998:, such as when grappling with a suspect. Besides the head, they were also used on the elbows, wrists, shins, collarbone, and groin. The flat sap, in particular, could be used to strike large muscle groups with the edge. In the early days of use, they were favored for their ability to stun or knock a suspect unconscious with a blow to the head. By the late 1960s head-strikes with impact weapons in general were strongly discouraged by most police departments and trainers because of the risk of death or permanent injury, as well as questionable effectiveness. By the 1990s virtually all modern police departments had phased them out from their issued equipment, and most banned their use entirely.
156:
39:
739:
opened by being swung forcefully while collapsed, using inertia to extend and lock the segments by friction. Some mechanical-lock versions can also be opened by simply pulling the segments apart. Depending on the design, expandable batons may be collapsed either by being brought down (inverted) on a hard surface or by depressing a button lock and manually collapsing the shafts. Additionally, the baton, in the collapsed configuration, may be used as a control device against non-compliant subjects in conjunction with
1137:
is palm upward, and the grip is closely choked to the bulb end. Another advantage to using a flashlight as a club is that in poorly lit situations it can be used to initially dazzle the eyes of an opponent. Law enforcement officers often deliberately shine flashlight beams into the eyes of suspects at night to cause temporary night-blindness as a preemptive defensive measure, whether or not the individual is likely to behave violently. The weight of a flashlight makes it a clumsy baton, unable to be swung swiftly.
357:
second, you're numbing the one part of the body that can stop him. If you use my method with one or two strikes and step back, he realizes that the thing has gone against him, and the confrontation is over. But if you hit him in the head and put him into a state of shock where he is almost immune to pain, and now enraged beyond reason, the only thing left for you to do is beat him into the ground. This is why so many police brutality charges came about when batons were used the old-fashioned way.
482:
143:. The usual striking or bludgeoning action is not produced by a simple and direct hit, as with an ordinary blunt object, but rather by bringing the arm down sharply while allowing the truncheon to pivot nearly freely forward and downward, so moving its tip much faster than its handle. Batons are also used for non-weapon purposes such as breaking windows to free individuals trapped in a vehicle, or turning out a suspect's pockets during a search (as a precaution against sharp objects).
852:
387:
2253:
1087:
616:
677:
751:
used in the UK and many other countries as a means of gaining entry quickly to a vehicle that contains offenders. In such a situation the baton is deployed and, due to the solid end of the device, is used to strike windows and/or windscreens of the vehicle to either gain entry or to stop the driver from seeing where they are going in circumstances where the officer has hit the screen while the vehicle is still in motion.
540:
fused together during manufacturing. One-piece designs are potentially stronger than two-piece designs, and have no risk of having a locking screw loosen from its threads. Other side-handle batons are two-piece in design (common among cheaper makes); the side-handle component is screwed into the primary shaft. The side handle may be removed from the shaft by the end-user, converting the side-handle into a straight baton.
168:
685:
2069:
2035:
1982:
471:
1013:
cattle prod, requiring the tip to be held against the target and then manually triggering a shock by a switch in the handle. Some more sophisticated designs carry a charge along the shaft's entire surface, administering a shock on contact. This later design is especially useful in preventing the officer from having their weapon grabbed and taken away by an assailant.
1136:
Characteristic of a flashlight used as a baton or club is the grip employed. Flashlights are commonly held with the bulb end pointing from the thumb side of the hand, such that it is pointing outward from the body when held palm upward. When wielded as a club, the bulb end points inward when the hand
965:
as a badge of office and discipline-enforcer, so some modern sources call this weapon a "bosun's cosh". The term "blackjack" is sometimes applied by early 20th-century maritime sources to a lead weight knotted or woven into the end of a short piece of rope that serves as a handle, though most sources
833:
Since early law enforcement professionals were very reliant on their batons there was a popular movement to outfit police batons with implements like whistles, torches/flashlights and tear gas. At least four models were built with weapon-retention devices that would deploy "sharp spikes or blades" in
539:
Side-handle batons are made in both fixed and collapsible models and may be constructed from a range of materials including wood, poly-carbonate, epoxy, aluminium, or a combination of materials. Some side-handle batons are one-piece design; the side-handle component and primary shaft are permanently
251:
Straight batons of rubber have a softer impact. Some of the kinetic energy bends and compresses the rubber and bounces off when the object is struck. Rubber batons are not very effective when used on the subject's arms or legs, and can still cause injury if the head is struck. That is why most police
990:
to differentiate it. The sap's flat profile makes it easier to carry in a pocket and spreads its impact out over a broader area, making it less likely to break bone. However, it can also be used to strike with the edge for more focused impact, though this was discouraged by most police departments
981:
Law enforcement sources from the mid-20th century preferred to divide these into two categories: "blackjacks", which have a mostly cylindrical striking head, and "saps" which have a flat, usually oval-shaped head. In common usage, however, these terms have become interchangeable, so a "sap" of this
730:
Expandable batons may have a solid tip at the outer end of the innermost shaft; the purpose of the solid tip is to maximize the power of a strike when the baton is used as an impact weapon. Expandable batons are made in both straight and side-handle configurations but are considerably more common in
413:
or wrapped grip, usually with a slightly thicker or tapering shaft and rounded tip. They are often made of hardwood, but in modern times are available in other materials such as aluminium, acrylic, and dense plastics and rubber. They range in size from short clubs less than 30 cm (1 ft) in
1154:
There are no restrictions about batons to the general public, but private security guards can only carry wooden or rubber batons (no length is specified) according to Law 7102/83. They may also carry electric shock batons if they have a Less-Lethal
Certification course. There is a general belief in
1012:
Stun batons are an unusual modern variation designed to administer an electric shock in order to incapacitate the target. They consist of an insulated handle and guard, and a rigid shaft usually a foot or more in length for delivering a shock. Many designs function like an elongated stun gun or a
750:
The expandable baton is provided to most officers in the
British police forces, the idea being that should violence suddenly escalate, the baton can be easily deployed but can be stowed neatly away so as not to affect movement due to its mounting point on the officer's clothing. It is also commonly
421:
Straightsticks tend to be heavier and have more weight concentrated in the striking end than other designs. This makes them less maneuverable, but theoretically would deliver more kinetic energy on impact. Most agencies have replaced the straightstick with other batons because of inconvenience to
356:
I've trained over 200 police departments, comprising over ten thousand men. In every class, I ask the officers if they've ever seen a subject subdued with one blow to the head. None of them ever have. What you're doing when you hit a man in the head is first, creating a serious danger of death, and
351:
tends to be narrow and unpredictable. Second, there were problems with reliability, as resistance to cerebral concussion varies widely between individuals, and head strikes that did not disable the suspect were found to merely escalate the encounter. Officer Arthur Lamb, a well-known trainer on the
1163:
There is no law that prohibits batons; except for spring-loaded batons, which are defined as a prohibited weapon under a regulation entitled "Regulations
Prescribing Certain Firearms and other Weapons, Components and Parts of Weapons, Accessories, Cartridge Magazines, Ammunition and Projectiles as
377:
around the world include many different designs, such as fixed-length straight batons, blackjacks, fixed-length side-handle batons, collapsible straight batons, and other more exotic variations. All types have their advantages and disadvantages. The design and popularity of specific types of baton
787:
A collapsible baton is essentially a heavy steel rod with usually a slightly wider tip, that concentrates the force of a blow more effectively and to a smaller area than a polycarbonate baton. This results in a strike that impacts harder to the muscle and causes deeper pain, removing the need for
763:
The collapsible shaft makes it easier for the officer to carry it and to sit in a car seat wearing it since when collapsed it is between 150 and 250 mm (6 and 10 in) long. This is contrasted with non-collapsible batons, which the officer may, as a measure of convenience, often resort to
1128:
Police officers may often choose to use such flashlights because they are viewed primarily as illumination devices; thus, if a police officer carries one in their hands during nighttime encounters with potentially violent subjects, it would be less likely to escalate the situation (by making the
973:
In the 20th century newer shorter (and more readily concealable) designs emerged that were predominantly made of stitched or braided leather, with a flexible spring inside the handle to impart a whip-like action to compensate for leverage and acceleration sacrificed to reduced overall length. To
738:
Depending on the holster or scabbard design, it may be possible to carry an expandable baton in either collapsed or expanded position, which would be helpful if an officer needed to holster an expanded baton and it was not possible or convenient to collapse it at the time. An expandable baton is
574:
When the side-handle baton is used as a simple bludgeon (without gripping the side-handle), it is less effective than a straight baton. Also, if an officer uses it incorrectly and strikes the subject with the end of the side handle while holding the baton from the other end it can cause serious
812:
Fixed batons may be inherently faster to bring into action because they do not need to be extended before usage as an impact weapon (unless one wishes to use a collapsible baton in collapsed form). It is, however, possible to deliver a strike whilst opening the baton in one fluid motion if the
559:
Due to its design, a side handle baton is generally used in a more defensive and less offensive manner than a straight baton, and thus it is less likely for an officer to "instinctively" use a side-handle baton as a simple bludgeon and direct indiscriminate strikes against a suspect. Also, the
1016:
Most batons of this design were not intended to be used as impact weapons and will break if used in this way, though a few were built to withstand occasional lighter impacts. They are rarely issued to patrol officers in modern times due to their price and the other associated problems with
422:
carry, and a desire for their officers to look less threatening to the community they serve. Despite having been replaced by side-handle and expandable batons in many (if not most) law enforcement agencies, straightsticks remain in use by many major departments in the US, such as the
279:
used to use two kinds of batons depending on the time. The one for daytime was called a day-stick and was 280 mm (11 in) in length. Another baton, that was used at night, was 660 mm (26 in) long and called a night-stick, which is the origin of the word
783:
A collapsible baton may be deployed against a suspect whether expanded or collapsed; expanded, the baton's reach is extended, but collapsed, the baton is handier in close quarters. This provides greater versatility in a wider range of environments over the fixed-length
1337:
opinion. Jurisdictions with general prohibitions will sometimes make exceptions for persons employed as security guards or bodyguards, will provide for permits to be obtained for legal carry, or make exceptions for persons who complete an appropriate training course.
767:
Non-collapsible batons are typically carried in a ring-type belt attachment. Fixed batons carried in such holders may easily fall out of the holder when the officer wearing the baton sprints. Neither holding the baton down in the ring with a hand nor holding the baton
308:. The baton is swung in fast, "snapping" strikes to these areas, sometimes only making contact with the tip. Taken together, these are intended to impair the subject's ability to continue advancing (by striking the leg) or attack (by striking the arm) by causing
501:
Side-handle batons (sometimes referred to as T-batons) are batons with a short side handle at a right angle to the shaft, about 150 mm (6 in) from one end. The main shaft is typically 61 cm (24 in) in length. They are derived from the
816:
If an expandable baton is of friction-lock design, as most are, there is an inherent risk that the baton may inadvertently close at an inopportune moment while being used to strike. This also prevents expandable batons from being used to prod or
1039:
above the handle. It was used in a similar manner to modern police batons and it continued to be issued in Japan to some police departments until the early 20th century. The jitte eventually inspired an early form of expandable baton called a
1295:, passed in May 2019, prohibits possession even in a private dwelling (e.g. home, closed off building site, behind a sales counter, etc.) previously, possession in private was permitted after meeting certain conditions based on ownership.
991:
for precisely this reason. Alternatively, some variants use lead shot, powdered metal, or even sand for the weight inside the head, usually called a "soft sap", which reduces the likelihood of bone fractures, particularly of the skull.
726:
inner shafts (typically 2 or 3, depending on the design) that lock into each other when expanded. The shafts are usually made of steel, but lightweight baton models may have their shafts made from other materials such as aluminum alloy.
347:. However, this practice had two major liabilities. First, there was a high risk and incidence of death or permanent injury, as the difference in force between that required to concuss a suspect into non-resistance and that which would
914:
The terminology applied to these weapons can be imprecise, depends on the source and time period, and may refer to an improvised device accomplishing the same result. Blackjacks have long been a favorite of the criminal element as a
1113:, still in use by some law enforcement and security personnel. Use of such flashlights as a club or baton is generally officially discouraged by the manufacturers and law enforcement officials, but its use is an option. As with all
146:
Some criminals use batons as weapons because of their simple construction and easy concealment. The use or carrying of batons or improvised clubs by people other than law enforcement officers is restricted by law in many countries.
801:
Some police may prefer to carry a fixed baton due to the greater intimidation it may provide. Similarly, a fixed baton serves better as a conspicuous symbol of authority (i.e., "badge of office") than a collapsed expandable
199:' as the Royal Crest attached to it indicated the policeman's authority. This was always removed when the equipment left official service (often with the person who used it). Earlier on, the word was used in vulgar Latin (
823:
Most expandable batons have most of their weight concentrated at the grip and the tip tends to be the lightest part since it is the thinnest part of the baton. As such it may deliver less forceful blows than a fixed
599:
It is a version of the side-handle baton released in the mid-1990s. It tries to address some of the disadvantages of straight, side and expandable batons and combine them with the strengths of the aforementioned.
1145:
Batons are legal for sworn law enforcement and military in most countries around the world. However, the legality of civilian carry for purpose-built batons varies greatly by country, and by local jurisdictions.
775:
In theory, the mere display of extending the baton may in some instances be terrifying to an aggressive person (due to both the sight and sound of the action, with a similar intimidation technique as used with
378:
have evolved over the years and are influenced by a variety of factors. These include inherent compromises in the dual (and competing) goals of control effectiveness and safety (for both officer and subject).
210:
The
Victorian original has since developed into the multitude of varieties available today. The typical truncheon is a straight stick made from wood or a synthetic material, approximately 32 mm (
1288:– defined as being a truncheon which extends automatically by hand pressure applied to a button, spring or other device in or attached to its handle – was banned in the original 1988 order.
1133:
canister instead. This permits the officer to appear less threatening while having an impact weapon in hand and ready for instantaneous action, should the situation indeed turn violent.
764:
removing from their belt when seating themselves in a vehicle. This often results in leaving the baton behind when an officer is exiting the vehicle, and not readily expecting trouble.
1311:, allow for legal carry in the absence of unlawful behavior or criminal intent. Others previously prohibited possession but constitutional challenges have overturned the bans, e.g.
2294:
568:
More training is required for an officer to fully utilize the potential of a side-handle baton compared to a straight baton. Its use is not as instinctive as the straight batons.
335:
Before the 1970s, a common use of the police baton was to strike a suspect's head with a full-force overhand motion in order to stun them or knock them unconscious by cerebral
556:
Subjectively, some officers may be able to deliver a strike of greater power with the side-handle baton (when used in conjunction with a "power stroke") over a straight baton.
805:
Fixed batons may often be less expensive than their collapsible counterparts of identical or similar quality. Because of this, some law enforcement departments, such as the
1324:
772:
the hand is a good solution. The typical collapsible straight baton and its scabbard do not suffer this and remain secure regardless of the wearing officer's movement.
1272:, where they were added in 2005), which prohibited their manufacture, sale, hire, offering for sale or hire, lending or giving to any other person under Section 141
224: in) in diameter and 460–910 mm (18–36 in) long, with a fluted handle to aid in gripping. Truncheons are often ornamented with their organizations'
1596:
1125:. The use of flashlights as improvised impact weapons is subject to the same use of force regulations as the use of purpose-designed impact weapons like batons.
1255:
2111:
405:
A straight, fixed-length baton (also commonly referred to as a "straightstick") is the oldest and simplest police baton design, known as far back as ancient
2318:
941:
A type used by 19th and early 20th century sailors for both self-defense and aggression was weighted with a lead ball at one or both ends of a piece of
938:, meaning "stick" or "piece of wood". The term "blackjack" referring to a hand weapon is of unknown etymology, and the earliest text reference is 1889.
834:
case a suspect tried to grab an officer's baton. There is even a mention of two early 20th century patents for batons with guns built into the frame in
1632:
1618:
560:
typically defensive stance the side-handle baton is used with is generally believed to present a more community-friendly image than a straight baton.
513:, and are used with a similar technique (although tonfa are usually used in pairs, whereas side-handle batons are not). The best-known example is the
1164:
Prohibited or
Restricted" (also capable of being referred to by its registration number: SOR 98–462). However, it is a crime under section 90 of the
584:
272:
is issued except for public order duties, where a fixed, acrylic baton is used. Side-handled batons were issued for a while, but fell out of favour.
550:
The side-handle component may aid in weapon retention, making it more difficult for a suspect to take the baton away from the officer in a struggle.
1684:
Broadsword And
Singlestick: with Chapters on Quarter-Staff, Bayonet, Cudgel, Shillalah, Walking-Stick, Umbrella, and Other Weapons of Self-Defense
1323:" weapons by non-law enforcement. Constitutional challenges to California's law had failed prior to the United States Supreme Court's decision in
930:" due to its wood handle), or euphemistically as a "life-preserver". The term "cosh" may also originate with this weapon, being derived from the
809:, may issue a fixed-length baton but have their officers/deputies purchase expandable batons at the option and expense of the individual officer.
547:
There is a far greater number of defensive techniques/maneuvers that may be used with the side-handle baton in contrast with the straight baton.
1851:
2273:
2230:
2192:
806:
1725:
From Romani kašt, piece of wood, timber; akin to
Sanskrit kāṣṭham, perhaps hypercorrection of Prakrit kaṭṭha, from earlier Indic *kṣṭa
435:
2128:
637:
264:. In Russia, traffic batons are striped in black and white for the same reason, and in Sweden they are white. Until the mid-1990s,
2268:
2288:
1881:
268:
officers carried traditional wooden truncheons of a sort that had changed little from
Victorian times. Since the late 1990s, the
2062:
2028:
1975:
1808:
1692:
1501:
1450:
994:
Blackjacks and saps were popular among law enforcement for a time due to their low profile, small size, and effectiveness in
1052:
Some non-purpose-built items have been used by law enforcement over the centuries as impact weapons. Some examples include:
2170:
2305:
856:
571:
The side-handle slightly increases overall weight and bulk of the baton compared to a straight baton of identical length.
1440:
2361:
1592:
1662:
1548:
1035:
police weapon consisting of a round or octagonal metal rod about 30–61 cm (12–24 in) long with a hook-like
663:
553:
The side-handle component prevents the baton from rolling far away if inadvertently dropped, unlike a straight baton.
903:
from the swing to it. The blow can be directed at any normal blunt force target, but delivered to the head induces
780:), and may thus de-escalate the situation through fear-motivated submission of the target without physical violence.
645:
252:
departments have stopped issuing them. The
Russian police standard-issue baton is rubber, except in places such as
1246:
All types of batons can be owned but not carried in public spaces by private citizens according to law (1988:254).
1709:
447:
276:
528:
One end, and the intersection between the shaft and the handle used to catch a long swung blunt or sharp weapon.
312:(temporary muscle pain, spasm and paralysis due to nerve injury). Modern systems strictly prohibit hitting the
641:
443:
2315:
1565:
1180:, any person who has possession of any prohibited items commits an offence, which includes expandable batons.
743:
control techniques, such as to remove a driver refusing to exit his or her vehicle. It can be used as a large
284:. The night-stick was longer so it could provide extra protection which was thought to be necessary at night.
2366:
820:
In a situation in which stealth is required, a collapsed baton may rattle, revealing the officer's position.
1825:
731:
the straight configuration. The best-known example of the straight expandable baton is the ASP Baton, from
490:
431:
2299:
423:
1226:) that is used during riot controlling or used when a person is arrested or for self or public defence.
1292:
1895:
1333:
found that
California's ban on club-like weapons was unconstitutional in light of the Supreme Court's
1106:
designed specifically to be useful as an emergency weapon, the best-known example is the large, metal
926:-covered lead ball as the head. This weapon is referred to by some sources as a "sap" (derived from "
260:
and break if struck. The traffic baton is red to make it more visible as a signaling aid in directing
1654:
1273:
995:
974:
balance forces and minimize unintended damage, this style came to employ a flexible material such as
907:. While usually meant to stun or knock out the subject, head strikes have a high risk of causing a
626:
427:
2371:
723:
630:
195:. The meaning "policeman's club" is first recorded 1856. The truncheon acted as the policeman's '
128:
93:
328:
unless such an attack is conducted in defense of life, with many jurisdictions considering this
2356:
1859:
1570:
1388:
1165:
908:
2171:"Federal judge in San Diego reverses self, rules California's billy-club ban unconstitutional"
1947:
1743:
2222:
2200:
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several strikes when targeting large muscle groups. Striking bones will cause serious damage.
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In modern police training, the primary targets are large nerve clusters, such as the
20:
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and varnished over. Some carefully made examples were likely to have been used by a
2335:
1540:
922:
A late 19th-century type is a wooden shaft about one foot long, with a leather- or
580:
362:
321:
2322:
1965:
1798:
1682:
1403:
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subject feel threatened) than if the officer were to be equipped with a baton or
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916:
740:
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394:
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293:
241:
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132:
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1075:
1056:
962:
958:
900:
348:
265:
192:
101:
97:
1784:
1651:
The Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-century Land Warfare: An Illustrated World View
1155:
Brazil that rubber batons are less prone to break bones than the wooden ones.
521:
within the law enforcement and security communities for this type of product.
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2264:
2259:
2073:
2039:
1986:
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884:
481:
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233:
176:
81:
1758:"blackjack | Origin and meaning of blackjack by Online Etymology Dictionary"
1757:
680:
ASP 53 cm (21 in) expandable baton in expanded and collapsed state
1303:
Legality is determined by the laws of the individual states. Some, such as
1130:
1118:
1061:
864:
579:
Side-handle batons have been involved in high-profile incidents of alleged
329:
229:
196:
89:
85:
30:
1928:
950:
946:
851:
543:
The advantages of a side-handle baton over a straight baton are numerous:
2310:
2000:
1467:"Baton | Origin and meaning of baton by Online Etymology Dictionary"
1198:
588:
531:
The side handle, and the long shaft held against the hand and forearm to
313:
309:
2053:"Criminal Justice Act 1988 (Offensive Weapons) Order 1988: Schedule"
1466:
813:
officer is correctly trained. This is called a "rapid response strike".
414:
length to 90-centimetre-long (3 ft) "riot batons" commonly used in
386:
1363:
1316:
1193:
1103:
1032:
904:
759:
The advantages of a collapsible baton over a fixed baton are numerous:
336:
301:
1966:"Criminal Justice Act 1988 (Offensive Weapons) (Amendment) Order 2004"
923:
1680:
1348:
1238:, telescopic truncheons are classified as illegal offensive weapons.
1177:
1107:
1091:
967:
954:
732:
714:
228:. Longer truncheons are called "riot batons" because of their use in
160:
1086:
615:
2001:
Criminal Justice Act 1988 (Offensive Weapons) (Scotland) Order 2005
1269:
1099:
398:
344:
225:
2258:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
676:
409:. It consists of little more than a long cylinder with a molded,
2291:—a UK government document comparing various types of baton] (PDF)
2072:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2038:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1985:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1882:"Use of Force Regulations for Flashlights Used as Impact weapons"
1674:
1378:
1308:
1304:
1256:
Police uniforms and equipment in the United Kingdom § Batons
1122:
1110:
1036:
927:
919:
weapon, and are illegal to privately own in many jurisdictions.
896:
860:
744:
494:
261:
257:
253:
245:
167:
140:
1669:
A weapon with a short shaft and weighted end used as a bludgeon.
1168:
to carry any weapon, including a baton, in a concealed fashion.
722:) is typically composed of a cylindrical outer shaft containing
191:, this name was first recorded in 1848 as slang for a burglars'
1276:. A loophole exists by way of martial arts weapons such as the
1070:
942:
684:
510:
374:
305:
297:
180:
124:
29:"Police club" redirects here. For the Iraqi football club, see
1383:
1358:
1277:
1189:
1026:
575:
injury (especially if the end of the handle is a large ball).
535:
and shield the arm against an expected blow from an attacker.
503:
475:
410:
406:
325:
1326:
New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen
84:
made of wood, rubber, plastic, or metal. It is carried as a
1927:
Equality, The Department of Justice and (25 January 2019).
1398:
1264:(PR-24) and friction-lock batons were added to the list of
888:
415:
2087:"FindLaw's Supreme Court of Connecticut case and opinions"
1280:
being legal to own, which is the exact same design as the
1117:, there have been many examples of misuse, such as in the
232:. Truncheons may have developed as a marriage between the
2311:
Article on "USE-OF-FORCE TACTICS AND NON-LETHAL WEAPONRY"
2112:"Second Amendment protects dirk knives and police batons"
1852:"Flashlights and Liability Reduction for Law Enforcement"
1066:
891:) weight attached to the end of a short shaft. A form of
470:
256:, where it can be cold enough that the rubber may become
136:
1526:
1319:
has a general prohibition against the carrying of all "
1796:
139:, or bludgeon), and it can aid in the application of
2306:
Article on the virtues of the telescopic steel baton
2295:
State of California Penal Code sections 12020—12040
1196:, police often carry a large bamboo stick called a
2334:is available for free viewing and download at the
2146:"People v. Davis, 214 Cal.App.4th 1322 | Casetext"
1528:
1176:According to Cap 217 (Weapons Ordinance), Laws of
982:latter kind is sometimes more precisely called a
2343:
1916:. Linguistic Society of India. 1975. p. 31.
1826:"Blackjacks off the table for Pittsburgh police"
1681:R.C. Allanson-Winn; C. Phillipps-Wolley (1890).
883:refer to any of several short, easily concealed
1708:Company, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing.
1438:
855:Two blackjacks and a hinged club on display at
42:A 1968-era Chicago Police helmet and billy club
19:"Billy Club" redirects here. For the film, see
1849:
1710:"The American Heritage Dictionary entry: cosh"
1633:"Beyond the baton: 5 forgotten police weapons"
1619:"Beyond the baton: 5 forgotten police weapons"
296:in the mid-thigh and large, easily targetable
183:carried truncheons about one foot long called
945:, which was then wrapped in woven or plaited
564:Side-handle batons have a few disadvantages:
393:riot officers with straightsticks during the
2277:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2019:"Criminal Justice Act 1988: Section 141"
1442:Fundamentals of Modern Police Impact Weapons
1329:. However, in 2024, US District Court Judge
1102:in the 1970s appears to have been the third
159:Early-20th-century police truncheons in the
2223:"California Penal Code Section 12020–12040"
2193:"California Penal Code Section 12000-12003"
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
797:Expandable batons have some disadvantages:
644:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
365:resulted in revised training for officers.
2289:Assessing the Expandable Side Handle Baton
1790:
491:33rd G8 summit#Protests and demonstrations
454:Police Departments. They also are used by
361:As a result, civil lawsuits and claims of
1896:"Cap 217, Weapons Ordinance of Hong Kong"
1817:
1750:
1701:
688:Swedish riot police with expandable baton
664:Learn how and when to remove this message
2263:
1926:
1417:
1085:
895:, these use a handle to accelerate the
850:
683:
675:
480:
469:
385:
166:
154:
37:
1946:(eISB), electronic Irish Statute Book.
1645:
1566:"Meurant's Red Squad baton up for sale"
1563:
807:Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department
594:
339:, similar to the pre-baton practice of
108:. The name baton comes from the French
2344:
2233:from the original on 16 September 2008
1948:"electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB)"
1599:from the original on 18 September 2008
1499:
1229:
1183:
846:
966:would consider this weapon a type of
418:or by officers mounted on horseback.
2325:—Article on the Rapid Rotation Baton
2173:. Associated Press. 26 February 2024
857:The Higgins Art Gallery & Museum
828:
642:adding citations to reliable sources
609:
127:a baton may be used defensively (to
1823:
1773:The hand-weapon so called from 1889
1707:
1593:"Police Baton (Minto Bar) for sale"
1527:Thorpe, Nick; James, Peter (1995).
13:
1945:
841:
493:in the protests against the G8 in
14:
2383:
2316:"Where have all the batons gone?"
2282:
1249:
909:permanent, disabling brain injury
696:(also referred to variously as a
112:(stick), derived from Old French
2300:"TSB45: The Baton of the Future"
2251:
2067:
2033:
1980:
1850:Gundy, Jess W. (9 August 2001).
1298:
1281:
792:
614:
381:
2215:
2185:
2163:
2138:
2121:
2104:
2079:
2045:
2011:
1992:
1958:
1939:
1920:
1906:
1888:
1874:
1843:
1797:Clifford Warren Ashley (1944).
1778:
1639:
733:Armament Systems and Procedures
287:
277:New York City Police Department
269:
203:—a stick helping walking, from
2302:—An article on the TSB45 Baton
1900:Hong Kong Police official site
1625:
1611:
1585:
1564:Gregory, Angela (6 May 2005).
1557:
1520:
1493:
1473:
1459:
1081:
485:Side-handle baton used by the
465:
16:Club of less than arm's length
1:
1410:
1047:
887:consisting of a dense (often
754:
603:
1929:"Frequently Asked Questions"
1171:
517:PR-24; "PR-24" has become a
7:
2331:The Expandable Baton (1997)
1341:
1140:
1001:
583:, such as in New Zealand's
189:Online Etymology Dictionary
80:) is a roughly cylindrical
10:
2388:
2031:, 1988 c. 33 (s. 141)
1655:W. W. Norton & Company
1293:Offensive Weapons Act 2019
1253:
1024:
1005:
487:German intervention forces
458:officers, as well as many
368:
150:
28:
18:
2362:Law enforcement equipment
1595:. Trade Me. 25 May 2005.
1274:Criminal Justice Act 1988
1241:
1223:
1215:
1207:
1158:
1149:
1031:The jitte was a Japanese
836:American Police Equipment
462:forces around the world.
1800:The Ashley Book of Knots
1439:Massad F. Ayoob (1978).
1020:
373:Batons in common use by
94:law-enforcement officers
2274:Encyclopædia Britannica
1952:www.irishstatutebook.ie
1389:Weighted-knuckle gloves
1313:Connecticut v. DeCiccio
1571:The New Zealand Herald
1095:
1017:electroshock weapons.
868:
689:
681:
498:
478:
402:
359:
310:transitory neurapraxia
172:
164:
43:
2065:, SI 1988/2019 (sch.)
2063:The National Archives
2029:The National Archives
1998:Scottish Parliament.
1976:The National Archives
1089:
854:
687:
679:
519:genericized trademark
484:
473:
456:NYPD Auxiliary Police
389:
354:
343:with the handle of a
294:common peroneal nerve
171:A modern wooden baton
170:
158:
131:) or offensively (to
41:
2367:Riot control weapons
2321:3 March 2016 at the
1884:. 10 September 2021.
1787:. frayedknotarts.com
1354:Flexible baton round
1286:telescopic truncheon
778:pump-action shotguns
638:improve this section
595:Rapid Rotation Baton
352:baton, once stated:
349:fracture their skull
300:groups, such as the
163:Police Centre Museum
2129:"Yukutake v. Lopez"
1824:Harding, Margaret.
1635:. 29 November 2016.
1621:. 29 November 2016.
1500:Brunisholz, Corey.
1315:(2009) and Hawaii.
1236:Republic of Ireland
1230:Republic of Ireland
1184:Indian subcontinent
1008:Electroshock weapon
984:flat sap, slap jack
847:Blackjacks and saps
585:1981 Springbok Tour
524:It can be held by:
187:. According to the
2203:on 1 December 2008
2058:legislation.gov.uk
2024:legislation.gov.uk
2006:legislation.gov.uk
1971:legislation.gov.uk
1914:Indian Linguistics
1742:has generic name (
1531:Ancient inventions
1291:Section 46 of the
1096:
899:core and transfer
869:
690:
682:
499:
479:
416:civil disturbances
403:
173:
165:
106:military personnel
98:correctional staff
44:
1810:978-0-385-04025-9
1785:Nautical Antiques
1694:978-1-58160-512-9
1687:. Paladin Press.
1452:978-0-398-03748-2
1374:Shillelagh (club)
1266:offensive weapons
829:Multi-tool batons
698:collapsible baton
674:
673:
666:
270:collapsible baton
2379:
2336:Internet Archive
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2255:
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2199:. Archived from
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2110:Volokh, Eugene.
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1541:Ballantine Books
1534:
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1513:
1504:. Archived from
1497:
1491:
1490:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1436:
1268:in 2004 (except
1225:
1217:
1209:
996:very close range
702:telescopic baton
694:expandable baton
669:
662:
658:
655:
649:
618:
610:
581:police brutality
363:police brutality
223:
222:
218:
215:
90:defensive weapon
2387:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2342:
2341:
2328:The short film
2323:Wayback Machine
2285:
2267:, ed. (1911). "
2252:
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2116:Washington Post
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1657:. p. 109.
1644:
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1591:
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1509:
1508:on 2 April 2012
1498:
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1479:
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1437:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1404:Kanak war clubs
1344:
1301:
1258:
1252:
1244:
1232:
1186:
1174:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1084:
1076:Pickaxe handles
1050:
1029:
1023:
1010:
1004:
978:as a weight.
917:concealed carry
911:or a fatality.
849:
844:
842:Similar weapons
831:
795:
757:
741:pain-compliance
670:
659:
653:
650:
635:
619:
606:
597:
508:Okinawan kobudō
468:
460:Military Police
401:in October 2008
384:
371:
290:
242:staff of office
220:
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153:
102:security guards
86:compliance tool
34:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2372:Clubs (weapon)
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2340:
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2326:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2292:
2284:
2283:External links
2281:
2280:
2279:
2265:Chisholm, Hugh
2245:
2244:
2214:
2184:
2162:
2137:
2120:
2103:
2078:
2044:
2010:
2004:as made, from
1991:
1978:, SI 2004/1271
1957:
1938:
1933:www.justice.ie
1919:
1905:
1887:
1873:
1862:on 11 May 2009
1842:
1816:
1809:
1789:
1777:
1762:etymonline.com
1749:
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1693:
1673:
1663:
1647:Farwell, Byron
1638:
1624:
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1584:
1556:
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1519:
1502:"NYPD History"
1492:
1486:Dictionary.com
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1115:police weapons
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1079:
1078:
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1064:
1059:
1049:
1046:
1044:in the 1960s.
1025:Main article:
1022:
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1006:Main article:
1003:
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988:beavertail sap
959:master-at-arms
901:kinetic energy
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2237:23 September
2235:. Retrieved
2226:
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2207:23 September
2205:. Retrieved
2201:the original
2196:
2187:
2175:. Retrieved
2165:
2153:. Retrieved
2150:casetext.com
2149:
2140:
2123:
2115:
2106:
2094:. Retrieved
2090:
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1830:TribLIVE.com
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230:riot control
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2096:18 November
1740:|last=
1282:PR-24 baton
1121:beating in
1082:Flashlights
963:ship's mate
724:telescoping
710:spring cosh
589:Rodney King
497:(June 2007)
466:Side-handle
185:billy clubs
2346:Categories
1445:. Thomas.
1411:References
1364:Knobkierie
1317:California
1260:Straight,
1254:See also:
1194:Bangladesh
1104:flashlight
1094:flashlight
1048:Improvised
1033:Edo period
957:or ship's
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871:The terms
755:Advantages
720:extendable
604:Expandable
474:A pair of
436:Long Beach
432:Sacramento
341:buffaloing
337:concussion
302:quadriceps
282:nightstick
64:billystick
60:billy club
56:nightstick
22:Billy Club
1349:Espantoon
1216:குறுந்தடி
1178:Hong Kong
1172:Hong Kong
976:lead shot
968:slungshot
955:boatswain
873:blackjack
625:does not
591:beating.
515:Monadnock
452:Riverside
440:Santa Ana
424:Baltimore
161:Edinburgh
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1767:30 March
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1597:Archived
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1141:Legality
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345:revolver
240:and the
207:—hold).
141:armlocks
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2227:FindLaw
2197:FindLaw
2091:Findlaw
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1379:Sjambok
1309:Arizona
1305:Vermont
1234:In the
1123:Detroit
1111:Maglite
1071:Paddles
951:codline
947:marline
928:sapling
924:macramé
861:Bedford
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745:kubotan
646:removed
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318:sternum
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258:brittle
254:Siberia
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932:Romani
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533:splint
511:weapon
450:, and
428:Denver
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375:police
306:biceps
298:muscle
181:London
133:strike
125:weapon
118:bastum
114:Baston
50:(also
24:(film)
2352:Crime
2269:Baton
2177:1 May
2132:(PDF)
1384:Tonfa
1369:Lathi
1359:Jitte
1335:Bruen
1278:Tonfa
1220:Hindi
1212:Tamil
1208:ବାଡ଼ି
1199:lathi
1190:India
1037:guard
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1021:Jitte
934:word
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476:tonfa
407:Egypt
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