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451:, which form during the production of the first periderm layer. Since there are living cells within the cambium layers that need to exchange gases during metabolism, these lenticels, because they have numerous intercellular spaces, allow gaseous exchange with the outside atmosphere. As the bark develops, new lenticels are formed within the cracks of the cork layers.
650:
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Bark damage can have several detrimental effects on the plant. Bark serves as a physical barrier to disease pressure, especially from fungi, so its removal makes the plant more susceptible to disease. Damage or destruction of the phloem impedes the transport of photosynthetic products throughout the
395:
is a layer of cells that cover the plant body, including the stems, leaves, flowers and fruits, that protects the plant from the outside world. In old stems the epidermal layer, cortex, and primary phloem become separated from the inner tissues by thicker formations of cork. Due to the thickening
443:
In woody plants, the epidermis of newly grown stems is replaced by the periderm later in the year. As the stems grow a layer of cells form under the epidermis, called the cork cambium, these cells produce cork cells that turn into cork. A limited number of cell layers may form interior to the cork
603:
The degree to which woody plants are able to repair gross physical damage to their bark is quite variable across species and type of damage. Some are able to produce a callus growth which heals over the wound rapidly, but leaves a clear scar, whilst others such as oaks do not produce an extensive
176:
is living tissue, includes the innermost layer of the periderm. The outer bark on older stems includes the dead tissue on the surface of the stems, along with parts of the outermost periderm and all the tissues on the outer side of the periderm. The outer bark on trees which lies external to the
751:
bark, can be removed in long sheets and other mechanically cohesive structures, allowing the bark to be used in the construction of canoes, as the drainage layer in roofs, for shoes, backpacks, and other useful items. Bark was also used as a construction material in settler colonial societies,
510:. It could be due to this factor that the degradation of lignin is far less pronounced in bark tissue than it is in wood. It has been proposed that, in the cork layer (the phellogen), suberin acts as a barrier to microbial degradation and so protects the internal structure of the plant.
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plant; in extreme cases, when a band of phloem all the way around the stem is removed, the plant will usually quickly die. Bark damage in horticultural applications, as in gardening and public landscaping, results in often unwanted aesthetic damage.
208:. Bark has been used to make cloth, canoes, and ropes and used as a surface for paintings and map making. A number of plants are also grown for their attractive or interesting bark colorations and surface textures or their bark is used as landscape
529:
units than
Syringyl units compared to the interior of the plant. Guaiacyl units are less susceptible to degradation as, compared to syringyl, they contain fewer aryl-aryl bonds, can form a condensed lignin structure, and have a lower
444:
cambium, called the phelloderm. As the stem grows, the cork cambium produces new layers of cork which are impermeable to gases and water and the cells outside the periderm, namely the epidermis, cortex and older secondary phloem die.
439:
in their walls to protect the stem from desiccation and pathogen attack. Older phellem cells are dead, as is the case with woody stems. The skin on the potato tuber (which is an underground stem) constitutes the cork of the periderm.
611:
A number of living organisms live in or on bark, including insects, fungi and other plants like mosses, algae and other vascular plants. Many of these organisms are pathogens or parasites but some also have symbiotic relationships.
435:(phellogen), and the phelloderm. The periderm forms from the phellogen which serves as a lateral meristem. The periderm replaces the epidermis, and acts as a protective covering like the epidermis. Mature phellem cells have
2359:
Vane, C. H.; et al. (2001). "Degradation of Lignin in Wheat Straw during Growth of the Oyster
Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) Using Off-line Thermochemolysis with Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide and Solid-State 13C NMR".
2645:
459:
The rhytidome is the most familiar part of bark, being the outer layer that covers the trunks of trees. It is composed mostly of dead cells and is produced by the formation of multiple layers of
499:. Up to 40% of the bark tissue is made of lignin, which forms an important part of a plant, providing structural support by crosslinking between different polysaccharides, such as cellulose.
656:
The self-repair of the
Chinese Evergreen Elm showing new bark growth, lenticels, and other self-repair of the holes made by a Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker (woodpecker) about two years earlier.
662:
2634:
Ibrahim, Mohammed Auwal; Mohammed, Aminu; Isah, Murtala
Bindawa; Aliyu, Abubakar Babando (2014). "Anti-trypanosomal activity of African medicinal plants: A review update".
2435:"The ancient use of Pinus sylvestris L. (scots pine) inner bark by Sami people in northern Sweden, related to cultural and ecological factors = Ancienne usage d'Ă©corce de
2398:
The London encyclopaedia: or
Universal dictionary of science, art, literature, and practical mechanics, comprising a popular view of the present state of knowledge
2297:
Vane, C. H.; et al. (2006). "Bark decay by the white-rot fungus
Lentinula edodes: Polysaccharide loss, lignin resistance and the unmasking of suberin".
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The bark is often damaged by being bound to stakes or wrapped with wires. In the past, this damage was called bark-galling and was treated by applying
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periderm, cortical and phloem tissue. The rhytidome is especially well developed in older stems and roots of trees. In shrubs, older bark is quickly
950:
534:. This could mean that the concentration and type of lignin units could provide additional resistance to fungal decay for plants protected by bark.
724:
bark that are removed in the spring, prepared and stored for use as a staple food resource. The inner bark is eaten fresh, dried or roasted.
431:
Often a secondary covering called the periderm forms on small woody stems and many non-woody plants, which is composed of cork (phellem), the
888:. Bark is important to the horticultural industry since in shredded form it is used for plants that do not thrive in ordinary soil, such as
698:) of some trees is edible. In hunter-gatherer societies and in times of famine, it is harvested and used as a food source. In Scandinavia,
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994:
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cork layer these cells die because they do not receive water and nutrients. This dead layer is the rough corky bark that forms around tree
2844:
2759:
644:
The patterns left in the bark of a
Chinese Evergreen Elm after repeated visits by a Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker (woodpecker) in early 2012.
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1022:
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and is a nontechnical term. It overlays the wood and consists of the inner bark and the outer bark. The inner bark, which in older
1799:
962:
566:(deer family) can cause extensive bark damage during the rutting season by rubbing their antlers against the tree to remove their
344:, a waxy substance which protects the stem against water loss, the invasion of insects into the stem, and prevents infections by
2193:
Peterson, R.L.; Barker, W.G. (1979). "Early tuber development from explanted stolon nodes of
Solanum tuberosum var. Kennebec".
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The old bark has a metallic luster. In 2016, the height of the tree was 15 meters and the bust circumference was 5.7 meters.
89:
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Bark can be used as a construction material, and was used widely in pre-industrial societies. Some barks, particularly
61:
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without killing the tree; in this species the bark may get very thick (e.g. more than 20 cm has been reported).
678:
108:
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2743:
178:
68:
2439:
L. (Pin écossais) par les peuples Sami du nord de la Suède en relation avec les facteurs écologiques et culturels"
403:
Cork, sometimes confused with bark in colloquial speech, is the outermost layer of a woody stem, derived from the
923:
derivatives. These are used as a replacement for fossil-based phenols in phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins used in
46:
42:
75:
2636:
1553:
Seeing the Inside: Bark
Painting in Western Arnhem Land. Oxford Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology
2500:
317:
In young stems, which lack what is commonly called bark, the tissues are, from the outside to the inside:
2830:
184:
Products derived from bark include bark shingle siding and wall coverings, spices, and other flavorings,
123:
57:
3184:
3215:
3210:
2620:
2396:
391:
As the stem ages and grows, changes occur that transform the surface of the stem into the bark. The
1251:, Springer Series in Wood Science, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 33–97,
479:
Bark tissues make up by weight between 10 and 20% of woody vascular plants and consists of various
2861:
2894:
1966:"Effects of the hydraulic coupling between xylem and phloem on diurnal phloem diameter variation"
35:
2730:
Peruvian Bark. A Popular
Account of the Introduction of Chinchona Cultivation into British India
1039:
467:
and thick rhytidome accumulates. It is generally thickest and most distinctive at the trunk or
2766:
2524:"The Prince of Wales mine at Reno, near Gundagai, New South Wales, 1900?, 2 [picture]"
231:
Bark is present only on woody plants - herbaceous plants and stems of young plants lack bark.
2607:
1885:
1177:
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423:
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occurs; undifferentiated cells in the vascular cambium divide rapidly to produce secondary
8:
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242:
From the outside to the inside of a mature woody stem, the layers include the following:
82:
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1941:
1906:
1743:
1332:
979:
392:
381:
321:
1618:"Tannin Autocondensation and Polycondensation for Zero Emission Tannin Wood Adhesives"
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2813:
2785:
2665:
2657:
2462:
2377:
2266:
2233:
2148:
2133:"Orbitofrontal cortex output pathways: cingulate cortex, basal ganglia, and dopamine"
2105:
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1995:
1987:
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1946:
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is sometimes produced to seal the damaged area against disease and insect intrusion.
555:
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1324:
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720:
349:
281:
169:
165:
129:
2551:
Cork Oak Woodlands on the Edge: conservation, adaptive management, and restoration
2251:
Dickison, WC. 2000. Integrative Plant Anatomy, Academic Press, San Diego, 186–195.
1617:
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particularly Australia, both as exterior wall cladding and as a roofing material.
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1427:
Specification for percussive rock-drilling bits, rods and stems. Integral stems
1137:
920:
727:
496:
468:
397:
296:
2701:
2684:
2653:
2046:
2013:
1660:"Contact-pressure resin (contact resin, impression resin, low-pressure resin)"
1383:
1350:
506:, which is in fairly high concentration in bark tissue, is thought to inhibit
3204:
3028:
2918:
2879:
2685:"History, manufacture and properties of lime bast cordage in northern Europe"
2661:
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1991:
1932:
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1286:
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985:
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507:
353:
2332:
Kolattukudy, P.E. (1984). "Biochemistry and function of cutin and suberin".
1825:
1727:
1602:
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1999:
1950:
1923:
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1701:
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471:(the area from the ground to where the main branching starts) of the tree.
432:
404:
258:
201:
1713:
1465:
3063:
1127:
869:
763:
715:
672:) with characteristic lenticels and abnormal lenticels on callused areas.
578:
543:
149:
2549:
1964:
SEVANTO, SANNA; HĂ–LTTĂ„, TEEMU; HOLBROOK, N. MICHELE (18 February 2011).
525:) using C NMR revealed that the lignin polymers contained more Guaiacyl
3152:
3108:
3040:
2989:
2979:
2952:
2923:
2874:
2583:
2523:
2454:
1566:
Bark: the Formation, Characteristics, and Uses of Bark around the World
877:
831:
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707:
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and fungal spores. The cambium tissues, i.e., the cork cambium and the
173:
141:
2373:
1857:
1425:
808:, and there is a long tradition in northern Europe of using bark from
3189:
3157:
3113:
3050:
2822:
1869:
1435:
912:
412:
385:
384:
layer and the phloem, in roots the inner layer is not phloem but the
368:-conducting tissue composed of sieve tubes or sieve cells mixed with
302:
2345:
2265:. Plant Anatomy (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 185.
1594:
California tanbark oak. Part I. Tanbark oak and the tanning industry
1564:
Sandved, Kjell Bloch, Ghillean T. Prance, and Anne E. Prance. 1993.
24:
3091:
3081:
3003:
2941:
2421:
Bark and Wood Boring Insects in Living Trees in Europe, a Synthesis
2206:
2047:"A Comparison of Drug-Nutrient and Nutrient- Nutrient Interactions"
900:
889:
853:
845:
834:
759:
573:
563:
448:
408:
365:
345:
1734:, Princeton University Press, pp. 172–185, 31 December 2019,
219:
and a log or trunk from which bark has been removed is said to be
2947:
2547:
1045:
916:
895:
857:
849:
827:
809:
492:
460:
436:
341:
185:
1591:
Jepson, Willis Linn; Betts, Harold S.; Mell, Clayton D. (1911).
592:. In modern usage, "galling" most typically refers to a type of
2968:
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908:
881:
861:
736:
695:
628:
526:
514:
503:
488:
484:
361:
274:
189:
2433:
Zackrisson, O.; Ă–stlund, L.; Korhonen, O.; Bergman, I. (200),
3018:
3013:
2997:
2812:. London, Frances Lincoln, 2010. (Translated by Susan Berry)
885:
748:
711:
620:
615:
357:
290:
209:
197:
193:
161:
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content from other parts. Some of these phytochemicals have
542:
Bark can sustain damage from environmental factors, such as
3055:
1097:
1001:
823:
819:
732:
706:
to which the toasted and ground innermost layer of bark of
593:
585:
559:
310:
286:
157:
153:
145:
1060:
Beech bark with callus growth following fire (heat) damage
1907:"Regulation of asymmetric cell division in the epidermis"
1530:
An elementary text-book of botany, by Sydney H. Vines ...
1016:
The typical appearance of Sycamore bark from an old tree.
703:
605:
589:
2633:
1168:
Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray F.; Curtis, Helena (1981),
415:
animals and diseases, as well as dehydration and fire.
2682:
2174:
Artschwager, E (1924). "Studies on the potato tuber".
1666:, New York, NY: Springer New York, p. 226, 2007,
2567:"j.g. pausas' blog " Bark thickness: a world record?"
2352:
1963:
517:
in the bark wall during decay by the white-rot fungi
2548:
Aronson J.; Pereira J.S.; Pausas J.G., eds. (2009).
1096:"Rainbow" Eucalyptus bark on the Hawaiian island of
797:, culinary, or medicinally and culturally important
2299:
International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation
1527:Vines, Sydney Howard; Vines, Sydney Howard (1898).
1238:
1236:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
16:
Outermost layers of stems and roots of woody plants
2748:. Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Forest Service.
2627:
1169:
718:people of far northern Europe use large sheets of
2245:
1577:Vaucher, Hugues, and James E. Eckenwalder. 2003.
840:Among the commercial products made from bark are
3202:
2486:Adney, Tappan, and Howard Irving Chapelle. 1964.
1384:"Growing Woody Plants for Experimental Purposes"
1233:
1167:
776:) the bark is thick enough to be harvested as a
588:laid on the galled place and binding it up with
2683:Myking, T.; Hertzberg, A.; Skrøppa, T. (2005).
2564:
2488:The Bark Canoes and Skin Boats of North America
1590:
1000:A rare Black Poplar tree, showing the bark and
2260:
2232:, Jones & Bartlett Learning, p. 229,
2192:
1390:, CRC Press, pp. 545–558, 29 March 2001,
1293:, University of Iowa Press, pp. 215–222,
407:. It serves as protection against damage from
380:and roots. In stems the cortex is between the
2838:
2426:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2139:, Oxford University Press, pp. 145–164,
1890:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
1624:, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 805–821,
864:trees). The bark of some trees, notably oak (
735:was used as emergency food in Finland during
2715:Duran-Reynals, Marie Louise de Ayala. 1946.
2053:, CRC Press, pp. 381–394, 19 May 1988,
1176:, New York, N.Y.: Worth Publishers, p.
956:Close-up of living bark on a tree in England
2810:Bark: An Intimate Look at the World's Trees
2717:The Fever Bark Tree; the Pageant of Quinine
2331:
2325:
2221:
2173:
1760:
596:on a plant caused by insects or pathogens.
352:, are the only parts of a woody stem where
2845:
2831:
2646:International Society of Ethnopharmacology
2362:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2279:
2006:
1904:
1526:
255:(phellem or suber), includes the rhytidome
2700:
2582:
1981:
1940:
1922:
1832:, Oxford University Press, 2 March 2023,
1492:, The MIT Press, pp. 114–121, 2017,
1215:, Oxford University Press, 2 March 2023,
812:young branches of the small-leaved lime (
550:, as well as biological factors, such as
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2423:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
2230:Botany: an Introduction to Plant Biology
1161:
894:
754:
726:
614:
572:
422:
233:
226:
122:
2227:
1905:Ray, Samriddha; Lechler, Terry (2011).
1766:
1486:"What the bark tells me of the tree..."
1388:Woody Plants and Woody Plant Management
474:
3203:
2852:
2790:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2741:
2676:
2490:. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
1242:
2826:
2130:
2087:
1615:
804:Bark contains strong fibres known as
133:is made up of countless shiny layers.
2443:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany
2394:
2358:
2296:
1732:Magical Mushrooms, Mischievous Molds
537:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2802:
2502:English: Turners Creek School, 1922
1664:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers
1150:, a diseased condition of tree bark
324:, which may be replaced by periderm
177:living periderm is also called the
13:
2565:Paulo Fernandes (3 January 2011).
2145:10.1093/oso/9780198845997.003.0005
2102:10.1016/b978-1-4832-3293-5.50015-2
1771:, Amsterdam: Elsevier, p. 8,
1533:London: S. Sonnenschein & Co.
1033:bark with a large burl and lichen.
884:production are often used in bark
14:
3227:
3180:
3179:
2131:Rolls, Edmund T. (5 June 2019),
1983:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02275.x
1597:. Washington: Govt. Print. Off.
1104:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1053:
1038:
1021:
1009:
993:
978:
961:
949:
937:
684:Sun scald damage on Sitka spruce
677:
661:
649:
637:
215:The process of removing bark is
23:
2752:
2735:
2722:
2719:. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday.
2709:
2558:
2541:
2516:
2493:
2480:
2413:
2388:
2254:
2186:
2167:
2124:
2081:
2039:
1957:
1898:
1850:
1818:
1792:
1720:
1694:
1652:
1609:
1584:
1571:
1558:
1545:
1520:
1498:10.7551/mitpress/11239.003.0021
1478:
789:s have significantly different
34:needs additional citations for
2554:. Washington DC: Island Press.
2096:, Elsevier, pp. 135–144,
1672:10.1007/978-0-387-30160-0_2815
1448:
1418:
1376:
1343:
1311:
1279:
1201:
762:made of birch bark. Museum by
562:and other male members of the
200:, medicines, poisons, various
1:
1970:Plant, Cell & Environment
1568:. Portland, Or: Timber Press.
1154:
739:, last time during and after
427:Damaged bark of a cherry tree
2637:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
2575:10.1016/j.foreco.2010.07.010
1630:10.1007/978-1-4615-4139-4_45
1460:, Indiana University Press,
876:. Bark chips generated as a
577:Living tree bark enveloping
454:
364:to the outside. Phloem is a
360:to the inside and secondary
336:Secondary and primary xylem.
330:Primary and secondary phloem
152:. Plants with bark include
7:
2728:Markham, Clements R. 1880.
2319:10.1016/j.ibiod.2005.10.004
1257:10.1007/978-3-642-78466-8_4
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418:
10:
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2745:Bark and Its Possible Uses
2419:Lieutier, François. 2004.
2334:Canadian Journal of Botany
2228:Mauseth, James D. (2003),
2090:"Enzymes of the Epidermis"
2088:Ellis, Richard A. (1964),
1858:"How Bacteria communicate"
1802:. .puc.edu. Archived from
1728:"Hallucinogenic Mushrooms"
1555:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1287:"Growing Shrubs and Vines"
1243:Larson, Philip R. (1994),
930:
826:, used for example in the
238:Tree cross section diagram
140:is the outermost layer of
3175:
2893:
2860:
2654:10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.012
1830:Oxford English Dictionary
1430:, BSI British Standards,
1213:Oxford English Dictionary
376:is the primary tissue of
164:. Bark refers to all the
2742:Harkin, John M. (1971).
2569:. Jgpausas.blogs.uv.es.
2137:The Orbitofrontal Cortex
2059:10.1201/9781482259476-17
2026:10.1036/1097-8542.489500
1872:(inactive 10 April 2024)
1767:Pereira, Helena (2007),
1579:Tree Bark: a Color Guide
1396:10.1201/9781482270563-23
1363:10.1036/1097-8542.498200
1291:Shrubs and Vines of Iowa
447:Within the periderm are
340:Cork cell walls contain
2702:10.1093/forestry/cpi006
2261:Katherine Easu (1977).
1616:Pizzi, Antonio (1999),
1603:10.5962/bhl.title.24278
1539:10.5962/bhl.title.22654
1299:10.2307/j.ctt20p57wz.12
689:
2615:Cite journal requires
2263:Anatomy of Seed Plants
1924:10.1186/1747-1028-6-12
1838:10.1093/oed/9944932193
1740:10.2307/j.ctvs32r8v.16
1329:10.1159/issn.1422-6405
1245:"Defining the Cambium"
1221:10.1093/oed/1202365019
904:
767:
744:
632:
581:
428:
239:
134:
2395:Tegg, Thomas (1829).
2051:Nutrient Interactions
1800:"Botany Glossary "P""
1714:10.5040/9781847888778
1466:10.2307/j.ctv3c0tgz.2
973:(Red Snakebark Maple)
925:Oriented Strand Board
898:
758:
730:
618:
576:
426:
237:
227:Botanical description
126:
2732:. London: J. Murray.
1702:"Latex and Lingerie"
1551:Taylor, Luke. 1996.
1320:Cells Tissues Organs
1249:The Vascular Cambium
799:ethnopharmacological
475:Chemical composition
43:improve this article
3092:Meristematic tissue
2401:(Volume 3 ed.)
2311:2006IBiBi..57...14V
1622:Plant Polyphenols 2
927:(OSB) and plywood.
907:Wood bark contains
872:, which is used in
2854:Biological tissues
2469:on 26 January 2012
2455:10.1007/bf01300060
1706:Latex and Lingerie
1581:. Portland: Timber
905:
860:(from the bark of
852:(from the bark of
768:
745:
633:
582:
429:
240:
135:
58:"Bark" botany
3198:
3197:
2985:Phloem parenchyma
2818:978-0-7112-3137-5
2374:10.1021/jf001409a
2340:(12): 2918–2933.
2195:Botanical Gazette
2154:978-0-19-884599-7
1778:978-0-444-52967-1
1681:978-0-387-31021-3
1639:978-0-306-46218-4
1266:978-3-642-78468-2
1172:Biology of Plants
868:) is a source of
770:In the cork oak (
538:Damage and repair
523:Shiitake mushroom
400:and other stems.
119:
118:
111:
93:
3223:
3216:Plant morphology
3211:Plant physiology
3183:
3182:
3133:Vascular cambium
3019:Xylem parenchyma
2847:
2840:
2833:
2824:
2823:
2803:Other references
2796:
2795:
2789:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2772:on 11 April 2008
2771:
2765:. Archived from
2764:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2739:
2733:
2726:
2720:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2618:
2613:
2611:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2586:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2497:
2491:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2465:, archived from
2437:Pinus sylvestris
2430:
2424:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2368:(6): 2709–2716.
2356:
2350:
2349:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2294:
2277:
2276:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1985:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1926:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1870:10.4016/11355.01
1854:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1588:
1582:
1575:
1569:
1562:
1556:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1436:10.3403/30309158
1422:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1323:. S. Karger AG.
1315:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1240:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1175:
1165:
1108:
1093:
1081:
1069:
1057:
1042:
1025:
1013:
997:
982:
965:
953:
941:
919:product rich in
915:yields a liquid
788:
787:
721:Pinus sylvestris
694:The inner bark (
681:
665:
653:
641:
625:Mangifera indica
519:Lentinula edodes
513:Analysis of the
372:and fibers. The
350:vascular cambium
333:Vascular cambium
282:Vascular cambium
170:vascular cambium
130:Pinus thunbergii
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3171:
3104:Ground meristem
2963:Vascular tissue
2934:Subsidiary cell
2889:
2856:
2851:
2808:CĂ©dric Pollet,
2805:
2800:
2799:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2760:"Archived copy"
2758:
2757:
2753:
2740:
2736:
2727:
2723:
2714:
2710:
2681:
2677:
2632:
2628:
2616:
2614:
2605:
2604:
2597:
2595:
2563:
2559:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2508:
2506:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2485:
2481:
2472:
2470:
2431:
2427:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2393:
2389:
2357:
2353:
2346:10.1139/b84-391
2330:
2326:
2295:
2280:
2273:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2226:
2222:
2191:
2187:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2129:
2125:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1962:
1958:
1903:
1899:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1873:
1864:. 29 May 2009.
1856:
1855:
1851:
1842:
1840:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1806:on 20 July 2006
1798:
1797:
1793:
1779:
1765:
1761:
1752:
1750:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1614:
1610:
1589:
1585:
1576:
1572:
1563:
1559:
1550:
1546:
1525:
1521:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1468:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1303:
1301:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1241:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1209:"rhytidome, n."
1207:
1206:
1202:
1188:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1124:
1117:
1109:
1100:
1094:
1085:
1084:Common oak bark
1082:
1073:
1070:
1061:
1058:
1049:
1043:
1034:
1026:
1017:
1014:
1005:
998:
989:
983:
974:
970:Acer capillipes
966:
957:
954:
945:
942:
933:
785:
784:
692:
685:
682:
673:
670:Alnus glutinosa
666:
657:
654:
645:
642:
619:Bark of mature
604:callus repair.
594:abnormal growth
540:
532:redox potential
497:polysaccharides
477:
457:
421:
229:
204:chemicals, and
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3229:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3067:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3009:Vessel element
3006:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2975:Companion cell
2958:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2914:Bulliform cell
2899:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2866:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2751:
2734:
2721:
2708:
2675:
2648:(ISE): 26–54.
2626:
2617:|journal=
2557:
2540:
2515:
2492:
2479:
2425:
2412:
2387:
2351:
2324:
2278:
2271:
2253:
2244:
2238:
2220:
2207:10.1086/337104
2201:(4): 398–406.
2185:
2166:
2153:
2123:
2110:
2080:
2067:
2038:
2005:
1976:(4): 690–703.
1956:
1897:
1849:
1817:
1791:
1777:
1759:
1719:
1693:
1680:
1651:
1638:
1608:
1583:
1570:
1557:
1544:
1519:
1506:
1477:
1447:
1417:
1404:
1375:
1342:
1310:
1278:
1265:
1232:
1200:
1186:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1140:
1138:Trunk (botany)
1135:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1095:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1044:
1037:
1035:
1027:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1008:
1006:
999:
992:
990:
984:
977:
975:
967:
960:
958:
955:
948:
946:
943:
936:
932:
929:
921:natural phenol
714:is added. The
691:
688:
687:
686:
683:
676:
674:
667:
660:
658:
655:
648:
646:
643:
636:
558:attacks. Male
539:
536:
476:
473:
456:
453:
420:
417:
338:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
315:
314:
308:
307:
306:
300:
284:
279:
278:
277:
272:
267:
266:
265:
262:
256:
228:
225:
202:hallucinogenic
117:
116:
99:September 2022
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3228:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3029:Ground tissue
3026:
3025:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2929:Pavement cell
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2903:Dermal tissue
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2793:
2787:
2768:
2761:
2755:
2747:
2746:
2738:
2731:
2725:
2718:
2712:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2609:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2553:
2552:
2544:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2483:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2449:(2): 99–109,
2448:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2429:
2422:
2416:
2400:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2272:0-471-24520-8
2268:
2264:
2257:
2248:
2241:
2239:0-7637-2134-4
2235:
2231:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2113:
2111:9781483232935
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:The Epidermis
2091:
2084:
2070:
2068:9780429090875
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2018:AccessScience
2015:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1911:Cell Division
1908:
1901:
1893:
1887:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1826:"suberin, n."
1821:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1587:
1580:
1574:
1567:
1561:
1554:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1523:
1509:
1507:9780262342629
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1457:Meeting Trees
1451:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1407:
1405:9780429078057
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:AccessScience
1352:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1268:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1187:0-87901-132-7
1183:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1164:
1160:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:Bark painting
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1114:Samanea saman
1107:
1102:
1099:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1068:
1063:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1030:Quercus robur
1024:
1019:
1012:
1007:
1003:
996:
991:
987:
986:Monterey Pine
981:
976:
972:
971:
964:
959:
952:
947:
944:Eucalypt bark
940:
935:
934:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
903:
902:
897:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
866:Quercus robur
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
836:
833:
829:
825:
821:
818:) to produce
817:
816:
815:Tilia cordata
811:
807:
802:
800:
796:
792:
791:phytochemical
781:
779:
775:
774:
773:Quercus suber
765:
761:
757:
753:
750:
742:
738:
734:
729:
725:
723:
722:
717:
713:
709:
705:
702:is made from
701:
697:
680:
675:
671:
664:
659:
652:
647:
640:
635:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
613:
609:
607:
601:
597:
595:
591:
587:
580:
575:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:boring beetle
553:
549:
545:
535:
533:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
508:decomposition
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
472:
470:
466:
462:
452:
450:
445:
441:
438:
434:
425:
416:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
394:
389:
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3164:
3145:
3141:
3128:Cork cambium
3120:
3096:
3090:
3071:Sclerenchyma
3069:
3062:
3046:Chlorenchyma
3033:
3027:
2996:
2980:Phloem fiber
2967:
2961:
2940:
2906:
2902:
2809:
2774:. Retrieved
2767:the original
2754:
2744:
2737:
2729:
2724:
2716:
2711:
2695:(1): 65–71.
2692:
2688:
2678:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2608:cite journal
2596:. Retrieved
2560:
2550:
2543:
2531:. Retrieved
2527:
2518:
2507:, retrieved
2501:
2495:
2487:
2482:
2471:, retrieved
2467:the original
2446:
2442:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2415:
2403:. Retrieved
2397:
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2354:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2305:(1): 14–23.
2302:
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2256:
2247:
2229:
2223:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2158:, retrieved
2136:
2126:
2115:, retrieved
2093:
2083:
2072:, retrieved
2050:
2041:
2029:. Retrieved
2017:
2014:"Parenchyma"
2008:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1886:cite journal
1874:. Retrieved
1861:
1852:
1841:, retrieved
1829:
1820:
1808:. Retrieved
1804:the original
1794:
1768:
1762:
1751:, retrieved
1731:
1722:
1705:
1696:
1685:, retrieved
1663:
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1621:
1611:
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1578:
1573:
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1529:
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1489:
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1426:
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1409:, retrieved
1387:
1378:
1366:. Retrieved
1354:
1345:
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1313:
1302:, retrieved
1290:
1281:
1270:, retrieved
1248:
1224:, retrieved
1212:
1203:
1171:
1163:
1148:Bark-binding
1143:Bark isolate
1112:
1072:Damaged bark
1028:
968:
906:
899:
865:
839:
813:
803:
801:properties.
782:
778:cork product
771:
769:
746:
719:
693:
669:
668:Alder bark (
624:
610:
602:
598:
583:
541:
518:
512:
501:
478:
458:
446:
442:
433:cork cambium
430:
405:cork cambium
402:
390:
339:
316:
259:Cork cambium
241:
230:
221:decorticated
220:
216:
214:
183:
168:outside the
150:woody plants
137:
136:
128:
127:The bark of
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3064:Collenchyma
3014:Xylem fiber
2584:10261/32660
2405:13 February
2176:J. Agr. Res
1128:Bark beetle
911:which when
870:tannic acid
764:Lake Baikal
579:barbed wire
544:frost crack
481:biopolymers
413:herbivorous
261:(phellogen)
3205:Categories
3153:Endodermis
3109:Procambium
3041:Aerenchyma
3035:Parenchyma
2990:Sieve tube
2953:Phelloderm
2924:Guard cell
2875:Epithelial
2870:Connective
2776:30 January
2473:25 October
2182:: 809–835.
1351:"Periderm"
1155:References
901:Bark chips
878:by-product
832:Viking Age
795:pesticidal
708:scots pine
700:bark bread
627:) showing
552:woodpecker
502:Condensed
465:exfoliated
370:parenchyma
299:(alburnum)
264:Phelloderm
69:newspapers
3190:Histology
3158:Exodermis
3122:Secondary
3114:Protoderm
3051:Mesophyll
2908:Epidermis
2662:0378-8741
2598:2 January
2463:129174312
2160:9 October
2117:9 October
2074:9 October
2031:9 October
1992:0140-7791
1933:1747-1028
1917:(1): 12.
1876:9 October
1843:9 October
1810:2 January
1787:162131397
1753:9 October
1687:9 October
1645:9 October
1513:9 October
1471:9 October
1441:9 October
1411:9 October
1368:9 October
1337:138777755
1304:9 October
1272:9 October
1226:9 October
1196:222047616
913:pyrolyzed
890:epiphytes
835:longships
786:stem bark
741:civil war
548:sun scald
461:suberized
455:Rhytidome
449:lenticels
409:parasites
393:epidermis
386:pericycle
382:epidermis
322:Epidermis
313:(medulla)
305:(duramen)
303:Heartwood
249:Periderm
179:rhytidome
3185:Category
3082:Sclereid
3004:Tracheid
2942:Periderm
2880:Muscular
2786:cite web
2689:Forestry
2670:24742753
2593:85573811
2382:11409955
2215:85217835
2000:21241327
1951:21645362
1748:28656244
1708:. 2010.
1122:See also
854:Cinchona
846:cinnamon
810:coppiced
766:, Russia
760:Backpack
743:in 1918.
731:Bark of
564:Cervidae
419:Periderm
366:nutrient
346:bacteria
156:, woody
3098:Primary
2948:Phellem
2919:Cuticle
2885:Nervous
2862:Animals
2533:9 April
2509:9 April
2307:Bibcode
1942:3123617
931:Gallery
917:bio-oil
874:tanning
858:aspirin
850:quinine
828:rigging
820:cordage
493:suberin
485:tannins
437:suberin
342:suberin
297:Sapwood
186:tanbark
166:tissues
83:scholar
3147:Cortex
2969:Phloem
2895:Plants
2816:
2668:
2660:
2591:
2505:, 1922
2461:
2380:
2269:
2236:
2213:
2151:
2108:
2065:
1998:
1990:
1949:
1939:
1931:
1862:SciVee
1785:
1775:
1746:
1678:
1636:
1504:
1402:
1335:
1263:
1194:
1184:
909:lignin
882:lumber
862:willow
856:) and
737:famine
696:phloem
631:growth
629:lichen
568:velvet
527:lignin
515:lignin
504:tannin
489:lignin
398:trunks
374:cortex
362:phloem
327:Cortex
275:Phloem
270:Cortex
190:tannin
162:shrubs
160:, and
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3166:Stele
3142:Mixed
3077:Fiber
2998:Xylem
2770:(PDF)
2763:(PDF)
2644:(1).
2589:S2CID
2528:Trove
2459:S2CID
2211:S2CID
1744:S2CID
1333:S2CID
1046:Kauri
1002:burls
886:mulch
783:Some
749:Birch
712:birch
621:mango
378:stems
358:xylem
291:xylem
246:Bark
210:mulch
198:latex
194:resin
174:stems
158:vines
154:trees
146:roots
142:stems
90:JSTOR
76:books
3056:Pith
2814:ISBN
2792:link
2778:2008
2666:PMID
2658:ISSN
2621:help
2600:2012
2535:2024
2511:2024
2475:2008
2407:2014
2378:PMID
2267:ISBN
2234:ISBN
2162:2023
2149:ISBN
2119:2023
2106:ISBN
2076:2023
2063:ISBN
2033:2023
1996:PMID
1988:ISSN
1947:PMID
1929:ISSN
1892:link
1878:2023
1845:2023
1812:2012
1783:OCLC
1773:ISBN
1769:Cork
1755:2023
1689:2023
1676:ISBN
1647:2023
1634:ISBN
1515:2023
1502:ISBN
1490:Bark
1473:2023
1443:2023
1413:2023
1400:ISBN
1370:2023
1306:2023
1274:2023
1261:ISBN
1228:2023
1192:OCLC
1182:ISBN
1098:Maui
1048:bark
988:bark
842:cork
824:rope
822:and
806:bast
733:pine
716:Sami
690:Uses
586:clay
560:deer
554:and
546:and
495:and
469:bole
311:Pith
287:Wood
253:Cork
206:cork
188:for
144:and
138:Bark
62:news
2697:doi
2650:doi
2642:154
2579:hdl
2571:doi
2451:doi
2370:doi
2342:doi
2315:doi
2203:doi
2199:140
2141:doi
2098:doi
2055:doi
2022:doi
1978:doi
1937:PMC
1919:doi
1866:doi
1834:doi
1736:doi
1710:doi
1668:doi
1626:doi
1599:doi
1535:doi
1494:doi
1462:doi
1432:doi
1392:doi
1359:doi
1325:doi
1295:doi
1253:doi
1217:doi
1178:641
880:of
830:of
710:or
704:rye
606:Sap
590:hay
148:of
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