43:
115:. Modern operating systems evolved through various stages, from elementary to the present day complex, highly sensitive systems incorporating many services. After the development of programmable computers (which did not require physical changes to run different programs) but prior to the development of operating systems, sequential instructions were executed on the computer hardware directly using
359:
Computer monitors can also easily display the output of a program in a user friendly manner. For example, one would have to be intimately knowledgeable about a specific early computer and its display system, consisting of an array of lights, to even begin to make sense of the status of the computer's
139:
For a given application, in most of the cases, a bare-metal implementation will run faster, using less memory and so being more power efficient. This is because operating systems, as any program, need some execution time and memory space to run, and these are no longer needed on bare-metal. For
334:
of the device. Keyboards are far superior to these vintage input devices, as it would be much faster to type code or data than to use toggle switches to input this into the machine. Keyboards would later become standard across almost every computer, regardless of brand or price.
148:
For a given application, bare-metal programming requires more effort to work properly and is more complex because the services provided by the operating system and used by the application have to be re-implemented regarding the needs. These services can be:
140:
instance, any hardware feature that includes inputs and outputs are directly accessible on bare-metal, whereas the same feature using an OS must route the call to a subroutine, consuming running time and memory.
119:
without any system software layer. This approach is termed the "bare machine" precursor to modern operating systems. Today it is mostly applicable to
379:. This was needed, as it was cumbersome to have to type code in by hand in order to use the computer in a useful way, which would be lost upon every
182:
The machine where the program is written cannot be the same where the program is executed, so the target hardware is either an
367:
on a modern system, without having to know anything about the hardware of the computer on which the program is being run.
156:
Memory management: Storing location of the code and the data regarding the hardware resources and peripherals (mandatory)
545:
86:
64:
343:
would later be widely used, and still are to this day. They proved themselves to be a huge convenience over earlier
57:
416:
372:
275:
often boot directly into monolithic, single-purpose software, without loading a separate operating system. Such
176:
There are no software error notifications nor faults management, unless they have been implemented and validated.
474:
Gordon, Abel; Amit, Nadav; Har'El, Nadav; Ben-Yehuda, Muli; Landau, Alex; Schuster, Assaf; Tsafrir, Dan (2012).
186:/ simulator or an external device. This forces to set up a way to load the bare-metal program onto the target (
564:
569:
195:
31:
574:
17:
316:, were created. These were necessary, as earlier computers often had unique, obtuse, and convoluted
295:
The approach of using bare machines paved the way for new ideas which accelerated the evolution of
203:
51:
444:
68:
361:
252:
412:
215:
214:
directly. All the previous issues inevitably mean that bare-metal programs are very rarely
8:
427:
401:
391:
376:
534:
454:
397:
507:
541:
476:
449:
313:
276:
207:
194:
Bare-metal programming is generally done using a close-to-hardware language, such as
489:
340:
296:
116:
112:
394:
and a translator for such a high-level language to the corresponding machine code.
127:
with time-critical latency requirements, while conventional programs are run by a
384:
268:
264:
120:
364:
272:
128:
287:
responsible for checking for inputs, performing actions, and writing outputs.
558:
404:
modules, which may be written by the user or already available on the system.
348:
344:
248:
244:
493:
187:
360:
hardware. In contrast, anybody who can read should be able to understand a
317:
306:
236:
211:
179:
There is no standard output, unless it has been implemented and validated.
352:
331:
111:
executing instructions directly on logic hardware without an intervening
279:
can vary in structure, but the simplest form may consist of an infinite
423:
408:
284:
431:
280:
183:
124:
108:
162:
Task scheduling, if the application can perform more than one task
380:
327:
243:. The resulting operation of the program could be monitored by
232:
190:), start the program execution and access the target resources.
473:
199:
210:, or even for small amounts of code or very new processors
240:
309:(I/O) devices to enter both code and data conveniently:
531:
532:
Silberschatz, A.; Galvin, Peter; Gagne, Greg (2003).
235:, allowed programmers to load a program, supplied in
302:
This approach highlighted a need for the following:
263:
Bare machine programming remains common practice in
172:Debugging a bare-metal program is difficult since:
533:
475:
355:, which would indicate the status of the computer.
330:by hand, using a series of toggle switches on the
30:"Bare metal" redirects here. For other uses, see
556:
326:For example, programs were loaded into the
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
50:This article includes a list of general
371:Faster, cheaper, more widely available
14:
557:
168:Error management, if wanted or needed
434:of the output generated by programs.
36:
27:Computer without an operating system
508:"Practical Guide to Bare Metal C++"
258:
24:
525:
226:
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
586:
390:The requirement for a convenient
131:overlaid on an operating system.
143:
41:
383:due to the system saving it to
165:Peripherals management (if any)
159:Interruptions handling (if any)
500:
467:
290:
13:
1:
460:
375:devices to store programs to
231:Early computers, such as the
134:
7:
438:
221:
32:Bare metal (disambiguation)
10:
591:
283:, or "superloop", calling
247:, and output derived from
29:
536:Operating System Concepts
494:10.1145/2248487.2151020
339:Output devices such as
312:Input devices, such as
153:System boot (mandatory)
71:more precise citations.
445:Bare machine computing
99:In computer science,
565:Classes of computers
251:, print devices, or
570:History of software
482:ACM SIGPLAN Notices
392:high-level language
377:non-volatile memory
455:Standalone program
575:Operating systems
450:Barebone computer
417:secondary storage
373:secondary storage
341:computer monitors
277:embedded software
208:assembly language
97:
96:
89:
16:(Redirected from
582:
551:
539:
519:
518:
516:
514:
504:
498:
497:
479:
471:
430:for producing a
407:Loaders to load
297:operating system
269:microcontrollers
265:embedded systems
259:Embedded systems
121:embedded systems
117:machine language
113:operating system
92:
85:
81:
78:
72:
67:this article by
58:inline citations
45:
44:
37:
21:
590:
589:
585:
584:
583:
581:
580:
579:
555:
554:
548:
528:
526:Further reading
523:
522:
512:
510:
506:
505:
501:
472:
468:
463:
441:
385:volatile memory
349:array of lights
293:
273:microprocessors
261:
229:
227:Early computers
224:
146:
137:
93:
82:
76:
73:
63:Please help to
62:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
588:
578:
577:
572:
567:
553:
552:
546:
527:
524:
521:
520:
499:
488:(4): 411–422.
465:
464:
462:
459:
458:
457:
452:
447:
440:
437:
436:
435:
420:
405:
395:
388:
365:user interface
357:
356:
345:output devices
324:
323:
322:
321:
292:
289:
260:
257:
228:
225:
223:
220:
192:
191:
180:
177:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
145:
142:
136:
133:
129:runtime system
107:) refers to a
95:
94:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
587:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
560:
549:
547:9780471250609
543:
538:
537:
530:
529:
509:
503:
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
470:
466:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
433:
429:
425:
421:
418:
414:
410:
406:
403:
399:
396:
393:
389:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:
368:
366:
363:
362:well-designed
354:
350:
347:, such as an
346:
342:
338:
337:
336:
333:
329:
319:
318:input devices
315:
311:
310:
308:
305:
304:
303:
300:
299:development.
298:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
256:
254:
250:
249:magnetic tape
246:
242:
238:
234:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
189:
185:
181:
178:
175:
174:
173:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
150:
144:Disadvantages
141:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
91:
88:
80:
70:
66:
60:
59:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
535:
513:December 16,
511:. Retrieved
502:
485:
481:
469:
358:
325:
307:Input/output
301:
294:
262:
237:machine code
230:
212:machine code
193:
171:
147:
138:
104:
101:bare machine
100:
98:
83:
74:
55:
424:I/O devices
409:executables
353:Altair 8800
332:front panel
291:Development
285:subroutines
69:introducing
559:Categories
461:References
426:, such as
135:Advantages
105:bare metal
52:references
18:Bare metal
540:. Wiley.
432:hard copy
422:Suitable
415:from the
314:keyboards
281:main loop
439:See also
428:printers
400:to link
267:, where
222:Examples
216:portable
188:flashing
184:emulator
125:firmware
109:computer
77:May 2021
402:library
398:Linkers
351:on the
253:storage
65:improve
544:
381:reboot
328:PDP-11
245:lights
233:PDP-11
54:, but
477:"ELI"
411:into
239:, to
542:ISBN
515:2022
196:Rust
123:and
103:(or
490:doi
413:RAM
271:or
241:RAM
200:C++
561::
486:47
484:.
480:.
255:.
218:.
206:,
202:,
198:,
550:.
517:.
496:.
492::
419:.
387:.
320:.
204:C
90:)
84:(
79:)
75:(
61:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.