Barn owl - Knowledge

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changes into a food-demanding "snore". By two weeks old, they are already half their adult weight and look naked, as the amount of down is insufficient to cover their growing bodies. By three weeks old, quills are starting to push through the skin and the chicks stand, making snoring noises with wings raised and tail stumps waggling, begging for food items which are now given whole. Atypically among birds, barn owl chicks can "negotiate" and allow weaker ones to eat first, possibly in exchange for grooming. The male is the main provider of food until all the chicks are at least four weeks old, at which time the female begins to leave the nest and starts to roost elsewhere. By the sixth week, the chicks are as big as the adults, but have slimmed down somewhat by the ninth week when they are fully

2356:, sticking to one partner for life unless one of a pair dies. During the non-breeding season, they may roost separately, but as the breeding season approaches, they return to their established nesting site, showing considerable site fidelity. In colder climates, in harsh weather, and where winter food supplies may be scarce, they may roost in farm buildings and in barns between hay bales, but they then run the risk that their selected nesting hole may be taken over by some other species. Single males may establish feeding territories, patrolling the hunting areas, occasionally stopping to hover, and perching on lofty eminences where they screech to attract a mate. Where a female has lost her mate but maintained her breeding site, she usually seems to attract a new spouse. 355: 2179:, the barn owl can target its prey and dive to the ground. Its legs and toes are long and slender, which improves its ability to forage among dense foliage or beneath the snow and gives it a wide spread of talons when attacking prey. This bird hunts by flying slowly, quartering the ground and hovering over spots that may conceal prey. It has long, broad wings that enable it to manoeuvre and turn abruptly. It has acute hearing, with ears placed asymmetrically, which improves detection of sound position and distance; the bird does not require sight to hunt. The facial disc helps with the bird's hearing, as is shown by the fact that, with the ruff feathers removed, the bird can still determine a sound source's 2103:

males and females usually roost separately, each one having about three favoured sites in which to conceal themselves by day and which are also visited for short periods during the night. Roosting sites include holes in trees, fissures in cliffs, disused buildings, chimneys, and hay sheds, and are often small in comparison to nesting sites. As the breeding season approaches, the birds move back to the vicinity of a chosen nest to roost. In a situation where a bird (e.g., pigeon) intrudes upon an owl nest, a male barn owl is observed to be docile and curious, while a female owl is protective of its chicks and may attack the bird, and the chicks themselves are seen to display a defensive behaviour.

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distances of 80 and 320 km (50 and 199 mi), with the most travelled individuals ending up some 1,760 km (1,094 mi) from their points of origin. Dispersal movements in the African continent include 1,000 km (621 mi), from Senegambia to Sierra Leone, and up to 579 km (360 mi) within South Africa. In Australia, there is some migration, as the birds move towards the northern coast in the dry season and southward in the wet season, as well as nomadic movements in association with rodent plagues. Occasionally, some of these birds turn up on

2066: 1314: 2349:, nesting seasons become more distinct, and there are some seasons of the year when no egg-laying takes place. In Europe and North America, most nesting takes place between March and June, when temperatures are increasing. The actual dates of egg-laying vary by year and by location, being correlated with the amount of prey-rich foraging habitat around the nest site. An increase in rodent populations will usually stimulate the local barn owls to begin nesting, and, consequently, two broods are often raised in a good year, even in the cooler parts of the owl's range. 3959: 657:, with a typical specimen measuring about 33 to 39 cm (13 to 15 in) in overall length, with a wingspan of some 80 to 95 cm (31 to 37 in). Adult body mass is also variable, with male owls from the Galapagos weighing 260 g (9.2 oz), while male Pacific barn owls average 555 g (19.6 oz). In general, owls living on small islands are smaller and lighter, perhaps because they have a higher dependence on insect prey and need to be more manoeuvrable. The shape of the tail is a means of distinguishing the barn owl from 2642: 507:

usually mate for life unless one of the pair is killed, whereupon a new pair bond may be formed. Breeding takes place at varying times of the year, according to the locality, with a clutch of eggs, averaging about four in number, being laid in a nest in a hollow tree, old building, or fissure in a cliff. The female does all the incubation, and she and the young chicks are reliant on the male for food. When large numbers of small prey are readily available, barn owl populations can expand rapidly, and globally the barn owl is listed

1388: 2787: 678:(lower leg) feathers, vary from white to reddish buff among the subspecies and are either mostly unpatterned or bear a varying number of tiny blackish-brown speckles. It has been found that at least in the continental European populations, females with more spotting are healthier than plainer birds. This does not hold true for European males by contrast, where the spotting varies according to subspecies. The bill varies from pale horn to dark buff, corresponding to the general plumage hue, and the 2446:

follows a pattern similarly prolonged as that of the female. The first sign that the male is moulting is often when a tail feather has been dropped at the roost. A consequence of moulting is the loss of thermal insulation. This is of little importance in the tropics, and barn owls there usually moult a complete complement of flight feathers annually. The hot-climate moult may still take place over a long period but is usually concentrated at a particular time of year outside the breeding season.

2195: 2455: 233: 2833:. The barn owl accepts the provided nest boxes and sometimes prefers them to natural sites. The nest boxes are placed under the eaves of buildings and in other locations. The upper bound of the number of barn owl pairs depends on the abundance of food at nesting sites. Conservationists encourage farmers and landowners to install nest boxes by pointing out that the resultant increased barn owl population would provide natural rodent control. In some conservation projects, the use of 783: 163: 208: 2783:. In spite of a Recovery Strategy, particularly in 2007–2010 in Ontario, only a handful of wild, breeding barn owls existed in the province in 2018. This is primarily because of disappearing grasslands where the bird hunted in the past, but according to a study, also because of "harsh winters, predation, road mortality and use of rodenticides". The species is listed as endangered overall in Canada, due to loss of habitat and a lack of nesting sites. 2333: 977: 742: 2297:). On bird-rich islands, a barn owl might include birds as some fifteen to twenty percent of its diet, while in grassland it will gorge itself on swarming termites, or on Orthoptera such as Copiphorinae katydids, Jerusalem crickets (Stenopelmatidae), or true crickets (Gryllidae). Smaller prey is usually torn into chunks and eaten completely, including bones and fur, while prey larger than about 100 grams (3.5 oz)—such as baby rabbits, 5422: 646: 2375:), and, particularly in Europe and North America, old buildings such as farm sheds and church towers. Buildings are preferred to trees in wetter climates in the British Isles and provide better protection for fledglings from inclement weather. Tree nests tend to be in open habitats rather than in the middle of woodland, and nest holes tend to be higher in North America than in Europe, because of possible predation by 2086: 40: 1235: 2667:. Some of these birds are in poor condition and may have been less able to evade oncoming vehicles than fit individuals. In some locations, road mortality rates can be particularly high, with collision rates being influenced by higher commercial traffic, roadside verges that are grass rather than shrubs, and where small mammals are abundant. Historically, many deaths were caused by the use of 2660:, producing a large number of offspring with a high growth rate, which have a low probability of surviving to adulthood. Its typical lifespan is around four years. In Scotland, the species has been recorded living up to 18 and possibly even 34 years. A significant cause of death in temperate areas is starvation, particularly during the winter, and with significant snow cover. 2395: 2037:, relying on its acute sense of hearing when hunting in complete darkness. It often becomes active shortly before dusk but can sometimes be seen during the day when relocating from one roosting site to another. In Britain, on various Pacific Islands, and perhaps elsewhere, it sometimes hunts by day. The owl's daylight hunting may depend on whether it can avoid being 2053:—possibly because the previous night has been wet, making night hunting difficult. By contrast, in southern Europe and the tropics, the birds seem to be almost exclusively nocturnal, with the few birds that hunt by day being severely mobbed. In some cases, an owl feeling threatened by the mobbing of a crow may become aggressive enough to 619:, or its eerie, silent flight: white owl, silver owl, demon owl, ghost owl, death owl, night owl, rat owl, church owl, cave owl, stone owl, monkey-faced owl, hissing owl, hobgoblin or hobby owl, dobby owl, white-breasted owl, golden owl, screech owl, straw owl, barnyard owl, and delicate owl. "Golden owl" might also refer to the related 2461: 2459: 2457: 2460: 754:, and, indeed, many individuals, having taken up residence in a particular location, remain there even when better nearby foraging areas are available. In the British Isles, the young seem largely to disperse along river corridors, and the distance travelled from their natal site averages about 9 km (5.6 mi). 2680: 2583:

When disturbed at its roosting site, an angry barn owl lowers its head and sways it from side to side, or the head may be lowered and stretched forward and the wings outstretched and drooped while the bird emits hisses and makes snapping noises with its beak. Another defensive attitude involves lying

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at roosting sites and can be used when food is scarce. This makes the barn owl one of the most economically valuable wildlife animals for agriculture. Farmers often find these owls more effective than poison in keeping down rodent pests, and they can encourage barn owl habitation by providing nesting

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in the late 20th century have affected some populations, particularly in Europe and North America. Intensification of agricultural practices often means that the rough grassland that provides the best foraging habitat is lost. While barn owls are prolific breeders and able to recover from short-term

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eggs. Incubation begins as soon as the first egg is laid. While the female is sitting on the nest, the male is constantly bringing more provisions, and they may pile up beside the female. The incubation period is about thirty days, hatching takes place over a prolonged period, and the youngest chick

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Once a pair-bond has been formed, the male will make short flights at dusk around the nesting and roosting sites and then longer circuits to establish a home range. When he is later joined by the female, there is much chasing, turning, and twisting in flight, and frequent screeches, the male's being

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Barn owls living in tropical regions can breed at any time of year, but some seasonality in nesting is still evident. Where there are distinct wet and dry seasons, egg-laying usually takes place during the dry season, with increased rodent prey becoming available to the birds as the vegetation dies

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mountain range. This owl prefers to hunt along the edges of woods or in rough grass strips adjoining pasture. It has an effortless wavering flight as it quarters the ground, alert to the sounds made by potential prey. Like most owls, the barn owl flies silently; tiny serrations on the leading edges

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The barn owl is nocturnal over most of its range, but in Great Britain and some Pacific Islands, it also hunts by day. Barn owls specialise in hunting animals on the ground, and nearly all of their food consists of small mammals, which they locate by sound, their hearing being very acute. The owls

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The chicks are at first covered with greyish-white down and develop rapidly. Within a week they can hold their heads up and shuffle around in the nest. The female tears up the food brought by the male and distributes it to the chicks. Initially, the chicks make a "chittering" sound, but this soon

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Before commencing laying, the female spends much time near the nest and is entirely provisioned by the male. Meanwhile, the male roosts nearby and may cache any prey that is surplus to their requirements. When the female has reached peak weight, the male provides a ritual presentation of food and

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but have a home range inside which they forage. For males in Scotland, this home range has a radius of about 1 km (0.6 mi) from the nest site and an average area of about 300 hectares (740 acres). Female home ranges largely coincide with that of their mates. Outside the breeding season,

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In continental Europe, the dispersal distance is greater, commonly somewhere between 50 and 100 kilometres (31 and 62 mi) but exceptionally 1,500 km (932 mi), with ringed birds from the Netherlands ending up in Spain and in Ukraine. In the United States, dispersal is typically over

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to be shed is a central one, number 6, and it has regrown completely by the time the female resumes hunting. Feathers 4, 5, 7, and 8 are dropped at a similar time the following year and feathers 1, 2, 3, 9 and 10 in the bird's third year of adulthood. The secondary and tail feathers are lost and

2383:). No nesting material is used as such, but as the female sits incubating the eggs, she draws in the dry furry material of which her regurgitated pellets are composed, so that by the time the chicks are hatched, they are surrounded by a carpet of shredded pellets. Oftentimes, other birds such as 749:

The barn owl is the most widespread landbird species in the world, occurring on every continent except Antarctica. Its range includes all of Europe (except Fennoscandia and Malta), most of Africa apart from the Sahara, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Australia, many Pacific Islands, and

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when seen in the air. Other distinguishing features are the undulating flight pattern and the dangling, feathered legs. The pale face with its heart shape and black eyes gives the flying bird a distinctive appearance, like a flat mask with oversized, oblique black eyeslits, the ridge of feathers

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in Mexico regard them as "disease givers". These owls do not "hoot", instead emitting raspy screeches and hissing noises, and their white face and underbelly feathers, visible as they fly overhead, make them look "ghostly". Consequently, they were often killed by farmers who were unaware of the

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The male owl moults rather later in the year than the female, at a time when there is an abundance of food, the female has recommenced hunting, and the demands of the chicks are lessening. Unmated males without family responsibilities often start losing feathers earlier in the year. Their moult

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of the Americas. Some taxonomic authorities classify barn owls differently, recognising up to five separate species, and further research needs to be done to resolve the disparate taxonomies. There is considerable variation of size and colour among the approximately 28 subspecies, but most are

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scream, ear-shattering at close range, an eerie, long-drawn-out shriek. Males in courtship give a shrill twitter. Both young and old can hiss like a snake to scare away intruders. Other sounds produced include a purring chirrup, denoting pleasure, and a "kee-yak", which resembles one of the

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between 33 and 39 cm (13 and 15 in) in length, with wingspans ranging from 80 to 95 cm (31 to 37 in). The plumage on the head and back is a mottled shade of grey or brown; that on the underparts varies from white to brown and is sometimes speckled with dark markings. The

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vocalisations of the tawny owl. When captured or cornered, the barn owl throws itself on its back and flails with sharp-taloned feet, making for an effective defence. In such situations, it may emit rasping sounds or clicking snaps, produced probably by the bill but possibly by the tongue.

2810:, the Canary barn owl) is precariously rare: perhaps fewer than two hundred individuals still remain. Similarly, the birds on the western Canary Islands, which are usually assigned to this subspecies, have severely declined, and wanton destruction of the birds seems to be significant. On 2360:

high-pitched and tremulous and the female's lower and harsher. In later stages of courtship, the male emerges at dusk, climbs high into the sky, and then swoops back to the vicinity of the female at speed. He then sets off to forage. The female meanwhile sits in an eminent position and

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Paz, A.; Jareño, D.; Arroyo, L.; Viñuela, J.; Arroyo, B.; Mougeot, F.; Luque-Larena, J. J.; Fargallo, J. A. (March 2013). "Avian predators as a biological control system of common vole (Microtus arvalis) populations in north-western Spain: experimental set-up and preliminary results".

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are used primarily when populations suffer declines. Although such declines have many causes, among them are the lack of available natural nesting sites. Early successes among conservationists have led to the widespread provision of nest boxes, which has become the most used form of

2319:, requiring relatively more food. Relative to its size, barn owls consume more rodents. Studies have shown that an individual barn owl may eat one or more voles (or their equivalent) per night, equivalent to about fourteen percent of the bird's bodyweight. Excess food is often 2415:

may be several weeks younger than its oldest sibling. In years with a plentiful supply of food, there may be a hatching success rate of about 75%. The male continues to copulate with the female when he brings food, which makes the newly hatched chicks vulnerable to injury.

2862:, people believe that when the barn owl flies over or perches on the roof of any house, the inhabitants of that house will die. In South Africa, barn owls are often associated with witchcraft and are persecuted. In some South African cultures, these owls are used in 183: 2442:

replaced over a similar timescale, again starting while incubation is taking place. In the case of the tail, the two outermost tail feathers are first shed, followed by the two central ones, the other tail feathers being shed the following year.

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The bird's head and upper body typically vary between pale brown and some shade of grey (especially on the forehead and back) in most subspecies. Some are purer, richer brown instead, and all have fine black-and-white speckles, except on the

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of its feathers, which give the plumage a soft feel, also minimise noise produced during wingbeats. Behavioural and environmental preferences may differ slightly even between neighbouring subspecies, as shown in the case of the European

2364:, returning to the nest a minute or two before the male arrives with food for her. Such feeding behaviour of the female by the male is common, helps build the pair-bond, and increases the female's fitness before egg-laying commences. 2431:

Feathers become abraded over time and all birds need to replace them at intervals. Barn owls are particularly dependent on their ability to fly quietly and manoeuvre efficiently. In temperate areas, the owls undergo a prolonged

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population decreases, they are not as common in some areas as they used to be. A 1995–1997 survey put their British population at between 3,000 and 5,000 breeding pairs, out of an average of about 150,000 pairs in the whole of

2623:. These gut parasites are acquired when the birds feed on infected prey. There is some indication that female birds with more and larger spots have a greater resistance to external parasites. This is correlated with smaller 2456: 5121: 2410:

copulation occurs at the nest. The female lays eggs on alternate days and the clutch size averages about five eggs (the range being two to nine). The eggs are chalky white, somewhat elliptical, and about the size of

770:, showing that crossing the ocean is within their capabilities. In 2008, barn owls were recorded for the first time breeding in New Zealand. The barn owl has been successfully introduced into the Hawaiian island of 2436:

that lasts through three phases over a period of two years. The female starts to moult while incubating the eggs and brooding the chicks, a time when the male feeds her, so she does not need to fly much. The first

936:. Island forms are mostly smaller than mainland ones, and those inhabiting forests have darker plumage and shorter wings than those living in open grasslands. Several subspecies are generally considered to be 5412: 181: 2691:

The barn owl is relatively common throughout most of its range and not considered globally threatened. If considered as a single global species, the barn owl is the second most widely distributed of all

2580:). As a result of improved conservation measures, the populations of the northern goshawk and eagle-owls are increasing, thus increasing the incidence of hunting on barn owls where the species coexist. 182: 2423:

and start leaving the nest briefly themselves. They are still dependent on the parent birds until about thirteen weeks and receive training from the female in finding, and eventually catching, prey.

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Raptor perch sites for biological control of agricultural pest rodents. In: Nyssen J., Jacob, M., Frankl, A. (Eds.). Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains – The Dogu'a Tembien District

5410: 627:). "Hissing owl" and, particularly in the U.K. and in India, "screech owl" refer to the piercing calls of these birds. The latter name is also applied to a different group of birds, the 4747: 2345:

off. In arid regions, such as parts of Australia, breeding may be irregular and may happen in wet periods, with the resultant temporary increase in the populations of small mammals. In

2671:, and this may still be the case in some parts of the world. Collisions with power-lines kill some birds, and being shot accounts for others, especially in Mediterranean regions. 674:(main wing feathers), which are light brown with darker bands. The heart-shaped face is usually bright white, but in some subspecies it is brown. The underparts, including the 696:

On average within any one population, males tend to have fewer spots on the underside and are paler in colour than females. The latter are also larger, with a strong female

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Small. Dark greyish-brown above, with white part of spots prominent. Underparts white to golden-buff, with distinct pattern of brown vermiculations or fine dense spots.

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Twenty to thirty subspecies are usually recognized, varying mainly in body proportions, size, and colour. Barn owls range in colour from the almost beige-and-white

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benefits these birds bring. Negative perceptions can also be attributed to the false belief that they could eat large animals, such as chickens and cats. In

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Lavariega, Mario C.; García-Meza, Josué; Martínez-Ayón, Yazmín del Mar; Camarillo-Chávez, David; Hernández-Velasco, Teresa; Briones-Salas, Miguel (2015).

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with some interspersed woodland, usually at altitudes below 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) but occasionally as high as 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) in the

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barn owls have been recorded in the wild and in captivity, with melanistic individuals estimated to occur with odds of 1 out of every 100,000 birds.

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is characteristically large and heart-shaped with white plumage in most subspecies. This owl does not hoot, but utters an eerie, drawn-out screech.

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for pest control was replaced by the installation of nest boxes for barn owls, which has been shown to be a less costly method of rodent control.

2512:) are noted predators of barn owls. Despite some sources claiming that there is little evidence of predation by great horned owls, one study from 5539: 5458: 4758: 4648: 653:

The barn owl is a medium-sized, pale-coloured owl with long wings and a short, squarish tail. There is considerable size variation across the

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Altwegg, Res; Schaub, Michael; Roulin, Alexandre (2007). "Age-specific fitness components and their temporal variation in the barn owl".

2187:. It may perch on branches, fence posts, or other lookouts to scan its surroundings, and this is the main means of prey location in the 4352:

Knight, R. L.; Jackman, R. E. (1984). "Food-niche relationships between Great Horned Owls and Common Barn-Owls in eastern Washington".

2595:, which chew the barbules of the feathers and which are transferred from bird to bird by direct contact. Blood-sucking flies, such as 3589:

Alaie Kakhki, N.; Aliabadian, M. (2012). "Mitochondrial DNA (CYTB) divergences in two distinct, Old World and New World barn owls".

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found that 10.9% of the local great horned owl's diet was made up of barn owls. In Africa, the principal predators of barn owls are

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in the 1950s led to a major shift in the barn owl's diet: where their ranges overlap, the vole is now by far the largest prey item.

2548:). About 12 other large diurnal raptors and owls have also been reported as predators of barn owls, ranging from the similar-sized 2266:

are also preyed upon. Barn owls are usually specialist feeders in productive areas and generalists in areas where prey is scarce.

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König, Claus, Friedhelm Weick, and Jan-Hendrik Becking. Owls of the World. 2nd ed. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2009. Web. 23 May. 2023.

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Barn owls are hosts to a wide range of parasites. Fleas are present at nesting sites, and externally the birds are attacked by

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Barn owls are cavity nesters. They choose holes in trees, fissures in cliff faces, the large nests of other birds such as the

898:, which the authors seem to have accepted as a separate species. Extensive genetic variation was found between the Indonesian 867:

Some island subspecies are occasionally treated as distinct species, a move which should await further research into barn owl

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is blackish brown. The toes, like the bill, vary in colour, ranging from pink to dark pinkish-grey, and the talons are black.

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Dreiss, Amélie N.; Gaime, Florence; Delarbre, Alice; Moroni, Letizia; Lenarth, Mélissa; Roulin, Alexandre (1 June 2016).

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Large. Upperparts grey and orange-buff. Underparts whitish to light buff with much speckling. Face white. Resembles pale

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Rodents and other small mammals may constitute over ninety percent of the prey caught. Birds are also taken, as well as

4885: 2996: 3030: 1514:, but supposedly lighter on average. Upperparts very grey. Underparts light buff with extensive speckles. Face white. 985:

Upperparts grey and light buff. Underparts white, with few if any black spots; males often appear entirely unspotted.

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Upperparts golden-brown and grey with very bold pattern. Underparts light buff with extensive speckles. Face white.

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Upperparts grey and orange-buff. Underparts whitish to light buff with little speckling. Face white. Resembles pale

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Sauer, J. R., D. K. Niven, J. E. Hines, D. J. Ziolkowski Jr., K. L. Pardieck, J. E. Fallon, and W. A. Link (2017).

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Kelleher, K. M.; Oliver, G. A.; Sleeman, D. P. (2010). "The composition and sex of rodent prey taken by Barn Owls

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assessor estimating a population possibly as large as nearly 10 million individuals. Severe local declines due to

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by other birds during that time. In Britain, some birds continue to hunt by day—even when mobbed by such birds as

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Almost black with some dark grey above, the white part of the spotting showing prominently. Reddish-brown below.

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Millsap, Brian A.; Millsap, Patricia A. (1987). "Burrow Nesting by Common Barn-Owls in North Central Colorado".

2849:, an old term for a corpse) show that rural populations in many places considered barn owls to be birds of evil 4691: 3342: 2131:

and a hairlike fringe on the trailing edges help to break up the flow of air over the wings, thereby reducing

5487: 4837:"Nest-Box use by the Barn OwlTyto albain a Biological Pest Control Program in the Beit She'an Valley, Israel" 4835:

Meyrom, Kobi; Motro, Yoav; Leshem, Yossi; Aviel, Shaul; Izhaki, Ido; Argyle, Francis; Charter, Motti (2009).

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Meyrom, Kobi; Motro, Yoav; Leshem, Yossi; Aviel, Shaul; Izhaki, Ido; Argyle, Francis; Charter, Motti (2009).

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of a large subspecies weighing over 550 g (19.4 oz), while males are typically about 10% lighter.

5427: 4545:"Spatial, road geometric and biotic factors associated with Barn Owl mortality along an interstate highway" 1676: 1175: 440: 5529: 3013: 427:

in the world and one of the most widespread of all species of birds, living almost everywhere except for

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Large. Upperparts pale orange-buff and brownish-grey, underparts whitish with few speckles. Face white.

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Krabbe, Niels; Flórez, Pablo; Suárez, Gustavo; Castaño, José; Arango, Juan David; Duque, Arley (2006).

3042: 3008: 2943: 2320: 3999: 2289:. On a rocky islet off the coast of California, a clutch of four young were being reared on a diet of 5475: 5446: 2701: 2072: 2038: 420: 4543:

Arnold, E.M.; Hanser, S.E.; Regan, T.; Thompson, J.; Lowe, M.; Kociolek, A.; Belthoff, J.R. (2019).

3958: 3180:"White owl" was a name, often used by English ornithologists in the 19th century; see for instance: 4757:(in Spanish). El Ministerio de Medio Ambiente agradece sus comentarios, Spain. 2006. Archived from 2733: 536: 387: 344: 2818:, the situation looks bleak. Due to the assignment to this subspecies of birds common in mainland 2517: 2290: 774:

in an attempt to control rodents; distressingly, it has been found to also feed on native birds.

232: 5499: 4450: 4168:"Owls, multirejection and completeness of prey remains: implications for small mammal taphonomy" 3316: 2663:

Collision with road vehicles is another cause of death and may result when birds forage on mown

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Knudsen, Eric I.; Konishi, Masakazu (1979). "Mechanisms of sound localization in the barn owl (

2532:). In Europe, although less dangerous than the eagle-owls, the chief diurnal predators are the 2473: 1971: 4724:(in Spanish). Asociación Canaria para Defensa de la Naturaleza. pp. 10–32. Archived from 4425: 4392:

Brown, L. H. (1965). "Observations on Verreaux's Eagle Owl Bubo lacteus (Temminck) in Kenya".

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On the Cape Verde Islands, geckos are the mainstay of the diet, supplemented by birds such as

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The Birdwatcher's Handbook: A Guide to the Natural History of the Birds of Britain and Europe

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are the main foodstuffs in the Mediterranean region, the tropics, subtropics, and Australia.

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Smallish. Upperparts dark brownish grey with bold pattern, including lighter brown bands on

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This article is about the widespread barn owl species. For the entire barn-owl family, see

4473: 4452: 3926:"Análisis de las presas de la Lechuza de Campanario (Tytonidae) en Oaxaca Central, México" 2065: 1400: 8: 5199: 4623: 2920: 2353: 2156: 2010: 1791: 1119: 996:

and east along Mediterranean coastal regions to northwestern Turkey in the north and the

918: 528: 197: 5469: 2391:) nest in the same hollow tree or building and seem to live harmoniously with the owls. 5311: 5227: 4858: 4513: 4334: 4258: 4148: 3906: 3858: 3163: 2830: 2765: 2729: 2624: 2513: 2505: 2234:

are the second most common food choice. In Ireland, the accidental introduction of the

2172: 2099: 1836: 1723: 1517: 811: 367: 227: 5504: 4816:

Watts, Bryan (2004). "An evaluation of nest box use by Common Barn Owls in Virginia".

3693: 3672: 1931:

Northeastern South American lowlands from eastern Venezuela south to the Amazon River.

5534: 5332: 5297: 5278: 5259: 5252: 5236: 4966: 4891: 4881: 4725: 4505: 4431: 4101:

de Naurois, R. (1982). "Le statut de la Chouette effraie de l'archipel du Cape Verte

4035: 3985: 3947: 3777: 3598: 3543: 3516: 3240: 2629: 2346: 2188: 2160: 2050: 1889: 876: 620: 612: 495: 54: 4862: 4517: 4262: 3910: 3710: 3209: 2979: 2599:, are often present, moving about among the plumage. Internal parasites include the 1387: 5375: 5008: 4958: 4950: 4848: 4796: 4556: 4497: 4468: 4361: 4326: 4250: 4140: 3937: 3896: 3862: 3850: 2938: 2776: 2697: 2645:

Landing on a handler's gloved hand. Captive birds often live longer than wild ones.

2619: 2549: 2533: 2497: 2411: 2337: 1342: 1204: 1200: 1142: 1017: 884: 829: 763: 483: 467: 452: 49: 5094: 4918: 4081: 3624: 1005: 5494: 3923: 3771: 3168: 3018: 2779:

south of Vancouver, having become extremely rare in a previous habitat, southern

2707:. Furthermore, the barn owl is likely the most numerous of all raptors, with the 2641: 2438: 2361: 2352:

Females are ready to breed at ten to eleven months of age. Barn owls are usually

2152: 2042: 1893: 1529: 675: 532: 24: 5364:"Phylogeny, biogeography, and diversification of barn owls (Aves: Strigiformes)" 5362:

Aliabadian, M.; Alaei-Kakhki, N.; Mirshamsi, O.; Nijman, V.; Roulin, A. (2016).

3878: 3535: 3508: 3186: 2845:

Common names such as "demon owl", "death owl", "ghost owl", or "lich owl" (from

5292:

Svensson, Lars; Zetterström, Dan; Mullarney, Killian; Grant, Peter, J. (1999).

4451:

Roulin, Alexandre; Riols, Christian; Dijkstra, Cor; Ducrest, Anne-Lyse (2001).

4305: 4165: 2854: 2802:, a somewhat larger number of these birds still seem to exist on the island of 2799: 2712: 2614: 2541: 2525: 2481: 2128: 1873: 1138: 1025: 868: 799: 759: 711:

Contrary to popular belief, the barn owl does not hoot (such calls are made by

487: 459:, which forms one of the two main lineages of living owls, the other being the 444: 4801: 4784: 4598: 4254: 3438: 5544: 5513: 4895: 4579:. Version 2.07.2017. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD, USA. 4542: 4039: 3951: 3602: 3038: 3004: 2929: 2896: 2815: 2708: 2123: 1795: 1591: 989: 724: 585: 549: 512: 508: 217: 212: 113: 4487: 4365: 4238: 3942: 2786: 2775:, barn owls are no longer common and are most likely to be found in coastal 5250:

Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David S.; Wheye, Darryl; Pimm, Stuart L. (1994).

4970: 4509: 4423: 2693: 2592: 2573: 2403: 2176: 1803: 1196: 1146: 1040: 816: 705: 582: 428: 4021: 3563: 2822:, the western Canary Islands population is not classified as threatened. 2194: 782: 4853: 4836: 4380:

Birds of prey of southern Africa: Their identification and life histories

3901: 3880: 2834: 2720: 2654: 2650: 2107: 2046: 1885: 1638: 1239: 1064: 767: 712: 628: 565:, "owl") came to refer solely to the wood owls in the typical-owl family 500: 491: 460: 88: 5037: 4962: 4785:"Current status and distribution of birds of prey in the Canary Islands" 4453:"Female plumage spottiness signals parasite resistance in the barn owl ( 3487: 2679: 1473: 750:

North-, Central-, and South America. In general, it is considered to be

708:, but the heart-shaped facial disk becomes visible soon after hatching. 5430:

was created from a revision of this article dated 1 June 2024

5200:"Animal mummies and remains from the Necropolis of Elkab (Upper Egypt)" 5013: 5000: 4577:

The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966–2015

4338: 4152: 3885:

in a biological pest control program in the Beit She'an Valley, Israel"

3854: 2664: 2588: 2565: 2316: 2315:

Compared to other owls of similar size, the barn owl has a much higher

2286: 2149: 2132: 2054: 1537: 1525: 1338: 937: 679: 654: 397: 171: 162: 133: 98: 5380: 5363: 4561: 4544: 2332: 1630: 814:, König, Weick & Becking (2009) recognised the American barn owl ( 5454: 5361: 2892: 2803: 2794:, in Ontario; the species has become extremely rare in this province. 2791: 2753: 2668: 2600: 2557: 2299: 2282: 2278: 2235: 2223: 2207: 2184: 2111: 2034: 1881: 1799: 1668: 1579: 1462: 1267: 1033: 1029: 976: 875:, "a review of the whole group long overdue". Molecular analysis of 751: 716: 671: 633: 611:

The bird is known by many common names that refer to its appearance,

594: 574: 566: 560: 456: 436: 244: 138: 20: 4954: 4330: 4144: 1963: 4501: 4239:"Vocal communication regulates sibling competition over food stock" 2859: 2825: 2811: 2761: 2749: 2741: 2607: 2469: 2433: 2368: 2312:

vlei rats—is usually dismembered and the inedible parts discarded.

2119: 1759: 1727: 1672: 1587: 1503: 1044: 1037: 741: 701: 690: 658: 294: 264: 128: 123: 108: 103: 93: 5505:

M.C.B.I. Project - Barn Owl Monitoring & Conservation in Italy

5233:

Handbook of Birds of the World Volume 5: Barn-owls to Hummingbirds

4649:"Endangered Ontario: Why barn owls have flown the coop in Ontario" 1251:. Underparts buff to rufous with some dark speckles (more than in 945:

Handbook of Birds of the World Volume 5: Barn-owls to Hummingbirds

873:

Handbook of Birds of the World Volume 5: Barn-owls to Hummingbirds

645: 5291: 4296:

Marti, Carl D.; Poole, Alan F.; Bevier, L. R. (2005): "Barn Owl (

3836: 3343:"Meet Norfolk's extremely rare black barn owl who's 1 in 100,000" 2886: 2814:, they seem relatively numerous, but on the other islands, as on 2780: 2745: 2384: 2376: 2303: 2251: 2226:

do not seem to be consumed. In North America and most of Europe,

2180: 2136: 2115: 1967: 1755: 1719: 1634: 1521: 1458: 1334: 1330: 1283: 1275: 1271: 1255:). Face whitish. Females are on average redder below than males. 1134: 1056: 1052: 993: 686: 667: 616: 524: 143: 118: 28: 3627:"Winter field notes and specimen weights of Cayman Island Birds" 3974:"Summary of California studies analyzing the diet of barn owls" 3625:

Olson, Storrs L.; James, Helen F.; Meister, Charles A. (1981).

2882: 2772: 2725: 2704: 2485: 2420: 2399: 2308: 2274: 2270: 2259: 2247: 2219: 2215: 2203: 2085: 1877: 1583: 1533: 1346: 1279: 1263: 1021: 1009: 794:

barn owls in the Netherlands, where these subspecies intergrade

479: 471: 432: 254: 4988:. Archives de sciences sociales des religions. pp. 31–47. 3588: 2135:

and the noise that accompanies it. Hairlike extensions to the

1465:. Underparts golden brown with extensive speckles. Face buff. 828:

should be split off as a separate species, to be known as the

515:. Some subspecies with restricted ranges are more threatened. 3807: 3805: 3536:

König, Claus; Weick, Friedhelm; Becking, Jan-Hendrik (2009).

3509:

König, Claus; Weick, Friedhelm; Becking, Jan-Hendrik (2009).

3439:

Hyde, N. H. S.; Matthews, K.; Thompson, M.; Gale, R. (2009).

3291: 3031: 2997: 2878: 2865: 2819: 2684: 2489: 2231: 2183:, although without the disc it cannot determine the source's 1869: 1430: 1234: 1192: 1072: 1060: 1013: 1001: 880: 771: 720: 600: 588: 554: 4166:

Laudet, Frédéric; Denys, Christiane; Senegas, Frank (2002).

3696:"The birds of Páramo de Frontino, western Andes of Colombia" 3294:"Location of the transition zone of the barn owl subspecies 1329:

North America from southern Canada south to central Mexico;

2850: 2757: 2737: 2493: 2255: 2239: 2227: 2211: 1897: 1684: 1259: 1130: 997: 475: 304: 274: 3802: 4236: 2874:, and are believed to give special powers when consumed. 2716: 2394: 2263: 2243: 466:

There are at least three major lineages of barn owl: the

424: 284: 5030:"Spooky owl provides natural rodent control for farmers" 4424:

Bunn, D. S.; Warburton, A. B.; Wilson, R. D. S. (2010).

1000:

in the south, where it reaches upstream to northeastern

745:

Barn owl, Canada, with detail of wings and tail feathers

5328:

Barn Owls: Predator-prey Relationships and Conservation

4722:

Aves y plantas de Fuerteventura en peligro de extinción

2584:

flat on the ground or crouching with wings spread out.

2222:. Even when they are plentiful, and other prey scarce, 5249: 4939: 4834: 4782: 2918: 5348:

Handbook of British Birds, Volume 2: Warblers to Owls

5231:. In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). 4304:(A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; 3368:"'One-in-100,000' black barn owl meets Team C&AB" 3191:. The naturalist's Library. Vol. 1. p. 248. 5061:"Farmers, Conservationists Seek Return of Barn Owls" 2885:

consider the barn owl to be the mount and symbol of

2768:they are considered a Species of European Concern. 4394:

Journal of the East African Natural History Society

3769: 547:. As more species of owl were described, the genus 5251: 5226: 5001:"Almas y cuerpo en una tradición indígena tzeltal" 4680:. Ontario Recovery Strategy Series. February 2010. 3874: 3872: 2944:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22688504A155542941.en 451:, to distinguish it from the other species in its 4417: 3738:. BritishBirds Rarities Committee. Archived from 728:). It instead produces a characteristic piercing 191:Barn owl screeches recorded in Ceredigion, Wales 5511: 4986:Almas y cuerpo en una tradición indígena tzeltal 2106:The barn owl is a bird of open country, such as 4718:"Aves de Fuerteventura en peligro de extinción" 3869: 3670: 3404: 3402: 2863: 2613:, several species of parasitic round worm, and 5119: 4908: 4316: 1904:Might include African populations assigned to 1582:or southern Mexico through Central America to 5472:—USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter 5092: 4351: 3971: 3671:Traylor, Melvin A.; Parelius, Daniel (1967). 2806:, but altogether this particular subspecies ( 2700:. It is wider-ranging than the also somewhat 2465:Three barn owl chicks threatening an intruder 1751:; breast region always pure unspotted white. 5484:—Blasco-Zumeta, Javier; Heinze, Gerd-Michael 5316:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4529: 4527: 4274: 4272: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 3763: 3729: 3673:"A collection of birds from the Ivory Coast" 3634:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 3416: 3414: 3399: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 2986:(in Latin). C. G. Hilscheri. pp. 21–22. 2956: 2954: 1391:On Santa Cruz Island (the Galápagos Islands) 5124:[Poor barn owl with Thai beliefs]. 5005:Archives de sciences sociales des religions 4715: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3795: 3793: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 2967:. Harvard University Press. pp. 77–82. 2964:Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume IV 2148:, which probably evolved, respectively, in 1576:; less grey above, coarser speckles below. 879:shows a separation of the species into two 662:above the bill somewhat resembling a nose. 603: 5027: 4100: 3477: 3267: 3265: 3239:. Bombay: Bombay Natural History Society. 2674: 2449: 1846:– sometimes considered a separate species. 1648:– sometimes considered a separate species. 1483:– sometimes considered a separate species. 1410:– sometimes considered a separate species. 824:) as separate species. They proposed that 599:, 'owl') – compare English "hooter" – and 353: 206: 179: 161: 5379: 5368:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 5012: 4878:Population ecology of raptors / monograph 4852: 4800: 4582: 4560: 4524: 4472: 4281: 4269: 4221: 4203: 4194: 3978:Sustainable Agriculture/Technical Reviews 3941: 3917: 3900: 3754: 3725: 3723: 3515:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 46–48. 3423: 3411: 3390: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 2951: 2942: 1345:(where it was extirpated) and in 1958 to 5438:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 5421: 5345: 4185: 3814: 3790: 3609: 3591:Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics 3292:Mátics, Róbert; Hoffmann, Gyula (2002). 3253: 3048: 2785: 2719:) poisoning in the mid 20th century and 2678: 2640: 2496:, and other owls. Among the latter, the 2453: 2393: 2331: 2193: 2028: 1497: 1386: 1312: 1233: 1174: 1118: 975: 781: 740: 644: 5272: 5197: 5191: 5036:. University of Florida. Archived from 4998: 4983: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3340: 3262: 3234: 3181: 3161:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. 2977: 1626:; smaller and noticeably short-winged. 947:, the following subspecies are listed: 5540:Taxa named by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli 5512: 5324: 5146: 5021: 4430:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 177. 4345: 4159: 4123: 3720: 3542:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 209. 3445:) breeding in the wild in New Zealand" 3278: 2960: 2914: 2912: 2166: 854:International Ornithological Committee 581:literally means 'white owl', from the 5224: 5088: 5086: 4815: 4474:10.1093/oxfordjournals.beheco.a000371 4404: 4391: 4385: 4372: 3502: 3216:. British Trust for Ornithology. 2009 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 2728:. In the US, barn owls are listed as 952: 832:, which would include the subspecies 5174:"People who give a hoot for raptors" 5122:"นแสกผู้น่าสงสารกับความเชื่อแบบไทยๆ" 4000:"Barn Owl | the Peregrine Fund" 3930:Neotropical Biology and Conservation 3732:"The daylight activity of barn owls" 3659: 3174: 1790:Endemic to the East Canary Islands ( 1290:at the western border of its range. 1191:South American lowlands east of the 1100:African populations might belong to 906:clade, leading to the separation of 33: 5550:Extant Quaternary first appearances 5520:IUCN Red List least concern species 5058: 4875: 4382:. Croom Helm, Beckenham (UK). 1983. 4290: 4243:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2930:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2909: 2840: 2402:, beginning to shed their nestling 1866:; upperparts lighter and yellower. 1326:, but usually more speckles below. 1024:in the Mediterranean, and the West 940:between more distinct populations. 13: 5464:Barn owl videos, photos and sounds 5408: 5355: 5083: 3195: 2978:Scopoli, Giovanni Antonio (1769). 14: 5561: 5389: 4302:The Birds of North America Online 3843:Journal of Comparative Physiology 3811:Ehrlich et al. (1994) pp. 250–254 3770:Meheretu Yonas; Leirs, H (2019). 3568:IOC World Bird List: Version 11.2 3341:Elliott, Rosanna (8 March 2019). 2889:, goddess of wealth and fortune. 894:, but this study did not include 543:. He gave it the scientific name 5420: 4603:South Coast Conservation Program 3957: 3271:Bruce (1999) pp 34–75, Svensson 2919:BirdLife International (2019) . 2198:Skull, showing the powerful beak 2084: 2064: 2033:Like most owls, the barn owl is 1959:; smaller and paler on average. 1715:, but breast region light buff. 1667:Northeastern Andes from western 932:, to the nearly black-and-brown 806:) was for some time included in 523:The barn owl was one of several 231: 86: 38: 27:. For the place in Siberia, see 5218: 5166: 5149:"Ministries hosts talk on owls" 5140: 5113: 5052: 4992: 4977: 4933: 4902: 4869: 4828: 4809: 4789:Bird Conservation International 4783:Palacios, César-Javier (2004). 4776: 4740: 4709: 4684: 4659: 4641: 4616: 4591: 4569: 4536: 4481: 4444: 4412:Owls of the Northern Hemisphere 4310: 4230: 4117: 4107:Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia 4094: 4074: 4046: 4015: 4006: 3992: 3965: 3830: 3687: 3618: 3582: 3556: 3529: 3471: 3432: 3360: 3334: 3228: 2098:Barn owls are not particularly 1832:, but less reddish. Face buff. 1783:but breast darker, approaching 1544:around the Egypt-Sudan border. 871:. According to Murray Bruce in 736: 16:Common cosmopolitan owl species 5331:. Cambridge University Press. 5228:"Family Tytonidae (Barn-owls)" 4876:Ian, Newton (1 January 2010). 3881:"Nest-box use by the barn owl 3374:. 3 March 2020. Archived from 3152: 3024: 2990: 2971: 2653:animal, the barn owl exhibits 2002:; paler in general. Resembles 1918:(Griscom & Greenway, 1937) 856:had not accepted the split of 640: 1: 2902: 2649:Unusually for a medium-sized 2230:predominate in the diet, and 1247:More grey on upperparts than 4716:Álamo Tavío, Manuel (1975). 4624:"Barn Owl Recovery Strategy" 4414:. The MIT Press, 0262220350. 4026:at a roost in County Cork". 3730:Martin, Jeff (8 July 2013). 3640:(3): 339–346. Archived from 3480:"Introduced birds: Barn owl" 3455:(4): 169–175. Archived from 3441:"First record of barn owls ( 3315:(2): 245–250. Archived from 2504:), in the Americas, and the 1992:(Parks & Phillips, 1978) 1949:(Parks & Phillips, 1978) 1258:Central Europe north of the 820:) and the Curaçao barn owl ( 595: 561: 518: 7: 5482:Ageing and sexing barn owls 5478:—Cornell Lab of Ornithology 5258:. Oxford University Press. 5120:Pattanamongkol, T. (2018). 5007:(in Spanish) (112): 31–48. 4175:Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 3408:Witherby (1943) pp. 343–347 3309:Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 2984:Annus I Historico-Naturalis 2636: 2633:, which attacks nestlings. 2426: 2327: 1802:; perhaps formerly also on 1602:; doubtfully distinct from 1552:; doubtfully distinct from 1536:Islands; introduced to the 777: 435:regions, Asia north of the 47:It has been suggested that 10: 5566: 4917:. WildCare. Archived from 4265:– via Springer Link. 3302:(Strigiformes: Tytonidae)" 3032: 2998: 2961:Peters, James Lee (1964). 2484:, and similar carnivorous 589: 569:, and the barn owl became 555: 447:. It is also known as the 18: 5466:—Internet Bird Collection 4802:10.1017/S0959270904000255 4588:Taylor (2004) pp. 242–261 4533:Taylor (2004) pp. 203–215 4287:Taylor (2004) pp. 108–120 4255:10.1007/s00265-016-2114-2 4227:Taylor (2004) pp. 136–148 4200:Taylor (2004) pp. 121–135 2937:: e.T22688504A155542941. 2683:Barn owl on Lithuanian 5 2191:plantations of Malaysia. 2017:Doubtfully distinct from 1978:Doubtfully distinct from 1935:Doubtfully distinct from 1896:and east to southwestern 961: 958: 955: 902:and other members of the 535:physician and naturalist 373: 366: 361: 352: 333: 326: 228:Scientific classification 226: 204: 195: 190: 178: 169: 160: 77: 64:Proposed since June 2024. 5476:Barn owl species account 5350:. H. F. and G. Witherby. 5346:Witherby, H. F. (1943). 5296:. Harper & Collins. 5065:National Geographic News 4911:"Nesting Boxes Overview" 4750:Tyto alba gracilirostris 4278:Shawyer (1994) pp. 88–90 4218:Shawyer (1994) pp. 67–87 3760:Taylor (2004) pp. 96–107 3237:The Book of Indian Birds 2611:Paruternia candelabraria 2570:Haliaeetus leucocephalus 2472:of the barn owl include 1349:(where it still lives). 988:Western Europe from the 719:or other members of the 541:Anni Historico-Naturales 537:Giovanni Antonio Scopoli 5525:Birds described in 1769 5273:Shawyer, Colin (1994). 4943:Pest Management Science 4490:The American Naturalist 4191:Taylor (2004) pp. 91–95 3984:: 14–16. Archived from 3943:10.4013/nbc.2016.111.03 3827:Taylor (2004) pp. 29–46 3799:Taylor (2004) pp. 47–61 3709:: 39–50. Archived from 3372:Cage & Aviary Birds 3259:Taylor (2004) pp. 19–22 3014:A Greek–English Lexicon 2675:Status and conservation 2474:large American opossums 2450:Predators and parasites 1811:Canary Islands barn owl 1354:North American barn owl 573:in the barn-owl family 5416: 5396:Listen to this article 5093:Kerdmamai, S. (2022). 4082:"Tyto alba (Barn owl)" 4054:"Barn owl (Tyto alba)" 3972:Ingles, Chuck (1995). 3703:Ornitología Colombiana 3149:Bruce (1999) pp. 34–75 2899:have also been found. 2864: 2795: 2790:Captive barn owl near 2688: 2646: 2597:Ornithomyia avicularia 2556:) and scarcely larger 2466: 2406: 2341: 2199: 1762:in the Mediterranean. 1506: 1392: 1318: 1243: 1180: 1123: 981: 795: 746: 650: 604: 362:Global range in green 5459:Barn owl brain images 5415: 5325:Taylor, Iain (2004). 5225:Bruce, M. D. (1999). 4880:. T & AD Poyser. 4366:10.1093/auk/101.1.175 4124:Bonnot, Paul (1928). 3716:on 24 September 2015. 3005:Liddell, Henry George 2831:population management 2789: 2682: 2644: 2518:Verreaux's eagle-owls 2464: 2397: 2335: 2295:Oceanodroma leucorhoa 2197: 2029:Behaviour and ecology 1892:coastlands, south to 1856:(W. L. Sclater, 1921) 1681:Cordillera Occidental 1501: 1390: 1360:; might also include 1316: 1237: 1199:all the way south to 1178: 1122: 979: 785: 744: 704:are covered in white 648: 5493:4 March 2018 at the 5447:More spoken articles 5198:Gautier, A. (2005), 5097:[Barn owl]. 4999:Pitarch, P. (2000). 4984:Pitarch, P. (2000). 4909:Hungry Owl Project. 4854:10.5253/078.097.0410 4696:Simplywildcanada.com 4126:"An outlaw Barn Owl" 4087:Animal Diversity Web 3988:on 28 November 2011. 3902:10.5253/078.097.0410 3429:Shawyer (1994) p. 91 3420:Shawyer (1994) p. 10 3396:Taylor (2004) p. 169 2872:traditional medicine 2808:T. a. gracilirostris 2291:Leach's storm petrel 2163:or southern France. 1770:T. a. gracilirostris 1741:(Kleinschmidt, 1901) 1047:). Intergrades with 980:Light-coloured adult 57:into this article. ( 23:. For the band, see 5028:Spence, C. (1999). 4921:on 13 November 2017 3742:on 9 September 2016 3647:on 27 February 2012 3615:Taylor (2004) p. 24 3478:Denny, Jim (2006). 3378:on 11 February 2022 3347:Eastern Daily Press 2853:. For example, the 2167:Hunting and feeding 2157:southeastern Europe 2091:A barn owl's talons 2011:Isla de la Juventud 1844:Cape Verde barn owl 1792:Chinijo Archipelago 1787:. Face light buff. 1540:. Intergrades with 1379:T. a. punctatissima 1286:. Intergrades with 1229:(C. L. Brehm, 1831) 919:nominate subspecies 846:T. d. crassirostris 198:Conservation status 5530:Cosmopolitan birds 5417: 5294:Collins Bird Guide 5071:on 2 November 2002 5014:10.4000/assr.20245 4461:Behavioral Ecology 4410:Voous, K.H. 1988. 4378:Steyn, P. (1983). 3855:10.1007/BF00663106 3776:. SpringerNature. 3275:(1999) pp. 212–213 3188:Strigidae, or Owls 3164:A Latin Dictionary 2796: 2766:European Community 2730:endangered species 2689: 2687:silver coin (2002) 2647: 2625:bursa of Fabricius 2615:spiny-headed worms 2554:Accipiter cooperii 2538:Accipiter gentilis 2506:Eurasian eagle-owl 2467: 2407: 2347:temperate climates 2342: 2200: 2077:Brewer's blackbird 2051:black-headed gulls 1998:Large. Similar to 1837:Cape Verde Islands 1779:Small. Similar to 1724:Porto Santo Island 1711:Small. Similar to 1677:Cordillera Central 1518:Sub-Saharan Africa 1507: 1408:Galápagos barn owl 1393: 1382:(G. R. Grey, 1838) 1319: 1262:from the Rhine to 1244: 1181: 1154:Caribbean barn owl 1141:(rare or possibly 1124: 982: 852:. As of 2021, the 796: 790:(left) and female 747: 651: 649:Barn owl in flight 441:Indonesian islands 421:widely distributed 84:Quaternary–present 5488:Barn owl feathers 5413: 5381:10.1111/bij.12824 5338:978-0-521-54587-7 5303:978-0-00-219728-1 5284:978-0-600-57949-6 5265:978-0-19-858407-0 5242:978-84-87334-25-2 5235:. Lynx Edicions. 5210:: 139–170 journal 4728:on 6 October 2014 4655:. 28 August 2017. 4562:10.1111/ibi.12593 4437:978-1-4081-3961-5 4103:Tyto alba detorta 3783:978-3-030-04954-6 3677:Fieldiana Zoology 3549:978-1-4081-0884-0 3539:Owls of the World 3522:978-1-4081-0884-0 3512:Owls of the World 3300:Tyto alba guttata 3246:978-0-19-563731-1 2734:Midwestern states 2696:, after only the 2630:Carnus hemapterus 2578:Aquila chrysaetos 2462: 2026: 2025: 2022: 1993: 1983: 1950: 1940: 1919: 1909: 1890:Arabian Peninsula 1857: 1847: 1823: 1813: 1774: 1742: 1706: 1696: 1659: 1649: 1617: 1607: 1567: 1557: 1494: 1484: 1481:São Tomé barn owl 1452: 1442: 1421: 1411: 1401:Galápagos islands 1383: 1373: 1309: 1308:(Bonaparte, 1838) 1299: 1282:and the southern 1230: 1220: 1195:and south of the 1171: 1170:(J.E. Gray, 1829) 1161: 1115: 1105: 972: 877:mitochondrial DNA 850:T. d. interposita 621:golden masked owl 496:American barn owl 407: 406: 221: 184: 174:, United Kingdom 71: 70: 66: 5557: 5437: 5435: 5424: 5423: 5414: 5404: 5402: 5397: 5385: 5383: 5351: 5342: 5321: 5315: 5307: 5288: 5269: 5257: 5246: 5230: 5212: 5211: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5090: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5067:. Archived from 5056: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5016: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4856: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4763: 4756: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4692:"Owls of Canada" 4688: 4682: 4681: 4678:Files.ontario.ca 4675: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4595: 4589: 4586: 4580: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4540: 4534: 4531: 4522: 4521: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4421: 4415: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4389: 4383: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4314: 4308: 4294: 4288: 4285: 4279: 4276: 4267: 4266: 4234: 4228: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4201: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4172: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4130: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4058: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4019: 4013: 4010: 4004: 4003: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3955: 3945: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3904: 3876: 3867: 3866: 3834: 3828: 3825: 3812: 3809: 3800: 3797: 3788: 3787: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3727: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3700: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3668: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3646: 3631: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3486:. Archived from 3475: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3459:on 10 April 2017 3436: 3430: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3409: 3406: 3397: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3321: 3306: 3289: 3276: 3269: 3260: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3235:Ali, S. (1993). 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3214:(Scopoli, 1769)" 3206: 3193: 3192: 3183:Jardine, William 3178: 3172: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3046: 3035: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3001: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2958: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2916: 2869: 2841:Cultural aspects 2777:British Columbia 2698:peregrine falcon 2534:northern goshawk 2502:Bubo virginianus 2498:great horned owl 2463: 2338:Museum Wiesbaden 2336:Egg, Collection 2088: 2068: 2016: 1991: 1989:T. a. niveicauda 1977: 1948: 1934: 1917: 1903: 1855: 1842: 1821: 1809: 1772: 1740: 1704: 1690: 1671:through eastern 1657: 1646:Curaçao barn owl 1644: 1615: 1597: 1572:Similar to dark 1565: 1563:T. a. guatemalae 1547: 1520:, including the 1492: 1479: 1472:. A record from 1451:(Hartlaub, 1852) 1450: 1436: 1419: 1406: 1381: 1352: 1343:Lord Howe Island 1341:; introduced to 1307: 1305:T. a. pratincola 1293: 1228: 1210: 1205:Falkland Islands 1201:Tierra del Fuego 1169: 1156:– might include 1152: 1114:(Temminck, 1827) 1113: 1078: 1018:Balearic Islands 970: 950: 949: 896:T. a. delicatula 890:and a New World 838:T. d. sumbaensis 834:T. d. delicatula 830:eastern barn owl 826:T. a. delicatula 764:Lord Howe Island 607: 598: 592: 591: 564: 558: 557: 553:(from the Greek 484:eastern barn owl 468:western barn owl 384:Strix pratincola 357: 339: 236: 235: 215: 210: 209: 186: 185: 165: 155: 85: 81:Temporal range: 75: 74: 62: 50:Western barn owl 42: 41: 34: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5554: 5510: 5509: 5500:Barn Owl sounds 5495:Wayback Machine 5451: 5450: 5439: 5433: 5431: 5428:This audio file 5425: 5418: 5409: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5358: 5356:Further reading 5339: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5285: 5266: 5243: 5221: 5216: 5215: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5172: 5171: 5167: 5157: 5155: 5145: 5141: 5131: 5129: 5118: 5114: 5104: 5102: 5091: 5084: 5074: 5072: 5057: 5053: 5043: 5041: 5040:on 7 March 2014 5026: 5022: 4997: 4993: 4982: 4978: 4955:10.1002/ps.3289 4938: 4934: 4924: 4922: 4907: 4903: 4888: 4874: 4870: 4833: 4829: 4814: 4810: 4781: 4777: 4767: 4765: 4764:on 18 July 2015 4761: 4754: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4731: 4729: 4714: 4710: 4700: 4698: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4673: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4632: 4630: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4607: 4605: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4574: 4570: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4525: 4486: 4482: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4422: 4418: 4409: 4405: 4390: 4386: 4377: 4373: 4350: 4346: 4331:10.2307/1368658 4315: 4311: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4270: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4170: 4164: 4160: 4145:10.2307/1363231 4128: 4122: 4118: 4113:(3–4): 154–166. 4099: 4095: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4065: 4063: 4056: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4007: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3922: 3918: 3877: 3870: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3815: 3810: 3803: 3798: 3791: 3784: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3745: 3743: 3728: 3721: 3713: 3698: 3692: 3688: 3669: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3629: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3587: 3583: 3573: 3571: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3534: 3530: 3523: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3490:on 4 March 2016 3484:Birds of Kaua'i 3476: 3472: 3462: 3460: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3412: 3407: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3381: 3379: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3339: 3335: 3325: 3323: 3322:on 4 March 2016 3319: 3304: 3290: 3279: 3270: 3263: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3208: 3207: 3196: 3179: 3175: 3169:Perseus Project 3157: 3153: 3148: 3049: 3029: 3025: 3019:Perseus Project 2995: 2991: 2976: 2972: 2959: 2952: 2917: 2910: 2905: 2895:barn owls from 2843: 2677: 2639: 2604:Strigea strigis 2526:Cape eagle-owls 2454: 2452: 2439:primary feather 2429: 2398:Brood prior to 2389:Corvus monedula 2373:Scopus umbretta 2330: 2169: 2153:glacial refugia 2129:flight feathers 2096: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2081: 2080: 2069: 2031: 1915:T. a. hellmayri 1853:T. a. erlangeri 1835:Endemic to the 1822:(Hartert, 1913) 1773:(Hartert, 1905) 1726:in the eastern 1705:(Hartert, 1900) 1658:(Hartert, 1898) 1655:T. a. contempta 1616:(Hartert, 1892) 1566:(Ridgway, 1874) 1470:São Tomé Island 1448:T. a. thomensis 1399:Endemic to the 1317:Adult in flight 1278:, northeastern 1274:, and south to 1099: 1080:common barn owl 1075:-Sudan border. 971:(Scopoli, 1769) 858:Tyto delicatula 780: 739: 676:tarsometatarsal 643: 531:in 1769 by the 521: 449:common barn owl 445:Pacific Islands 403: 394:Tyto delicatula 380:(Scopoli, 1769) 348: 341: 335: 322: 230: 222: 211: 207: 200: 180: 156: 154: 153: 152: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 83: 82: 79: 67: 43: 39: 32: 25:Barn Owl (band) 17: 12: 11: 5: 5563: 5553: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5508: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5440: 5426: 5419: 5407: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5390:External links 5388: 5387: 5386: 5374:(4): 904–918. 5357: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5343: 5337: 5322: 5302: 5289: 5283: 5270: 5264: 5247: 5241: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5190: 5165: 5139: 5112: 5082: 5051: 5020: 4991: 4976: 4949:(3): 444–450. 4932: 4901: 4887:978-1408138533 4886: 4868: 4847:(4): 463–467. 4827: 4808: 4795:(3): 203–213. 4775: 4752:Hartert, 1905" 4739: 4708: 4683: 4658: 4640: 4615: 4590: 4581: 4568: 4555:(2): 147–161. 4535: 4523: 4502:10.1086/510215 4480: 4467:(1): 103–110. 4443: 4436: 4416: 4403: 4384: 4371: 4344: 4325:(3): 668–670. 4309: 4289: 4280: 4268: 4249:(6): 927–937. 4229: 4220: 4202: 4193: 4184: 4158: 4139:(5): 320–329. 4116: 4093: 4073: 4045: 4014: 4005: 3991: 3964: 3932:(in Spanish). 3916: 3895:(4): 463–467. 3868: 3829: 3813: 3801: 3789: 3782: 3762: 3753: 3719: 3686: 3658: 3617: 3608: 3581: 3555: 3548: 3528: 3521: 3501: 3470: 3431: 3422: 3410: 3398: 3389: 3359: 3333: 3296:Tyto alba alba 3277: 3261: 3252: 3245: 3227: 3194: 3173: 3151: 3047: 3023: 2989: 2970: 2950: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2855:Tzeltal people 2842: 2839: 2800:Canary Islands 2764:), and in the 2713:organochlorine 2676: 2673: 2638: 2635: 2620:Centrorhynchus 2542:common buzzard 2482:common raccoon 2451: 2448: 2428: 2425: 2329: 2326: 2317:metabolic rate 2168: 2165: 2090: 2083: 2082: 2070: 2063: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2014: 2007: 1996: 1994: 1985: 1984: 1975: 1960: 1953: 1951: 1942: 1941: 1932: 1929: 1928:, but larger. 1922: 1920: 1911: 1910: 1901: 1888:including the 1874:Aegean islands 1867: 1860: 1858: 1849: 1848: 1840: 1833: 1826: 1824: 1815: 1814: 1807: 1788: 1777: 1775: 1766: 1765: 1763: 1752: 1745: 1743: 1734: 1733: 1731: 1716: 1709: 1707: 1702:T. a. schmitzi 1698: 1697: 1688: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1651: 1650: 1642: 1627: 1620: 1618: 1609: 1608: 1595: 1577: 1570: 1568: 1559: 1558: 1545: 1515: 1508: 1495: 1486: 1485: 1477: 1466: 1455: 1453: 1444: 1443: 1434: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1420:(Fraser, 1842) 1413: 1412: 1404: 1397: 1394: 1384: 1375: 1374: 1350: 1327: 1320: 1310: 1301: 1300: 1291: 1256: 1245: 1231: 1222: 1221: 1208: 1203:; also on the 1189: 1182: 1172: 1163: 1162: 1150: 1139:Cayman Islands 1128: 1125: 1116: 1107: 1106: 1076: 1059:and along the 1026:Canary Islands 986: 983: 973: 964: 963: 960: 957: 954: 900:T. a. stertens 869:phylogeography 800:ashy-faced owl 788:Tyto alba alba 779: 776: 760:Norfolk Island 738: 735: 642: 639: 527:of bird first 520: 517: 488:Southeast Asia 419:) is the most 405: 404: 402: 401: 391: 381: 374: 371: 370: 364: 363: 359: 358: 350: 349: 342: 331: 330: 324: 323: 316: 314: 310: 309: 302: 298: 297: 292: 288: 287: 282: 278: 277: 272: 268: 267: 262: 258: 257: 252: 248: 247: 242: 238: 237: 224: 223: 205: 202: 201: 196: 193: 192: 188: 187: 176: 175: 167: 166: 158: 157: 149: 148: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 80: 69: 68: 46: 44: 37: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5562: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5429: 5382: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5360: 5359: 5349: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5330: 5329: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5305: 5299: 5295: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5276: 5271: 5267: 5261: 5256: 5255: 5248: 5244: 5238: 5234: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5194: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5154: 5150: 5143: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5087: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5015: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4987: 4980: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4936: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4812: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4779: 4760: 4753: 4751: 4743: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4679: 4672: 4670: 4662: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4585: 4578: 4572: 4563: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4539: 4530: 4528: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4484: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4456: 4447: 4439: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4420: 4413: 4407: 4399: 4395: 4388: 4381: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4348: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4284: 4275: 4273: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4233: 4224: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4197: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4162: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4120: 4112: 4109:(in French). 4108: 4104: 4097: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4077: 4062: 4055: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4018: 4009: 4001: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3960: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3884: 3875: 3873: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3785: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3766: 3757: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3726: 3724: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3697: 3690: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3621: 3612: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3585: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3551: 3545: 3541: 3540: 3532: 3524: 3518: 3514: 3513: 3505: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3444: 3435: 3426: 3417: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3393: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3274: 3268: 3266: 3256: 3248: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3215: 3213: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3177: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3027: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3010: 3009:Scott, Robert 3006: 3002: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2974: 2966: 2965: 2957: 2955: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2926: 2924: 2915: 2913: 2908: 2900: 2898: 2897:Ancient Egypt 2894: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2868: 2867: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2816:Fuerteventura 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2709:IUCN Red List 2706: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2686: 2681: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2652: 2643: 2634: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2617:in the genus 2616: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2593:feather mites 2590: 2585: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2574:golden eagles 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2550:Cooper's hawk 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2488:, as well as 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2435: 2424: 2422: 2416: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2381:Procyon lotor 2378: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2357: 2355: 2350: 2348: 2339: 2334: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2196: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2142:T. a. guttata 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2124:Degua Tembien 2121: 2118:, such as in 2117: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2101: 2087: 2079:in California 2078: 2074: 2067: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2020: 2015: 2012: 2008: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1995: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1958: 1954: 1952: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1921: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1872:and southern 1871: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1859: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1825: 1820: 1819:T. a. detorta 1817: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1796:Fuerteventura 1793: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1776: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1744: 1739: 1738:T. a. ernesti 1736: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1708: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1675:(rare in the 1674: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1656: 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1126: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1111:T. a. furcata 1109: 1108: 1103: 1097: 1093: 1092:kleinschmidti 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1006:Aïr Mountains 1003: 999: 995: 992:south to the 991: 990:British Isles 987: 984: 978: 974: 969: 966: 965: 951: 948: 946: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 920: 915: 913: 912:Tyto javanica 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 888: 882: 878: 874: 870: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 818: 813: 809: 805: 801: 793: 792:T. a. guttata 789: 784: 775: 773: 769: 765: 761: 755: 753: 743: 734: 731: 727: 726: 722: 718: 714: 709: 707: 703: 699: 694: 692: 688: 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 663: 660: 656: 647: 638: 636: 635: 631:in the genus 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 609: 606: 602: 597: 587: 586:Ancient Greek 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 563: 552: 551: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 516: 514: 513:IUCN Red List 510: 509:Least Concern 504: 502: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 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