through the 1980s. It remains popular for that usage, though it has been eclipsed in popularity, by such species as
1011:
930:
The species is mainly found on poorer, sandy soils, rocky outcrops, peat bogs or close to the forest limit. On fertile sites, the pine is out-competed by other tree species, usually
380:
tree growing up to 35 metres (115 feet) in height and 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in trunk diameter when mature, exceptionally over 45 m (148 ft) tall and 1.7 m (
1362:
that purifying selection is more efficient in the haploid stage of the life cycle where fitness effects are more evidently expressed than in the diploid stage of the life cycle.
536: in) in diameter in their first year, expanding to full size in their second year, pointed ovoid-conic, green, then gray-green to yellow-brown at maturity, 3–7.5 cm (
1648:
2645:
660:
literature, but only three or four are now accepted. They differ only minimally in morphology, but with more pronounced differences in genetic analysis and
602: in) wing and are released when the cones open in spring 22–24 months after pollination. The pollen cones are yellow, occasionally pink, 8–12 mm (
2728:
1433:
1015:), both around the time when the pine was thought to become extinct in England, but when landowners were also beginning ornamental and forestry planting.
3417:
421:('needles') are a glaucous blue-green, often darker green to dark yellow-green in winter, 2.5–5 centimetres (1–2 inches) long and 1–2 millimetres (
3578:
3235:
1176:
in the preindustrial age. Some active tar producers still exist, but that industry has almost ceased. The pine has also been used as a source of
3323:
1266:
are grown for ornamental purposes in parks and large gardens, of which 'Aurea', 'Beuvronensis', 'Frensham', and 'Gold Coin' have gained the
3538:
2267:
1628:
2701:
3583:
2980:
2083:
Goncharenko, G. G.; Silin, A. E.; Padutov, V. E. (1995). "Intra- and interspecific genetic differentiation in closely related pines from
2888:
Oberpliocän-Flora aus den
Baugruben des Klärbeckens bei Niederrad und Schleuse bei Höchst a M. T. Geyler F. Kinkelin. (Frankfort, 1887).
3593:
3558:
966:) or from Ireland. As the climate warmed it became extinct from most of Britain and Ireland around 5,500 years ago except in Scotland,
3438:
2457:
2305:. EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use. Rome: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. p. 6.
3173:
3588:
3248:
3186:
1421:
886:
3613:
3346:
1932:
1787:
1358:
1526:
1385:
3289:
2613:
2425:
2350:
2310:
1701:
1608:
1538:
1250:. The nematode most often attacks trees that are at least ten years old and often kills trees it infects within a few weeks.
739:
Foliage more consistently glaucous all year, not becoming duller in winter; cones more frequently with a pyramidal apophysis.
3253:
3633:
3608:
3407:
1031:
1,500,000 ha (3,700,000 acres) – of this ancient forest remain, the main surviving remnants being at
398:
which stands at 46.6 m (153 ft). The lifespan is normally 150–300 years, with the oldest recorded specimens in
3124:
2742:
3598:
1311:
2649:
394: ft) in trunk diameter on very productive sites. The tallest on record is a tree over 210 years old growing in
3623:
3553:
2600:
Kershner, B.; Mathews, D.; Nelson, G.; Spellenberg, R.; Purinton, T.; Block, A.; Moore, G.; Thieret, J. W. (2008).
2568:
A Complete Dictionary of Dry Goods and History of Silk, Cotton, Linen, Wool, and other Fibrous Substances, etc etc
3328:
3222:
97:
797:
by all authors) Kalenicz. Ex Kom. Cones often with thicker scales, but doubtfully distinguishable on morphology.
3618:
3351:
3456:
3603:
3310:
2817:
1373:
1169:
rotations vary between 50 and 120 years, with longer rotations in northeastern areas where growth is slower.
2792:
2767:
1397:
3165:
3152:
3044:
2566:
3064:
1409:
336:. It can readily be identified by its combination of fairly short, blue-green leaves and orange-red bark.
3464:
1267:
17:
2602:
3451:
3191:
3030:
2903:"Strong Purifying Selection in Haploid Tissue-Specific Genes of Scots Pine Supports the Masking Theory"
2709:. Sustainable Urban Landscapes. Iowa State University. SUL 9. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012
1243:
1562:
Wu, Fan; Sun, Xiaobo; Hu, Xingfeng; Zou, Bingzhang; Lin, Nengqing; Lin, Jingquan; Ji, Kongshu (2020).
3628:
3338:
3284:
2479:
Wang, S.-R.; Zhang, H.; Chen, Y.-Z.; Zhang, Y.-D.; Li, D.-B.; Huang, Y.; Zhang, G.; Yang, J. (2022).
3139:
2700:
Gleason, M.; Linit, M.; Zriba, N.; Donald, P.; Tisserat, N.; Giesler, L. (2000). Edwards, E. (ed.).
2374:
Carlisle, A.; Brown, A. H. F. (1968). "Biological Flora of the British Isles: Pinus sylvestris L.".
2248:. Fire Sciences Laboratory, Rocky Mountain Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture
2241:
2194:"Красная Книга России | Red Book of Russia. Pinus Sylvestris L. Var. Cretacea Kalenicz. Ex Kom"
1047:. Plans are currently in progress to restore at least some areas and work has started at key sites.
3573:
3568:
3548:
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2540:
1165:
products. A seedling stand can be created by planting, sowing, or natural regeneration. Commercial
3302:
3214:
1500:
3160:
3090:
1307:
967:
3502:
3443:
1817:
1687:
3563:
3240:
3147:
2992:
1849:
1314:(Swedish: Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet), as a scientific gift specimen, the seed cone is of late
1200:
1079:
species. In central and southern Europe, it occurs with numerous additional species, including
2679:
2414:
2146:
Sinclair, W. T.; Morman, J. D.; Ennos, R. A. (1999). "The postglacial history of Scots pine (
1271:
417:
The shoots are light brown, with a spirally arranged scale-like pattern. On mature trees the
344:
256:
3377:
1651:[Estonia's tallest pine turned out to be a giant in the rest of the world as well].
3266:
3098:
2420:. The New Naturalist: A Survey of British Natural History (3rd ed.). London: Collins.
2159:
2104:
1040:
955:
950:
Scattered survivors (two recently dead) of extensive deforestation at Glen Quoich, Scotland
360:
229:
2901:
Cervantes S, Kesälahti R, Kumpula TA, Mattila TM, Helanterä H, Pyhäjärvi T (August 2023).
8:
2955:
2009:
Szmidt, A. E.; Wang, X.-R. (1993). "Molecular systematics and genetic differentiation of
1080:
996:
721:
62:
3430:
2927:
2902:
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2108:
1450:
352:
3510:
2722:
2522:
2391:
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2175:
2128:
2120:
2042:
1983:
1978:
1961:
1023:
906:
551:
492:
92:
748:
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2619:
2609:
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2526:
2514:
2431:
2421:
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1991:
1913:
1885:
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1707:
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1604:
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935:
923:
442:
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213:
197:
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2179:
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1477:
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2383:
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2112:
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1973:
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1219:
1204:
1032:
877:
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Foliage duller green, shoots gray-green; leaves occasionally up to 12 cm long.
653:
1747:
634:
3469:
3359:
3276:
2627:
2580:
2439:
1831:
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1715:
1191:
is pale brown to red-brown, and used for general construction work. It has a dry
1088:
670:
3492:
3315:
2509:
2480:
2215:
946:
3543:
3425:
1231:
1072:
1068:
1060:
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122:
31:
30:"Baltic Pine" redirects here. For the United Baltic Corporation steamship, see
3387:
1139:
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cultivation in England to derive from native (rather than imported) sources.
914:
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272:
82:
77:
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1995:
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800:
The Sierra Nevada in southern Spain and possibly other Spanish populations
513:
500:
329:
2576:
1917:
1889:
1207:
of 1.60 kg/kg. The pine fibres are used to make the textile known as
775:
3297:
3199:
3024:
2963:
1283:
1239:
1036:
1006:
861:
769:
Mongolia and adjoining parts of southern Siberia and northwestern China.
694:
3364:
3054:
2124:
1564:"Response of Nitrogen Metabolism in Masson Pine Needles to Elevated CO2"
3204:
3178:
2395:
2116:
2030:
1987:
1330:. The cone fossil had been recovered during the years 1884 and 1885 in
1235:
1181:
1166:
1092:
971:
963:
135:
2979:- distribution map, genetic conservation units and related resources.
1580:
1563:
1533:(22nd ed.). Tisbury: Cathedral Communications. pp. 123–126.
3111:
2571:(revised ed.). Chicago: W. B. Conkey Company. pp. 365–366.
1331:
1319:
1263:
657:
374:
2986:
2387:
986:
are not clear, but it may have been influenced by human activities.
3477:
3009:
2150:
L.) in western Europe: evidence from mitochondrial DNA variation".
1315:
1291:
1227:
1158:
1154:
1076:
910:
715:
The bulk of the range, from Scotland and Spain to central Siberia.
554:(the external part of the cone scale), with a small prickle on the
325:
175:
53:
3227:
3116:
2604:
National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America
516:
are red at pollination, then pale brown, globose and 4–8 mm (
3085:
1339:
1223:
1212:
1192:
1144:
1044:
983:
902:
403:
395:
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333:
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165:
155:
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2599:
2060:
Prus-Glowacki, W.; Stephan, B. R. (1994). "Genetic variation of
3039:
2648:. Protect Our Water and Environmental Resources. Archived from
1354:
1162:
1027:
931:
623:
418:
1856:. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and Missouri Botanic Garden. 2013
1345:
1177:
837:
Before the 18th century, the species was more often known as
661:
505:
364:
109:
1910:
Scots Pine: Variation, Intraspecific Taxonomy, and Selection
1649:"Eesti kõrgeim mänd osutus hiiglaseks ka ülejäänud maailmas"
1469:
1350:
1188:
1102:
In 2020, black spot needle blight was found on hundreds of
559:
550:–3 in) long. The cone scales have a flat to pyramidal
321:
185:
2678:. Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health at the
1195:
around 470 kg/m (varying with growth conditions), an
2703:
Pine Wilt: A Fatal Disease of Exotic Pines in the Midwest
1912:. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations.
1357:
stage of the life cycle appear to be subject to stronger
1173:
962:
either from an independent refuge, from Scandinavia (via
897:
is the only pine native to northern Europe, ranging from
2345:. London: the Natural History Museum. pp. 15, 120.
1960:
Kinloch, B. B.; Westfall, R. D.; Forrest, G. I. (1986).
1636:. Peterborough, Ontario: Ontario Invasive Plant Council.
1172:
In Scandinavian countries, the pine was used for making
742:
The Balkans, northern Turkey, Crimea, and the Caucasus.
2699:
2082:
2064:
from Spain in Relation to Other European Populations".
1230:. It has been widely used in the United States for the
927:
habitat, making the beetle a primary pest of the tree.
1962:"Caledonian Scots Pine: Origins and Genetic Structure"
1959:
1215:-like appearance, but with a tighter, softer texture.
2608:. New York: Sterling Publishing Company. p. 67.
1005:) was familiar with the species in the 1590s, as was
954:
The tree spread across Britain and Ireland after the
582: in) in length with a pale brown 12–20 mm (
2866:
Rick Steves Scotland (second edition) By Rick Steves
2848:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 78
2059:
1603:] (in German) (2nd ed.). Bern: Hallwag AG.
1111:
many dark black spots. The fungus was identified as
2292:
2145:
1933:"A Cline or not a Cline – a Question of Scots Pine"
1095:. In the eastern part of its range, it occurs with
489: in) long, flattened, with a serrated margin.
2601:
2478:
2413:
2293:Mátyás, C.; Ackzell, L.; Samuel, C. J. A. (2004).
1686:
1527:"Architectural Timber – History and Conservation"
3530:
2896:
2894:
2727:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1630:Scots Pine: Best Management Practices in Ontario
826:From border regions between Russia and Ukraine.
2676:Early Detection and Distribution Mapping System
1655:(in Estonian). Tallinn: Eesti Rahvusringhääling
1955:
1953:
1815:
1689:Pines: Drawings and descriptions of the genus
1626:
1439:Pine releasing pollen on a windy day in Sweden
2891:
2481:"First Report of Black Spot Needle Blight of
2373:
1501:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42418A2978732.en
1121:) based on morphology and molecular methods.
889:Scots pine in Stockholm archipelago, Sweden
445:of two with a persistent gray 5–10 mm (
2981:European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
1950:
1696:(2nd ed.). Leiden: Koninklijke Brill.
1475:
1055:It forms either pure forests or mixes with
867:
2878:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-019-00391-6
2008:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1561:
1391:Seedling with flattish, unfascicled leaves
1346:Selection in haploid versus diploid tissue
280:
71:
52:
2926:
2593:
2584:
2508:
1977:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1594:
1579:
1499:
2953:
2472:
2407:
2405:
2239:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1790:. Forres: Trees for Life. Archived from
1785:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1647:Oidermaa, J.-J., ed. (9 February 2016).
1646:
1588:
1353:of Scots Pine that are expressed in the
1138:
1128:
945:
860:; the name "deal" comes from an archaic
633:
499:
491:
351:
343:
2693:
2235:
2233:
1930:
1907:
1896:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1524:
14:
3579:Trees of continental subarctic climate
3531:
2340:
2186:
1798:
1684:
941:
2991:
2990:
2411:
2402:
1879:
1868:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1745:
1667:
1282:The Scots pine is the plant badge of
1203:of 0.25 kg/kg, and a saturation
3339:0e15e0cc-1f5e-4bd7-87c2-e60929f15464
2564:
2558:
2367:
2230:
1816:Steven, H. M.; Carlisle, A. (1959).
1726:
1622:
1620:
1520:
1518:
673:and it is not genetically distinct.
558:(central boss or protuberance). The
3539:IUCN Red List least concern species
1842:
1746:Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018).
1531:The Building Conservation Directory
1487:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
862:unit of volume used to measure wood
793:(not considered distinct from var.
24:
3584:Trees of humid continental climate
2458:"Scots pine facts and information"
1979:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1986.tb00671.x
1884:. New York: Ronald Press Company.
1762:
1427:Looking up in the branch structure
982:for its decline and extinction in
852:The timber from it is also called
626:release is in mid to late spring.
25:
3645:
3594:Trees of subpolar oceanic climate
3559:Forests and woodlands of Scotland
2954:Eichhorn, Markus (October 2011).
2947:
1627:Marinich, A.; Powell, K. (2017).
1617:
1515:
1312:Swedish Museum of Natural History
1022:, which once covered much of the
3457:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:263353-1
2172:10.1046/j.1365-294X.1999.00527.x
2019:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
1819:The Native Pinewoods of Scotland
1432:
1420:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1297:
876:
805:
774:
747:
720:
693:
96:
2882:
2869:
2860:
2835:
2810:
2785:
2760:
2735:
2664:
2638:
2533:
2450:
2334:
2286:
2268:"Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris)"
2260:
2246:Fire Effects Information System
2208:
2139:
2097:Plant Systematics and Evolution
2095:) in the former Soviet Union".
2076:
2053:
2002:
1924:
1222:in some areas there, including
913:, and north to well inside the
845:. Another, less common name is
3589:Trees of mild maritime climate
2274:. Grantham: the Woodland Trust
1822:. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.
1640:
1555:
339:
13:
1:
3614:Least concern biota of Europe
1788:"Species profile: Scots pine"
1462:
1277:
441: in) broad, produced in
2343:Trees of Britain and Ireland
2216:"Red Deal/European Red Wood"
1257:
1018:The pine formed much of the
629:
7:
3634:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3609:Least concern biota of Asia
2672:"Species found in Michigan"
2510:10.1094/PDIS-12-21-2667-PDN
1444:
1268:Royal Horticultural Society
656:have been described in the
562:are blackish, 3–5 mm (
496:Mature open cones and seeds
10:
3650:
1365:
1050:
669:, but the differences are
29:
2999:
2843:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
2646:"Invasive Ontario Plants"
2545:Webster's 1913 Dictionary
2491:Heterotruncatella spartii
1415:Bark on a mature specimen
1114:Heterotruncatella spartii
288:
279:
262:
255:
93:Scientific classification
91:
69:
60:
51:
44:
3599:Plants described in 1753
2968:University of Nottingham
2460:. Forres: Trees for Life
1908:Pravdin, L. F. (1969) .
1379:Leaves and cones, Poland
1302:One fossil seed cone of
1153:is an important tree in
1043:, and the Black Wood of
868:Distribution and habitat
832:
504:Roots of an old pine in
3624:Garden plants of Europe
3554:Flora of temperate Asia
1756:The Gymnosperm Database
1595:Rushforth, K. (1986) .
1529:. In Taylor, J. (ed.).
1308:Naturmuseum Senckenberg
1157:. The wood is used for
1124:
2919:10.1093/molbev/msad183
2768:"RHS Plant Selector –
2747:(Aurea Group) 'Aurea'"
1850:"The Plant List v1.1:
1334:which is a quarter of
1304:Pinus montana fossilis
1201:fibre saturation point
1147:
1136:
951:
646:
509:
497:
367:
349:
3619:Garden plants of Asia
2680:University of Georgia
2412:Edlin, H. L. (1970).
2240:Sullivan, J. (1993).
1880:Mirov, N. T. (1967).
1601:Pocket Guide to Trees
1272:Award of Garden Merit
1143:Scots pine forest in
1142:
1132:
949:
637:
503:
495:
355:
347:
3604:Least concern plants
2565:Cole, G. S. (1892).
2416:Trees, Woods and Man
2272:A–Z of British Trees
1931:Langlet, O. (1959).
1794:on 26 February 2014.
1786:Featherstone, A. W.
1525:Bispham, J. (2015).
1494:: e.T42418A2978732.
1476:Gardner, M. (2013).
1246:, which causes pine
1041:Rothiemurchus Forest
1009:in the early 1660s (
956:Last Glacial Maximum
361:Sierra de Guadarrama
2818:"RHS Plantfinder -
2793:"RHS Plantfinder -
2743:"RHS Plantfinder -
2541:"Vegetable flannel"
2341:Milner, E. (2011).
2164:1999MolEc...8...83S
2109:1995PSyEv.194...39G
2017:(Sieb. et Zucc.)".
1966:The New Phytologist
1685:Farjon, A. (2005).
1359:purifying selection
1117:(within the family
1081:European black pine
942:Britain and Ireland
324:in the pine family
63:Conservation status
2376:Journal of Ecology
2322:on 19 January 2017
2242:"Pinus sylvestris"
2117:10.1007/BF00983215
2031:10.1007/BF00222074
1244:pine wood nematode
1148:
1137:
1026:. Overcutting for
1024:Scottish Highlands
952:
936:broad-leaved trees
907:Caucasus Mountains
647:
510:
498:
368:
350:
248:P. sylvestris
27:Species of conifer
3526:
3525:
3373:Open Tree of Life
2993:Taxon identifiers
2615:978-1-4027-3875-3
2427:978-0-00-213230-5
2352:978-0-565-09295-5
2312:978-92-9043-661-4
2218:. Tralee: Adanack
2152:Molecular Ecology
1703:978-90-04-13916-9
1610:978-3-444-70130-6
1581:10.3390/f11040390
1540:978-1-900915-71-7
1336:Frankfurt am Main
1209:vegetable flannel
1020:Caledonian Forest
992:over-exploitation
830:
829:
820:Kalenicz. ex Kom.
348:Young female cone
314:European red pine
293:
292:
86:
16:(Redirected from
3641:
3629:Ornamental trees
3519:
3518:
3506:
3505:
3496:
3495:
3486:
3485:
3473:
3472:
3460:
3459:
3447:
3446:
3434:
3433:
3421:
3420:
3418:pinus-sylvestris
3411:
3410:
3401:
3400:
3395:Panartic Flora:
3391:
3390:
3388:Pinus_sylvestris
3381:
3380:
3368:
3367:
3355:
3354:
3342:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3319:
3318:
3316:NBNSYS0000004629
3306:
3305:
3293:
3292:
3280:
3279:
3270:
3269:
3257:
3256:
3244:
3243:
3231:
3230:
3218:
3217:
3208:
3207:
3195:
3194:
3182:
3181:
3169:
3168:
3156:
3155:
3143:
3142:
3133:
3132:
3120:
3119:
3107:
3106:
3094:
3093:
3081:
3080:
3068:
3067:
3058:
3057:
3048:
3047:
3045:pinus-sylvestris
3035:
3034:
3033:
3031:Pinus sylvestris
3020:
3019:
3018:
3001:Pinus sylvestris
2988:
2987:
2976:Pinus sylvestris
2971:
2956:"The Scots Pine"
2941:
2940:
2930:
2898:
2889:
2886:
2880:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2847:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2820:Pinus sylvestris
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2795:Pinus sylvestris
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2770:Pinus sylvestris
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2745:Pinus sylvestris
2739:
2733:
2732:
2726:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2708:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2652:on 26 April 2012
2642:
2636:
2635:
2607:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2512:
2489:Litv. Caused by
2483:Pinus sylvestris
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2419:
2409:
2400:
2399:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2321:
2315:. Archived from
2304:
2298:Pinus sylvestris
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2148:Pinus sylvestris
2143:
2137:
2136:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2062:Pinus sylvestris
2057:
2051:
2050:
2025:(2–3): 159–165.
2011:Pinus sylvestris
2006:
2000:
1999:
1981:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1937:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1905:
1894:
1893:
1877:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1852:Pinus sylvestris
1846:
1840:
1839:
1813:
1796:
1795:
1783:
1760:
1759:
1750:Pinus sylvestris
1743:
1724:
1723:
1695:
1682:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1522:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1480:Pinus sylvestris
1473:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1388:
1376:
1328:Pinus sylvestris
1326:is a synonym of
1306:was sent by the
1220:invasive species
1205:moisture content
1151:Pinus sylvestris
1104:Pinus sylvestris
1099:, among others.
1033:Abernethy Forest
895:Pinus sylvestris
880:
847:European redwood
821:
813:Pinus sylvestris
809:
790:
782:Pinus sylvestris
778:
763:
755:Pinus sylvestris
751:
736:
728:Pinus sylvestris
724:
712:Described above.
709:
701:Pinus sylvestris
697:
676:
675:
651:Pinus sylvestris
639:Pinus sylvestris
622: in) long;
621:
620:
616:
611:
610:
606:
601:
600:
596:
591:
590:
586:
581:
580:
576:
571:
570:
566:
549:
548:
544:
541:
535:
534:
530:
525:
524:
520:
488:
487:
483:
480:
474:
473:
469:
464:
463:
459:
454:
453:
449:
440:
439:
435:
430:
429:
425:
406:over 760 years.
393:
392:
388:
385:
371:Pinus sylvestris
357:Pinus sylvestris
297:Pinus sylvestris
284:
268:
266:Pinus sylvestris
234:
218:
101:
100:
80:
75:
74:
56:
46:Pinus sylvestris
42:
41:
21:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3574:Trees of Russia
3569:Trees of Europe
3549:Flora of Europe
3529:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3514:
3509:
3501:
3499:
3491:
3489:
3481:
3476:
3468:
3463:
3455:
3450:
3442:
3437:
3429:
3424:
3416:
3414:
3406:
3404:
3396:
3394:
3386:
3384:
3376:
3371:
3363:
3360:Observation.org
3358:
3350:
3345:
3337:
3335:
3327:
3322:
3314:
3309:
3301:
3296:
3288:
3283:
3275:
3274:MichiganFlora:
3273:
3265:
3260:
3252:
3247:
3239:
3234:
3226:
3221:
3213:
3211:
3203:
3198:
3190:
3185:
3177:
3172:
3164:
3159:
3151:
3146:
3138:
3136:
3128:
3123:
3115:
3110:
3102:
3097:
3089:
3084:
3076:
3071:
3063:
3061:
3053:
3051:
3043:
3038:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3014:
3013:
3008:
2995:
2950:
2945:
2944:
2899:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2776:
2774:
2772:'Beuvronensis'"
2766:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2682:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2616:
2598:
2594:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2477:
2473:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2428:
2410:
2403:
2388:10.2307/2258078
2372:
2368:
2353:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2302:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2238:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2144:
2140:
2081:
2077:
2066:Silvae Genetica
2058:
2054:
2007:
2003:
1958:
1951:
1940:Silvae Genetica
1935:
1929:
1925:
1906:
1897:
1882:The Genus Pinus
1878:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1814:
1799:
1784:
1763:
1744:
1727:
1704:
1683:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1593:
1589:
1560:
1556:
1541:
1523:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1447:
1440:
1437:
1428:
1425:
1416:
1413:
1404:
1401:
1392:
1389:
1380:
1377:
1368:
1348:
1300:
1280:
1260:
1135:
1134:Botanical plate
1127:
1089:Macedonian pine
1053:
970:in England and
944:
905:, south to the
892:
891:
890:
888:
883:
882:
881:
870:
835:
819:
788:
761:
734:
707:
632:
618:
614:
613:
608:
604:
603:
598:
594:
593:
588:
584:
583:
578:
574:
573:
568:
564:
563:
546:
542:
539:
537:
532:
528:
527:
522:
518:
517:
485:
481:
478:
476:
471:
467:
466:
461:
457:
456:
451:
447:
446:
437:
433:
432:
427:
423:
422:
390:
386:
383:
381:
342:
275:
270:
264:
251:
232:
216:
95:
87:
76:
72:
65:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3647:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3516:wfo-0000481648
3507:
3497:
3487:
3474:
3461:
3448:
3435:
3422:
3412:
3402:
3392:
3382:
3369:
3356:
3343:
3333:
3320:
3307:
3294:
3281:
3271:
3258:
3245:
3232:
3219:
3209:
3196:
3183:
3170:
3157:
3144:
3134:
3121:
3108:
3095:
3082:
3069:
3059:
3049:
3036:
3021:
3005:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2985:
2984:
2972:
2949:
2948:External links
2946:
2943:
2942:
2890:
2881:
2868:
2859:
2834:
2809:
2784:
2759:
2734:
2692:
2663:
2637:
2614:
2592:
2557:
2532:
2471:
2449:
2426:
2401:
2382:(1): 269–307.
2366:
2351:
2333:
2311:
2285:
2259:
2229:
2207:
2185:
2138:
2103:(1/2): 39–54.
2075:
2052:
2001:
1972:(4): 703–729.
1949:
1923:
1895:
1867:
1841:
1797:
1761:
1725:
1702:
1666:
1639:
1616:
1609:
1587:
1554:
1539:
1514:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1347:
1344:
1299:
1296:
1279:
1276:
1259:
1256:
1232:Christmas tree
1211:, which has a
1133:
1126:
1123:
1073:Eurasian aspen
1069:European rowan
1061:common juniper
1052:
1049:
943:
940:
924:T. piniperda's
899:Western Europe
885:
884:
875:
874:
873:
872:
871:
869:
866:
834:
831:
828:
827:
824:
822:
810:
802:
801:
798:
791:
779:
771:
770:
767:
764:
752:
744:
743:
740:
737:
725:
717:
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713:
710:
698:
690:
689:
686:
683:
680:
631:
628:
341:
338:
291:
290:
286:
285:
277:
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271:
260:
259:
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245:
243:
239:
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227:
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211:
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169:
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159:
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143:
139:
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133:
126:
125:
120:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
89:
88:
70:
67:
66:
61:
58:
57:
49:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3646:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3564:Trees of Asia
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2907:Mol Biol Evol
2904:
2897:
2895:
2885:
2879:
2872:
2863:
2844:
2838:
2823:
2821:
2813:
2798:
2796:
2788:
2773:
2771:
2763:
2748:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2724:
2705:
2704:
2696:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2596:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2561:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2497:Plant Disease
2494:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2475:
2459:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2408:
2406:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2296:Scots pine –
2289:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2234:
2217:
2211:
2195:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2015:P. densiflora
2012:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1954:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1855:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1812:
1810:
1808:
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1352:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:Pinus montana
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:Fossil record
1295:
1293:
1289:
1288:national tree
1285:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1254:countryside.
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1197:open porosity
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1141:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1119:Sporocadaceae
1116:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1097:Siberian pine
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:mountain pine
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:Norway spruce
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1003:
998:
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987:
985:
979:
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973:
969:
965:
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948:
939:
937:
933:
928:
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920:
916:
915:Arctic Circle
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
887:
879:
865:
863:
859:
855:
850:
848:
844:
840:
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823:
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803:
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773:
772:
768:
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750:
746:
745:
741:
738:
733:
729:
726:
723:
719:
718:
714:
711:
706:
702:
699:
696:
692:
691:
688:Distribution
687:
684:
681:
678:
677:
674:
672:
668:
663:
659:
655:
652:
644:
640:
636:
627:
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561:
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507:
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494:
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444:
420:
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366:
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346:
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315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:
289:Distribution
287:
283:
278:
274:
269:
267:
261:
258:
257:Binomial name
254:
250:
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244:
241:
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144:
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137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
123:Tracheophytes
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
99:
94:
90:
84:
79:
78:Least Concern
68:
64:
59:
55:
50:
47:
43:
40:
36:
35:
19:
3000:
2975:
2959:
2910:
2906:
2884:
2871:
2862:
2850:. Retrieved
2837:
2825:. Retrieved
2822:'Gold Coin'"
2819:
2812:
2800:. Retrieved
2794:
2787:
2775:. Retrieved
2769:
2762:
2750:. Retrieved
2744:
2737:
2711:. Retrieved
2702:
2695:
2683:. Retrieved
2675:
2666:
2654:. Retrieved
2650:the original
2640:
2603:
2595:
2567:
2560:
2548:. Retrieved
2544:
2535:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2474:
2462:. Retrieved
2452:
2415:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2342:
2336:
2324:. Retrieved
2317:the original
2299:
2295:
2288:
2276:. Retrieved
2271:
2262:
2250:. Retrieved
2245:
2220:. Retrieved
2210:
2198:. Retrieved
2188:
2158:(1): 83–88.
2155:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1969:
1965:
1943:
1939:
1926:
1909:
1881:
1858:. Retrieved
1851:
1844:
1818:
1792:the original
1755:
1749:
1692:
1688:
1657:. Retrieved
1653:ERR Novaator
1652:
1642:
1629:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1530:
1505:. Retrieved
1491:
1485:
1479:
1471:
1455:
1451:
1349:
1327:
1323:
1303:
1301:
1286:. It is the
1281:
1261:
1252:
1248:wilt disease
1217:
1186:
1171:
1150:
1149:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1065:silver birch
1054:
1017:
1010:
1000:
988:
980:
976:County Clare
960:
953:
929:
922:
919:Fennoscandia
894:
893:
857:
853:
851:
846:
842:
838:
836:
816:
812:
794:
785:
781:
758:
754:
731:
727:
704:
700:
666:
650:
648:
642:
638:
511:
416:
408:
370:
369:
356:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
295:
294:
265:
263:
247:
246:
230:
226:Subsection:
214:
202:
198:
186:
136:Gymnospermae
129:
116:
45:
39:
33:
3431:kew-2562297
3298:NatureServe
3215:32317645830
3200:iNaturalist
3025:Wikispecies
2964:Brady Haran
2797:'Frensham'"
2685:17 December
2656:17 December
2503:(8): 2256.
2196:. biodat.ru
2087:subsection
1946:(1): 13–22.
1507:19 November
1284:Clan Gregor
1240:Douglas-fir
1037:Glen Affric
997:Shakespeare
978:, Ireland.
901:to Eastern
858:yellow deal
789:D.H.Christ.
685:Description
402:, Northern
340:Description
310:Baltic pine
306:Scotch pine
34:Baltic Pine
18:Baltic Pine
3533:Categories
3500:WisFlora:
3426:Plant List
3062:Calflora:
2983:(EUFORGEN)
2777:6 February
2222:24 October
2089:Sylvestres
2072:(1): 7–14.
1659:9 February
1574:(4): 390.
1463:References
1278:In culture
1236:Fraser fir
1199:of 60%, a
1182:turpentine
1167:plantation
1093:Swiss pine
1075:and other
1002:Richard II
972:The Burren
964:Doggerland
843:Scotch fir
795:sylvestris
786:nevadensis
705:sylvestris
514:seed cones
378:coniferous
363:, central
359:forest in
302:Scots pine
194:Subgenus:
142:Division:
3166:200005358
3153:200005358
2960:Test Tube
2723:cite book
2632:11637505M
2624:705626973
2550:18 August
2527:246487193
2493:in China"
2487:mongolica
2444:38560280M
2361:751745667
2013:(L.) and
1549:931417684
1332:Niederrad
1320:Reuverian
1264:cultivars
1258:Cultivars
1161:and sawn
1108:mongolica
839:Scots fir
759:mongolica
682:Varieties
667:lapponica
658:botanical
654:varieties
649:Over 100
630:Varieties
552:apophysis
443:fascicles
375:evergreen
242:Species:
210:Section:
156:Pinopsida
146:Pinophyta
106:Kingdom:
3490:VASCAN:
3483:24900220
3478:Tropicos
3385:PalDat:
3303:2.131914
3241:10586133
3228:263353-1
3052:BioLib:
3010:Wikidata
2966:for the
2937:37565532
2928:10457172
2852:30 April
2827:25 April
2802:30 April
2752:30 April
2586:7231038M
2519:35108070
2200:21 March
2180:84168134
2133:12560701
2125:23642988
2093:Pinaceae
2047:10888339
2039:24193455
1996:33873854
1860:22 March
1836:6267106M
1720:9084955M
1712:59279728
1456:rhaetica
1445:See also
1316:Pliocene
1292:Scotland
1262:Several
1228:Michigan
1155:forestry
1077:hardwood
911:Anatolia
854:red deal
817:cretacea
708:L., 1753
645:, Crimea
508:, Sweden
328:that is
326:Pinaceae
233:subsect.
176:Pinaceae
172:Family:
83:IUCN 3.1
3285:MoBotPF
3205:5872289
3179:5285637
3104:1059929
3086:Ecocrop
3016:Q133128
2464:25 June
2436:1835850
2396:2258078
2278:25 June
2160:Bibcode
2105:Bibcode
1988:2433046
1828:1148550
1568:Forests
1366:Gallery
1355:haploid
1340:Germany
1310:to the
1224:Ontario
1193:density
1145:Estonia
1051:Ecology
1045:Rannoch
984:England
968:Kielder
903:Siberia
617:⁄
607:⁄
597:⁄
587:⁄
577:⁄
567:⁄
545:⁄
531:⁄
521:⁄
484:⁄
470:⁄
460:⁄
450:⁄
436:⁄
426:⁄
404:Finland
400:Lapland
396:Estonia
389:⁄
334:Eurasia
318:species
182:Genus:
166:Pinales
162:Order:
152:Class:
110:Plantae
81: (
3439:PLANTS
3398:130401
3378:568619
3336:NZOR:
3290:285005
3254:183389
3140:pinsyl
3137:FEIS:
3130:150624
3040:ARKive
2935:
2925:
2713:20 May
2630:
2622:
2612:
2583:
2577:401856
2575:
2525:
2517:
2442:
2434:
2424:
2394:
2359:
2349:
2326:20 May
2309:
2252:20 May
2178:
2131:
2123:
2045:
2037:
1994:
1986:
1918:121486
1916:
1890:712344
1888:
1834:
1826:
1718:
1710:
1700:
1607:
1547:
1537:
1163:timber
1091:, and
1028:timber
1007:Evelyn
932:spruce
735:Steven
732:hamata
671:clinal
643:hamata
624:pollen
419:leaves
373:is an
330:native
308:(US),
304:(UK),
300:, the
201:subg.
3544:Pinus
3470:13141
3415:PPE:
3405:PFI:
3347:NZPCN
3267:42418
3236:IRMNG
3212:IPA:
3192:28552
3125:EUNIS
3117:PIUSI
3078:4J2J5
2913:(8).
2846:(PDF)
2707:(PDF)
2523:S2CID
2485:var.
2392:JSTOR
2320:(PDF)
2303:(PDF)
2176:S2CID
2129:S2CID
2121:JSTOR
2085:Pinus
2043:S2CID
1984:JSTOR
1936:(PDF)
1691:Pinus
1634:(PDF)
1599:[
1597:Bäume
1452:Pinus
1351:Genes
1318:age (
1178:rosin
1106:var.
1012:Sylva
833:Names
815:var.
784:var.
762:Litv.
757:var.
730:var.
703:var.
679:Image
662:resin
641:var.
560:seeds
506:Ystad
365:Spain
316:is a
312:, or
235:Pinus
219:Pinus
217:sect.
203:Pinus
187:Pinus
130:Clade
117:Clade
3503:4507
3493:7196
3452:POWO
3444:PISY
3365:7199
3352:3091
3329:3349
3324:NCBI
3277:1926
3262:IUCN
3249:ITIS
3223:IPNI
3187:GRIN
3174:GBIF
3112:EPPO
3091:8658
3065:9384
3055:2312
2933:PMID
2854:2018
2829:2018
2804:2018
2779:2021
2754:2018
2729:link
2715:2023
2687:2011
2658:2011
2620:OCLC
2610:ISBN
2573:OCLC
2552:2014
2515:PMID
2466:2022
2432:OCLC
2422:ISBN
2357:OCLC
2347:ISBN
2328:2023
2307:ISBN
2280:2022
2254:2023
2224:2022
2202:2016
2035:PMID
1992:PMID
1914:OCLC
1886:OCLC
1862:2019
1824:OCLC
1708:OCLC
1698:ISBN
1661:2016
1605:ISBN
1545:OCLC
1535:ISBN
1509:2021
1492:2013
1403:Wood
1213:hemp
1189:wood
1187:The
1180:and
1159:pulp
1125:Uses
999:(in
909:and
556:umbo
512:The
411:bark
409:The
322:tree
3511:WFO
3465:RHS
3408:156
3311:NBN
3161:FoC
3148:FNA
3099:EoL
3073:CoL
2923:PMC
2915:doi
2505:doi
2501:106
2384:doi
2168:doi
2113:doi
2101:194
2027:doi
1974:doi
1970:104
1576:doi
1496:doi
1342:.
1322:).
1290:of
1270:'s
1174:tar
974:in
934:or
917:in
856:or
841:or
332:to
320:of
231:P.
215:P.
32:SS
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3467::
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565:1
547:8
543:1
540:+
538:1
529:5
526:–
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482:1
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477:1
475:–
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458:3
455:–
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384:+
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
