448:, in 664. Ziyad had been educated by al-Mughira's cousin, Jubayr ibn Hayya ibn Mas'ud ibn Mu'attib, who served a secretarial position in the Iraqi administration. Ziyad became the powerful governor of Basra in 665, and after al-Mughira's death, was assigned the governorship of Kufa as well, making him the viceroy of Iraq and the eastern Caliphate. He enacted major reforms to Iraq's military organization and restarted the Muslim conquests into Central Asia. After his death in 673, he was succeeded by his son
38:
325:, where many of the Bedouin warriors of the Hawazin took refuge. Many of the Qurayshites in the Muslim army were motivated to prevent the Thaqafites from capturing their estates near Ta'if. When the siege faltered, Muhammad succeeded in turning Malik ibn Awf and his Bedouin warriors against the Thaqif and they blockaded the roads leading into Ta'if.
244:. When the Banu Amir drove out Ta'if's dominant tribe, the Adwan, the Thaqif proposed to settle in the city and cultivate its lands under the Banu Amir's protection, in exchange for giving the latter half of the crop. While this narrative could be related to polemics against the tribe, such as another account which claims the Thaqif descended from
332:, to Muhammad to negotiate their conversion to Islam. After the submission of the Thaqif, its idols in Ta'if were destroyed and the tribe lost the religious prestige it previously held as the idols' guardians. Despite their defeat, the Thaqif became firmly incorporated into the Muslim community and, in the words of the historian
502:). Al-Hajjaj generally was not tribally partisan in his administrative and military appointments, but nevertheless paid special favor to his Thaqafite kinsmen. He appointed three of al-Mughira's sons, his brother Muhammad, and several other family members as district governors, while commissioning his capable nephew,
522:
noted that the Thaqif remained "a very powerful tribe" which controlled most of Ta'if's gardens and agricultural lands, as well as elsewhere along the eastern ridges of the Hejaz mountains. They constituted half of Ta'if's inhabitants at that time, while part of the tribe lived as
Bedouins outside of
362:
and occupied prominent roles in the emergent
Caliphate, especially in the wealthy region of Iraq. The Quraysh paid less attention to Sasanian Iraq than to Byzantine Syria in the leadup to the conquests of those two regions in the mid-to-late 630s. As the Muslim war efforts in Iraq began to intensify,
475:
over Iraq and the east in 694. Although coming from Ta'if, al-Hajjaj benefited from his tribal ties with the Thaqif of Iraq. Like the other
Thaqafites who administered Iraq, al-Hajjaj had been a man of letters, in his case, working as a teacher before taking up a military career. He married several
312:
in 624. After
Muhammad captured Mecca and gained the submission of the Quraysh, his emergent Muslim polity came under threat by the Thaqif in Ta'if and the tribe's nomadic Hawazin confederates. They viewed with alarm the greatly boosted position of Muhammad, now with their chief rival, the Quraysh,
294:
The Thaqif was divided into two sections: the more prestigious Banu Malik or Banu Hutayt, which consisted of the Malik ibn Hutayt clan of the Jusham branch, and the Ahlaf ('Allies'), which consisted of the rest of the Jusham branch and all of the Awf branch. Though there were often clashes between
425:
The literacy of the Thaqif in the pre-Islamic and early
Islamic periods was on par with the Quraysh, and was a key factor in the Muslim state's recruitment of Thaqafite tribesmen to important administrative positions. Al-Mughira founded the tax administration in Basra, and was later appointed
336:, Muhammad had "secured the allegiance and services" of another "able and experienced group" as he had done with the Quraysh. As with the latter, the Thaqafites marshaled their political knowhow and tribal contacts in service of the Muslim state as its formed and expanded its territory.
225:, but is often counted separately from the Hawazin in the traditional Arabic sources. According to Arab genealogical tradition, the progenitor of the Thaqif was Qasi ibn Munabbih ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin, whose epithet was 'Thaqif'. This supposed genealogy made them 'nephews' of the
523:
the city where they possessed large herds of goats and sheep. Militarily, they lacked horses and camels, but could mobilize some two thousand riflemen equipped with matchlocks. In the present day, members of the Thaqif, both settled and nomadic, continue to reside in Ta'if.
169:
in 630, they came to terms and embraced Islam. The Thaqif's inter-tribal networks and their relatively high education helped them quickly advance in the nascent Muslim state. They took on an especially important role in the conquest and administration of Iraq, providing the
456:
house, well-positioned the
Thaqafites to administer Iraq and its eastern dependencies under the Umayyad caliphs. According to Kennedy, Mu'awiya contracted the governance of Iraq and the east "to what must have been seen as a Thaqafi mafia".
275:
of Mecca in both agriculture and trade, the two tribes often participating in joint caravans while also competing for ownership of Ta'if's agricultural estates. Before and after the advent of Islam in
354:(agent, governor, or tax collector) over the Thaqif. When most of the Arab tribes discarded the authority of the Muslim state following Muhammad's death in 632, in what became known as the
321:
gained an early advantage but the tide turned and the
Muslims routed the coalition, taking thousands of Hawazin women and children captive and considerable booty. The Muslims proceeded to
452:, while several more of his sons gained deputy governorships and important commands. Their education, experience with Iraqi affairs, and close ties with the Quraysh, particularly its
358:, Uthman played an important role in preventing the Thaqif from similarly defecting. With the Ridda wars' conclusion in 633, Uthman and several Thaqafis played command roles in the
236:
The Thaqif may have adopted their descent from
Hawazin to secure an alliance with the nomadic Hawazin tribe of Banu Amir. Before this, when the Thaqif lived in the outskirts of
430:, the language of the bureaucracy in Iraq, and having gained considerable experience among the Arab tribal soldiery who settled in Iraq, he was reappointed by Caliph
367:
natives of Medina, played the leadership roles and contributed significant numbers of men there, along with the nomadic tribes who lived near the region, such as the
271:. The tribe prospered from cultivating Ta'if's orchards and agricultural lands, and from the caravan trade. The Thaqif cooperated and competed with the
1120:
295:
the two sides, by the eve of the Muslim capture of Ta'if in 630 the two sides were on relatively equal footing in their control of Ta'if.
1024:
915:
813:
1113:
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962:
1045:
837:
941:
1771:
1106:
1056:
985:
444:
Through al-Mughira's good offices with the caliph, he secured the pardon of his protege, the adoptive
Thaqafite
477:
390:, the Thaqafites played the central role in the front that was opened in southern Iraq, around the port of
1694:
267:
housed in the city, as well as the pilgrims passing through on their way to the nearby sanctuary town of
399:
1766:
1001:
263:, which they built a wall around. The tribe benefited from hosting the pilgrims visiting the idol of
519:
403:
206:
182:
1299:
907:
The
Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
461:
146:
and its environs, in modern Saudi Arabia, and played a prominent role in early Islamic history.
885:
426:
governor of Kufa in 642, remaining in the post until he was dismissed in 645. Knowledgeable in
387:
359:
128:
1064:
949:
255:
Unlike its nomadic Hawazin counterparts, the Thaqif was a settled, or 'urban', tribe from the
503:
449:
386:
While the overall command in Iraq eventually passed to the Qurayshite companion of Muhammad,
198:
847:
Crone, Patricia (1994). "Were the Qays and Yemen of the Umayyad Period Political Parties?".
1761:
1742:
1730:
380:
376:
345:
194:
402:, was married into the Thaqif, and his successor was the Thaqafite companion of Muhammad,
8:
472:
329:
190:
1005:
872:
256:
171:
150:
59:
1087:
1041:
1020:
972:
925:
911:
886:"A Peep Into the First Arab Expeditions to India under the Companions of the Prophet"
876:
864:
833:
809:
322:
178:
caliphs capable and powerful governors for that province and the eastern Caliphate.
175:
166:
1282:
1242:
1130:
993:
856:
314:
139:
43:
1664:
1350:
1035:
989:
905:
901:
827:
803:
453:
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333:
283:
186:
119:
328:
The siege compelled the Thaqif to send a delegation led by one of their chiefs,
1669:
1328:
1178:
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309:
249:
1755:
1419:
1404:
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1193:
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937:
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431:
364:
318:
161:
in trade and land ownership. The tribe initially opposed the Islamic prophet
1689:
1637:
1632:
1610:
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1153:
805:
Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys: Collected During His Travels in the East
313:
behind him. Muhammad moved to subdue the Thaqif and Hawazin in the ensuing
308:
The Thaqif contributed some men to the Quraysh against Muhammad during the
241:
226:
76:
1595:
1515:
1466:
1446:
1389:
1372:
1345:
1333:
1309:
1304:
1277:
1252:
1237:
1158:
1098:
492:
476:
Qurayshite women, including an Umayyad, while his niece, the daughter of
379:
as the conquest's overall commander in 634, but he was slain during the
1684:
1679:
1674:
1600:
1581:
1569:
1559:
1520:
1481:
1461:
1394:
1357:
1183:
368:
355:
441:) as governor of Kufa in 661 and held office until his death in 671.
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372:
230:
202:
1139:
These prefixes ignored in the alphabetical ordering: Al, Bani, Banu.
1657:
1647:
1532:
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410:, the chief garrison city of the Muslim Arabs in southern Iraq, in
260:
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37:
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and continued to be prominent in the city through later decades.
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218:
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86:
1037:
People, Tribes and Society in Arabia Around the Time of Muhammad
252:
suggests it may reflect an actual phase in the tribe's history.
1725:
1605:
1451:
1424:
1294:
1272:
1262:
1232:
264:
245:
768:
703:
282:, the Thaqif and Quraysh, especially the latter's influential
1431:
1220:
1210:
1168:
407:
268:
158:
1706:
1642:
1500:
780:
734:
732:
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222:
197:, who led the first Muslim naval expeditions in the 630s,
90:
643:
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829:
Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity
715:
679:
193:(694–714), while major Thaqafite commanders included
667:
624:
612:
532:
349:
133:
756:
655:
593:
557:
569:
348:of the Banu Malik, who Muhammad appointed as his
142:which inhabited, and still inhabits, the city of
1753:
518:During his travels to Arabia, including Ta'if,
339:
344:Among the Thaqafite delegates to Muhammad was
1114:
153:, the Thaqif rivaled and cooperated with the
936:
649:
383:, where the Sasanians defeated the Muslims.
181:Among their notable governors in Iraq were
1128:
1121:
1107:
1078:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1011:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
963:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
801:
786:
303:
1086:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 285–286.
832:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
286:house, forged considerable marital ties.
808:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
491:) and was the mother of his son, Caliph
205:in the 710s, and pro-Alid revolutionary
900:
750:
738:
721:
697:
685:
637:
618:
1754:
1033:
983:
855:(1). Walter de Gruyter and Co.: 1–57.
709:
661:
606:
587:
575:
551:
375:. Caliph Umar appointed the Thaqafite
298:
1102:
930:Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam
883:
846:
822:
774:
762:
673:
317:. The Thaqif–Hawazin coalition under
240:, the tribe claimed lineage from the
1054:
1019:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 432.
971:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 578.
910:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
563:
802:Burckhardt, Johann Ludwig (2010) .
506:, as the conqueror and governor of
421:Administration of Iraq and the east
123:
42:Banner of the Banu Thaqif from the
13:
940:& Kamal, Abd al-Hafez (1971).
924:
14:
1783:
928:"Some Reports Concerning Ta'if".
229:and cousins of the Banu Nasr and
221:, a major tribal grouping of the
16:Arab tribe of Ta'if, Saudi Arabia
36:
795:
497:
486:
466:
436:
363:the Thaqafites, as well as the
217:The Thaqif is a branch of the
1:
526:
480:, married the Umayyad caliph
478:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi
411:
276:
1055:Watt, W. Montgomery (1971).
340:Role in the conquest of Iraq
7:
406:. These Thaqafites founded
350:
289:
165:, but following the Muslim
134:
10:
1788:
471:) appointed the Thaqafite
400:Utba ibn Ghazwan al-Mazini
212:
1739:
1144:
1137:
1034:Lecker, Michael (2016) .
777:, pp. 131, 133, 135.
513:
104:
96:
82:
68:
58:
50:
35:
30:
21:
884:Ishaq, Mohammad (1945).
861:10.1515/islm.1994.71.1.1
650:Lammens & Kamal 1971
520:Johann Ludwig Burckhardt
259:, living in the city of
207:Al-Mukhtar Ibn Abi Ubayd
1040:. Abingdon: Routledge.
712:, p. 84, note 652.
398:. The commander there,
304:Relations with Muhammad
1772:Tribes of Saudi Arabia
360:early Muslim conquests
319:Malik ibn Awf al-Nasri
504:Muhammad ibn al-Qasim
450:Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad
404:al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba
199:Muhammad ibn al-Qasim
183:al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba
381:Battle of the Bridge
377:Abu Ubayd ibn Mas'ud
346:Uthman ibn Abi al-As
195:Uthman ibn Abi al-As
1695:Sa'd ibn Zayd Manat
984:Lecker, M. (2000).
473:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
460:The Umayyad caliph
388:Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas
299:Early Muslim period
201:, the conqueror of
191:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
1300:Bakr ibn Abd Manat
700:, pp. 67, 76.
394:, and neighboring
257:pre-Islamic period
151:pre-Islamic period
1749:
1748:
1026:978-90-04-11211-7
917:978-0-582-40525-7
815:978-1-108-02290-3
789:, pp. 44–45.
741:, pp. 85–86.
590:, pp. 88–89.
132:
112:
111:
1779:
1767:Tribes of Arabia
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1006:Heinrichs, W. P.
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353:
315:Battle of Hunayn
281:
278:
248:, the historian
185:(638, 642–645),
137:
127:
125:
64:Thaqafi (الثقفي)
44:Battle of Siffin
40:
26:
19:
18:
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998:Bosworth, C. E.
918:
890:Islamic Culture
840:
824:Crone, Patricia
816:
798:
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787:Burckhardt 2010
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446:Ziyad ibn Abihi
435:
423:
414:
342:
334:Hugh N. Kennedy
306:
301:
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215:
189:(665–673), and
187:Ziyad ibn Abihi
46:
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5:
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1457:Bakr ibn Wa'il
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990:Bearman, P. J.
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797:
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755:
753:, p. 100.
743:
726:
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702:
690:
678:
676:, p. 109.
666:
654:
652:, p. 578.
642:
623:
611:
592:
580:
568:
566:, p. 285.
556:
554:, p. 432.
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500: 743–744
489: 720–724
469: 685–705
439: 661–680
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419:
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310:Battle of Badr
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250:Michael Lecker
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1405:Banu al-Hakam
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1065:Ménage, V. L.
1062:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1047:0-86078-963-2
1043:
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1032:
1028:
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1018:
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994:Bianquis, Th.
991:
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978:
974:
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959:
955:
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950:Ménage, V. L.
947:
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935:
931:
927:
926:Kister, M. J.
923:
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913:
909:
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903:
902:Kennedy, Hugh
899:
896:(2): 109–114.
895:
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858:
854:
850:
845:
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839:0-521-52940-9
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811:
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783:
776:
771:
765:, p. 17.
764:
759:
752:
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735:
733:
731:
724:, p. 84.
723:
718:
711:
706:
699:
694:
688:, p. 66.
687:
682:
675:
670:
664:, p. 83.
663:
658:
651:
646:
640:, p. 43.
639:
634:
632:
630:
628:
621:, p. 37.
620:
615:
609:, p. 84.
608:
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331:
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323:besiege Ta'if
320:
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39:
34:
29:
20:
1549:
1487:Banu Yashkur
1083:
1076:
1036:
1016:
1009:
968:
961:
929:
906:
893:
889:
852:
848:
828:
804:
796:Bibliography
782:
770:
758:
751:Kennedy 2004
746:
739:Kennedy 2004
722:Kennedy 2004
717:
705:
698:Kennedy 2004
693:
686:Kennedy 2004
681:
669:
657:
645:
638:Kennedy 2004
619:Kennedy 2004
614:
583:
571:
559:
517:
462:Abd al-Malik
459:
443:
424:
385:
343:
327:
307:
293:
254:
235:
216:
180:
148:
115:
113:
77:Saudi Arabia
1762:Banu Thaqif
1743:Arab tribes
1447:Abd al-Qays
1131:Arab tribes
1129:Historical
1082:Volume III:
1073:Schacht, J.
1069:Pellat, Ch.
967:Volume III:
958:Schacht, J.
954:Pellat, Ch.
938:Lammens, H.
710:Lecker 2016
662:Lecker 2016
607:Lecker 2016
588:Lecker 2016
576:Lecker 2016
552:Lecker 2000
493:al-Walid II
149:During the
135:Banū Thaqīf
116:Banu Thaqif
22:Banu Thaqif
1756:Categories
1665:al-Samayda
1482:Taym Allah
1462:Banu Dhuhl
775:Crone 1980
763:Crone 1994
674:Ishaq 1945
527:References
432:Mu'awiya I
415: 638
369:Banu Tamim
356:Ridda wars
280: 630
140:Arab tribe
1329:Abd-Shams
1268:Banu Kanz
1174:Banu Asad
1092:495469525
1061:Lewis, B.
1057:"Hawāzin"
1015:Volume X:
977:495469525
946:Lewis, B.
877:154370527
869:0021-1818
849:Der Islam
564:Watt 1971
396:Khuzistan
392:al-Ubulla
373:Banu Bakr
330:Abd Yalil
231:Banu Amir
227:Banu Sa'd
157:tribe of
129:romanized
51:Ethnicity
1741:Part of
1648:Juhaynah
1526:Tha'laba
1506:Ghatafan
1288:Mustaliq
1278:Khath'am
1243:Al-Haram
1164:Banu Amr
1075:(eds.).
1008:(eds.).
986:"Thakīf"
960:(eds.).
942:"Ḥunayn"
904:(2004).
826:(1980).
482:Yazid II
371:and the
290:Branches
172:Rashidun
163:Muhammad
138:) is an
124:بنو ثقيف
105:Religion
97:Language
69:Location
25:بنو ثقيف
1717:Al Fadl
1690:Hanzala
1638:Balqayn
1611:Muharib
1587:Qushayr
1577:Khafaja
1540:Hawazin
1511:Dhubyan
1494:Taghlib
1477:Shayban
1437:Muzayna
1400:Madhhaj
1386:Khuthir
1324:Quraysh
1319:Jadhima
1283:Khuza'a
1248:Hudhayl
1204:Khazraj
454:Umayyad
428:Persian
284:Umayyad
273:Quraysh
219:Hawazin
213:Origins
176:Umayyad
155:Quraysh
131::
87:Hawazin
1726:Thamud
1712:Jarrah
1702:Tanukh
1670:Sa'ida
1628:Bahra'
1623:Quda'a
1606:Bahila
1596:Sulaym
1550:Thaqif
1516:Fazara
1467:Hanifa
1452:Anizah
1442:Rabi'a
1425:Zubaid
1390:Lihyan
1346:Hashim
1334:Umayya
1310:Ghifar
1305:Damrah
1295:Kinana
1273:Kahlan
1263:Jurhum
1253:Judham
1238:Hamdan
1233:Bajila
1226:Zahran
1179:Ash'ar
1090:
1084:H–Iram
1071:&
1044:
1023:
1004:&
975:
969:H–Iram
956:&
914:
875:
867:
836:
812:
514:Modern
265:al-Lat
246:Thamud
120:Arabic
100:Arabic
1731:Yaman
1685:Tamim
1680:Shuja
1675:Shehr
1658:Salih
1618:Qedar
1601:Ghani
1582:Kilab
1570:Uqayl
1560:Hilal
1521:Murra
1432:Maqil
1420:Nukha
1395:Lakhm
1382:Kinda
1373:Zuhra
1358:Jumah
1351:Abbas
1258:Ju'fa
1221:Ghamd
1211:Bariq
1194:Ansar
1184:Aslam
1169:Anmar
1159:Amila
1059:. In
988:. In
944:. In
873:S2CID
408:Basra
365:Ansar
269:Mecca
261:Ta'if
238:Ta'if
159:Mecca
144:Ta'if
108:Islam
73:Ta'if
60:Nisba
31:Arabs
1707:Tayy
1653:Kalb
1643:Jarm
1633:Bali
1565:Ka'b
1555:Amir
1501:Qays
1368:Taym
1363:Sahm
1216:Daws
1088:OCLC
1042:ISBN
1021:ISBN
973:OCLC
912:ISBN
865:ISSN
834:ISBN
810:ISBN
508:Sind
351:amil
242:Iyad
223:Qays
203:Sind
174:and
114:The
91:Qays
54:Arab
1533:Abs
1472:Ijl
1415:Awd
1410:Ans
1341:Adi
1199:Aws
1189:Azd
1154:Akk
1149:ʿĀd
1017:T–U
857:doi
1758::
1080:.
1067:;
1063:;
1013:.
1000:;
996:;
992:;
965:.
952:;
948:;
894:19
892:.
888:.
871:.
863:.
853:71
851:.
729:^
626:^
595:^
534:^
510:.
498:r.
487:r.
467:r.
437:r.
412:c.
277:c.
233:.
209:.
126:,
122::
89:,
75:,
1122:e
1115:t
1108:v
1094:.
1050:.
1029:.
979:.
932:.
920:.
879:.
859::
842:.
818:.
578:.
495:(
484:(
464:(
434:(
118:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
