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564:; however, Blumberg with his open views, was notably excluded. The panel and school system decided to exclude all known Hepatitis B carriers from school attendance and impose compulsory blood testing on all their classmates without informed consent about the nature of the blood tests. Litigation on behalf of the excluded children reversed the policy, and Blumberg advised the excluded children's lawyers. This set important precedent for the AIDS era.
507:(HBF), a nonprofit organization dedicated to finding a cure for hepatitis B and improving the lives of those affected by hepatitis B worldwide. He served on the Scientific and Medical Advisory Board, and as its distinguished scholar from 1992 until his passing in 2011. Blumberg was a regular and inspirational presence at the Hepatitis Foundation, maintaining an office at the foundation in
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Blumberg devoted his 1976 Nobel lecture to the subject of bioethics. He predicted the discovery of the
Hepatitis B chronic carrier state would lead to calls for exclusion and quarantine of chronic carriers and the denial of health care. Blumberg came down solidly on the side of liberty and stated it
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was better not to test for the condition in medical practice. The following year, the teachers' union in New York City moved to exclude chronic carriers from the New York school system. At the time, a number of developmentally disabled children who had been institutionalized at
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were being mainstreamed into the public schools. As part of the
Willowbrook hepatitis experiments, most children had been involuntarily tested and over 50 chronic carriers had been identified. The New York Public Health department convened a panel to decide policy led by
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for elementary school, where–in addition to all regular school subjects–he learned to read and write in Hebrew, and to study the Bible and Jewish texts in their original language. (That school also had among its students a contemporary of
Blumberg,
539:'s Lunch with a Laureate program, in which middle and high school students of the Greater Washington, D.C., Northern Virginia and Maryland area got to engage in an informal conversation with a Nobel Prize–winning scientist over a brown-bag lunch.
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where
Blumberg spent most of his working life said, "I think it's fair to say that Barry prevented more cancer deaths than any person who's ever lived." In reference to Blumberg's discovery of the Hepatitis B vaccine, former NASA administrator
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for hepatitis B in the blood of an
Australian aborigine, hence initially called the 'Australian antigen'. His work later demonstrated that the virus could cause liver cancer. Blumberg and his team were able to develop a screening test for the
862:
One of three children of a lawyer, Baruch Samuel
Blumberg was born on July 28, 1925 in Brooklyn, New York, and educated at Far Rockaway High School in Queens, where he won a science prize after making a working refrigerator from junk
525:, a position he held until his death. As chairman, he convened three "Conference on Nanomedical and Telemedical Technology", as well as guiding the biotechnology company in the development of a broad-spectrum anti-viral medicine.
469:. Blumberg later freely distributed his vaccine patent in order to promote its distribution by drug companies. Deployment of the vaccine reduced the infection rate of hepatitis B in children in China from 15% to 1% in 10 years.
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In 2011, in recognition of
Blumberg's long professional and personal association with the department of biochemistry and the Glycobiology Institute, Oxford University established the Baruch Blumberg Professorship in Virology.
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research on society. The chair was named for
Blumberg in recognition of his service to the Library of Congress Scholars Council, and his commitment to "research and dialogue between disciplines."
518:. In 2001, Blumberg was named to the Library of Congress Scholars Council, a body of distinguished scholars that advises the Librarian of Congress. Blumberg served on the council until his death.
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Payen, JL; Rongières, M (January 2003). "History of hepatitis. 3. The age of antigens and electronic microscopy" [History of hepatitis. 3. The age of antigens and electronic microscopy].
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Blumberg, BS; Alter, HJ; Visnich, S (July 1984). "Landmark article Feb 15, 1965: A 'new' antigen in leukemia sera. By Baruch S. Blumberg, Harvey J. Alter, and Sam
Visnich".
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in human beings, focusing on the question of why some people contract a disease in a given environment, while others do not. In 1964, while studying "yellow jaundice" (
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Blumberg and
Gajdusek received the Nobel Prize for discovering "new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases." Blumberg identified the
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618:(NASA) announced the establishment of the Baruch S. Blumberg NASA/Library of Congress Chair in Astrobiology, a research position housed within the library's
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In 1964, Blumberg became a member of the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) of the Lankenau Hospital Research Institute in Philadelphia, known today as the
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in 2002 he stated that " is what drew me to medicine. There is, in Jewish thought, this idea that if you save a single life, you save the whole world".
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1935:"The Nobel prize for Medicine in 1976 (DC Gajdusek)(BS Blumberg)" [The Nobel prize for Medicine in 1976 (DC Gajdusek)(BS Blumberg)].
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Originally entering the graduate program in mathematics at Columbia University, Blumberg switched to medicine and enrolled at Columbia's
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Salmi, A (1976). "Nobel prize winners in physiology and medicine" [Nobel prize winners in physiology and medicine].
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Baruch S. Blumberg, President of the American Philosophical Society from 2005–2011, died on April 5, 2011 at the age of 85.
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1966:"Baruch Blumberg (1925–2011) and the discovery of the Hepatitis B virus, diagnositc methods for detection, and vaccine"
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In discussing the factors that influenced his life, Blumberg always gave credit to the mental discipline of the Jewish
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Raju, TN (October 1999). "The Nobel chronicles. 1976: Baruch S Blumberg (b 1925); Daniel Carleton Gajdusek (1923)".
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1999 press conference at which Blumberg was introduced as the first director of the NASA Astrobiology Institute
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921:, April 15, 2005. Accessed October 2, 2007. "Burton Richter graduated from Far Rockaway High School in 1948."
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in Philadelphia, PA. The collection contains 458 linear feet of materials documenting his life and career.
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W. Thomas London, "Baruch S. Blumberg", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2014)
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987:"Polymorphisms of the serum proteins and the development of iso-preciptins in transfused patients"
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Blumberg, BS (December 2002). "Baruch Blumberg--hepatitis B and beyond. Interviewed by Pam Das".
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family, the son of Ida (Simonoff) and Meyer Blumberg, a lawyer. He first attended the Orthodox
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361:, who is another recipient of the Nobel Prize in medicine.) Blumberg then attended Brooklyn's
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said, "Our planet is an improved place as a result of Barry's few short days in residence."
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Blumberg, B. S. (2003). "The NASA Astrobiology Institute: Early History and Organization".
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Throughout the 1950s, Blumberg traveled the world taking human blood samples, to study the
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1454:"In Memoriam Baruch S. Blumberg President of the American Philosophical Society 2005–2011"
546:, and as often as possible, he attended weekly Talmud discussion classes until his death.
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in 1974, and he held the rank of University Professor of Medicine and Anthropology at the
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for the next four years, first as an intern and then as a resident. He then moved to the
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2017:"Baruch S. Blumberg: Bold Exploration and Pioneering Research" The John W. Kluge Center
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speech at the International Lunar Research Park Exploratory Workshop held at NASA
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In November 2004, Blumberg was named chairman of the scientific advisory board of
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2011:
1633:"Sidney Lumet, Baruch Blumberg, Roger Nichols, Edith Helm and Ishbel MacAskill"
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1803:
Datta, RK; Datta, B (May 1977). "Nobel Prize winners in medicine (1976)".
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587:. At the time of his death Blumberg was a distinguished scientist at the
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1978:
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Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni
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1403:"Baruch Blumberg, Who Discovered and Tackled Hepatitis B, Dies at 85"
453:
1507:""Nobel Prize Winner Baruch Blumberg Dies of Apparent Heart Attack"
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341:
56:
1538:"Nobelist Baruch Blumberg, who discovered hepatitis B, dies at 85"
532:. He had first been elected to membership in the society in 1986.
2022:
Baruch S. Blumberg NASA/Library of Congress Chair in Astrobiology
580:
373:
in the early 1940s, a school that also produced fellow laureates
528:
Beginning in 2005, Blumberg also served as the president of the
543:
1658:"NASA and Library of Congress Establish Chair in Astrobiology"
1217:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
1287:"Unither Nanomedical & Telemedical Technology Conference"
457:
465:, to prevent its spread in blood donations, and developed a
349:
3971:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1643:
1434:. American Philosophical Society Library. Mss.Ms.Coll.144
1346:"USA Science and Engineering Festival – Affiliate Events"
579:
Blumberg died on April 5, 2011, shortly after giving the
514:
In 2000, Blumberg received the Golden Plate Award of the
104:
1092:"Nobel Prize Winner To Lead NASA Astrobiology Institute
492:
in 1994. From 1999 to 2002, he was also director of the
424:
there in 1957. He later became the first American to be
503:
In 1992, Blumberg participated in the founding of the
3956:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
3946:
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
1765:
1481:
1241:
The John W. Kluge Center at the Library of Congress
323:virus, and later developed its diagnostic test and
932:"Baruch Blumberg '46, winner of Nobel Prize, dies"
889:Early life and school – Baruch Blumberg: Physician
598:Jonathan Chernoff, the scientific director at the
488:from 1989 to 1994. He was elected a Fellow of the
308:virus while an investigator at the NIH and at the
484:starting in 1977. Concurrently, he was Master of
3872:
1570:"Pa. Nobel winner Baruch Blumberg dies in Calif"
1561:
846:"Medicine Obituaries: Professor Baruch Blumberg"
771:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976"
673:
671:
397:, and graduated from there with honors in 1946.
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1831:
1609:. London. April 6, 2011. Medicine Obituaries.
638:The Baruch S. Blumberg papers are held at the
591:, located at the NASA Ames Research Center in
535:In October 2010, Blumberg participated in the
4011:Members of the American Philosophical Society
3637:
2094:
668:
616:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
3921:United States Navy personnel of World War II
4016:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
4006:James Madison High School (Brooklyn) alumni
1490:. Lunarscience.arc.nasa.gov. Archived from
1279:
1239:"Scholars Council Member – Baruch Blumberg
1128:. Spaceref.com. May 9, 2002. Archived from
786:"Hepatitis B: The Hunt for a Killer Virus"
416:and began graduate work in biochemistry at
335:
3644:
3630:
2101:
2087:
2035:
1802:
1535:
876:"Baruch Samuel Blumberg Biography (1925–)"
288:(July 28, 1925 – April 5, 2011), known as
31:
3891:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
1977:
1963:
1805:Journal of the Indian Medical Association
1504:
1002:
906:"Museum Tracks Down FRHS Nobel Laureates"
792:. Press.princeton.edu. October 28, 2010.
680:"The life and times of a vaccine pioneer"
677:
1728:
1567:
1400:
1257:
1150:
984:
848:. London: The Telegraph. April 6, 2011.
838:
821:"Jewish Nobel Prize Winners in Medicine"
633:
439:
1937:Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde
1072:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1067:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B"
741:""Baruch S. Blumberg – Autobiography."
735:
733:
731:
711:"Pennsylvania Historical Marker Search"
474:Lankenau Institute for Medical Research
3873:
1484:""Baruch Samuel Blumberg (1925–2011)"
3981:People from Mountain View, California
3625:
2114:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
2082:
1905:
1482:Soderman/NLSI Staff (April 6, 2011).
924:
490:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
298:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
2008:Baruch Blumberg tells his life story
1860:
1701:"Baruch S. Blumberg Digital Exhibit"
1680:Oxford Antiviral Drug Discovery Unit
1505:Mewhinney, Michael (April 6, 2011).
1401:Segelken, H. Roger (April 6, 2011).
1350:USA Science and Engineering Festival
1059:
728:
537:USA Science and Engineering Festival
435:
410:Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center
205:Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center
1613:from the original on April 27, 2011
1517:from the original on April 16, 2011
1356:from the original on April 16, 2013
1102:from the original on April 17, 2011
852:from the original on April 27, 2011
13:
3966:Masters of Balliol College, Oxford
1721:
678:Highfield, Roger (April 6, 2011),
402:College of Physicians and Surgeons
14:
4032:
3916:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
2061:Master of Balliol College, Oxford
1988:
1267:. United Therapeutics Corporation
4001:Scientists from New York (state)
3986:People from Far Rockaway, Queens
1964:Weintraub, Bob (February 2021).
747:. Nobelprize.org. Archived from
622:, which explores the effects of
3991:Union College (New York) alumni
3951:Far Rockaway High School alumni
1970:The Israel Chemist and Engineer
1693:
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1593:
1529:
1498:
1475:
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1420:
1394:
1368:
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1231:
1225:American Academy of Achievement
1209:
1195:
1144:
1114:
1084:
1039:
1019:
978:
950:
934:. Union College. Archived from
898:
523:United Therapeutics Corporation
516:American Academy of Achievement
476:(LIMR), which later joined the
296:, and co-recipient of the 1976
147:
4021:Fox Chase Cancer Center people
1731:The Lancet Infectious Diseases
1462:American Philosophical Society
1321:American Philosophical Society
882:
868:
813:
777:
763:
703:
652:List of Jewish Nobel laureates
640:American Philosophical Society
530:American Philosophical Society
500:in Moffett Field, California.
314:American Philosophical Society
254:Baruch S. Blumberg (1925–2001)
244:Pennsylvania Historical Marker
1:
1875:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)76253-X
1743:10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00458-9
1122:""Astrobiology at T+5 Years"
1055:. April 30, 2011. p. 92.
895:. Accessed November 25, 2015.
662:
404:, from which he received his
292:, was an American physician,
1536:Emma Brown (April 6, 2011).
1486:NASA Lunar Science Institute
1203:"Baruch Blumberg, MD, DPhil"
589:NASA Lunar Science Institute
549:
330:
7:
3206:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
1943:(46): 1981. November 1976.
1601:"Professor Baruch Blumberg"
1265:"Scientific Advisory Board"
788:Princeton University Press.
645:
494:NASA Astrobiology Institute
316:from 2005 until his death.
220:NASA Astrobiology Institute
16:American doctor (1925–2011)
10:
4037:
3961:Jewish American scientists
1568:Ron Todt (April 6, 2011).
1378:. Seti.org. Archived from
1173:10.1089/153110703322610573
1047:"Obituary: Barry Blumberg"
688:(Obituary), archived from
482:University of Pennsylvania
312:. He was president of the
215:University of Pennsylvania
3798:
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3729:
3704:
3680:
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2944:
2605:
2403:Charles Scott Sherrington
2379:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
2341:
2120:
2067:
2058:
2050:
2045:
1432:Baruch S. Blumberg Papers
1205:. Hepatitis B Foundation.
911:October 11, 2007, at the
593:Moffett Field, California
363:James Madison High School
279:
274:
270:
266:
258:
250:
241:
237:
233:
197:
183:
176:
165:
157:
134:
124:
83:
76:Mountain View, California
64:
42:
30:
23:
3976:Physicians from Brooklyn
3896:American Nobel laureates
3770:Daniel Carleton Gajdusek
3393:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
985:Blumberg, B. S. (1964).
574:
509:Doylestown, Pennsylvania
408:in 1951. He remained at
371:Far Rockaway High School
336:Early life and education
302:Daniel Carleton Gajdusek
600:Fox Chase Cancer Center
478:Fox Chase Cancer Center
430:Balliol College, Oxford
418:Balliol College, Oxford
381:. Blumberg served as a
310:Fox Chase Cancer Center
304:), for his work on the
210:Fox Chase Cancer Center
170:Nobel Prize in Medicine
91:Union College, New York
3926:American Orthodox Jews
3911:American immunologists
3901:Jewish Nobel laureates
3804:Nobel Prize recipients
3764:Baruch Samuel Blumberg
3756:Physiology or Medicine
2174:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
2032:Baruch Samuel Blumberg
1780:10.1001/jama.252.2.252
505:Hepatitis B Foundation
445:
286:Baruch Samuel Blumberg
25:Baruch Samuel Blumberg
2675:Dickinson W. Richards
2359:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1834:La Revue du praticien
1640:BBC Radio 4 Last Word
1124:Ad Astra Magazine/NSS
634:Manuscript collection
567:In an interview with
443:
395:Schenectady, New York
340:Blumberg was born in
59:, New York City, U.S.
3936:American virologists
3931:American geneticists
3098:Rita Levi-Montalcini
2459:Albert Szent-Györgyi
1705:diglib.amphilsoc.org
1664:. November 30, 2011.
1132:on February 21, 2023
918:The Wave (newspaper)
620:John W. Kluge Center
585:Ames Research Center
498:Ames Research Center
414:University of Oxford
385:deck officer during
369:, he transferred to
367:Far Rockaway, Queens
354:Yeshivah of Flatbush
3490:William C. Campbell
3401:Elizabeth Blackburn
3238:Robert F. Furchgott
3230:Stanley B. Prusiner
3222:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
3122:George H. Hitchings
3086:Joseph L. Goldstein
3046:Bengt I. Samuelsson
2875:Earl Sutherland Jr.
1662:Library of Congress
1606:The Daily Telegraph
1543:The Washington Post
1221:www.achievement.org
1165:2003AsBio...3..463B
692:on January 18, 2018
657:World Hepatitis Day
612:Library of Congress
456:), he discovered a
389:. He then attended
225:Library of Congress
129:Hepatitis B vaccine
111:Columbia University
3550:William Kaelin Jr.
3546:Peter J. Ratcliffe
3289:Leland H. Hartwell
3178:Richard J. Roberts
3058:Barbara McClintock
3002:Godfrey Hounsfield
2903:Nikolaas Tinbergen
2835:Marshall Nirenberg
2803:Charles B. Huggins
2592:Tadeusz Reichstein
2580:AntĂłnio Egas Moniz
2375:Christiaan Eijkman
2034:on Nobelprize.org
2001:The New York Times
1995:Telegraph obituary
1407:The New York Times
1032:The New York Times
938:on January 5, 2012
569:The New York Times
450:genetic variations
446:
262:September 24, 2016
3906:Jewish physicians
3868:
3867:
3781:Economic Sciences
3745:Samuel C. C. Ting
3619:
3618:
3584:Ardem Patapoutian
3433:Ralph M. Steinman
3429:Jules A. Hoffmann
3417:Robert G. Edwards
3385:Harald zur Hausen
3309:H. Robert Horvitz
3210:Eric F. Wieschaus
3146:E. Donnall Thomas
3130:J. Michael Bishop
3118:Gertrude B. Elion
2990:Hamilton O. Smith
2915:Christian de Duve
2651:Frederick Robbins
2528:Alexander Fleming
2467:Corneille Heymans
2313:Frederick Banting
2218:Allvar Gullstrand
2077:
2076:
2068:Succeeded by
2046:Academic offices
1979:10.51167/ice00003
1676:"Baruch Blumberg"
1646:. April 15, 2011.
1636:(radio broadcast)
1494:on July 28, 2011.
1428:"Background Note"
991:Bull N Y Acad Med
904:Schwach, Howard.
751:on April 29, 2011
463:hepatitis B virus
436:Scientific career
420:, and earned his
283:
282:
178:Scientific career
4028:
3806:
3671:William Lipscomb
3646:
3639:
3632:
3623:
3622:
3612:
3597:
3586:
3571:
3565:Michael Houghton
3552:
3542:Gregg L. Semenza
3536:
3530:James P. Allison
3524:
3522:Michael W. Young
3508:
3506:Yoshinori Ohsumi
3500:
3484:
3468:
3466:Thomas C. SĂĽdhof
3452:
3440:
3419:
3411:
3405:Carol W. Greider
3395:
3379:
3363:
3351:
3339:
3327:
3315:
3299:
3272:
3256:
3248:
3232:
3224:
3218:Peter C. Doherty
3212:
3196:
3190:Alfred G. Gilman
3184:
3172:
3160:
3148:
3136:
3134:Harold E. Varmus
3124:
3108:
3100:
3088:
3076:
3060:
3052:
3036:
3020:
3010:Baruj Benacerraf
3004:
2992:
2976:
2960:
2937:
2921:
2905:
2889:
2877:
2869:
2853:
2837:
2827:Robert W. Holley
2821:
2805:
2793:
2777:
2765:
2749:
2733:
2731:Georg von Békésy
2725:
2713:
2701:
2699:Joshua Lederberg
2685:
2677:
2671:Werner Forssmann
2661:
2653:
2637:
2625:
2617:
2598:
2582:
2570:
2562:
2560:Bernardo Houssay
2546:
2538:
2522:
2510:
2498:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2441:
2433:
2417:
2409:
2397:
2389:
2387:Karl Landsteiner
2381:
2369:
2361:
2353:
2351:Johannes Fibiger
2334:
2333:
2327:
2325:Willem Einthoven
2319:
2307:
2295:
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2288:
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2272:
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2258:
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2250:
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2236:
2228:
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2196:
2190:Élie Metchnikoff
2184:
2182:Alphonse Laveran
2176:
2164:
2156:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2051:Preceded by
2043:
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2039:
1983:
1981:
1960:
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1857:
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1637:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1580:Associated Press
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1548:Associated Press
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1479:
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1468:
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1439:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1376:"SETI Institute"
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1293:on March 4, 2016
1289:. Archived from
1283:
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1254:
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1036:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1006:
982:
976:
975:
973:
971:
966:. April 28, 2011
958:"Barry Blumberg"
954:
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151:
149:
71:
52:
50:
37:Blumberg in 1999
35:
21:
20:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4025:
3996:Astrobiologists
3871:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3802:
3794:
3791:(United States)
3789:Milton Friedman
3775:
3772:(United States)
3766:(United States)
3750:
3747:(United States)
3741:(United States)
3725:
3720:Mairead Maguire
3700:
3697:(United States)
3676:
3673:(United States)
3657:
3650:
3620:
3615:
3600:
3589:
3574:
3569:Charles M. Rice
3561:Harvey J. Alter
3555:
3539:
3527:
3518:Michael Rosbash
3514:Jeffrey C. Hall
3511:
3503:
3487:
3478:May-Britt Moser
3471:
3455:
3450:Shinya Yamanaka
3443:
3422:
3414:
3409:Jack W. Szostak
3398:
3382:
3377:Oliver Smithies
3366:
3354:
3342:
3330:
3325:Peter Mansfield
3318:
3313:John E. Sulston
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3286:
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3259:
3251:
3235:
3227:
3215:
3202:Edward B. Lewis
3199:
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3151:
3139:
3127:
3111:
3106:Susumu Tonegawa
3103:
3091:
3079:
3063:
3055:
3039:
3023:
3007:
2995:
2979:
2966:Roger Guillemin
2963:
2958:Daniel Gajdusek
2954:Baruch Blumberg
2951:
2940:
2931:Renato Dulbecco
2927:David Baltimore
2924:
2908:
2895:Karl von Frisch
2892:
2880:
2872:
2856:
2840:
2824:
2815:Haldan Hartline
2808:
2796:
2780:
2768:
2752:
2747:Maurice Wilkins
2736:
2728:
2716:
2711:Arthur Kornberg
2704:
2688:
2680:
2664:
2656:
2640:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2601:
2585:
2573:
2565:
2549:
2541:
2525:
2516:Joseph Erlanger
2513:
2501:
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2487:
2481:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2444:
2436:
2420:
2412:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2372:
2367:Charles Nicolle
2364:
2356:
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2322:
2310:
2298:
2292:
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2283:
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2268:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2210:Albrecht Kossel
2207:
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2143:
2135:
2127:
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2056:
1991:
1986:
1934:
1724:
1722:Further reading
1719:
1709:
1707:
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1409:
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1395:
1385:
1383:
1382:on May 17, 2011
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1064:
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1045:
1044:
1040:
1035:. July 4, 2011.
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913:Wayback Machine
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486:Balliol College
458:surface antigen
438:
379:Richard Feynman
338:
333:
246:
229:
153:
150: 1954)
145:
141:
120:
101:Balliol College
84:Alma mater
79:
73:
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38:
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5:
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3748:
3742:
3739:Burton Richter
3735:
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3717:
3714:Betty Williams
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3462:Randy Schekman
3453:
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3389:Luc Montagnier
3380:
3369:Mario Capecchi
3364:
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3345:Barry Marshall
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3321:Paul Lauterbur
3316:
3305:Sydney Brenner
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3277:
3276:
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3273:
3266:Paul Greengard
3262:Arvid Carlsson
3257:
3249:
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3194:Martin Rodbell
3185:
3173:
3170:Edwin G. Krebs
3166:Edmond Fischer
3161:
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3137:
3125:
3114:James W. Black
3109:
3101:
3089:
3077:
3074:CĂ©sar Milstein
3070:Georges Köhler
3061:
3053:
3042:Sune Bergström
3037:
3034:Torsten Wiesel
3030:David H. Hubel
3021:
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2993:
2986:Daniel Nathans
2977:
2970:Andrew Schally
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2938:
2922:
2906:
2890:
2883:Gerald Edelman
2878:
2870:
2867:Julius Axelrod
2854:
2851:Salvador Luria
2847:Alfred Hershey
2838:
2822:
2806:
2794:
2783:François Jacob
2778:
2766:
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2726:
2714:
2702:
2686:
2678:
2667:André Cournand
2662:
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2623:Selman Waksman
2618:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2588:Edward Kendall
2583:
2571:
2563:
2547:
2544:Hermann Muller
2539:
2523:
2520:Herbert Gasser
2511:
2499:
2492:
2485:
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2475:Gerhard Domagk
2470:
2462:
2454:
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2431:William Murphy
2423:George Whipple
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2012:Web of Stories
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1989:External links
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1914:(23): 1314–6.
1910:(in Finnish).
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1869:(9187): 1394.
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3255:
3254:GĂĽnter Blobel
3250:
3247:
3243:
3242:Louis Ignarro
3239:
3234:
3231:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3182:Phillip Sharp
3179:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3142:Joseph Murray
3138:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3107:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3094:Stanley Cohen
3090:
3087:
3083:
3082:Michael Brown
3078:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2998:Allan Cormack
2994:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2975:
2974:Rosalyn Yalow
2971:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2920:
2919:George Palade
2916:
2912:
2911:Albert Claude
2907:
2904:
2900:
2899:Konrad Lorenz
2896:
2891:
2888:
2887:Rodney Porter
2884:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2863:Ulf von Euler
2860:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2811:Ragnar Granit
2807:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2792:
2791:Jacques Monod
2788:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2763:Andrew Huxley
2760:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2739:Francis Crick
2735:
2732:
2727:
2724:
2723:Peter Medawar
2720:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2691:George Beadle
2687:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2660:
2659:Hugo Theorell
2655:
2652:
2648:
2647:Thomas Weller
2644:
2639:
2636:
2635:Fritz Lipmann
2632:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2540:
2537:
2536:Howard Florey
2533:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2476:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2415:Thomas Morgan
2411:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2368:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2306:
2305:Otto Meyerhof
2302:
2297:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2243:
2242:Róbert Bárány
2238:
2235:
2230:
2227:
2226:Alexis Carrel
2222:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2170:Camillo Golgi
2166:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2054:Anthony Kenny
2049:
2044:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1836:(in French).
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1811:(10): 216–8.
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1628:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1575:U-T San Diego
1571:
1564:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1532:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1478:
1463:
1459:
1458:amphilsoc.org
1455:
1449:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1334:
1322:
1318:
1317:amphilsoc.org
1314:
1313:"In Memoriam"
1308:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1266:
1260:
1244:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1204:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1117:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1087:
1068:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1052:The Economist
1048:
1042:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
981:
965:
964:
963:The Economist
959:
953:
937:
933:
927:
920:
919:
914:
910:
907:
901:
894:
890:
885:
877:
871:
864:
851:
847:
841:
826:
825:www.jinfo.org
822:
816:
801:
799:9780691116235
795:
791:
790:
787:
780:
772:
766:
750:
746:
744:
736:
734:
732:
716:
712:
706:
691:
687:
686:
685:New Scientist
681:
674:
672:
667:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
643:
641:
631:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
610:In 2011, the
608:
606:
605:Daniel Goldin
601:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
572:
570:
565:
563:
558:
547:
545:
540:
538:
533:
531:
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510:
506:
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455:
451:
442:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
396:
392:
391:Union College
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
351:
347:
343:
328:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
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287:
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261:
257:
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251:Official name
249:
245:
240:
236:
232:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
202:
200:
196:
193:
189:
186:
182:
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175:
171:
168:
164:
160:
156:
137:
133:
130:
127:
123:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
89:
88:
86:
82:
77:
68:April 5, 2011
67:
63:
58:
53:July 28, 1925
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3834:
3763:
3595:Svante Pääbo
3580:David Julius
3534:Tasuku Honjo
3482:Edvard Moser
3474:John O'Keefe
3437:posthumously
3436:
3373:Martin Evans
3349:Robin Warren
3333:Richard Axel
3280:2001–present
3158:Bert Sakmann
3026:Roger Sperry
3018:George Snell
3014:Jean Dausset
2982:Werner Arber
2953:
2935:Howard Temin
2859:Bernard Katz
2843:Max DelbrĂĽck
2799:Francis Rous
2775:Feodor Lynen
2771:Konrad Bloch
2759:Alan Hodgkin
2743:James Watson
2719:Frank Burnet
2707:Severo Ochoa
2695:Edward Tatum
2683:Daniel Bovet
2596:Philip Hench
2508:Edward Doisy
2439:Hans Spemann
2427:George Minot
2407:Edgar Adrian
2395:Otto Warburg
2317:John Macleod
2286:August Krogh
2278:Jules Bordet
2194:Paul Ehrlich
2146:Niels Finsen
2130:Emil Behring
2059:
2000:
1972:(7): 18–21.
1969:
1940:
1939:(in Dutch).
1936:
1911:
1907:
1866:
1862:
1837:
1833:
1808:
1804:
1774:(2): 252–7.
1771:
1767:
1734:
1730:
1708:. Retrieved
1704:
1695:
1683:. Retrieved
1679:
1670:
1652:
1639:
1627:
1615:. Retrieved
1604:
1595:
1585:February 23,
1583:. Retrieved
1573:
1563:
1551:. Retrieved
1541:
1531:
1519:. Retrieved
1513:. Nasa.gov.
1508:
1500:
1492:the original
1485:
1477:
1465:. Retrieved
1457:
1448:
1436:. Retrieved
1431:
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1406:
1396:
1384:. Retrieved
1380:the original
1370:
1360:February 23,
1358:. Retrieved
1340:
1332:
1325:. Retrieved
1316:
1307:
1295:. Retrieved
1291:the original
1281:
1269:. Retrieved
1259:
1247:. Retrieved
1240:
1233:
1220:
1211:
1197:
1156:
1153:Astrobiology
1152:
1146:
1134:. Retrieved
1130:the original
1123:
1116:
1104:. Retrieved
1093:
1086:
1074:. Retrieved
1061:
1050:
1041:
1030:
1021:
994:
990:
980:
968:. Retrieved
961:
952:
940:. Retrieved
936:the original
926:
916:
900:
884:
870:
861:
854:. Retrieved
840:
828:. Retrieved
824:
815:
803:. Retrieved
789:
785:
779:
765:
753:. Retrieved
749:the original
743:Nobel Prize.
742:
718:. Retrieved
714:
705:
694:, retrieved
690:the original
683:
637:
628:
624:astrobiology
609:
597:
578:
568:
566:
562:Saul Krugman
553:
541:
534:
527:
520:
513:
502:
471:
447:
399:
387:World War II
339:
318:
289:
285:
284:
198:Institutions
188:Biochemistry
177:
70:(2011-04-05)
18:
3886:2011 deaths
3881:1925 births
3695:Saul Bellow
3654:Nobel Prize
3446:John Gurdon
3361:Craig Mello
3357:Andrew Fire
3270:Eric Kandel
3246:Ferid Murad
3154:Erwin Neher
3066:Niels Jerne
2831:Har Khorana
2819:George Wald
2787:André Lwoff
2755:John Eccles
2643:John Enders
2615:Max Theiler
2576:Walter Hess
2568:Paul MĂĽller
2532:Ernst Chain
2202:Emil Kocher
2162:Robert Koch
2154:Ivan Pavlov
2138:Ronald Ross
2071:Colin Lucas
1840:(1): 7–10.
720:November 3,
557:Willowbrook
359:Eric Kandel
321:hepatitis B
306:hepatitis B
3875:Categories
3682:Literature
3297:Paul Nurse
2631:Hans Krebs
2556:Gerty Cori
2504:Henrik Dam
2451:Otto Loewi
2447:Henry Dale
2065:1989–1994
1027:"Blumberg"
970:August 30,
663:References
294:geneticist
259:Designated
192:physiology
49:1925-07-28
3722:(Ireland)
3716:(Ireland)
3663:Chemistry
3656:laureates
3498:Tu Youyou
3050:John Vane
2945:1976–2000
2606:1951–1975
2552:Carl Cori
2342:1926–1950
2121:1901–1925
2110:Laureates
1949:0028-2162
1920:0012-7183
1883:0140-6736
1846:0035-2640
1817:0019-5847
1788:0098-7484
1751:1473-3099
1617:April 21,
1521:March 26,
1467:April 21,
1438:March 26,
1245:. loc.gov
830:March 30,
550:Bioethics
454:hepatitis
383:U.S. Navy
348:, into a
331:Biography
3293:Tim Hunt
2003:obituary
1908:Duodecim
1899:54377987
1891:10533898
1854:12673918
1759:12467696
1611:Archived
1553:April 7,
1515:Archived
1412:April 7,
1386:April 7,
1354:Archived
1327:April 8,
1297:April 7,
1271:April 7,
1249:April 5,
1189:14300915
1181:14678657
1136:April 7,
1106:April 7,
1100:Archived
1076:April 6,
1013:14146804
942:April 8,
909:Archived
856:April 8,
850:Archived
805:April 7,
755:April 7,
646:See also
346:New York
342:Brooklyn
158:Children
57:Brooklyn
3731:Physics
2112:of the
1928:1001226
1796:6374187
1710:July 7,
1685:July 7,
1161:Bibcode
1004:1750599
581:keynote
496:at the
467:vaccine
325:vaccine
152:
144:
3540:2019:
3528:2018:
3512:2017:
3504:2016:
3488:2015:
3472:2014:
3456:2013:
3444:2012:
3423:2011:
3415:2010:
3399:2009:
3383:2008:
3367:2007:
3355:2006:
3343:2005:
3331:2004:
3319:2003:
3303:2002:
3287:2001:
3260:2000:
3252:1999:
3236:1998:
3228:1997:
3216:1996:
3200:1995:
3188:1994:
3176:1993:
3164:1992:
3152:1991:
3140:1990:
3128:1989:
3112:1988:
3104:1987:
3092:1986:
3080:1985:
3064:1984:
3056:1983:
3040:1982:
3024:1981:
3008:1980:
2996:1979:
2980:1978:
2964:1977:
2952:1976:
2925:1975:
2909:1974:
2893:1973:
2881:1972:
2873:1971:
2857:1970:
2841:1969:
2825:1968:
2809:1967:
2797:1966:
2781:1965:
2769:1964:
2753:1963:
2737:1962:
2729:1961:
2717:1960:
2705:1959:
2689:1958:
2681:1957:
2665:1956:
2657:1955:
2641:1954:
2629:1953:
2621:1952:
2613:1951:
2586:1950:
2574:1949:
2566:1948:
2550:1947:
2542:1946:
2526:1945:
2514:1944:
2502:1943:
2473:1939:
2465:1938:
2457:1937:
2445:1936:
2437:1935:
2421:1934:
2413:1933:
2401:1932:
2393:1931:
2385:1930:
2373:1929:
2365:1928:
2357:1927:
2349:1926:
2323:1924:
2311:1923:
2299:1922:
2284:1920:
2276:1919:
2240:1914:
2232:1913:
2224:1912:
2216:1911:
2208:1910:
2200:1909:
2188:1908:
2180:1907:
2168:1906:
2160:1905:
2152:1904:
2144:1903:
2136:1902:
2128:1901:
1957:796735
1955:
1947:
1926:
1918:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1863:Lancet
1852:
1844:
1825:333031
1823:
1815:
1794:
1786:
1757:
1749:
1323:. 2011
1187:
1179:
1011:
1001:
863:parts.
796:
696:May 4,
544:Talmud
426:master
350:Jewish
300:(with
184:Fields
172:(1976)
166:Awards
135:Spouse
78:, U.S.
3835:1976
3706:Peace
3652:1976
1895:S2CID
1185:S2CID
1070:(PDF)
575:Death
422:DPhil
275:Notes
146:(
142:
105:DPhil
3860:1981
3855:1980
3850:1979
3845:1978
3840:1977
3830:1975
3825:1974
3820:1973
3815:1972
3810:1971
3686:1976
3602:2023
3591:2022
3576:2021
3557:2020
2496:1942
2489:1941
2482:1940
2332:1925
2293:1921
2270:1918
2263:1917
2256:1916
2249:1915
1953:PMID
1945:ISSN
1924:PMID
1916:ISSN
1887:PMID
1879:ISSN
1850:PMID
1842:ISSN
1821:PMID
1813:ISSN
1792:PMID
1784:ISSN
1768:JAMA
1755:PMID
1747:ISSN
1712:2022
1687:2022
1619:2011
1587:2013
1555:2011
1523:2023
1509:NASA
1469:2011
1440:2023
1414:2011
1388:2011
1362:2013
1329:2011
1299:2011
1273:2011
1251:2016
1177:PMID
1138:2011
1108:2011
1094:NASA
1078:2011
1009:PMID
972:2012
944:2011
858:2011
832:2023
807:2011
794:ISBN
757:2011
722:2018
715:PHMC
698:2022
614:and
377:and
65:Died
43:Born
2010:at
1974:doi
1941:120
1871:doi
1867:354
1776:doi
1772:252
1739:doi
1644:BBC
1169:doi
999:PMC
428:at
393:in
3877::
3608:/
3604::
3593::
3582:/
3578::
3567:/
3563:/
3559::
3548:/
3544:/
3532:/
3520:/
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2192:/
2172:/
1968:.
1951:.
1922:.
1912:92
1893:.
1885:.
1877:.
1865:.
1848:.
1838:53
1819:.
1809:68
1807:.
1790:.
1782:.
1770:.
1753:.
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1703:.
1678:.
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1405:.
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