2901:
36:
1153:
644:
996:
may be able to spread in the fully mixed portion even though a randomly selected individual would lead to fewer than one secondary case. This is because the typical infected individual is in the fully mixed portion and thus is able to successfully cause infections. In general, if the individuals infected early in an epidemic are on average either more likely or less likely to transmit the infection than individuals infected late in the epidemic, then the computation of
5212:
2887:
1155:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1160:
1157:
995:
is more subtle. The definition must account for the fact that a typical infected individual may not be an average individual. As an extreme example, consider a population in which a small portion of the individuals mix fully with one another while the remaining individuals are all isolated. A disease
808:
of contact and disease transmission between people. Nodes in these networks represent individuals and links (edges) between nodes represent the contact or disease transmission between them. If such a network is a locally tree-like network, then the basic reproduction can be written in terms of the
1703:
cannot be modified through vaccination or other changes in population susceptibility, it can vary based on a number of biological, sociobehavioral, and environmental factors. It can also be modified by physical distancing and other public policy or social interventions, although some historical
343:
values are usually estimated from mathematical models, and the estimated values are dependent on the model used and values of other parameters. Thus values given in the literature only make sense in the given context and it is not recommended to compare values based on different models.
1909:, calculations from the intrinsic growth rate, existence of the endemic equilibrium, the number of susceptibles at the endemic equilibrium, the average age of infection and the final size equation. Few of these methods agree with one another, even when starting with the same system of
4524:
A number of researchers have estimated the basic reproduction number by fitting models to the initial growth of epidemics in a number of countries. Their observations indicate that the SARS-CoV is less transmissible than initially thought with estimates of Ro in the range of
556:. Here, herd immunity means that the disease cannot spread in the population because each infected person, on average, can only transmit the infection to less than one other contact. Conversely, the proportion of the population that remains susceptible to infection in the
502:, the harder it is to control the epidemic. For simple models, the proportion of the population that needs to be effectively immunized (meaning not susceptible to infection) to prevent sustained spread of the infection has to be larger than
1156:
885:
4291:
Luman, ET; Barker, LE; Simpson, DM; Rodewald, LE; Szilagyi, PG; Zhao, Z (May 2001). "National, state, and urban-area vaccination-coverage levels among children aged 19–35 months, United States, 1999".
1144:. Some diseases have multiple possible latency periods, in which case the reproduction number for the disease overall is the sum of the reproduction number for each transition time into the disease.
4597:
3898:
Chowell G, Hengartner NW, Castillo-Chavez C, Fenimore PW, Hyman JM (July 2004). "The basic reproductive number of Ebola and the effects of public health measures: the cases of Congo and Uganda".
1704:
definitions exclude any deliberate intervention in reducing disease transmission, including nonpharmacological interventions. And indeed, whether nonpharmacological interventions are included in
1142:
763:. In these models, population members are assigned to 'compartments' with labels – for example, S, I, or R, (Susceptible, Infectious, or Recovered). These models can be used to estimate
3166:
3576:
Diekmann O, Heesterbeek JA, Metz JA (1990). "On the definition and the computation of the basic reproduction ratio R0 in models for infectious diseases in heterogeneous populations".
950:
1100:
915:
5096:
Prather, Kimberly A.; Marr, Linsey C.; Schooley, Robert T.; McDiarmid, Melissa A.; Wilson, Mary E.; Milton, Donald K. (October 16, 2020). "Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2".
4687:
3146:
1636:
1603:
1570:
473:
440:
638:
541:
1861:
593:
3959:
Ajelli M, Iannelli M, Manfredi P, Ciofi degli Atti ML (March 2008). "Basic mathematical models for the temporal dynamics of HAV in medium-endemicity
Italian areas".
1071:
5354:
2873:
2016:
1973:
1938:
1891:
1756:
1729:
1701:
1671:
1537:
1510:
1483:
1458:, which needs to be interpreted in the context of that model. Therefore, the contagiousness of different infectious agents cannot be compared without recalculating
1456:
1425:
1398:
1368:
1333:
1298:
1267:
1220:
1048:
1021:
993:
788:
739:
708:
500:
399:
369:
341:
314:
277:
250:
223:
141:
90:
63:
5422:
4231:
316:
is not a biological constant for a pathogen as it is also affected by other factors such as environmental conditions and the behaviour of the infected population.
2018:
for species, strains, and variants are typically less accurate than for genera, and so are provided in separate tables below for diseases of particular interest (
818:
1818:
1798:
1778:
1240:
1182:
196:
4848:
The reproduction number across influenza seasons and countries lied in the range 0.9–2.0 with an overall mean of 1.3, and 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–1.4.
405:
can spread in a population and determining what proportion of the population should be immunized through vaccination to eradicate a disease. In commonly used
6306:
4588:
3260:
4860:
Martínez, Valeria P.; Di Paola, Nicholas; Alonso, Daniel O.; Pérez-Sautu, Unai; Bellomo, Carla M.; Iglesias, Ayelén A.; et al. (December 3, 2020).
1050:
in this case is "the expected number of secondary cases produced, in a completely susceptible population, produced by a typical infected individual".
1638:
can still lead to self-perpetuating outbreaks. This is particularly problematic if there are intermediate vectors between hosts (as is the case for
6744:
599:
between the individuals. For example, if there is some correlation between people's immunization (e.g., vaccination) status, then the formula
175:, add the absence of "any deliberate intervention in disease transmission". The basic reproduction number is not necessarily the same as the
3813:
6298:
5415:
2946:
1800:. Many of these factors are not important for informing public policy. Therefore, public policy may be better served by metrics similar to
1073:
other people per unit time, if all of those people are assumed to contract the disease, and if the disease has a mean infectious period of
799:
760:
406:
4224:
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; World Health Organization (2001). "History and epidemiology of global smallpox eradication".
4472:
2790:
1304:
of the population that is susceptible. When the fraction of the population that is immune increases (i. e. the susceptible population
4620:
5408:
4359:"Incidence and reproduction numbers of pertussis: estimates from serological and social contact data in five European countries"
252:), which is the number of cases generated in the current state of a population, which does not have to be the uninfected state.
7079:
7066:
5680:
5436:
4688:"The study of human monkeypox disease in 2022 using the epidemic models: herd immunity and the basic reproduction number case"
3150:
1192:
In reality, varying proportions of the population are immune to any given disease at any given time. To account for this, the
6351:
5390:
4015:
3058:
5693:
6868:
6326:
2920:
756:
751:
596:
6005:
4086:
Guerra FM, Bolotin S, Lim G, Heffernan J, Deeks SL, Li Y, Crowcroft NS (December 2017). "The basic reproduction number (R
1940:
is rarely observed in the field and is usually calculated via a mathematical model, this severely limits its usefulness.
1731:
often depends on the paper, disease, and what if any intervention is being studied. This creates some confusion, because
1053:
The basic reproduction number can be computed as a ratio of known rates over time: if a contagious individual contacts
7071:
4151:
3732:
1780:
depends on many factors, many of which need to be estimated. Each of these factors adds to uncertainty in estimates of
6075:
1105:
6501:
6496:
5015:"The reproductive number of the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 is far higher compared to the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 virus"
3882:
3160:
2221:
6106:
7040:
6580:
5987:
5603:
676:
283:(persons infected per person infecting) and not a time rate, which would have units of time, or units of time like
172:
19:
This article is about the rate of spread of an epidemic. For the average number of offspring born to a female, see
6174:
6915:
6513:
6232:
6210:
5641:
4328:"Vaccination coverage among children enrolled in Head Start programs or day care facilities or entering school"
4126:
6883:
5581:
920:
176:
4230:(Presentation). Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (published August 25, 2014). cdc:27929.
1512:
values for past outbreaks might not be valid for current outbreaks of the same disease. Generally speaking,
6910:
6063:
5826:
5541:
4169:"The effective reproductive number of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is several times relative to Delta"
3856:
The
Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War, vol. IX: Communicable and Other Diseases
3085:
Fraser C, Donnelly CA, Cauchemez S, Hanage WP, Van
Kerkhove MD, Hollingsworth TD, et al. (June 2009).
1076:
5735:
5149:"Reproductive number of coronavirus: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on global level evidence"
6952:
6823:
6759:
6727:
6675:
5972:
5954:
3995:
892:
4806:"Seasonal influenza in the United States, France, and Australia: transmission and prospects for control"
6508:
5921:
5661:
4817:
2941:
2875:
are presented to reflect the progression of a fatal viral infection from isolated cases to a pandemic.
2727:
1339:
has been achieved and the number of cases occurring in the population will gradually decrease to zero.
7012:
7002:
6697:
6633:
6356:
6124:
6101:
5887:
5700:
4509:
4946:"The role of superspreading in Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) transmission"
4475:. National Emerging Special Pathogen Training and Education Center. January 30, 2020. Archived from
3152:
Using
Mathematical Models to Assess Responses to an Outbreak of an Emerged Viral Respiratory Disease
7142:
6830:
6692:
6567:
6421:
5536:
5526:
4985:
4223:
3875:
Mathematical
Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases : Model Building, Analysis and Interpretation
2769:
2748:
27:
3631:"Role of herd immunity in determining the effect of vaccines against sexually transmitted disease"
7017:
6935:
6801:
6331:
6129:
5836:
5774:
5608:
5576:
5373:
Van Den
Driessche, P.; Watmough, James (2008). "Further Notes on the Basic Reproduction Number".
2915:
2705:
2588:
2545:
2049:
595:. However, this threshold is based on simple models that assume a fully mixed population with no
5688:
1758:
is not a constant; whereas most mathematical parameters with "nought" subscripts are constants.
1608:
1575:
1542:
713:
445:
412:
6604:
6389:
6139:
6012:
5618:
5475:
5465:
2936:
2591:
1988:
1910:
1906:
602:
557:
505:
160:
5328:
5221:
3722:
3484:"Ross, macdonald, and a theory for the dynamics and control of mosquito-transmitted pathogens"
3459:
Vegvari C. "Commentary on the use of the reproduction number R during the COVID-19 pandemic".
3238:
7127:
6925:
6557:
6426:
5934:
5841:
5760:
4539:"Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects of Diphtheria: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis"
3870:
2844:
2430:
2072:
1831:
563:
20:
5705:
5014:
4476:
1056:
7007:
6900:
6846:
6774:
6764:
6456:
6311:
6184:
5791:
5400:
5332:
5160:
5105:
4423:
3917:
3414:
3201:
3098:
2851:
2158:
1994:
1951:
1916:
1869:
1734:
1707:
1679:
1649:
1515:
1488:
1461:
1434:
1403:
1376:
1346:
1311:
1276:
1245:
1198:
1026:
999:
971:
953:
766:
717:
686:
659:, and the number of susceptible people in the population that the infected people contact.
478:
377:
347:
319:
292:
280:
255:
228:
201:
119:
68:
41:
4789:
mean estimate for the ongoing epidemic (overall) is 1.78 (interquartile range: 1.44, 1.80)
4269:
65:
is the average number of people infected from one other person. For example, Ebola has an
8:
7094:
7084:
7050:
6655:
6093:
5929:
5740:
4962:
4945:
4669:
4537:
Truelove SA, Keegan LT, Moss WJ, Chaisson LH, Macher E, Azman AS, Lessler J (June 2020).
4327:
2344:
2107:
1428:
957:
810:
5217:
5164:
5109:
4427:
3921:
3418:
3392:
3205:
3102:
651:
The basic reproduction number is affected by several factors, including the duration of
371:
does not by itself give an estimate of how fast an infection spreads in the population.
7137:
7132:
6818:
6813:
6722:
6702:
6336:
6179:
6144:
5998:
5964:
5514:
5310:
5285:
5272:
5183:
5148:
5129:
5047:
4891:
4834:
4805:
4771:
4744:
4720:
4656:
4563:
4538:
4447:
4385:
4358:
4201:
4168:
4063:
4038:
4007:
3941:
3907:
3786:
3759:
3698:
3671:
3611:
3510:
3483:
3438:
3404:
3324:
3295:
3119:
3086:
1803:
1783:
1763:
1269:
is the average number of new infections caused by a single infected individual at time
1225:
1167:
402:
181:
5750:
5237:
Heesterbeek, J.A.P. (2002). "A brief history of R0 and a recipe for its calculation".
4745:"A systematic review of early modelling studies of Ebola virus disease in West Africa"
4304:
4103:
7104:
7045:
6905:
6858:
6660:
6162:
5831:
5821:
5811:
5796:
5613:
5596:
5460:
5386:
5315:
5264:
5188:
5133:
5121:
5052:
5034:
4990:
4967:
4926:
4895:
4883:
4839:
4776:
4725:
4707:
4661:
4643:
4568:
4439:
4390:
4339:
4308:
4273:
4206:
4188:
4107:
4068:
4011:
3976:
3933:
3878:
3791:
3728:
3703:
3652:
3603:
3542:
3515:
3464:
3442:
3430:
3370:
3329:
3219:
3156:
3124:
3064:
3054:
1894:
5276:
4922:
4451:
3615:
3145:
Becker NG, Glass K, Barnes B, Caley P, Philp D, McCaw JM, et al. (April 2006).
647:
Graph of herd immunity threshold vs basic reproduction number with selected diseases
7099:
7035:
7022:
6851:
6840:
6732:
6712:
6547:
6461:
6436:
6167:
6114:
6053:
5944:
5591:
5519:
5378:
5305:
5297:
5254:
5246:
5178:
5168:
5113:
5042:
5026:
4957:
4918:
4873:
4829:
4821:
4766:
4756:
4715:
4699:
4651:
4635:
4558:
4550:
4513:
4508:. Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response (Technical report).
4431:
4380:
4370:
4300:
4265:
4196:
4180:
4099:
4058:
4050:
4003:
3968:
3945:
3925:
3781:
3771:
3693:
3683:
3642:
3593:
3585:
3505:
3495:
3422:
3360:
3319:
3311:
3209:
3114:
3106:
1984:
1185:
4506:
Consensus document on the epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
3972:
1913:. Even fewer actually calculate the average number of secondary infections. Since
1400:
in the popular press has led to misunderstandings and distortions of its meaning.
159:
of cases directly generated by one case in a population where all individuals are
92:
of two, so on average, a person who has Ebola will pass it on to two other people.
6967:
6962:
6806:
6754:
6562:
6539:
6384:
6361:
5745:
5710:
5586:
5531:
5173:
4862:"'Super-Spreaders' and Person-to-Person Transmission of Andes Virus in Argentina"
4703:
4375:
3500:
3426:
3391:
Hiraoka, Takayuki; K. Rizi, Abbas; Kivelä, Mikko; Saramäki, Jari (May 12, 2022).
2906:
2892:
1902:
805:
35:
5715:
5382:
2900:
1342:
683:. In his work he called the quantity basic reproduction rate and denoted it by
643:
6997:
6930:
6873:
6645:
6534:
6526:
6451:
6404:
6399:
6346:
6070:
5851:
5846:
5806:
5755:
5720:
5558:
5494:
3929:
3482:
Smith DL, Battle KE, Hay SI, Barker CM, Scott TW, McKenzie FE (April 5, 2012).
3214:
3189:
2925:
2171:
163:
to infection. The definition assumes that no other individuals are infected or
156:
5250:
4825:
4761:
667:
The roots of the basic reproduction concept can be traced through the work of
7121:
6878:
6835:
6794:
6687:
6670:
6628:
6341:
5892:
5861:
5482:
5038:
4711:
4647:
4192:
3068:
2694:
2534:
2038:
1821:
1336:
656:
545:
284:
5728:
5117:
3110:
1975:
mentioned in the previous section, estimates have been made for a number of
7089:
7027:
6789:
6769:
6717:
6665:
6616:
6416:
6366:
5977:
5548:
5319:
5301:
5268:
5192:
5125:
5071:
5056:
4971:
4930:
4887:
4843:
4780:
4729:
4665:
4572:
4443:
4394:
4343:
4312:
4210:
4111:
4072:
4054:
3996:"2 - Simple compartmental models: The bedrock of mathematical epidemiology"
3980:
3937:
3795:
3707:
3656:
3546:
3519:
3468:
3434:
3374:
3333:
3315:
3223:
3128:
1673:
of well-known contagious diseases" table should be conducted with caution.
880:{\displaystyle R_{0}={\frac {\langle k^{2}\rangle }{\langle k\rangle }}-1,}
672:
164:
97:
5030:
4878:
4861:
4639:
4410:
4277:
4184:
3776:
3688:
3607:
1539:
can be used as a threshold, even if calculated with different methods: if
442:
the infection will be able to start spreading in a population, but not if
6982:
6784:
6707:
6682:
6431:
6411:
6316:
6276:
6200:
5571:
5566:
5487:
5470:
4554:
3365:
3348:
3294:
Delamater PL, Street EJ, Leslie TF, Yang YT, Jacobsen KH (January 2019).
3010:
From a module of a training course with data modified from other sources.
2567:
2472:
2281:
668:
652:
168:
4225:
3897:
3533:
Macdonald G (September 1952). "The analysis of equilibrium in malaria".
3393:"Herd immunity and epidemic size in networks with vaccination homophily"
1273:
in the partially susceptible population. It can be found by multiplying
6920:
6895:
6863:
6640:
6621:
6611:
6599:
6446:
6058:
6030:
5856:
5816:
5259:
4518:
3589:
2679:
2237:
2208:
2085:
1898:
3958:
3912:
3087:"Pandemic potential of a strain of influenza A (H1N1): early findings"
2848:, a fictional medical disaster thriller, a blogger's calculations for
1605:, the outbreak will expand. In some cases, for some models, values of
6992:
6471:
5504:
5499:
5432:
4256:
Fine, Paul E. M. (1993). "Herd
Immunity: History, Theory, Practice".
3598:
2634:
2584:
2563:
2519:
2387:
2019:
1825:
152:
4489:
while infections that require sexual contact like HIV have a lower R
4435:
3994:
von
Csefalvay, Chris (January 1, 2023), von Csefalvay, Chris (ed.),
3858:. Washington: U.S.: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 116–7.
675:
and others, but its first modern application in epidemiology was by
6975:
6890:
6466:
6441:
6394:
5939:
5509:
5452:
3647:
3630:
3409:
3261:"Why 'Exponential Growth' Is So Scary For The COVID-19 Coronavirus"
2930:
2786:
2765:
2744:
2723:
2203:
2187:
2120:
2023:
1639:
5377:. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 1945. pp. 159–178.
5140:
1979:, and are shown in this table. Each genus may be composed of many
6779:
6650:
5903:
5147:
Billah, Arif; Miah, Mamun; Khan, Nuruzzaman (November 11, 2020).
4909:
Luby SP (October 2013). "The pandemic potential of Nipah virus".
4859:
4227:
Smallpox: disease, prevention, and intervention (training course)
3560:
2303:
Physical contact, body fluids, respiratory droplets, sexual (MSM)
2137:
2067:
1980:
1643:
680:
4411:"Transmission potential of smallpox in contemporary populations"
1943:
1023:
must account for this difference. An appropriate definition for
6987:
6552:
6205:
5801:
3838:
2242:
2041:
thresholds (HITs) of contagious diseases prior to intervention
1976:
6216:
5072:"Covid: Is there a limit to how much worse variants can get?"
4799:
4797:
3084:
2340:
2153:
2102:
5430:
5284:
Heffernan, J.M; Smith, R.J; Wahl, L.M (September 22, 2005).
5095:
3390:
1646:. Therefore, comparisons between values from the "Values of
679:
in 1952, who constructed population models of the spread of
5669:
4589:"Magic formula that will determine whether Ebola is beaten"
2488:
2298:
968:
In populations that are not homogeneous, the definition of
4794:
4536:
4290:
3155:. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health.
1820:, but which are more straightforward to estimate, such as
5372:
4743:
Wong ZS, Bui CM, Chughtai AA, Macintyre CR (April 2017).
4124:
4085:
3293:
3053:. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. p. 310.
4742:
4356:
4326:
Jiles, RB; Fuchs, C; Klevens, RM (September 22, 2000).
3840:
The SIR Model When S(t) is a Multi-Exponential
Function
3575:
917:
is the mean-degree (average degree) of the network and
4986:"Omicron transmission: how contagious diseases spread"
3144:
759:
are a general modeling technique often applied to the
5335:
5063:
3347:
Fine, P.; Eames, K.; Heymann, D. L. (April 1, 2011).
2854:
1997:
1954:
1919:
1872:
1834:
1806:
1786:
1766:
1737:
1710:
1682:
1652:
1611:
1578:
1545:
1518:
1491:
1464:
1437:
1406:
1379:
1349:
1314:
1279:
1248:
1228:
1201:
1170:
1123:
1108:
1081:
1079:
1059:
1029:
1002:
974:
923:
895:
821:
769:
720:
689:
605:
566:
508:
481:
448:
415:
380:
350:
322:
295:
258:
231:
204:
184:
122:
71:
44:
4621:"Modelling human-to-human transmission of monkeypox"
3669:
3481:
3190:"A guide to R - the pandemic's misunderstood metric"
2882:
804:
Epidemics can be modeled as diseases spreading over
4803:
3868:
3753:
3751:
5348:
5283:
4619:Grant R, Nguyen LL, Breban R (September 1, 2020).
4587:
4409:
4037:Heffernan JM, Smith RJ, Wahl LM (September 2005).
4036:
3814:"The Misunderstood Number That Predicts Epidemics"
3764:Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
3724:Theories and Simulations of Complex Social Systems
2867:
2010:
1967:
1932:
1885:
1855:
1812:
1792:
1772:
1750:
1723:
1695:
1665:
1630:
1597:
1564:
1531:
1504:
1477:
1450:
1419:
1392:
1362:
1327:
1292:
1261:
1234:
1214:
1176:
1136:
1094:
1065:
1042:
1015:
987:
944:
909:
879:
782:
733:
702:
632:
587:
535:
494:
467:
434:
393:
363:
335:
308:
271:
244:
217:
190:
135:
84:
57:
4618:
4357:Kretzschmar M, Teunis PF, Pebody RG (June 2010).
4325:
2537:thresholds (HITs) for specific influenza strains
1431:. Each of these can give a different estimate of
7119:
4943:
3748:
3672:"Viral evolution and transmission effectiveness"
3346:
1147:
1137:{\displaystyle R_{0}={\dfrac {\beta }{\gamma }}}
5089:
4579:
3757:
3296:"Complexity of the Basic Reproduction Number (R
3048:
3006:
3004:
2819:
2803:
2663:
2647:
2620:
2604:
2500:
2458:
2416:
2400:
2373:
2357:
2326:
2310:
2267:
640:may underestimate the herd immunity threshold.
26:"R number" redirects here. For other uses, see
5286:"Perspectives on the basic reproductive ratio"
5146:
5013:Liu, Ying; Rocklöv, Joacim (October 1, 2021).
4039:"Perspectives on the basic reproductive ratio"
3720:
793:
655:of affected people, the contagiousness of the
5782:
5416:
3993:
2697:thresholds (HITs) for variants of SARS-CoV-2
2442:
2251:
1944:Sample values for various contagious diseases
1102:, then the basic reproduction number is just
4804:Chowell G, Miller MA, Viboud C (June 2008).
4000:Computational Modeling of Infectious Disease
3663:
3622:
3001:
2947:Mathematical modelling of infectious disease
963:
938:
925:
903:
897:
862:
856:
851:
838:
800:Mathematical modelling of infectious disease
761:mathematical modeling of infectious diseases
5236:
3670:Rodpothong P, Auewarakul P (October 2012).
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3028:< 1.0, the disease naturally disappears.
5423:
5409:
5012:
4162:
4160:
4152:Australian government Department of Health
3843:(Thesis). East Tennessee State University.
3454:
3452:
5309:
5258:
5182:
5172:
5069:
5046:
4961:
4877:
4833:
4770:
4760:
4719:
4655:
4628:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
4562:
4517:
4407:
4384:
4374:
4200:
4062:
3911:
3785:
3775:
3697:
3687:
3646:
3597:
3562:Network Science by Albert-László Barabási
3532:
3509:
3499:
3408:
3364:
3323:
3213:
3118:
171:). Some definitions, such as that of the
4685:
3807:
3805:
3569:
3278:
3080:
3078:
1151:
642:
34:
6497:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
5670:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
4585:
4293:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
4157:
4043:Journal of the Royal Society, Interface
3853:
3847:
3714:
3628:
3449:
3020:
3018:
3016:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2123:(see values for specific strains below)
1948:Despite the difficulties in estimating
945:{\displaystyle {\langle k^{2}\rangle }}
813:of the transmission network such that:
745:
7120:
7080:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
6972:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
5290:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
4944:Kucharski AJ, Althaus CL (June 2015).
4154:Mumps Laboratory Case Definition (LCD)
3836:
3830:
1427:can be calculated from many different
5404:
5326:
4600:from the original on January 12, 2022
4332:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
4270:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036121
3811:
3802:
3075:
3051:Vaccinology : an essential guide
2837:
1095:{\displaystyle {\dfrac {1}{\gamma }}}
475:. Generally, the larger the value of
6327:Compartmental models in epidemiology
4963:10.2807/1560-7917.ES2015.20.25.21167
4908:
4255:
4090:) of measles: a systematic review".
3386:
3384:
3187:
3140:
3138:
3013:
2960:
2921:Compartmental models in epidemiology
2798:
2642:
2599:
2495:
2437:
2435:Respiratory droplets and body fluids
2395:
2352:
1572:, the outbreak will die out, and if
752:Compartmental models in epidemiology
4237:from the original on March 17, 2017
4166:
3877:. New York: Wiley. pp. 73–98.
3869:Diekmann O, Heesterbeek JA (2000).
3758:Li J, Blakeley D, Smith RJ (2011).
3458:
2777:
2305:
2246:
910:{\displaystyle {\langle k\rangle }}
13:
5203:
5070:Gallagher, James (June 12, 2021).
4008:10.1016/b978-0-32-395389-4.00011-6
4002:, Academic Press, pp. 19–91,
3635:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
3258:
2814:
2658:
2615:
2453:
2411:
2368:
2321:
2262:
14:
7154:
4408:Gani R, Leach S (December 2001).
3381:
3236:
3135:
7076:Economics of Infectious Diseases
5210:
4692:Annals of Medicine & Surgery
3349:"'Herd Immunity': A Rough Guide"
3049:Milligan GN, Barrett AD (2015).
2899:
2885:
2796:Respiratory droplets and aerosol
2775:Respiratory droplets and aerosol
2754:Respiratory droplets and aerosol
2733:Respiratory droplets and aerosol
2126:Respiratory droplets and aerosol
1184:number in simple terms from the
5006:
4978:
4937:
4923:10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.011
4902:
4866:New England Journal of Medicine
4853:
4736:
4679:
4612:
4530:
4498:
4465:
4401:
4350:
4319:
4284:
4249:
4217:
4145:
4118:
4092:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
4079:
4030:
3987:
3952:
3891:
3862:
3578:Journal of Mathematical Biology
3553:
3526:
3475:
401:are determining if an emerging
173:Australian Department of Health
7085:Infectious disease informatics
6916:Transmission-based precautions
4586:Freeman C (November 6, 2014).
4473:"Playing the Numbers Game: R0"
4128:Health Care Worker Information
3900:Journal of Theoretical Biology
3871:"The Basic Reproduction Ratio"
3721:Dabbaghian V, Mago VK (2013).
3340:
3252:
3230:
3181:
3042:
1:
6502:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
6277:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
5638:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
4305:10.1016/s0749-3797(01)00274-4
4104:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30307-9
3973:10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.12.058
3727:. Springer. pp. 134–35.
3035:
1194:effective reproduction number
1148:Effective reproduction number
177:effective reproduction number
6064:Aerosol-generating procedure
5842:Silent/Subclinical infection
5542:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
5174:10.1371/journal.pone.0242128
4704:10.1097/MS9.0000000000000229
4686:Al-Raeei M (February 2023).
4543:Clinical Infectious Diseases
4376:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000291
3629:Garnett GP (February 2005).
3501:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002588
3427:10.1103/PhysRevE.105.L052301
3353:Clinical Infectious Diseases
3304:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1485:with invariant assumptions.
956:of the transmission network
7:
6728:Vaccine-preventable disease
6676:Monoclonal antibody therapy
5383:10.1007/978-3-540-78911-6_6
4522:. WHO/CDS/CSR/GAR/2003.11.
4125:Ireland's Health Services.
3837:Balkew TM (December 2010).
3812:Byrne M (October 6, 2014),
2878:
794:Epidemic models on networks
374:The most important uses of
10:
7159:
6869:Respiratory source control
5223:basic reproduction number
5019:Journal of Travel Medicine
4818:Cambridge University Press
4810:Epidemiology and Infection
4749:Epidemiology and Infection
4173:Journal of Travel Medicine
3930:10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.03.006
3535:Tropical Diseases Bulletin
3215:10.1038/d41586-020-02009-w
2942:Epidemiological transition
2678:Estimates for variants of
1897:, rearranging the largest
1866:Methods used to calculate
1631:{\displaystyle R_{0}<1}
1598:{\displaystyle R_{0}>1}
1565:{\displaystyle R_{0}<1}
797:
749:
662:
468:{\displaystyle R_{0}<1}
435:{\displaystyle R_{0}>1}
25:
18:
7059:
7013:Global Health Initiatives
7003:Evolutionary epidemiology
6951:
6743:
6698:Post-exposure prophylaxis
6634:Antimicrobial stewardship
6592:
6579:
6484:
6375:
6357:Multiplicity of infection
6322:Basic reproduction number
6297:
6269:
6255:
6241:
6225:
6193:
6155:
6098:Percutaneous inoculation
6084:
6046:
6039:
6021:
5953:
5920:
5913:
5877:
5870:
5773:
5660:
5582:Host–pathogen interaction
5557:
5451:
5444:
5375:Mathematical Epidemiology
4826:10.1017/S0950268807009144
4762:10.1017/S0950268817000164
4510:World Health Organization
3676:World Journal of Virology
3147:"The reproduction number"
2518:Estimates for strains of
964:Heterogeneous populations
633:{\displaystyle 1-1/R_{0}}
536:{\displaystyle 1-1/R_{0}}
106:basic reproductive number
102:basic reproduction number
6831:Protective sequestration
6693:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
5984:Generational difference
5537:Horizontal gene transfer
5527:Antimicrobial resistance
5327:Jones JH (May 1, 2007).
4167:Liu, Y (March 9, 2022).
3854:Ireland MW, ed. (1928).
2953:
1308:decreases) so much that
543:. This is the so-called
110:basic reproduction ratio
7018:Microbial phylogenetics
6936:Wastewater surveillance
6457:Geographic distribution
6332:Critical community size
6130:Surgical site infection
5978:Iatrogenic/Medical care
5897:Microbial translocation
5893:Endogenous reactivation
5888:Normal flora overgrowth
5837:Opportunistic infection
5609:Opportunistic infection
5251:10.1023/a:1016599411804
5118:10.1126/science.abf0521
3111:10.1126/science.1176062
2916:Apparent infection rate
1856:{\displaystyle t_{1/2}}
588:{\displaystyle 1/R_{0}}
114:basic reproductive rate
7090:Microbial bioterrorism
6713:efficacy/effectiveness
6121:Surgical intervention
6013:Breakthrough infection
5635:Genetic predisposition
5619:Susceptible individual
5466:Germ theory of disease
5350:
5302:10.1098/rsif.2005.0042
4055:10.1098/rsif.2005.0042
3316:10.3201/eid2501.171901
2937:Epidemiological method
2869:
2012:
1969:
1934:
1911:differential equations
1907:next-generation method
1887:
1857:
1814:
1794:
1774:
1752:
1725:
1697:
1667:
1632:
1599:
1566:
1533:
1506:
1479:
1452:
1421:
1394:
1364:
1329:
1294:
1263:
1236:
1216:
1189:
1178:
1164:An explanation of the
1138:
1096:
1067:
1066:{\displaystyle \beta }
1044:
1017:
989:
946:
911:
881:
784:
735:
704:
648:
634:
589:
537:
496:
469:
436:
395:
365:
337:
310:
273:
246:
219:
192:
167:(naturally or through
137:
93:
86:
59:
16:Metric in epidemiology
6926:Universal precautions
5884:Endogenous overgrowth
5736:Poultry and livestock
5351:
5349:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
4879:10.1056/NEJMoa2009040
4675:on December 11, 2020.
4640:10.2471/BLT.19.242347
4258:Epidemiologic Reviews
3689:10.5501/wjv.v1.i5.131
2870:
2868:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
2573:Respiratory droplets
2013:
2011:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1970:
1968:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1935:
1933:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1888:
1886:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1858:
1815:
1795:
1775:
1753:
1751:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1726:
1724:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1698:
1696:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1668:
1666:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1633:
1600:
1567:
1534:
1532:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1507:
1505:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1480:
1478:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1453:
1451:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1422:
1420:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1395:
1393:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1365:
1363:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1330:
1328:{\displaystyle R_{e}}
1295:
1293:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1264:
1262:{\displaystyle R_{t}}
1237:
1217:
1215:{\displaystyle R_{e}}
1179:
1163:
1139:
1097:
1068:
1045:
1043:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1018:
1016:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
990:
988:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
947:
912:
882:
811:average excess degree
785:
783:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
736:
734:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
705:
703:{\displaystyle Z_{0}}
646:
635:
590:
538:
497:
495:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
470:
437:
396:
394:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
366:
364:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
338:
336:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
311:
309:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
274:
272:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
247:
245:{\displaystyle R_{e}}
220:
218:{\displaystyle R_{t}}
193:
138:
136:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
87:
85:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
60:
58:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
38:
21:Net reproduction rate
7028:Genomic reassortment
7008:Genetic epidemiology
6847:Health communication
6775:Flattening the curve
6765:Disease surveillance
6548:Systemic/Generalized
6312:Animal disease model
5792:Asymptomatic carrier
5333:
3641:(Suppl 1): S97-106.
3461:Stat Methods Med Res
3188:Adam D (July 2020).
2852:
2640:Respiratory droplets
2597:Respiratory droplets
2568:1918 pandemic strain
2493:Respiratory droplets
2393:Respiratory droplets
2287:Respiratory droplets
2226:Respiratory droplets
2192:Respiratory droplets
2176:Respiratory droplets
2142:Respiratory droplets
2108:Respiratory droplets
1995:
1952:
1917:
1870:
1832:
1804:
1784:
1764:
1735:
1708:
1680:
1650:
1609:
1576:
1543:
1516:
1489:
1462:
1435:
1404:
1377:
1347:
1312:
1277:
1246:
1226:
1199:
1168:
1106:
1077:
1057:
1027:
1000:
972:
921:
893:
819:
767:
757:Compartmental models
746:Compartmental models
718:
687:
603:
597:structured relations
564:
506:
479:
446:
413:
378:
348:
320:
293:
281:dimensionless number
256:
229:
202:
182:
120:
69:
42:
7095:Pandemic prevention
7051:Viral phylodynamics
7032:Re-emerging disease
6921:Travel restrictions
6125:Postoperative wound
6094:Blood-borne disease
6076:Respiratory droplet
5988:Vertical/Congenital
5973:Nosocomial/Hospital
5930:Spillover infection
5165:2020PLoSO..1542128B
5110:2020Sci...370..303P
5104:(6514): 303.2–304.
5031:10.1093/jtm/taab124
4994:. December 21, 2021
4785:The median of the R
4596:. Telegraph.Co.Uk.
4428:2001Natur.414..748G
4185:10.1093/jtm/taac037
3922:2004JThBi.229..119C
3777:10.1155/2011/527610
3760:"The failure of R0"
3419:2022PhRvE.105e2301H
3246:Stanford University
3206:2020Natur.583..346A
3169:on February 1, 2020
3103:2009Sci...324.1557F
2698:
2538:
2042:
1429:mathematical models
958:degree distribution
558:endemic equilibrium
554:herd immunity level
7041:Selection pressure
6337:Force of infection
5965:Contagious disease
5900:Endogenous seeding
5797:Chain of infection
5721:Injection drug use
5632:Vaccination status
5515:Case fatality rate
5433:infectious disease
5346:
5239:Acta Biotheoretica
5220:has a profile for
4911:Antiviral Research
4555:10.1093/cid/ciz808
3770:(527610): 527610.
3590:10.1007/BF00178324
3366:10.1093/cid/cir007
2865:
2838:In popular culture
2685:
2637:(seasonal strains)
2525:
2390:(seasonal strains)
2284:(e.g., rhinovirus)
2029:
2008:
1965:
1930:
1883:
1853:
1810:
1790:
1770:
1748:
1721:
1693:
1663:
1628:
1595:
1562:
1529:
1502:
1475:
1448:
1417:
1390:
1360:
1325:
1290:
1259:
1232:
1212:
1190:
1174:
1134:
1132:
1092:
1090:
1063:
1040:
1013:
985:
942:
907:
877:
780:
741:estimation methods
731:
700:
649:
630:
585:
533:
492:
465:
432:
403:infectious disease
391:
361:
333:
306:
269:
242:
215:
188:
133:
108:(sometimes called
94:
82:
55:
7115:
7114:
7105:Tropical medicine
7046:Synthetic biology
6947:
6946:
6906:Social distancing
6859:Outbreak response
6480:
6479:
6307:Agent-based model
6293:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6285:
6284:
5832:Natural reservoir
5822:Infectious period
5812:Incubation period
5769:
5768:
5725:Natural disaster
5694:Tropical diseases
5677:Biodiversity loss
5614:Risk of infection
5604:Microbiome health
5597:Immunosuppression
5392:978-3-540-78910-9
5226:
4991:Nebraska Medicine
4950:Euro Surveillance
4872:(23): 2230–2241.
4098:(12): e420–e428.
4017:978-0-323-95389-4
3397:Physical Review E
3200:(7816): 346–348.
3097:(5934): 1557–61.
3060:978-1-118-63652-7
2971:Calculated using
2842:In the 2011 film
2832:
2831:
2676:
2675:
2516:
2515:
1991:. Estimations of
1895:survival function
1813:{\displaystyle R}
1793:{\displaystyle R}
1773:{\displaystyle R}
1235:{\displaystyle R}
1177:{\displaystyle R}
1161:
1131:
1089:
866:
198:(usually written
191:{\displaystyle R}
7150:
7100:Tropical disease
7036:Reverse zoonosis
7023:One Health Model
6852:Health education
6841:Community health
6760:Cordon sanitaire
6733:Ring vaccination
6703:Repurposed drugs
6590:
6589:
6509:Gastrointestinal
6352:Machine learning
6156:Gastrointestinal
6107:Intravenous line
6044:
6043:
5958:/Cross-infection
5945:Reverse zoonosis
5918:
5917:
5875:
5874:
5780:
5779:
5761:War and conflict
5629:Nutrition status
5592:Immunodeficiency
5449:
5448:
5425:
5418:
5411:
5402:
5401:
5396:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5323:
5313:
5280:
5262:
5224:
5214:
5213:
5197:
5196:
5186:
5176:
5159:(11): e0242128.
5144:
5138:
5137:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5050:
5010:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4965:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4881:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4837:
4801:
4792:
4791:
4774:
4764:
4755:(6): 1069–1094.
4740:
4734:
4733:
4723:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4668:. Archived from
4659:
4625:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4591:
4583:
4577:
4576:
4566:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4521:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4486:
4484:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4422:(6865): 748–51.
4413:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4388:
4378:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4236:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4204:
4164:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4133:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4066:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4024:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3967:(13): 1697–707.
3956:
3950:
3949:
3915:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3809:
3800:
3799:
3789:
3779:
3755:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3701:
3691:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3650:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3601:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3513:
3503:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3456:
3447:
3446:
3412:
3388:
3379:
3378:
3368:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3327:
3291:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3243:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3217:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3165:. Archived from
3142:
3133:
3132:
3122:
3082:
3073:
3072:
3046:
3029:
3022:
3011:
3008:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2985:
2982:
2969:
2933:software program
2909:
2904:
2903:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2791:ancestral strain
2699:
2684:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2539:
2524:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2431:Andes hantavirus
2424:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2159:Fecal–oral route
2043:
2028:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1621:
1620:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1555:
1554:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1300:by the fraction
1299:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1186:Welsh Government
1183:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1162:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1011:
994:
992:
991:
986:
984:
983:
951:
949:
948:
943:
941:
937:
936:
916:
914:
913:
908:
906:
886:
884:
883:
878:
867:
865:
854:
850:
849:
836:
831:
830:
789:
787:
786:
781:
779:
778:
740:
738:
737:
732:
730:
729:
709:
707:
706:
701:
699:
698:
677:George Macdonald
639:
637:
636:
631:
629:
628:
619:
594:
592:
591:
586:
584:
583:
574:
542:
540:
539:
534:
532:
531:
522:
501:
499:
498:
493:
491:
490:
474:
472:
471:
466:
458:
457:
441:
439:
438:
433:
425:
424:
407:infection models
400:
398:
397:
392:
390:
389:
370:
368:
367:
362:
360:
359:
342:
340:
339:
334:
332:
331:
315:
313:
312:
307:
305:
304:
278:
276:
275:
270:
268:
267:
251:
249:
248:
243:
241:
240:
224:
222:
221:
216:
214:
213:
197:
195:
194:
189:
142:
140:
139:
134:
132:
131:
91:
89:
88:
83:
81:
80:
64:
62:
61:
56:
54:
53:
7158:
7157:
7153:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7148:
7147:
7143:Disease ecology
7118:
7117:
7116:
7111:
7055:
6968:Antigenic shift
6963:Antigenic drift
6954:
6943:
6807:Barrier nursing
6755:Contact tracing
6746:
6739:
6584:
6582:
6575:
6486:
6476:
6377:
6371:
6362:Serial interval
6281:
6265:
6256:Cervico-vaginal
6251:
6242:Trans-placental
6237:
6221:
6189:
6151:
6087:Vascular system
6086:
6080:
6035:
6023:
6017:
5957:
5949:
5909:
5866:
5784:
5765:
5656:
5587:Immune response
5553:
5532:Drug resistance
5476:Infectious dose
5440:
5429:
5399:
5393:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5340:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5215:
5211:
5206:
5204:Further reading
5201:
5200:
5145:
5141:
5094:
5090:
5080:
5078:
5068:
5064:
5011:
5007:
4997:
4995:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4942:
4938:
4907:
4903:
4858:
4854:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4741:
4737:
4684:
4680:
4672:
4623:
4617:
4613:
4603:
4601:
4584:
4580:
4535:
4531:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4492:
4482:
4480:
4479:on May 12, 2020
4471:
4470:
4466:
4456:
4454:
4436:10.1038/414748a
4406:
4402:
4369:(6): e1000291.
4355:
4351:
4324:
4320:
4289:
4285:
4254:
4250:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4222:
4218:
4165:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4123:
4119:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4035:
4031:
4022:
4020:
4018:
3992:
3988:
3957:
3953:
3896:
3892:
3885:
3867:
3863:
3852:
3848:
3835:
3831:
3822:
3820:
3810:
3803:
3756:
3749:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3719:
3715:
3668:
3664:
3627:
3623:
3574:
3570:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3531:
3527:
3494:(4): e1002588.
3480:
3476:
3457:
3450:
3389:
3382:
3345:
3341:
3299:
3292:
3279:
3269:
3267:
3257:
3253:
3241:
3235:
3231:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3163:
3143:
3136:
3083:
3076:
3061:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3014:
3009:
3002:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2972:
2970:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2907:COVID-19 portal
2905:
2898:
2893:Medicine portal
2891:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2840:
2834:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2728:Omicron variant
2715:
2692:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2555:
2532:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2059:
2036:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1959:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1903:Jacobian matrix
1877:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1616:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:Limitations of
1319:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1152:
1150:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1007:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
979:
975:
973:
970:
969:
966:
932:
928:
924:
922:
919:
918:
896:
894:
891:
890:
855:
845:
841:
837:
835:
826:
822:
820:
817:
816:
802:
796:
774:
770:
768:
765:
764:
754:
748:
743:
725:
721:
719:
716:
715:
694:
690:
688:
685:
684:
665:
624:
620:
615:
604:
601:
600:
579:
575:
570:
565:
562:
561:
527:
523:
518:
507:
504:
503:
486:
482:
480:
477:
476:
453:
449:
447:
444:
443:
420:
416:
414:
411:
410:
385:
381:
379:
376:
375:
355:
351:
349:
346:
345:
327:
323:
321:
318:
317:
300:
296:
294:
291:
290:
263:
259:
257:
254:
253:
236:
232:
230:
227:
226:
209:
205:
203:
200:
199:
183:
180:
179:
157:expected number
127:
123:
121:
118:
117:
76:
72:
70:
67:
66:
49:
45:
43:
40:
39:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7156:
7146:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7109:
7108:
7107:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7074:
7069:
7063:
7061:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6998:Emergent virus
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6979:
6978:
6970:
6965:
6959:
6957:
6949:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6942:
6941:
6938:
6933:
6931:Vector control
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6887:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6874:N95 respirator
6866:
6861:
6856:
6855:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6833:
6828:
6827:
6826:
6816:
6811:
6810:
6809:
6799:
6798:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6751:
6749:
6747:pharmaceutical
6741:
6740:
6738:
6737:
6736:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6626:
6625:
6624:
6614:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6596:
6594:
6593:Pharmaceutical
6587:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6544:Cardiovascular
6542:
6537:
6532:
6529:
6524:
6523:Nervous system
6521:
6518:
6517:
6516:
6506:
6505:
6504:
6499:
6490:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6402:
6392:
6387:
6381:
6379:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6347:Infection rate
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6303:
6301:
6295:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6263:
6259:
6257:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6249:
6245:
6243:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6229:
6227:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6219:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6197:
6195:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6171:
6170:
6159:
6157:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6142:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6127:
6119:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6109:
6104:
6102:Injection site
6096:
6090:
6088:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6078:
6073:
6071:Dental aerosol
6068:
6067:
6066:
6056:
6050:
6048:
6041:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6033:
6027:
6025:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6010:
6009:
6008:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5996:
5993:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5967:
5961:
5959:
5955:Human-to-human
5951:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5926:
5924:
5915:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5881:
5879:
5872:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5852:Super-spreader
5849:
5847:Superinfection
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5788:
5786:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5756:Vector control
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5685:Climate zones
5683:
5681:Climate change
5678:
5675:
5672:
5666:
5664:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5636:
5633:
5630:
5627:
5624:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5563:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5497:
5495:Quorum sensing
5492:
5491:
5490:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5468:
5463:
5457:
5455:
5446:
5442:
5441:
5428:
5427:
5420:
5413:
5405:
5398:
5397:
5391:
5370:
5343:
5339:
5324:
5296:(4): 281–293.
5281:
5245:(3): 189–204.
5233:
5216:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5139:
5088:
5062:
5005:
4977:
4936:
4901:
4852:
4793:
4786:
4735:
4698:(2): 316–321.
4678:
4634:(9): 638–640.
4611:
4578:
4529:
4512:. p. 26.
4497:
4490:
4464:
4400:
4349:
4318:
4283:
4264:(2): 265–302.
4248:
4216:
4179:(3). Table 1.
4156:
4144:
4117:
4087:
4078:
4029:
4016:
3986:
3951:
3890:
3883:
3861:
3846:
3829:
3801:
3747:
3734:978-3642391491
3733:
3713:
3662:
3648:10.1086/425271
3621:
3568:
3552:
3525:
3488:PLOS Pathogens
3474:
3448:
3403:(5): L052301.
3380:
3359:(7): 911–916.
3339:
3297:
3277:
3251:
3229:
3180:
3161:
3134:
3074:
3059:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3012:
3000:
2990:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:E-epidemiology
2923:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2896:
2880:
2877:
2862:
2858:
2839:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2813:
2797:
2794:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2690:
2674:
2673:
2657:
2641:
2638:
2631:
2630:
2614:
2598:
2595:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2530:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2494:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2452:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2410:
2394:
2391:
2384:
2383:
2367:
2351:
2348:
2337:
2336:
2320:
2304:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2278:
2277:
2261:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2034:
2005:
2001:
1962:
1958:
1945:
1942:
1927:
1923:
1880:
1876:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1809:
1789:
1769:
1745:
1741:
1718:
1714:
1690:
1686:
1660:
1656:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1526:
1522:
1499:
1495:
1472:
1468:
1445:
1441:
1414:
1410:
1387:
1383:
1370:
1357:
1353:
1341:
1322:
1318:
1287:
1283:
1256:
1252:
1231:
1209:
1205:
1173:
1149:
1146:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1088:
1085:
1062:
1037:
1033:
1010:
1006:
982:
978:
965:
962:
952:is the second
940:
935:
931:
927:
905:
902:
899:
876:
873:
870:
864:
861:
858:
853:
848:
844:
840:
834:
829:
825:
798:Main article:
795:
792:
777:
773:
750:Main article:
747:
744:
742:
728:
724:
712:
697:
693:
664:
661:
627:
623:
618:
614:
611:
608:
582:
578:
573:
569:
530:
526:
521:
517:
514:
511:
489:
485:
464:
461:
456:
452:
431:
428:
423:
419:
388:
384:
358:
354:
330:
326:
303:
299:
266:
262:
239:
235:
212:
208:
187:
130:
126:
79:
75:
52:
48:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7155:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7125:
7123:
7106:
7103:
7102:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7058:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6956:
6950:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6911:Sterilization
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6879:Surgical mask
6877:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6837:
6836:Public health
6834:
6832:
6829:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6808:
6805:
6804:
6803:
6800:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6748:
6742:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6710:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6688:Phage therapy
6686:
6684:
6681:
6677:
6674:
6673:
6672:
6671:Immunotherapy
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6630:
6629:Antimicrobial
6627:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6578:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6522:
6520:Genitourinary
6519:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6510:
6507:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6483:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6378:in population
6374:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6342:Herd immunity
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6300:
6296:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6268:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6254:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6240:
6234:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6226:Genitourinary
6224:
6218:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6192:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6169:
6168:Contamination
6166:
6165:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6136:Vector-borne
6135:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6083:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6045:
6042:
6038:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6020:
6014:
6011:
6007:
6004:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5922:Cross-species
5919:
5916:
5912:
5905:
5902:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5876:
5873:
5869:
5863:
5862:Window period
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5827:Latent period
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5772:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5706:Deforestation
5704:
5702:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5659:
5651:Stress levels
5650:
5647:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5628:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5550:
5547:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5483:Pathogenicity
5481:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5438:
5434:
5426:
5421:
5419:
5414:
5412:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5394:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5371:
5357:
5341:
5337:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5235:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5219:
5194:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5143:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5092:
5077:
5073:
5066:
5058:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5009:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4981:
4973:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4940:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4905:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4800:
4798:
4790:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4739:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4682:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4599:
4595:
4594:The Telegraph
4590:
4582:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4520:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4501:
4494:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4412:
4404:
4396:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4363:PLOS Medicine
4360:
4353:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4322:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4299:(4): 88–153.
4298:
4294:
4287:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4252:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4220:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4163:
4161:
4153:
4148:
4130:
4129:
4121:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4082:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4049:(4): 281–93.
4048:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4019:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3990:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3913:q-bio/0503006
3909:
3906:(1): 119–26.
3905:
3901:
3894:
3886:
3884:0-471-49241-8
3880:
3876:
3872:
3865:
3857:
3850:
3842:
3841:
3833:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3806:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3754:
3752:
3736:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3717:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3584:(4): 365–82.
3583:
3579:
3572:
3564:
3563:
3556:
3548:
3544:
3541:(9): 813–29.
3540:
3536:
3529:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3453:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3385:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3247:
3240:
3239:"Notes On R0"
3233:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3168:
3164:
3162:1-74186-357-0
3158:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3141:
3139:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3079:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3041:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3007:
3005:
2989:
2975:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2959:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2897:
2894:
2883:
2876:
2860:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2835:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2770:Alpha variant
2767:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2749:Delta variant
2746:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2695:herd immunity
2689:
2683:
2681:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2589:2009 pandemic
2586:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2535:herd immunity
2529:
2523:
2521:
2511:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2349:
2346:
2345:2014 outbreak
2342:
2339:
2338:
2302:
2300:
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1335:drops below,
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6819:Notification
6790:Hand washing
6785:Food hygiene
6770:Disinfection
6666:Immunization
6617:Anthelmintic
6605:prophylactic
6493:Respiratory
6417:Hyperendemic
6367:WAIFW matrix
6321:
6022:Environment-
5775:Transmission
5751:Urbanization
5549:Host tropism
5445:Determinants
5431:Concepts in
5374:
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5293:
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4989:
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4593:
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4477:the original
4467:
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7072:Eradication
6983:Biosecurity
6708:Vaccination
6683:Inoculation
6661:Drug safety
6656:Combination
6583:and Control
6531:Soft tissue
6485:Anatomical
6452:Seasonality
6432:Mesoendemic
6412:Holoendemic
6405:Farr's laws
6317:Attack rate
6115:Animal bite
6111:Insect bite
6047:Respiratory
5674:Air quality
5662:Environment
5572:Comorbidity
5488:Attack rate
5471:Infectivity
5364:November 6,
5260:1874/383700
4998:January 25,
4519:10665/70863
3173:February 1,
2477:Body fluids
2473:Nipah virus
2350:Body fluids
2282:Common cold
2209:Body fluids
2088:(varicella)
1642:), such as
669:Ronald Ross
653:infectivity
169:vaccination
161:susceptible
116:), denoted
7122:Categories
6955:infections
6896:Sanitation
6864:Quarantine
6723:resistance
6641:Antiseptic
6622:Ascaricide
6612:Antifungal
6600:Antibiotic
6581:Prevention
6514:Intestinal
6447:Prevalence
6427:Inequality
6376:Occurrence
6175:Breastmilk
6059:Bioaerosol
6031:Sapronosis
6006:Horizontal
5878:Endogenous
5857:Viral load
5817:Index case
5329:"Notes on
4820:: 852–64.
3410:2112.07538
3310:(1): 1–4.
3259:Siegel E.
3036:References
2686:Values of
2680:SARS-CoV-2
2526:Values of
2238:Diphtheria
2086:Chickenpox
2030:Values of
1899:eigenvalue
7138:Pandemics
7133:Epidemics
7067:Discovery
6993:Disease X
6953:Emerging
6901:Screening
6802:Isolation
6646:Antiviral
6472:Twindemic
6422:Incidence
6299:Modelling
6262:Perinatal
6194:Cutaneous
6085:Linked to
5995:Perinatal
5914:Exogenous
5906:formation
5648:Pregnancy
5505:Endotoxin
5500:Virulence
5225:(Q901464)
5134:222145689
5039:1708-8305
4896:227259435
4712:2049-0801
4648:0042-9686
4604:March 30,
4457:March 18,
4193:1708-8305
4137:March 27,
3823:March 23,
3740:March 29,
3599:1874/8051
3443:245130970
3270:March 19,
3237:Jones J.
3069:881386962
2845:Contagion
2635:Influenza
2585:Influenza
2564:Influenza
2520:influenza
2388:Influenza
2172:Pertussis
2020:influenza
1826:half-life
1676:Although
1242:is used.
1129:γ
1126:β
1087:γ
1061:β
939:⟩
926:⟨
904:⟩
898:⟨
869:−
863:⟩
857:⟨
852:⟩
839:⟨
610:−
550:threshold
513:−
165:immunized
153:infection
151:), of an
6976:EARS-Net
6891:Safe sex
6843:services
6814:Lockdown
6585:measures
6487:location
6467:Syndemic
6462:Sporadic
6442:Pandemic
6437:Outbreak
6395:Epidemic
6248:Prenatal
6140:Mosquito
6024:to-human
5999:Neonatal
5992:Prenatal
5940:Zoonosis
5785:concepts
5716:Humidity
5701:Commerce
5577:Diabetes
5510:Exotoxin
5320:16849186
5277:10178944
5269:12211331
5193:33175914
5153:PLOS ONE
5126:33020250
5081:July 21,
5076:BBC News
5057:34369565
4972:26132768
4931:23911335
4888:33264545
4844:17634159
4781:28166851
4730:36845803
4666:33012864
4598:Archived
4573:31425581
4452:52799168
4444:11742399
4395:20585374
4344:11016876
4313:12174806
4241:June 17,
4232:Archived
4211:35262737
4112:28757186
4073:16849186
4023:March 2,
3981:18314231
3938:15178190
3818:vice.com
3796:21860658
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3334:30560777
3224:32620883
3129:19433588
2931:Epi Info
2879:See also
2787:COVID-19
2766:COVID-19
2745:COVID-19
2724:COVID-19
2204:HIV/AIDS
2188:Smallpox
2121:COVID-19
2024:COVID-19
1989:variants
1640:zoonoses
806:networks
145:R nought
6780:Hygiene
6718:booster
6651:Asepsis
6390:Endemic
6385:Cluster
5969:Source
5904:Biofilm
5741:Poverty
5711:Ecology
5689:El Niño
5642:Smoking
5520:factors
5461:Biofilm
5437:Outline
5311:1578275
5218:Scholia
5184:7657547
5161:Bibcode
5106:Bibcode
5098:Science
5048:8436367
4835:2680121
4772:9507849
4721:9949786
4657:7463189
4564:7312233
4424:Bibcode
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4278:8174658
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4064:1578275
3961:Vaccine
3946:7298792
3918:Bibcode
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3699:3782273
3608:2117040
3511:3320609
3415:Bibcode
3325:6302597
3202:Bibcode
3120:3735127
3099:Bibcode
3091:Science
2995:
2978:
2781:75–80%
2702:Disease
2542:Disease
2293:50–67%
2232:50–75%
2216:50–80%
2198:71–83%
2195:3.5–6.0
2166:80–86%
2148:83–86%
2138:Rubella
2132:65–89%
2129:2.9-9.5
2115:90–92%
2097:90–92%
2091:Aerosol
2080:92–94%
2073:Aerosol
2068:Measles
2046:Disease
1985:strains
1981:species
1901:of the
1644:malaria
1373:Use of
681:malaria
663:History
409:, when
155:is the
28:R-value
6988:CRISPR
6940:Zoning
6795:Gloves
6206:Fomite
6040:Routes
5935:Vector
5802:Fomite
5783:Basic
5746:Travel
5626:Gender
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7060:Other
6568:Fetus
6563:Mouth
6558:Tooth
6553:Blood
6540:Joint
6400:Curve
6270:Other
6217:wound
6215:Open
6185:Feces
6180:Water
5871:Modes
5729:Flood
5453:Agent
5359:(PDF)
5273:S2CID
5130:S2CID
5025:(7).
4892:S2CID
4816:(6).
4673:(PDF)
4624:(PDF)
4448:S2CID
4235:(PDF)
4132:(PDF)
3942:S2CID
3908:arXiv
3612:S2CID
3439:S2CID
3405:arXiv
3242:(PDF)
2954:Notes
2341:Ebola
2154:Polio
2112:10–12
2103:Mumps
2094:10–12
2077:12–18
1987:, or
279:is a
104:, or
6824:list
6745:Non-
6535:Bone
6527:Skin
6211:Soil
6201:Burn
6163:Food
6145:Tick
5807:Host
5567:Burn
5559:Host
5387:ISBN
5366:2018
5316:PMID
5265:PMID
5189:PMID
5122:PMID
5083:2021
5053:PMID
5035:ISSN
5000:2022
4968:PMID
4927:PMID
4884:PMID
4840:PMID
4777:PMID
4726:PMID
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4662:PMID
4644:ISSN
4606:2020
4569:PMID
4525:2-4.
4485:2020
4459:2020
4440:PMID
4391:PMID
4340:PMID
4309:PMID
4274:PMID
4243:2021
4207:PMID
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4108:PMID
4069:PMID
4025:2023
4012:ISBN
3977:PMID
3934:PMID
3879:ISBN
3825:2020
3792:PMID
3768:2011
3742:2015
3729:ISBN
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3604:PMID
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3516:PMID
3465:PMID
3431:PMID
3371:PMID
3330:PMID
3272:2020
3220:PMID
3175:2020
3157:ISBN
3125:PMID
3065:OCLC
3055:ISBN
2760:80%
2739:89%
2718:HIT
2693:and
2579:50%
2558:HIT
2533:and
2489:MERS
2299:Mpox
2222:SARS
2182:82%
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5114:doi
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4559:PMC
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3107:doi
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2825:71%
2816:65%
2809:3.4
2805:2.4
2800:2.9
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2757:5.1
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