1198:". To provide for contrast and visibility, metals should never be placed on metals, and colours should never be placed on colours. This rule does not apply to charges which cross a division of the field, which is partly metal and partly colour; nor, strictly speaking, does it prevent a field from consisting of two metals or two colours, although this is unusual. Furs are considered amphibious, and neither metal nor colour; but in practice ermine and erminois are usually treated as metals, while ermines and pean are treated as colours. This rule is strictly adhered to in British armory, with only rare exceptions; although generally observed in continental heraldry, it is not adhered to quite as strictly. Arms which violate this rule are sometimes known as "puzzle arms", of which the most famous example is the arms of the
865:, a diamond-shaped escutcheon, was traditionally used to display the arms of women, on the grounds that shields, as implements of war, were inappropriate for this purpose. This distinction was not always strictly adhered to, and a general exception was usually made for sovereigns, whose arms represented an entire nation. Sometimes an oval shield, or cartouche, was substituted for the lozenge; this shape was also widely used for the arms of clerics in French, Spanish, and Italian heraldry, although it was never reserved for their use. In recent years, the use of the cartouche for women's arms has become general in Scottish heraldry, while both Scottish and Irish authorities have permitted a traditional shield under certain circumstances, and in Canadian heraldry the shield is now regularly granted.
1739:
286:
3027:
422:, a series of military campaigns undertaken by Christian armies from 1096 to 1487, with the goal of reconquering Jerusalem and other former Byzantine territories captured by Muslim forces during the seventh century. While there is no evidence that heraldic art originated in the course of the Crusades, there is no reason to doubt that the gathering of large armies, drawn from across Europe for a united cause, would have encouraged the adoption of armorial bearings as a means of identifying one's commanders in the field, or that it helped disseminate the principles of armory across Europe. At least two distinctive features of heraldry are generally accepted as products of the crusaders: the
426:, an outer garment worn over the armor to protect the wearer from the heat of the sun, was often decorated with the same devices that appeared on a knight's shield. It is from this garment that the phrase "coat of arms" is derived. Also the lambrequin, or mantling, that depends from the helmet and frames the shield in modern heraldry, began as a practical covering for the helmet and the back of the neck during the Crusades, serving much the same function as the surcoat. Its slashed or scalloped edge, today rendered as billowing flourishes, is thought to have originated from hard wearing in the field, or as a means of deadening a sword blow and perhaps entangling the attacker's weapon.
1872:
2675:
218:
254:
1800:. This was originally a cloth worn over the back of the helmet as partial protection against heating by sunlight. Today it takes the form of a stylized cloak hanging from the helmet. Typically in British heraldry, the outer surface of the mantling is of the principal colour in the shield and the inner surface is of the principal metal, though peers in the United Kingdom use standard colourings (Gules doubled Argent - Red/White) regardless of rank or the colourings of their arms. The mantling is sometimes conventionally depicted with a ragged edge, as if damaged in combat, though the edges of most are simply decorated at the emblazoner's discretion.
1628:
the second is also repeated as the third. The quarters of a personal coat of arms correspond to the ancestors from whom the bearer has inherited arms, normally in the same sequence as if the pedigree were laid out with the father's father's ... father (to as many generations as necessary) on the extreme left and the mother's mother's...mother on the extreme right. A few lineages have accumulated hundreds of quarters, though such a number is usually displayed only in documentary contexts. The
Scottish and Spanish traditions resist allowing more than four quarters, preferring to subdivide one or more "grand quarters" into sub-quarters as needed.
306:
270:
242:
577:
arms to be easily distinguished in combat, heraldic artists designed increasingly elaborate achievements, culminating in the development of "landscape heraldry", incorporating realistic depictions of landscapes, during the latter part of the eighteenth and early part of the nineteenth century. These fell out of fashion during the mid-nineteenth century, when a renewed interest in the history of armory led to the re-evaluation of earlier designs, and a new appreciation for the medieval origins of the art. In particular, a late use of heraldic imagery has been in
876:, or powdered with small charges. The edges and adjacent parts of the escutcheon are used to identify the placement of various heraldic charges; the upper edge, and the corresponding upper third of the shield, are referred to as the chief; the lower part is the base. The sides of the shield are known as the dexter and sinister flanks, although these terms are based on the point of view of the bearer of the shield, who would be standing behind it; to the observer, and in all heraldic illustration, the dexter is on the left side, and the sinister on the right.
1665:
1701:
1091:, which is blue-grey on top and white underneath. To form the linings of cloaks, the pelts were sewn together, forming an undulating, bell-shaped pattern, with interlocking light and dark rows. The heraldic fur is depicted with interlocking rows of argent and azure, although the shape of the pelts, usually referred to as "vair bells", is usually left to the artist's discretion. In the modern form, the bells are depicted with straight lines and sharp angles, and meet only at points; in the older, undulating pattern, now known as
7023:
188:, compiled in 1486, declares that Christ himself was a gentleman of coat armour. These claims are now regarded as the fantasy of medieval heralds, as there is no evidence of a distinctive symbolic language akin to that of heraldry during this early period; nor do many of the shields described in antiquity bear a close resemblance to those of medieval heraldry; nor is there any evidence that specific symbols or designs were passed down from one generation to the next, representing a particular person or line of descent.
1191:, or the colour of nature. This does not seem to have been done in the earliest heraldry, but examples are known from at least the seventeenth century. While there can be no objection to the occasional depiction of objects in this manner, the overuse of charges in their natural colours is often cited as indicative of bad heraldic practice. The practice of landscape heraldry, which flourished in the latter part of the eighteenth and early part of the nineteenth century, made extensive use of non-heraldic colours.
7055:
1291:
336:
3011:
20:
1689:
3043:
1653:
7389:
3062:
745:
1713:
1677:
1635:, a small shield placed in front of the main shield. In Britain this is most often an "escutcheon of pretence" indicating, in the arms of a married couple, that the wife is an heraldic heiress (i.e., she inherits a coat of arms because she has no brothers). In continental Europe an inescutcheon (sometimes called a "heart shield") usually carries the ancestral arms of a monarch or noble whose domains are represented by the quarters of the main shield.
733:
2056:
1553:
1064:, representing the black tip of the animal's tail. Ermine was traditionally used to line the cloaks and caps of the nobility. The shape of the heraldic ermine spot has varied considerably over time, and nowadays is typically drawn as an arrowhead surmounted by three small dots, but older forms may be employed at the artist's discretion. When the field is sable and the ermine spots argent, the same pattern is termed
517:, in which they traveled about the country, recording arms borne under proper authority, and requiring those who bore arms without authority either to obtain authority for them, or cease their use. Arms borne improperly were to be taken down and defaced. The first such visitation began in 1530, and the last was carried out in 1700, although no new commissions to carry out visitations were made after the accession of
938:
450:
1321:. Many coats of arms consist simply of a division of the field into two contrasting tinctures. These are considered divisions of a shield, so the rule of tincture can be ignored. For example, a shield divided azure and gules would be perfectly acceptable. A line of partition may be straight or it may be varied. The variations of partition lines can be wavy, indented, embattled, engrailed,
392:, who died in 1151. An enamel, probably commissioned by Geoffrey's widow between 1155 and 1160, depicts him carrying a blue shield decorated with six golden lions rampant. He wears a blue helmet adorned with another lion, and his cloak is lined in vair. A medieval chronicle states that Geoffrey was given a shield of this description when he was knighted by his father-in-law,
2377:
415:, who succeeded his father on the throne, is believed to have been the first to have borne the arms of three lions passant-guardant, still the arms of England, having earlier used two lions rampant combatant, which arms may also have belonged to his father. Richard is also credited with having originated the English crest of a lion statant (now statant-guardant).
285:
2853:
of arms had not been previously used in
Ottoman Empire, it was designed after this request and the final design was adopted by Sultan Abdul Hamid II on April 17, 1882. It included two flags: the flag of the Ottoman Dynasty, which had a crescent and a star on red base, and the flag of the Islamic Caliph, which had three crescents on a green base.
1099:, the bells of each tincture are curved and joined at the base. There is no fixed rule as to whether the argent bells should be at the top or the bottom of each row. At one time vair commonly came in three sizes, and this distinction is sometimes encountered in continental heraldry; if the field contains fewer than four rows, the fur is termed
3204:"There are no fixed shades for heraldic colours. If the official description of a coat of arms gives its tinctures as Gules (red), Azure (blue) and Argent (white or silver) then, as long as the blue is not too light and the red not too orange, purple or pink, it is up to the artist to decide which particular shades they think are appropriate."
540:; but all of the arms granted by the college are granted by the authority of the crown. In Scotland Court of the Lord Lyon King of Arms oversees the heraldry, and holds court sessions which are an official part of Scotland's court system. Similar bodies regulate the granting of arms in other monarchies and several members of the
174:, who were commanded to gather beneath these emblems and declare their pedigrees. The Greek and Latin writers frequently describe the shields and symbols of various heroes, and units of the Roman army were sometimes identified by distinctive markings on their shields. At least one pre-historic European object, the
103:. It is often claimed that the use of helmets with face guards during this period made it difficult to recognize one's commanders in the field when large armies gathered together for extended periods, necessitating the development of heraldry as a symbolic language, but there is little support for this view.
802:" technically refers to the shield of arms itself, but the phrase is commonly used to refer to the entire achievement. The one indispensable element of a coat of arms is the shield; many ancient coats of arms consist of nothing else, but no achievement or armorial bearings exists without a coat of arms.
2263:
fields are distinctive features of Gallo-British heraldry (in
Scotland the most significant mark of cadency being the bordure, the small brisures playing a very minor role). Marks of cadency are mandatory in Scotland, where no two persons can own identical arms at a time. It is common to see heraldic
1411:
Ordinaries may appear in parallel series, in which case blazons in
English give them different names such as pallets, bars, bendlets, and chevronels. French blazon makes no such distinction between these diminutives and the ordinaries when borne singly. Unless otherwise specified an ordinary is drawn
1012:
in genuine heraldry, as well as the desire to create new and unique designs, the use of these colours for general purposes has become accepted in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Occasionally one meets with other colours, particularly in continental heraldry, although they are not generally
356:
of
England in 1066, and probably commissioned about 1077, when the cathedral of Bayeux was rebuilt, depicts a number of shields of various shapes and designs, many of which are plain, while others are decorated with dragons, crosses, or other typically heraldic figures. Yet no individual is depicted
347:
The development of the modern heraldic language cannot be attributed to a single individual, time, or place. Although certain designs that are now considered heraldic were evidently in use during the eleventh century, most accounts and depictions of shields up to the beginning of the twelfth century
106:
The perceived beauty and pageantry of heraldic designs allowed them to survive the gradual abandonment of armour on the battlefield during the seventeenth century. Heraldry has been described poetically as "the handmaid of history", "the shorthand of history", and "the floral border in the garden of
2881:. When al-Masudi talks about Sasanians, he describes their arms as "flags of Persians and their emblems" (رایات الفرس و أعلامهم). In the world of "pahlavans" (پهلوانان) of Iranian national narratives, as same as the world of European knights, each army under the command of a pahlavan from one of the
2852:
Every sultan of the
Ottoman Empire had his own monogram, called the tughra, which served as a royal symbol. A coat of arms in the European heraldic sense was created in the late 19th century. Hampton Court requested from Ottoman Empire the coat of arms to be included in their collection. As the coat
2002:
almost simultaneously in the various countries. Originally, heraldic style was very similar from country to country. Over time, heraldic tradition diverged into four broad styles: German-Nordic, Gallo-British, Latin, and
Eastern. In addition, it can be argued that newer national heraldic traditions,
576:
As the rise of firearms rendered the mounted knight increasingly irrelevant during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and the tournament faded into history, the military character of heraldry gave way to its use as a decorative art. Freed from the limitations of actual shields and the need for
469:
In the earliest period, arms were assumed by their bearers without any need for heraldic authority. However, by the middle of the fourteenth century, the principle that only a single individual was entitled to bear a particular coat of arms was generally accepted, and disputes over the ownership of
1909:
Another addition that can be made to a coat of arms is the insignia of a baronet or of an order of knighthood. This is usually represented by a collar or similar band surrounding the shield. When the arms of a knight and his wife are shown in one achievement, the insignia of knighthood surround the
825:
displayed on a ribbon, typically below the shield. The helmet is borne of right, and forms no part of a grant of arms; it may be assumed without authority by anyone entitled to bear arms, together with mantling and whatever motto the armiger may desire. The crest, however, together with the torse
181:
Until the nineteenth century, it was common for heraldic writers to cite examples such as these, and metaphorical symbols such as the "Lion of Judah" or "Eagle of the
Caesars" as evidence of the antiquity of heraldry itself; and to infer therefrom that the great figures of ancient history bore arms
1627:
Quarters are numbered from the dexter chief (the corner nearest to the right shoulder of a man standing behind the shield), proceeding across the top row, and then across the next row and so on. When three coats are quartered, the first is repeated as the fourth; when only two coats are quartered,
3194:
For instance, the arms of Lewes Old
Grammar School, granted October 25, 2012: "Murrey within an Orle of eight Crosses crosslet Argent a Lion rampant Or holding in the forepaws a Book bound Azure the spine and the edges of the pages Gold" and those of Woolf, granted October 2, 2015: "Murrey a Snow
1343:
In the early days of heraldry, very simple bold rectilinear shapes were painted on shields. These could be easily recognized at a long distance and could be easily remembered. They therefore served the main purpose of heraldry: identification. As more complicated shields came into use, these bold
380:
In
England, from the time of the Norman conquest, official documents had to be sealed. Beginning in the twelfth century, seals assumed a distinctly heraldic character; a number of seals dating from between 1135 and 1155 appear to show the adoption of heraldic devices in England, France, Germany,
2324:
is characterized by a lack of crests, and uniquely shaped shields. Portuguese heraldry, however, does use crests. Portuguese and Spanish heraldry, which together form a larger Iberian tradition of heraldry, occasionally introduce words to the shield of arms, a practice usually avoided in British
2122:
generally change very little over time. Marks of difference are very rare in this tradition, as are heraldic furs. One of the most striking characteristics of German-Nordic heraldry is the treatment of the crest. Often, the same design is repeated in the shield and the crest. The use of multiple
1769:
The modern crest has grown out of the three-dimensional figure placed on the top of the mounted knights' helms as a further means of identification. In most heraldic traditions, a woman does not display a crest, though this tradition is being relaxed in some heraldic jurisdictions, and the stall
857:
The primary element of a heraldic achievement is the shield, or escutcheon, upon which the coat of arms is depicted. All of the other elements of an achievement are designed to decorate and complement these arms, but only the shield of arms is required. The shape of the shield, like many other
1426:
A charge is any object or figure placed on a heraldic shield or on any other object of an armorial composition. Any object found in nature or technology may appear as a heraldic charge in armory. Charges can be animals, objects, or geometric shapes. Apart from the ordinaries, the most frequent
3124:
Only four lions are visible in this depiction, in which the shield is shown in profile, but judging from their position, there must have been six; the tomb of Geoffrey's grandson, William Longspée, shows him bearing an apparently identical shield, but on this all six lions are at least partly
2468:
True heraldry, as now generally understood, has its roots in medieval Europe. However, there have been other historical cultures which have used symbols and emblems to represent families or individuals, and in some cases these symbols have been adopted into Western heraldry. For example, the
829:
If the bearer is entitled to the ribbon, collar, or badge of a knightly order, it may encircle or depend from the shield. Some arms, particularly those of the nobility, are further embellished with supporters, heraldic figures standing alongside or behind the shield; often these stand on a
560:
and corporations, including many cities and towns, assumed or obtained grants of arms, with only nominal military associations. Heraldic devices were depicted in various contexts, such as religious and funerary art, and in using a wide variety of media, including stonework, carved wood,
2325:
heraldry. Latin heraldry is known for extensive use of quartering, because of armorial inheritance via the male and the female lines. Moreover, Italian heraldry is dominated by the Roman Catholic Church, featuring many shields and achievements, most bearing some reference to the Church.
1924:
Since arms pass from parents to offspring, and there is frequently more than one child per couple, it is necessary to distinguish the arms of siblings and extended family members from the original arms as passed on from eldest son to eldest son. Over time several schemes have been used.
2937:
and other related projects. Modern armigers use heraldry to express ancestral and personal heritage as well as professional, academic, civic, and national pride. Little is left of class identification in modern heraldry, where the emphasis is more than ever on expression of identity.
1543:
branches of a family from the senior line. These cadency marks are usually shown smaller than normal charges, but it still does not follow that a shield containing such a charge belongs to a cadet branch. All of these charges occur frequently in basic undifferenced coats of arms.
1986:, apply to the physical and artistic form of newly created arms, and a thorough understanding of these rules is essential to the art of heraldry. Though heraldic forms initially were broadly similar across Europe, several national styles had developed by the end of the
842:
may be displayed. The most elaborate achievements sometimes display the entire coat of arms beneath a pavilion, an embellished tent or canopy of the type associated with the medieval tournament, though this is only very rarely found in English or Scots achievements.
2832:. As they were usually inscribed using heavy and unwieldy instruments, such as knives or brands, and on different surfaces (meaning that their appearance could vary somewhat), tamgas were always simple and stylised, and needed to be laconic and easily recognisable.
1118:, in which alternating rows are reversed, so that the bases of the vair bells of each tincture are joined to those of the same tincture in the row above or below. When the rows are arranged so that the bells of each tincture form vertical columns, it is termed
556:. The opportunity for knights and lords to display their heraldic bearings in a competitive medium led to further refinements, such as the development of elaborate tournament helms, and further popularized the art of heraldry throughout Europe. Prominent
217:
2819:
Unlike European coats of arms, tamgas were not always inherited, and could stand for families or clans (for example, when denoting territory, livestock, or religious items) as well as for specific individuals (such as when used for weapons, or for royal
1008:, from the belief that they were used to represent some dishonourable act, although in fact there is no evidence that this use existed outside of fanciful heraldic writers. Perhaps owing to the realization that there is really no such thing as a
411:, who died in 1189. Since Henry was the son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, it seems reasonable to suppose that the adoption of lions as an heraldic emblem by Henry or his sons might have been inspired by Geoffrey's shield. John's elder brother,
4724:
438:, originally a type of messenger employed by noblemen, assumed the responsibility of learning and knowing the rank, pedigree, and heraldic devices of various knights and lords, as well as the rules governing the design and description, or
1886:
are human or animal figures or, very rarely, inanimate objects, usually placed on either side of a coat of arms as though supporting it. In many traditions, these have acquired strict guidelines for use by certain social classes. On the
364:
at the beginning of the twelfth century describes their shields of polished metal, devoid of heraldic design. A Spanish manuscript from 1109 describes both plain and decorated shields, none of which appears to have been heraldic. The
1161:
of other colours may also be found. Usually vairé will consist of one metal and one colour, but ermine or one of its variations may also be used, and vairé of four tinctures, usually two metals and two colours, is sometimes found.
2698:, most such devices are not actually coats of arms in the traditional heraldic sense and should therefore, in a strict sense, not be called arms at all. Many communist governments purposely diverged from the traditional forms of
305:
107:
history". In modern times, individuals, public and private organizations, corporations, cities, towns, regions, and other entities use heraldry and its conventions to symbolize their heritage, achievements, and aspirations.
2779:
peoples and by cultures influenced by them. The tamga was normally the emblem of a particular tribe, clan or family. They were common among the Eurasian nomads throughout Classical Antiquity and the Middle Ages (including
1379:
There is a separate class of charges called sub-ordinaries which are of a geometrical shape subordinate to the ordinary. According to Friar, they are distinguished by their order in blazon. The sub-ordinaries include the
2885:
identified by a nišān on its flag. Usually, when the pahlavans were presented in the court of the king of Iran, they were distinguishing each troop from another with a flag which had their lords' nišāns on itself.
588:
during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Since the late nineteenth century, heraldry has focused on the use of varied lines of partition and little-used ordinaries to produce new and unique designs.
2991:
granting rights to arms and recognizing possession of arms as well as protecting against their misuse. Countries without heraldic authorities usually treat coats of arms as creative property in the manner of
2443:
system – often, entire villages or military groups were granted the same coat of arms irrespective of family relationships. In Poland, nearly six hundred unrelated families are known to bear the same
385:, in 1164. Seals from the latter part of the eleventh and early twelfth centuries show no evidence of heraldic symbolism, but by the end of the twelfth century, seals are uniformly heraldic in nature.
2824:). One could also adopt the tamga of one's master or ruler, therefore signifying said master's patronage. Outside of denoting ownership, tamgas also possessed religious significance, and were used as
1574:
two or more coats of arms is to combine them in one shield, to express inheritance, claims to property, or the occupation of an office. This can be done in a number of ways, of which the simplest is
2195:. Dutch heraldry is characterised by its simple and rather sober style, and in this sense, is closer to its medieval origins than the elaborate styles which developed in other heraldic traditions.
3163:
shield; the Scottish Public Register specifies an oval escutcheon for the Lanarkshire Master Plumbers' and Domestic Engineers' Association, and a square shield for the Anglo Leasing organisation.
442:
of arms, and the precedence of their bearers. As early as the late thirteenth century, certain heralds in the employ of monarchs were given the title "King of Heralds", which eventually became "
544:, but in most other countries there is no heraldic authority, and no law preventing anyone from assuming whatever arms they please, provided that they do not infringe upon the arms of another.
2980:
uses traditional heraldic symbols to depict the harnessing of atomic power. Locations with strong associations to particular industries may incorporate associated symbols. The coat of arms of
2953:, religious institutions, and the military. Nations and their subdivisions – provinces, states, counties, cities, etc. – continue to build on the traditions of civic heraldry. The
1906:, or higher, he may display a coronet of rank above the shield. In the United Kingdom, this is shown between the shield and helmet, though it is often above the crest in Continental heraldry.
879:
The placement of various charges may also refer to a number of specific points, nine in number according to some authorities, but eleven according to others. The three most important are
858:
details, is normally left to the discretion of the heraldic artist, and many different shapes have prevailed during different periods of heraldic design, and in different parts of Europe.
1895:, a few baronets, senior members of orders of knighthood, and some corporate bodies are granted supporters. Often, these can have local significance or a historical link to the armiger.
2733:
in 1989–1991, this style of heraldry was often abandoned for the old heraldic practices, with many new governments reinstating the traditional heraldry that was previously cast aside.
2828:
to protect one from curses (it was believed that, as symbols of family, tamgas embodied the power of one's heritage). Tamgas depicted geometric shapes, images of animals, items, or
2503:
Ancient Greeks were among the first civilizations to use symbols consistently in order to identify a warrior, clan or a state. The first record of a shield blazon is illustrated in
99:, both the form and use of such devices varied widely, as the concept of regular, hereditary designs, constituting the distinguishing feature of heraldry, did not develop until the
2865:
is 𐭥𐭢𐭱𐭠𐭥 which is read as nišān (Persian: نشان). In Islamic sources there are some references to the existence of nišāns in ancient Iran. It is suggested that the words arms,
809:
placed above the shields. These in turn came to be decorated with fan-shaped or sculptural crests, often incorporating elements from the shield of arms; as well as a wreath or
872:, which may be plain, consisting of a single tincture, or divided into multiple sections of differing tinctures by various lines of partition; and any part of the field may be
2264:
furs used. In the United Kingdom, the style is notably still controlled by royal officers of arms. French heraldry experienced a period of strict rules of construction under
2123:
crests is also common. The crest is rarely used separately as in British heraldry, but can sometimes serve as a mark of difference between different branches of a family.
5010:
Kalani, Reza. 2017. Multiple Identification Alternatives for Two Sassanid Equestrians on Fīrūzābād I Relief: A Heraldic Approach, Tarikh Negar Monthly, Tehran, p3: note.6
3185:
applies specifically to the colours, rather than to the metals or the furs; but for lack of another term including all three, it is regularly used in this extended sense.
2176:. Any person could develop and use a coat of arms if they wished to do so, provided they did not usurp someone else's arms, and historically, this right was enshrined in
1847:
is a phrase or collection of words intended to describe the motivation or intention of the armigerous person or corporation. This can form a pun on the family name as in
3026:
1855:. Mottoes are generally changed at will and do not make up an integral part of the armorial achievement. Mottoes can typically be found on a scroll under the shield. In
1126:, which is similar to vair in pale, but diagonal. When alternating rows are reversed as in counter-vair, and then displaced by half the width of one bell, it is termed
1557:
1060:, a type of weasel, in its white winter coat, when it is called an ermine. It consists of a white, or occasionally silver field, powdered with black figures known as
299:, a medieval copy of a Late Roman register of military commands. However, it is likely the art on the shields are made to fit the time/age and not from the original.
269:
2894:
Today, institutions, companies, and private persons continue using coats of arms as their pictorial identification. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the English
1142:-shaped figure, known as a potent from its resemblance to a crutch. Although it is really just a variation of vair, it is frequently treated as a separate fur.
1624:) after the 13th century. As the name implies, the usual number of divisions is four, but the principle has been extended to very large numbers of "quarters".
1134:, in which each vair bell is divided in half vertically, with half argent and half azure. All of these variations can also be depicted in the form known as
532:, through which all new grants of arms would eventually be issued. The college currently consists of three Kings of Arms, assisted by six Heralds, and four
1758:
the word "crest" is commonly (but erroneously) used to refer to an entire heraldic achievement of armorial bearings. The technical use of the heraldic term
1348:. Unless otherwise specified they extend to the edges of the field. Though ordinaries are not easily defined, they are generally described as including the
972:, representing gold and silver, respectively, although in practice they are usually depicted as yellow and white. Five colours are universally recognized:
253:
140:
Various symbols have been used to represent individuals or groups for thousands of years. The earliest representations of distinct persons and regions in
2127:
is optional. Heraldic courtoisie is observed: that is, charges in a composite shield (or two shields displayed together) usually turn to face the centre.
357:
twice bearing the same arms, nor are any of the descendants of the various persons depicted known to have borne devices resembling those in the tapestry.
2907:
1589:– combining the dexter half of one coat with the sinister half of another – because dimidiation can create ambiguity between, for example, a
241:
4027:
2717:, when many other communist states were established. Even a few non-socialist states have adopted the style, for various reasons—usually because
773:
2448:. Marks of cadency are almost unknown, and shields are generally very simple, with only one charge. Many heraldic shields derive from ancient
2180:. As a result, many merchant families had coats of arms even though they were not members of the nobility. These are sometimes referred to as
5271:
The General Armory of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales; Comprising a Registry of Armorial Bearings from the Earliest to the Present Time
2972:
incorporate symbols such as guns, airplanes, or locomotives. Some scientific institutions incorporate symbols of modern science such as the
1943:, or rules governing word order, which becomes essential for comprehension when blazoning a complex coat of arms. The verb comes from the
1184:
Considerable latitude is given to the heraldic artist in depicting the heraldic tinctures; there is no fixed shade or hue to any of them.
40:
is a discipline relating to the design, display and study of armorial bearings (known as armory), as well as related disciplines, such as
3993:
Hartemink R. 1996. South African Civic Heraldry-Bophuthatswana. Ralf Hartemink, The Netherlands. Accessed October 19, 2006. Available at
3172:
Because most shields are widest at the chief, and narrow to a point at the base, fess point is usually slightly higher than the midpoint.
1770:
plate of Lady Marion Fraser in the Thistle Chapel in St Giles, Edinburgh, shows her coat on a lozenge but with helmet, crest, and motto.
5791:
3115:
This was undertaken by Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, and half-brother of William I, whose conquest of England is commemorated by the tapestry.
403:, but the earliest evidence of the association of lions with the English crown is a seal bearing two lions passant, used by the future
3964:
2968:
Many of these institutions have begun to employ blazons representing modern objects. For example, some heraldic symbols issued by the
144:
art show the use of standards topped with the images or symbols of various gods, and the names of kings appear upon emblems known as
2984:
in Sweden incorporates a hydrocarbon molecule, alluding to the historical significance of the petrochemical industry in the region.
4883:
2969:
1807:. Members of the clergy may display appropriate headwear. This often takes the form of a small crowned, wide brimmed hat called a
945:
One of the most distinctive qualities of heraldry is the use of a limited palette of colours and patterns, usually referred to as
6079:
6421:
2977:
2800:). Similar "tamga-like" symbols were sometimes also adopted by sedentary peoples adjacent to the Pontic-Caspian steppe both in
1876:
2328:
Trees are frequent charges in Latin arms. Charged bordures, including bordures inscribed with words, are seen often in Spain.
1344:
shapes were set apart in a separate class as the "honourable ordinaries". They act as charges and are always written first in
4612:
2903:
231:
3100 BC. The top row depicts four men carrying standards. Directly above them is a serekh containing the name of the king,
6385:
5214:
1910:
husband's arms only, and the wife's arms are customarily surrounded by an ornamental garland of leaves for visual balance.
1187:
Whenever an object is depicted as it appears in nature, rather than in one or more of the heraldic tinctures, it is termed
470:
arms seems to have led to gradual establishment of heraldic authorities to regulate their use. The earliest known work of
389:
340:
29:
was made in the late 15th century and illustrates the German practice of repeating themes from the arms in the crest. (See
4529:
2713:
was the first state to use this type of emblem, beginning at its creation in 1922. The style became more widespread after
496:. The continued proliferation of arms, and the number of disputes arising from different men assuming the same arms, led
2929:
Heraldic societies abound in Africa, Asia, Australasia, the Americas and Europe. Heraldry aficionados participate in the
3042:
1939:
To "blazon" arms means to describe them using the formal language of heraldry. This language has its own vocabulary and
1621:
5851:
5689:
3240:
2847:
2470:
1165:
Three additional furs are sometimes encountered in continental heraldry; in French and Italian heraldry one meets with
766:
3134:
The term "coat of arms" is sometimes used to refer to the entire achievement, of which the shield is the central part.
5737:
5710:
5654:
5632:
5581:
5466:
5447:
5428:
5399:
5380:
5357:
5224:
4971:
4931:
3143:
There are exceptions to this rule, in which the shape of the escutcheon is specified in the blazon; for example, the
1828:
2869:, and nišān are oscillating on a same semantic context as they all satisfy a similar need: Heraldic identification.
2172:
were not controlled by an official heraldic system like the two in the United Kingdom, nor were they used solely by
2930:
2678:
1863:, it is usually shown on a scroll above the crest, and may not be changed at will. A motto may be in any language.
1781:. Crest-coronets are generally simpler than coronets of rank, but several specialized forms exist; for example, in
3010:
4961:
3560:
2726:
1738:
1412:
with straight lines, but each may be indented, embattled, wavy, engrailed, or otherwise have their lines varied.
49:
1664:
1056:, but over the course of centuries each has developed a number of variations. Ermine represents the fur of the
388:
One of the earliest known examples of armory as it subsequently came to be practiced can be seen on the tomb of
6137:
5087:
5060:
4860:
1835:
tradition, clergy members may pass crests on to their offspring, but rarely display them on their own shields.
1790:
5135:
5114:
5033:
1831:. Orthodox and Presbyterian clergy do sometimes adopt other forms of headgear to ensign their shields. In the
1504:. Eagles are almost always shown with their wings spread, or displayed. A pair of wings conjoined is called a
211:. These too are readily dismissed as fanciful inventions, rather than evidence of the antiquity of heraldry.
7398:
4992:ТАМГА (к функции знака). В.С. Ольховский (Историко-археологический альманах, No 7, Армавир, 2001, стр. 75-86)
3195:
Wolf's Head erased proper on a Chief Argent a Boar's Head coped at the neck between two Fleurs de Lys Azure."
3084:
2652:, which helped identify the wearer while they were concealed by armour. These devices sometimes incorporated
1700:
759:
195:
for various knights and lords from history and literature. Notable examples include the toads attributed to
152:, of whom the king was regarded as the earthly incarnation. Similar emblems and devices are found in ancient
1793:
military coronet (for descendants of members of Loyalist regiments) or Loyalist civil coronet (for others).
6659:
6654:
3152:
552:
Although heraldry originated from military necessity, it soon found itself at home in the pageantry of the
5808:
The Scandinavian Heraldry Society (one of the oldest and largest societies dedicated to heraldic research)
5642:
4915:
4754:
3326:
2911:
2718:
1871:
1004:, an orange or dark yellow to brown colour. These last two are quite rare, and are often referred to as
382:
6524:
2445:
1181:, or vair bellies, depicted as brown and furry; all of these probably originated as variations of vair.
2882:
2674:
353:
126:
5491:
Scotland's Herauldrie: the Science of Herauldrie treated as a part of the Civil law and Law of Nations
1601:, "right") means to the right from the viewpoint of the bearer of the arms and "sinister" (from Latin
5820:
The history of heraldry, knighthood and chivalry, glossary of the blazon, themes, coats of arms, etc.
5311:
4006:
2950:
1295:
862:
1688:
7218:
6714:
6241:
2981:
2412:
381:
Spain, and Italy. A notable example of an early armorial seal is attached to a charter granted by
377:
illustration of the window before it was destroyed shows no heraldic design on any of the shields.
5826:
Founded in 1987, the Society of Heraldic Arts was the first organisation of its kind in the world.
5768:
5550:
4031:
1620:, division of the field by both vertical and horizontal lines. This practice originated in Spain (
826:
or coronet from which it arises, must be granted or confirmed by the relevant heraldic authority.
7381:
7343:
6735:
6674:
6614:
6001:
5946:
5911:
5001:
Kalani, Reza. 2022. Indo-Parthians and the Rise of Sasanians, Tahouri Publishers, Tehran, pp85,88
4725:"Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 26th and 32nd Presidents of the United States"
3144:
2962:
2813:
2669:
2283:
2246:
1990:, and artistic and blazoning styles today range from the very simple to extraordinarily complex.
1804:
1501:
541:
479:
330:
122:
7236:
7185:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
6117:
6094:
6050:
5989:
5844:
5614:
2919:
2899:
2625:
in European heraldic tradition, which likewise are used to identify individuals and families.
2486:
2192:
2147:
2068:
2042:
2004:
1786:
1220:
of a shield, or less often a charge or crest, is sometimes made up of a pattern of colours, or
1211:
831:
698:
623:
598:
557:
525:
518:
57:
7013:
4820:
3761:
1145:
When the same patterns are composed of tinctures other than argent and azure, they are termed
790:, the coat of arms, or simply coat, together with all of its accompanying elements, such as a
6122:
6072:
6067:
6045:
5929:
2954:
2706:
that they usually replaced, with actual coats of arms being seen as symbols of the monarchs.
2482:
2268:. English and Scots heraldries make greater use of supporters than other European countries.
2131:
1975:
1967:
1617:
1579:
1575:
1285:
1041:, commonly used to represent flesh in French heraldry. A more recent addition is the use of
852:
787:
642:
553:
404:
400:
374:
65:
7241:
6028:
5994:
5886:
5714:
5416:
3972:
2988:
2509:
2453:
2265:
2242:
1891:, there are often fewer restrictions on the use of supporters. In the United Kingdom, only
1272:. Semés, or patterns of repeated charges, are also considered variations of the field. The
1199:
412:
366:
200:
184:
5729:
Woodward's a treatise on heraldry, British and foreign: with English and French glossaries
5408:
Hart, Vaughan. 'London's Standard: Christopher Wren and the Heraldry of the Monument', in
1496:
can often be found rampant (standing on the left hind foot). Another frequent position is
319:. The shields look heraldic, but do not seem to have been personal or hereditary emblems.
8:
7099:
6897:
6879:
6669:
6252:
6204:
6179:
5881:
5727:
5564:
An Ordinary of Arms Contained in the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland
5326:
5248:
4880:
2730:
2689:
2339:
2295:
2291:
2210:
2075:
1812:
1610:
1605:, "left") means to the bearer's left. The dexter side is considered the side of greatest
1488:
1338:
1314:
946:
932:
903:, running along the upper part of the shield from left to right, above the honour point;
513:
501:
483:
408:
116:
56:. Armory, the best-known branch of heraldry, concerns the design and transmission of the
5785:
5459:
A European Armorial: An Armorial of Knights of the Golden Fleece and 15th Century Europe
148:, representing the king's palace, and usually topped with a falcon representing the god
7293:
7266:
6594:
6539:
6489:
6400:
6390:
6327:
6302:
6237:
6212:
6184:
6084:
5871:
5558:
5510:
3286:
2987:
Heraldry in countries with heraldic authorities continues to be regulated generally by
2973:
2915:
2756:
2347:
2279:
2187:
and it is thought that most arms of this type were adopted while the Netherlands was a
2072:
2046:
2038:
1888:
1652:
1594:
1528:
1456:
1365:
992:, or purple; and most heraldic authorities also admit two additional colours, known as
497:
488:
393:
361:
294:
5315:
7421:
7210:
7141:
7132:
7026:
6755:
6360:
6232:
6171:
6149:
6127:
6011:
5963:
5837:
5743:
5733:
5669:
5650:
5628:
5600:
5577:
5562:
5542:
5462:
5443:
5424:
5395:
5376:
5369:
5353:
5332:
5254:
5220:
4967:
4927:
4856:
4705:
4608:
4449:
3001:
2699:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2250:
2218:
2206:
2160:
were great centres of heraldry in medieval times. One of the famous armorials is the
2008:
1892:
1856:
1816:
1763:
1729:
1712:
1676:
1643:
1520:
1421:
1397:
1318:
1049:
806:
718:
705:
684:
612:
69:
5152:
1762:
refers to just one component of a complete achievement. The crest rests on top of a
500:
to issue a proclamation in 1419, forbidding all those who had not borne arms at the
7022:
6978:
6966:
6887:
6689:
6494:
6441:
6436:
6370:
6355:
6297:
6262:
6112:
6107:
6040:
6006:
5934:
5477:
2764:
2648:
2630:
2478:
2367:
2363:
2303:
2299:
2287:
2230:
2222:
2214:
2151:
2103:
2091:
2083:
2050:
2030:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1759:
1755:
1733:
1512:
1497:
1440:
1436:
1401:
1393:
1306:
1273:
1217:
1195:
869:
791:
691:
663:
649:
312:
100:
95:
Although the use of various devices to signify individuals and groups goes back to
73:
2259:
The use of cadency marks to difference arms within the same family and the use of
521:
in 1689. There is little evidence that Scottish heralds ever went on visitations.
360:
Similarly, an account of the French knights at the court of the Byzantine emperor
7393:
7305:
6990:
6835:
6820:
6815:
6750:
6431:
6395:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6222:
6194:
5968:
5891:
5498:
5244:
5139:
4923:
4887:
4437:
3358:
3245:
3067:
3004:, where most of the components of its heraldic system are otherwise unregulated.
2923:
2878:
2874:
2862:
2722:
2685:
2371:
2355:
2309:
2234:
2177:
2034:
2026:
1639:
1590:
1536:
1464:
1432:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1357:
1326:
749:
562:
529:
434:
The spread of armorial bearings across Europe gave rise to a new occupation: the
349:
316:
192:
166:
130:
96:
7054:
6509:
2721:—but also when no apparent connection to a Communist nation exists, such as the
1299:
712:
7317:
7283:
7276:
6830:
6795:
6587:
6514:
6499:
6479:
6217:
6057:
5951:
5939:
5697:
von Warnstedt, Christopher (October 1970). "The Heraldic Provinces of Europe".
5681:
5346:
4541:
3148:
2801:
2797:
2776:
2618:
2498:
2457:
2254:
2238:
2226:
2188:
2161:
2143:
2022:
1999:
1944:
1743:
1505:
835:
805:
From a very early date, illustrations of arms were frequently embellished with
462:
370:
224:
175:
81:
25:
4453:
3994:
3661:
1766:
which itself rests on the most important part of the achievement: the shield.
1742:
German heraldry has examples of shields with numerous crests, as this arms of
1256:. For further variations, these are sometimes combined to produce patterns of
1177:, in which it is decorated with scales. In German heraldry one may encounter
7415:
7365:
7300:
7271:
6931:
6855:
6787:
5876:
5780:
5673:
5278:
5266:
4441:
3330:
3089:
3078: – Pictorial image that epitomizes a concept or that represents a person
2997:
2821:
2772:
2768:
2657:
2157:
2064:
1848:
1468:
839:
566:
528:, the various heralds employed by the crown were incorporated into England's
348:
contain little or no evidence of their heraldic character. For example, the
335:
204:
141:
85:
6740:
5128:
4709:
1290:
891:, located midway between fess point and the base. The other points include
19:
7378:
Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic)
7355:
7333:
7288:
7166:
6825:
6730:
6365:
6292:
6257:
6102:
6035:
5958:
5896:
5532:
5258:
2895:
2866:
2805:
2714:
2710:
2694:
2622:
2522:
2182:
1632:
1560:
1532:
1381:
1088:
799:
726:
631:
537:
443:
61:
30:
6767:
6484:
6463:
3098: – Monumental carvings by Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest
2594:
refer specifically to emblems used to identify a family. An authoritative
2452:. At least fifteen per cent of all Hungarian personal arms bear a severed
156:
art of the same period, and the precursors of heraldic beasts such as the
7360:
7202:
6699:
6679:
6547:
6426:
6189:
5290:
3156:
3017:
2958:
2934:
2169:
2119:
2115:
2087:
1987:
1963:
1832:
1586:
1585:
and putting one whole coat in each half. Impalement replaced the earlier
1564:
582:
533:
471:
208:
153:
41:
7175:
6772:
6247:
5799:
2439:. Eastern coats of arms are characterized by a pronounced, territorial,
2191:(1581–1806). This heraldic tradition was also exported to the erstwhile
6860:
6850:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6745:
6619:
6577:
6557:
6529:
6519:
5906:
3155:
use an escutcheon in the shape of a stone arrowhead, while the arms of
3095:
3075:
2946:
2809:
2789:
2633:
in Western literature, another European heraldic device similar to the
2449:
2079:
1883:
1480:
1294:
A shield parted per pale and per fir twig fess. Coat of arms of former
585:
578:
570:
508:
486:. The most celebrated armorial dispute in English heraldry is that of
454:
171:
7194:
4950:. Orbis, 2002; Brook 154; Franklin and Shepard 120-121; Pritsak 78-79.
2961:
churches, and other religious institutions maintain the traditions of
1646:
in combined coats usually turn to face the centre of the composition.
1240:, depending on the direction of the stripes. Other variations include
7261:
6865:
6845:
6840:
6649:
6634:
6451:
6156:
4701:
3361:, i. 2, 18, 52; ii. 2, 34; quoted by William Sloane Sloane-Evans, in
2870:
2793:
2582:
emblems used to decorate and identify an individual or family. While
2504:
1966:. The blazon includes a description of the arms contained within the
1796:
When the helm and crest are shown, they are usually accompanied by a
1493:
1448:
795:
656:
504:
from assuming arms, except by inheritance or a grant from the crown.
276:
275:
A reconstruction of a shield that would have been carried by a Roman
196:
77:
53:
6504:
6380:
5438:
Innes of Learney, Thomas (1978). Innes of Edingight, Malcolm (ed.).
5179:
5075:
5048:
4963:
Pre-modern Russia and Its World: Essays in Honor of Thomas S. Noonan
3846:
3823:
3404:
1224:. A pattern of horizontal (barwise) stripes, for example, is called
1194:
One of the most important conventions of heraldry is the so-called "
7350:
6892:
6777:
6704:
6684:
6629:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6132:
5762:
5132:
5102:
5021:
3869:
2942:
2825:
2816:
are sometimes referred to as "tamgas" and have similar appearance.
2703:
2432:
2400:
2385:
2173:
1797:
1516:
818:
677:
419:
45:
7111:
7063:
5811:
5776:, an overview of thousands of coats of arms of towns and countries
5615:
Siebmacher's Grosses und Allgemeines Wappenbuch Vermehrten Auglage
5166:
Heraldry of South African families: coats of arms/crests/ancestry.
4698:
Familiewapens, oud en nieuw. Een inleiding tot de Familieheraldiek
2926:, due to its origins as a 17th-century colony of the Netherlands.
2906:
continue making grants of arms. There are heraldic authorities in
2610:(it is however well acknowledged that there exist lost or obscure
2606:
may belong to multiple categories), with 5116 distinct individual
2067:, Finland, has been drawn up in honour of the headquarters of the
2055:
1556:
An extravagant example of marshalling: the 719 quarterings of the
7002:
6760:
6694:
6664:
6644:
6639:
6624:
6604:
6458:
6446:
6416:
6375:
6339:
6272:
6227:
6023:
5984:
5823:
5304:
Fairbairn's Crests of the Families of Great Britain & Ireland
2785:
2436:
2420:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2313:
2107:
2099:
2060:
1919:
1778:
1552:
1540:
1524:
1476:
1472:
1452:
1405:
1389:
1369:
861:
One shape alone is normally reserved for a specific purpose: the
814:
423:
369:
contained a window commemorating the knights who embarked on the
157:
5814:
Introducing Heraldry for Kids with free heraldry activity sheets
5765:
catalogues a large number of European noble titles and heraldry.
5747:
5457:
Le Févre, Jean (1971). Pinches, Rosemary; Wood, Anthony (eds.).
5336:
732:
399:
The earlier heraldic writers attributed the lions of England to
7338:
7312:
7087:
6919:
6709:
6599:
6582:
6552:
6332:
6287:
6277:
6018:
5901:
5784:
5686:
Heralds of England: A History of the Office and College of Arms
4628:
4626:
4624:
3718:
Shield and Crest: An Account of the Art and Science of Heraldry
3160:
2841:
2642:
2481:, along with such traditional Western heraldic elements as the
2474:
2428:
2424:
2416:
2381:
2111:
1955:
1940:
1934:
1903:
1860:
1811:
with the colours and tassels denoting rank; or, in the case of
1808:
1782:
1747:
1606:
1345:
1322:
1310:
1013:
regarded among the standard heraldic colours. Among these are
1000:, a dark red or mulberry colour between gules and purpure, and
458:
435:
291:
Shields from the "Magister Militum Praesentalis II". From the
247:
Fresco depicting a shield of a type common in Mycenaean Greece.
232:
145:
5567:. Edinburgh: W. Green & Sons – via Internet Archive.
1803:
Clergy often refrain from displaying a helm or crest in their
1173:, in which the field appears to be covered with feathers, and
6954:
6609:
6282:
6161:
6144:
4561:
Davies, T. R. (Spring 1976). "Did National Heraldry Exist?".
2918:, Spain, and Sweden that grant or register coats of arms. In
2829:
2781:
2742:
2579:
2321:
2317:
2124:
1979:
1899:
1844:
1824:
1820:
1774:
1428:
1349:
1057:
923:
along the lower part of the shield, below the nombril point.
822:
810:
670:
536:, or junior officers of arms, all under the authority of the
511:
of England, the English Kings of Arms were commanded to make
492:(1390), in which two different men claimed the right to bear
449:
161:
149:
89:
5817:
5320:. London: T.C. & E.C. Jack – via Internet Archive.
4621:
2391:
Eastern European heraldry is in the traditions developed in
937:
7058:
6267:
5829:
5805:
5117:
from the original on Aug 18, 2023 – via academia.edu.
5090:
from the original on Aug 19, 2023 – via academia.edu.
5063:
from the original on Aug 18, 2023 – via academia.edu.
5036:
from the original on Jan 17, 2023 – via academia.edu.
4922:(in Danish). Editor and translator from English to Danish:
2993:
2586:
is an encompassing term that may refer to any such device,
2440:
2260:
1460:
1444:
1353:
1228:, while a pattern of vertical (palewise) stripes is called
1053:
887:, located midway between fess point and the chief; and the
60:. The achievement, or armorial bearings usually includes a
5250:
Heraldry, Ancient and Modern: Including Boutell's Heraldry
1962:
countries today was developed by heraldic officers in the
418:
The origins of heraldry are sometimes associated with the
396:, in 1128; but this account probably dates to about 1175.
2376:
373:
in 1147, and was probably made soon after the event; but
5590:
4607:(in Finnish). Helsinki: Karttakeskus. pp. 133–134.
4538:
Journalists' & Authors' Guide to Heraldry and Titles
1431:– with its hundreds of variations – and the
911:, on the sides approximately level with fess point; and
3080:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2922:, the right to armorial bearings is also determined by
2646:) also incorporated elements similar to crests, called
1138:, in which the shape of the vair bell is replaced by a
1130:, or wave-vair. A form peculiar to German heraldry is
834:, typically a mound of earth and grass, on which other
5488:
3365:, John Russell Smith, London (1854), p. ix (quoted by
2976:
or particular scientific instruments. The arms of the
2168:, written between 1370 and 1414. Coats of arms in the
2134:
are somewhat more frequent in Germany than elsewhere.
1486:
Animals are found in various stereotyped positions or
5773:
2941:
Heraldry continues to build on its rich tradition in
2598:
reference compiles Japan's 241 general categories of
949:. These are divided into three categories, known as
3757:
3755:
3753:
3057:
2094:, and is the third coat of arms affixed to the city.
1875:
Flags as supporters and orders in the armory of the
1048:
There are two basic types of heraldic fur, known as
343:, one of the earliest depictions of modern heraldry.
178:, is also thought to serve as a heraldic precursor.
5497:
5153:
Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada
4436:
4367:. (W.W. Norton & Company, New York: 1993), 148.
3740:
3738:
2090:. The coat of arms was originally used without the
1076:; and when the field is sable and the ermine spots
821:. To these elements, modern heraldry often adds a
429:
5591:Reid of Robertland, David; Wilson, Vivien (1977).
5392:The Art of Heraldry: Origins, Symbols, and Designs
5368:
5345:
5131:for quarterly samplings of English grants and the
4908:
1276:applies to all semés and variations of the field.
883:, located in the visual center of the shield; the
868:The whole surface of the escutcheon is termed the
182:representing their noble status and descent. The
76:, together with any accompanying devices, such as
5795:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 311–330.
4156:
4154:
4152:
4062:
4060:
4028:"American Heraldry Society - Arms of Connecticut"
3750:
1045:as a metal in one or two Canadian coats of arms.
7413:
5709:
5437:
4898:
4896:
4806:
4782:
4770:
4647:
4466:
4412:
4266:
3735:
3674:George Squibb, "The Law of Arms in England", in
3503:
1866:
1823:. Benedict broke with tradition to substitute a
1631:The third common mode of marshalling is with an
1202:, consisting of gold crosses on a silver field.
798:, and other heraldic embellishments. The term "
5725:
5611:
5505:. London and Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson and Sons.
4227:
4211:
4160:
4066:
3704:
3610:
3571:
3491:
3479:
3449:
2719:communists had helped them to gain independence
2688:often followed a unique style characterized by
1982:and other insignia. Complex rules, such as the
5547:Heraldry: An Introduction to a Noble Tradition
5442:(3rd ed.). London: Johnston & Bacon.
5415:
5317:The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopedia of Armory
4926:. Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag. p. 158.
4850:
4821:"Aincent Greek Shields Struck Fear Into Enemy"
4593:. (Mika Publishing Company, Belleville: 1981).
4448:. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons. p. 20.
4171:
4169:
4149:
4057:
3582:
3580:
2571:
2558:
2545:
2532:
1819:in 2005, an elaborate triple crown known as a
1479:, and other monsters appear as charges and as
1313:in heraldry can be divided into more than one
1232:. A pattern of diagonal stripes may be called
547:
16:Heraldic achievements' design and transmission
5845:
5696:
5475:
4893:
4794:
4632:
4602:
4577:
3720:, MacGibbon & Kee, London (1960), p. 386.
767:
603:
324:
5641:
4914:
4902:
4683:
4605:Suomen kuntavaakunat. Kommunvapnen i Finland
4376:
4250:
4248:
4139:
4137:
4135:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3645:
3643:
3460:
3458:
3241:Webster's Third New International Dictionary
3048:Military coat of arms, with a red locomotive
3032:2022 arms of Castagneto, showing chestnuts (
2731:the other communist states in Eastern Europe
2660:, were well-known for their helmet designs.
2331:
2078:; this was stationed in the city during the
1859:, where the motto is granted as part of the
1122:; in continental heraldry one may encounter
630:External devices in addition to the central
5595:. Vol. Second. Edinburgh: Lyon Office.
5410:RES: Journal of Anthropology and Aesthetics
5389:
4519:. (MacGibbon & Kee, London: 1960), 358.
4491:
4166:
3954:, Weathervane Books, New York (1968), p. 9.
3890:
3809:
3773:
3577:
2965:for clergy, religious orders, and schools.
1913:
292:
170:refers to the standards and ensigns of the
5852:
5838:
5541:
5324:
5310:
4643:
4641:
4351:
4326:
4314:
4302:
4290:
4278:
4254:
4239:
4215:
4199:
4187:
4175:
4126:
3926:
3907:
3824:"Heraldry on American Patriotic Postcards"
3797:
3744:
3729:
3692:
3649:
3634:
3622:
3598:
3586:
3556:
3527:
3464:
3437:
3425:
3378:
3366:
3346:
3314:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3257:
3223:
2873:writes that nišāns (Arabic: شعار) used by
2602:based on structural resemblance (a single
1998:The emergence of heraldry occurred across
1205:
1037:, a bright violet-red or pink colour; and
774:
760:
5726:Woodward, John; Burnett, George (1892) .
5509:
5352:. Cranbury, NJ: A.S. Barnes and Company.
5301:
5103:"Postcard from the Supreme Court, London"
4659:
4589:Alan Beddoe, revised by Strome Galloway.
4503:
4245:
4132:
4078:
3913:
3896:
3785:
3681:
3640:
3475:
3473:
3455:
2702:in order to distance themselves from the
2463:
2198:
2014:
1388:, the tressure, the double tressure, the
1279:
203:, and the various arms attributed to the
5599:
5503:Simple Heraldry - Cheerfully Illustrated
5482:Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe
5456:
5343:
5216:Heraldic Design: A Handbook for Students
3847:"Heraldry on German Patriotic Postcards"
2970:United States Army Institute of Heraldry
2673:
2375:
2054:
1870:
1777:of twisted cloth and sometimes within a
1746:featuring a total of seven crests. Some
1737:
1551:
1539:may be added to a shield to distinguish
1289:
936:
817:, from which depended the lambrequin or
448:
334:
18:
5571:
5489:Mackenzie of Rosehaugh, George (1680).
5243:
4761:. (Blandford Press, Dorset: 1979), 192.
4671:
4638:
4446:Simple Heraldry, Cheerfully Illustrated
4424:
4143:
4090:
4051:
3938:
3405:"Pre-heraldry on the Sangerhausen Disc"
3302:
3263:
1325:, or made into myriad other forms; see
1087:Vair represents the winter coat of the
592:
7414:
5779:
5774:Heraldry of the World (civic heraldry)
5680:
5663:
5622:
5530:
5521:
5515:Heraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meaning
5289:
5277:
5200:
5177:
5100:
5073:
5046:
5019:
4959:
4695:
4114:
4102:
4030:. Americanheraldry.org. Archived from
3880:(3): 1–3, 12 – via academia.edu.
3867:
3844:
3821:
3678:vol. II, no. 15 (Spring 1953), p. 244.
3544:
3515:
3470:
3402:
2978:United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
2456:, referring to their wars against the
1072:rather than argent, the fur is termed
5833:
5732:. Edinburgh: W. & A. B. Johnson.
5607:. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing.
5493:. Edinburgh: Heir of Andrew Anderson.
5366:
5273:. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing.
5265:
5212:
4818:
4482:. (Versus Aureus, Vilnius: 2005), 38.
4400:
4388:
3227:
786:A heraldic achievement consists of a
5721:. New York: Oxford University Press.
5649:. Ware, Hertfordshire: Omega Books.
5647:Heraldry – Customs, Rules and Styles
5612:Siebmacher, Johann. J. (1890–1901).
5557:
5553:" series. New York: Harry N. Abrams.
5537:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles.
5534:A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry
5412:, vol.73/74, Autumn 2020, pp. 325-39
4722:
4716:
4342:, Gerrards Cross, Buckingham (1994).
3541:Monumental Effigies of Great Britain
2663:
2011:, have emerged in the 20th century.
1950:, itself a derivative of the French
1500:, or walking, like the lions of the
390:Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou
341:Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou
5517:. Maidenhead, England: McGraw-Hill.
5325:Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1909).
5180:"Gathering the clans in California"
4735:
4704:: Centraal Bureau voor Genealogie.
3415:(2): 1, 9 – via academia.edu.
2614:that are not in this compilation).
407:during the lifetime of his father,
259:Vase with Greek soldiers in armor,
13:
5618:. Nürnberg: Von Bauer & Raspe.
5190:(1): 1–6 – via academia.edu.
3857:(2): 1–5 – via academia.edu.
3834:(1): 1–3 – via academia.edu.
3248:, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1960).
2889:
2848:Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire
2471:coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire
1993:
14:
7433:
5756:
5526:. Edinburgh: T & A Constable.
5133:Chief Herald of Ireland's webpage
4363:Stephen Friar and John Ferguson.
3965:"About the Flag and Coat of Arms"
3293:, Macdonald, London (1973), p. 2.
2271:
2137:
1750:coins display as many as fifteen.
1723:
1252:. Wave shaped stripes are termed
7387:
7053:
7021:
6062:
5769:Heraldry of Greatlitvan Nobility
5331:. London: T.C. & E.C. Jack.
5297:. London: Buckland Publications.
5206:
5194:
5171:
5158:
5145:
5121:
5094:
5067:
5040:
5013:
5004:
4995:
4986:
4953:
4940:
4869:
4839:
4812:
4800:
4788:
4776:
4764:
4748:
4689:
4677:
4665:
4653:
4596:
4583:
4571:
4555:
4540:. Baronage.co.uk. Archived from
4522:
3762:College of Arms official website
3060:
3041:
3025:
3009:
2931:Society for Creative Anachronism
2679:State Emblem of the Soviet Union
2492:
1954:meaning "shield". The system of
1898:If the armiger has the title of
1773:The crest is usually found on a
1711:
1699:
1687:
1675:
1663:
1651:
1153:of those tinctures, rather than
743:
731:
430:Heralds and heraldic authorities
304:
284:
268:
252:
240:
216:
5690:Her Majesty's Stationery Office
5285:. New York: Clarkson N. Potter.
5236:
5219:. Genealogical Publishing Com.
4509:
4497:
4485:
4472:
4460:
4430:
4418:
4406:
4394:
4382:
4370:
4357:
4345:
4332:
4320:
4308:
4296:
4284:
4272:
4260:
4233:
4221:
4205:
4193:
4181:
4120:
4108:
4096:
4084:
4072:
4045:
4020:
3999:
3987:
3957:
3944:
3932:
3884:
3861:
3838:
3815:
3803:
3791:
3779:
3767:
3723:
3710:
3698:
3668:
3655:
3628:
3616:
3604:
3592:
3565:
3550:
3533:
3521:
3509:
3497:
3485:
3443:
3431:
3419:
3396:
3384:
3372:
3352:
3198:
3188:
3175:
3166:
3137:
3128:
3118:
3109:
2856:
2617:The devices are similar to the
941:Table of the tinctures and furs
5574:European Nobility and Heraldry
5247:(1890). Aveling, S. T. (ed.).
5076:"Elvis Presley's Coat of Arms"
4960:Noonan, Thomas Schaub (2006).
4819:Claus, Patricia (6 May 2022).
4807:Woodcock & Robinson (1988)
4783:Woodcock & Robinson (1988)
4771:Woodcock & Robinson (1988)
4648:Woodcock & Robinson (1988)
4467:Woodcock & Robinson (1988)
4413:Woodcock & Robinson (1988)
3504:Woodcock & Robinson (1988)
3340:
3320:
3308:
3296:
3280:
3251:
3233:
3217:
1547:
1:
5750:– via Internet Archive.
5625:The Complete Book of Heraldry
5339:– via Internet Archive.
5261:– via Internet Archive.
5213:Child, Heather (1976-01-01).
4745:. (Balkema, Cape Town: 1956).
4228:Woodward & Burnett (1892)
4212:Woodward & Burnett (1892)
4161:Woodward & Burnett (1892)
4067:Woodward & Burnett (1892)
3705:Woodward & Burnett (1892)
3611:Woodward & Burnett (1892)
3572:Woodward & Burnett (1892)
3492:Woodward & Burnett (1892)
3480:Woodward & Burnett (1892)
3450:Woodward & Burnett (1892)
3363:A Grammar of British Heraldry
3211:
1867:Supporters and other insignia
1332:
524:In 1484, during the reign of
135:
44:, together with the study of
7144:(metal in the United States)
5859:
5719:The Oxford Guide to Heraldry
5643:von Volborth, Carl-Alexander
5484:. New York: Clarkson Potter.
5367:Friar, Stephen, ed. (1987).
5328:A Complete Guide to Heraldry
4966:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
4916:von Volborth, Carl-Alexander
3870:"Heraldry on German Notgeld"
3151:; in the United States, the
3102:
2996:, offering protection under
926:
482:, a professor of law at the
478:, was written about 1350 by
199:, the cross and martlets of
7:
5390:Gwynn-Jones, Peter (1998).
5375:. New York: Harmony Books.
5253:. London: Frederick Warne.
4920:Alverdens heraldik i farver
4755:Carl-Alexander von Volborth
3327:Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk
3246:C. & G. Merriam Company
3053:
2912:Canadian Heraldic Authority
2692:. Although commonly called
2130:Coats consisting only of a
1616:A more versatile method is
1439:. Other common animals are
1107:; if of six or more, it is
548:Later uses and developments
383:Philip I, Count of Flanders
160:can also be found. In the
10:
7438:
5627:. New York: Hermes House.
5522:Nisbet, Alexander (1984).
5461:. London: Heraldry Today.
5394:. London: Parkgate Books.
5312:Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles
5306:. New York: Bonanza Books.
5168:(Balkema, Cape Town: 1972)
5129:College of Arms newsletter
5049:"Heraldry on Crate Labels"
4591:Beddoe's Canadian Heraldry
3149:Republic of Bophuthatswana
2861:The word of "arms" in the
2845:
2839:
2835:
2740:
2667:
2520:
2496:
2337:
2277:
2204:
2141:
2020:
1932:
1917:
1838:
1815:until the inauguration of
1727:
1419:
1415:
1336:
1283:
1209:
930:
850:
604:Elements of an achievement
596:
507:Beginning in the reign of
328:
325:Origins of modern heraldry
191:The medieval heralds also
127:Origin of the coat of arms
120:
114:
110:
7374:
7326:
7254:
7227:
7151:
7120:
7074:
7012:
6941:
6906:
6878:
6786:
6723:
6538:
6472:
6409:
6348:
6203:
6170:
6093:
5977:
5922:
5867:
5802:Introduction and examples
5501:; Pottinger, Don (1953).
5344:Franklyn, Julian (1968).
5302:Fairbairn, James (1986).
4851:
4729:American Heraldry Society
2951:professional associations
2760:
2736:
2656:, and some figures, like
2629:are often referred to as
2572:
2559:
2546:
2533:
2332:Eastern European heraldry
1928:
846:
5664:Wagner, Anthony (1946).
5623:Slater, Stephen (2003).
5423:. London: Tabard Press.
5371:A Dictionary of Heraldry
5283:The Heraldic Imagination
5142:for recent Irish grants.
4846:
4743:Heraldiek in Suid-Afrika
4480:Heraldry Past to Present
3952:The Elements of Heraldry
3764:, accessed 3 March 2016.
3543:(1817) pl. 2, illus. in
2982:Stenungsund Municipality
2727:fall of the Soviet Union
2446:Jastrzębiec coat of arms
1914:Differencing and cadency
1670:Dimidiation (worst case)
339:Enamel from the tomb of
7382:List of oldest heraldry
5792:Encyclopædia Britannica
5572:Pinches, J. H. (1994).
5178:Eiland, Murray (2018).
5101:Eiland, Murray (2012).
5074:Eiland, Murray (2018).
5047:Eiland, Murray (2015).
5020:Eiland, Murray (2014).
4267:Innes of Learney (1978)
3868:Eiland, Murray (2010).
3845:Eiland, Murray (2019).
3822:Eiland, Murray (2018).
3403:Eiland, Murray (2003).
3337:, Thomas Nelson (1953).
2963:ecclesiastical heraldry
2904:Chief Herald of Ireland
2670:Socialist state emblems
2473:incorporated the royal
2284:Ecclesiastical heraldry
2247:Northern Irish heraldry
1787:United Empire Loyalists
1694:Impalement (worst case)
1597:. "Dexter" (from Latin
1502:coat of arms of England
1206:Variations of the field
542:Commonwealth of Nations
480:Bartolus de Saxoferrato
331:List of oldest heraldry
207:and the Knights of the
123:List of oldest heraldry
5800:International heraldry
5531:Parker, James (1970).
5295:Cardinals and Heraldry
4696:de Boo, J. A. (1977).
4603:Jussi Iltanen (2013).
4009:. US Heraldic Registry
4007:"US Heraldic Registry"
3181:Technically, the word
3092: – Study of seals
3000:. This is the case in
2900:Lord Lyon King of Arms
2767:tamga) is an abstract
2682:
2516:
2464:Quasi-heraldic emblems
2388:
2199:Gallo-British heraldry
2148:South African heraldry
2095:
2043:Liechtenstein heraldry
2015:German-Nordic heraldry
1880:
1789:are entitled to use a
1751:
1706:Escutcheon of pretence
1567:
1302:
1280:Divisions of the field
1212:Variation of the field
1114:A common variation is
942:
599:Achievement (heraldry)
472:heraldic jurisprudence
466:
344:
293:
34:
5715:Robinson, John Martin
5601:Rietstap, Johannes B.
5417:Humphery-Smith, Cecil
4759:Heraldry of the World
3969:Government of Nunavut
3663:De Insigniis et Armis
3637:, pp. 17–18, 383
2955:Roman Catholic Church
2933:, medieval revivals,
2846:Further information:
2677:
2379:
2058:
1874:
1805:heraldic achievements
1785:, descendants of the
1741:
1555:
1317:, as can the various
1293:
1286:Division of the field
940:
853:Escutcheon (heraldry)
476:De Insigniis et Armis
452:
413:Richard the Lionheart
401:William the Conqueror
338:
22:
5763:EuropeanHeraldry.org
5524:A system of Heraldry
5291:Elvins, Mark Turnham
5022:"Cigar box heraldry"
4946:Ottfried Neubecker.
4795:von Warnstedt (1970)
4633:von Warnstedt (1970)
4578:von Warnstedt (1970)
4317:, pp. 75, 87–88
4129:, pp. 89, 96–98
3929:, pp. 57, 60–61
3291:An Heraldic Alphabet
3153:arms of North Dakota
2510:Seven Against Thebes
2380:Coat of arms of the
2243:New Zealand heraldry
2059:The coat of arms of
1296:Finnish municipality
1200:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1068:; when the field is
593:Heraldic achievement
201:Edward the Confessor
185:Book of Saint Albans
58:heraldic achievement
7394:Heraldry portal
6821:Hastings/Hungerford
6108:Crowns and coronets
6080:National traditions
5666:Heraldry in England
5593:An Ordinary of Arms
5559:Paul, James Balfour
5511:Neubecker, Ottfried
4903:von Volborth (1981)
4684:von Volborth (1981)
4377:von Volborth (1981)
3260:, pp. 1, 57–59
2690:communist symbolism
2681:(1956–1991 version)
2340:Belarusian heraldry
2296:Portuguese heraldry
2292:Monegasque heraldry
2211:Australian heraldry
2076:C. G. E. Mannerheim
1813:Papal coats of arms
1611:dexter and sinister
1339:Ordinary (heraldry)
933:Tincture (heraldry)
750:Heraldry portal
581:commemorations and
554:medieval tournament
502:Battle of Agincourt
484:University of Padua
352:, illustrating the
117:History of heraldry
6778:Waterlily/Seeblatt
6002:Ancient and modern
5576:. Heraldry Today.
5551:Abrams Discoveries
5543:Pastoureau, Michel
5421:General Armory Two
5184:The Armiger's News
5138:2006-10-04 at the
5107:The Armiger's News
5080:The Armiger's News
5053:The Armiger's News
5026:The Armiger's News
4886:2016-10-28 at the
4723:McMillan, Joseph.
4492:Gwynn-Jones (1998)
4178:, pp. 104–105
3950:William Whitmore,
3893:, pp. 113–121
3891:Gwynn-Jones (1998)
3874:The Armiger's News
3851:The Armiger's News
3828:The Armiger's News
3812:, pp. 110–112
3810:Gwynn-Jones (1998)
3788:, pp. 253–258
3774:Gwynn-Jones (1998)
3589:, pp. 173–174
3409:The Armiger's News
3393:, Bodleian Library
3391:Notitia Dignitatum
3287:John Brooke-Little
3085:Heraldic societies
2683:
2640:Japanese helmets (
2389:
2348:Hungarian heraldry
2280:Brazilian heraldry
2096:
2047:Norwegian heraldry
2039:Icelandic heraldry
1893:peers of the realm
1889:European continent
1881:
1752:
1580:dividing the field
1568:
1303:
943:
489:Scrope v Grosvenor
467:
367:Abbey of St. Denis
345:
295:Notitia Dignitatum
172:children of Israel
35:
7409:
7408:
7250:
7249:
7188:(color in Canada)
6874:
6873:
5812:Heraldry for Kids
5806:Heraldisk Selskab
5682:Wagner, Anthony R
5478:Maclagan, Michael
4797:, pp. 129–30
4614:978-952-266-092-3
4515:Julian Franklyn.
4352:Fox-Davies (1909)
4327:Fox-Davies (1909)
4315:Fox-Davies (1909)
4303:Fox-Davies (1909)
4291:Fox-Davies (1909)
4279:Fox-Davies (1909)
4255:Fox-Davies (1909)
4240:Fox-Davies (1909)
4216:Fox-Davies (1909)
4214:, p. 61–62;
4200:Fox-Davies (1909)
4188:Fox-Davies (1909)
4176:Fox-Davies (1909)
4127:Fox-Davies (1909)
3927:Fox-Davies (1909)
3908:Fox-Davies (1909)
3798:Fox-Davies (1909)
3745:Pastoureau (1997)
3730:Fox-Davies (1909)
3716:Julian Franklyn,
3693:Fox-Davies (1909)
3650:Fox-Davies (1909)
3635:Fox-Davies (1909)
3623:Fox-Davies (1909)
3599:Pastoureau (1997)
3587:Fox-Davies (1909)
3557:Pastoureau (1997)
3528:Fox-Davies (1909)
3465:Fox-Davies (1909)
3438:Fox-Davies (1909)
3426:Fox-Davies (1909)
3379:Fox-Davies (1909)
3367:Fox-Davies (1909)
3347:Fox-Davies (1909)
3315:Fox-Davies (1909)
3275:Fox-Davies (1909)
3258:Fox-Davies (1909)
3224:Fox-Davies (1909)
3147:, and the former
3016:2022 arms with a
2700:European heraldry
2664:Socialist emblems
2360:Romanian heraldry
2352:Albanian heraldry
2344:Croatian heraldry
2251:Scottish heraldry
2219:Canadian heraldry
2207:American heraldry
2098:Coats of arms in
2009:Canadian heraldry
1877:Prince of Vergara
1857:Scottish heraldry
1817:Pope Benedict XVI
1730:Helmet (heraldry)
1422:Charge (heraldry)
1017:, or ash-colour;
813:, or sometimes a
784:
783:
7429:
7392:
7391:
7390:
7230:
7217:
7209:
7201:
7193:
7183:
7173:
7165:
7162:
7154:
7139:
7131:
7123:
7110:
7107:
7098:
7095:
7086:
7083:
7057:
7025:
7001:
6998:
6989:
6986:
6977:
6974:
6965:
6962:
6953:
6950:
6930:
6927:
6918:
6915:
6904:
6903:
6888:Rule of tincture
6605:Griffin/Keythong
6201:
6200:
5892:Officers of arms
5854:
5847:
5840:
5831:
5830:
5796:
5788:
5786:"Heraldry"
5751:
5722:
5711:Woodcock, Thomas
5706:
5699:The Coat of Arms
5693:
5677:
5660:
5638:
5619:
5608:
5605:Armorial General
5596:
5587:
5568:
5554:
5538:
5527:
5518:
5506:
5499:Moncreiffe, Iain
5494:
5485:
5472:
5453:
5434:
5405:
5386:
5374:
5363:
5351:
5340:
5321:
5307:
5298:
5286:
5274:
5262:
5245:Boutell, Charles
5231:
5230:
5210:
5204:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5175:
5169:
5164:Cornelius Pama.
5162:
5156:
5149:
5143:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5017:
5011:
5008:
5002:
4999:
4993:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4957:
4951:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4912:
4906:
4900:
4891:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4854:
4853:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4827:. Greek Reporter
4816:
4810:
4809:, pp. 28–32
4804:
4798:
4792:
4786:
4785:, pp. 24–30
4780:
4774:
4768:
4762:
4752:
4746:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4693:
4687:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4663:
4660:Neubecker (1976)
4657:
4651:
4645:
4636:
4630:
4619:
4618:
4600:
4594:
4587:
4581:
4575:
4569:
4563:The Coat of Arms
4559:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4526:
4520:
4517:Shield and Crest
4513:
4507:
4504:Neubecker (1976)
4501:
4495:
4489:
4483:
4478:Edmundas Rimša.
4476:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4438:Moncreiffe, Iain
4434:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4410:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4343:
4336:
4330:
4329:, pp. 85–87
4324:
4318:
4312:
4306:
4305:, pp. 83–85
4300:
4294:
4293:, pp. 80–85
4288:
4282:
4281:, pp. 84–85
4276:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4257:, pp. 79–83
4252:
4243:
4242:, pp. 77–79
4237:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4209:
4203:
4202:, pp. 70–74
4197:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4164:
4158:
4147:
4141:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4112:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4081:, pp. 72–77
4079:Neubecker (1976)
4076:
4070:
4069:, pp. 54–58
4064:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3971:. Archived from
3961:
3955:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3911:
3910:, pp. 57–59
3905:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3800:, pp. 87–88
3795:
3789:
3786:Neubecker (1976)
3783:
3777:
3776:, pp. 18–20
3771:
3765:
3759:
3748:
3747:, pp. 39–41
3742:
3733:
3727:
3721:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3695:, pp. 21–22
3690:
3679:
3676:The Coat of Arms
3672:
3666:
3659:
3653:
3652:, pp. 27–29
3647:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3625:, pp. 17–18
3620:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3554:
3548:
3539:C. A. Stothard,
3537:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3468:
3467:, pp. 14–16
3462:
3453:
3452:, pp. 29–31
3447:
3441:
3440:, pp. 11–16
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3356:
3350:
3349:, pp. 19–26
3344:
3338:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3237:
3231:
3221:
3205:
3202:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3164:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3081:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3045:
3029:
3013:
2812:, whose ancient
2777:Eurasian nomadic
2762:
2686:Communist states
2577:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2368:Serbian heraldry
2364:Russian heraldry
2308:The heraldry of
2304:Vatican heraldry
2300:Spanish heraldry
2288:Mexican heraldry
2231:English heraldry
2223:Cornish heraldry
2215:Belgian heraldry
2152:Belgian heraldry
2104:Nordic countries
2092:Mannerheim Cross
2084:Continuation War
2051:Swedish heraldry
2031:Finnish heraldry
1984:rule of tincture
1960:English-speaking
1734:Crest (heraldry)
1715:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1622:Castile and León
1513:English heraldry
1427:charges are the
1319:heraldic charges
1274:Rule of tincture
1196:rule of tincture
988:, or green; and
840:heraldic banners
776:
769:
762:
748:
747:
746:
735:
608:
607:
494:azure, a bend or
308:
298:
288:
272:
256:
244:
220:
101:High Middle Ages
86:heraldic banners
7437:
7436:
7432:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7427:
7426:
7412:
7411:
7410:
7405:
7388:
7386:
7370:
7322:
7246:
7228:
7223:
7215:
7207:
7199:
7191:
7181:
7171:
7163:
7160:
7152:
7147:
7137:
7129:
7121:
7116:
7108:
7105:
7096:
7093:
7084:
7081:
7070:
7008:
6999:
6996:
6987:
6984:
6975:
6972:
6963:
6960:
6951:
6948:
6937:
6928:
6925:
6916:
6913:
6902:
6870:
6836:Hungerford knot
6806:Cavendish/Savoy
6782:
6719:
6534:
6468:
6405:
6344:
6199:
6166:
6089:
5973:
5918:
5863:
5858:
5759:
5754:
5740:
5657:
5635:
5584:
5469:
5450:
5431:
5402:
5383:
5360:
5239:
5234:
5227:
5211:
5207:
5199:
5195:
5176:
5172:
5163:
5159:
5150:
5146:
5140:Wayback Machine
5126:
5122:
5099:
5095:
5072:
5068:
5045:
5041:
5018:
5014:
5009:
5005:
5000:
4996:
4991:
4987:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4958:
4954:
4945:
4941:
4934:
4924:Sven Tito Achen
4913:
4909:
4901:
4894:
4888:Wayback Machine
4874:
4870:
4863:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4830:
4828:
4817:
4813:
4805:
4801:
4793:
4789:
4781:
4777:
4769:
4765:
4753:
4749:
4741:Cornelius Pama
4740:
4736:
4721:
4717:
4694:
4690:
4682:
4678:
4670:
4666:
4658:
4654:
4646:
4639:
4631:
4622:
4615:
4601:
4597:
4588:
4584:
4576:
4572:
4560:
4556:
4547:
4545:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4514:
4510:
4502:
4498:
4490:
4486:
4477:
4473:
4465:
4461:
4435:
4431:
4423:
4419:
4411:
4407:
4399:
4395:
4387:
4383:
4375:
4371:
4362:
4358:
4350:
4346:
4337:
4333:
4325:
4321:
4313:
4309:
4301:
4297:
4289:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4253:
4246:
4238:
4234:
4226:
4222:
4210:
4206:
4198:
4194:
4186:
4182:
4174:
4167:
4163:, p. 59–60
4159:
4150:
4142:
4133:
4125:
4121:
4113:
4109:
4101:
4097:
4089:
4085:
4077:
4073:
4065:
4058:
4050:
4046:
4037:
4035:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4012:
4010:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3976:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3949:
3945:
3937:
3933:
3925:
3914:
3906:
3897:
3889:
3885:
3866:
3862:
3843:
3839:
3820:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3796:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3772:
3768:
3760:
3751:
3743:
3736:
3728:
3724:
3715:
3711:
3707:, p. 35–36
3703:
3699:
3691:
3682:
3673:
3669:
3660:
3656:
3648:
3641:
3633:
3629:
3621:
3617:
3609:
3605:
3597:
3593:
3585:
3578:
3570:
3566:
3555:
3551:
3538:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3514:
3510:
3502:
3498:
3490:
3486:
3478:
3471:
3463:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3436:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3401:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3381:, pp. 6–10
3377:
3373:
3357:
3353:
3345:
3341:
3335:Simple Heraldry
3325:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3285:
3281:
3277:, pp. 1–18
3273:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3238:
3234:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3189:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3145:arms of Nunavut
3142:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3079:
3068:Heraldry portal
3066:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3049:
3046:
3037:
3030:
3021:
3014:
2924:Roman Dutch law
2892:
2890:Modern heraldry
2863:Pahlavi scripts
2859:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2755:"stamp, seal" (
2745:
2739:
2723:emblem of Italy
2672:
2666:
2569:
2556:
2543:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2501:
2495:
2477:as part of its
2466:
2374:
2372:Slovak heraldry
2356:Polish heraldry
2338:Main articles:
2334:
2310:southern France
2306:
2278:Main articles:
2274:
2257:
2235:French heraldry
2205:Main articles:
2201:
2178:Roman Dutch law
2154:
2142:Main articles:
2140:
2053:
2035:German heraldry
2027:Danish heraldry
2021:Main articles:
2017:
1996:
1994:National styles
1978:where present,
1970:or shield, the
1937:
1931:
1922:
1916:
1869:
1841:
1736:
1728:Main articles:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1707:
1704:
1695:
1692:
1683:
1680:
1671:
1668:
1659:
1656:
1640:German heraldry
1550:
1424:
1418:
1341:
1335:
1327:Line (heraldry)
1288:
1282:
1214:
1208:
1080:, it is termed
964:The metals are
935:
929:
855:
849:
780:
744:
742:
737:
736:
730:
723:
709:
702:
695:
688:
681:
674:
667:
660:
653:
646:
606:
601:
595:
550:
530:College of Arms
432:
354:Norman invasion
350:Bayeux Tapestry
333:
327:
320:
317:Bayeux Tapestry
309:
300:
289:
280:
273:
264:
257:
248:
245:
236:
223:Reverse of the
221:
167:Book of Numbers
138:
133:
131:Equestrian seal
119:
113:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7435:
7425:
7424:
7407:
7406:
7404:
7403:
7402:
7401:
7384:
7379:
7375:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7347:
7346:
7336:
7330:
7328:
7324:
7323:
7321:
7320:
7318:Trophy of arms
7315:
7310:
7309:
7308:
7298:
7297:
7296:
7286:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7277:banner of arms
7269:
7264:
7258:
7256:
7252:
7251:
7248:
7247:
7245:
7244:
7239:
7233:
7231:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7221:
7213:
7205:
7197:
7189:
7179:
7169:
7157:
7155:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7145:
7135:
7126:
7124:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7103:
7091:
7078:
7076:
7072:
7071:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7066:
7051:
7050:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7018:
7016:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7006:
6994:
6982:
6970:
6958:
6945:
6943:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6935:
6923:
6910:
6908:
6901:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6884:
6882:
6876:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6863:
6861:Tristram/Bowen
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6792:
6790:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6764:
6763:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6727:
6725:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6591:
6590:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6544:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6476:
6474:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6449:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6413:
6411:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6352:
6350:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6342:
6337:
6336:
6335:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6209:
6207:
6198:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6176:
6174:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6164:
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5987:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5955:
5954:
5947:Ecclesiastical
5944:
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5937:
5926:
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5917:
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5914:
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5857:
5856:
5849:
5842:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5821:
5815:
5809:
5803:
5797:
5781:Barron, Oswald
5777:
5771:
5766:
5758:
5757:External links
5755:
5753:
5752:
5738:
5723:
5707:
5694:
5678:
5661:
5655:
5639:
5633:
5620:
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5569:
5555:
5539:
5528:
5519:
5507:
5495:
5486:
5473:
5467:
5454:
5448:
5440:Scots Heraldry
5435:
5429:
5413:
5406:
5400:
5387:
5381:
5364:
5358:
5341:
5322:
5308:
5299:
5287:
5279:Dennys, Rodney
5275:
5267:Burke, Bernard
5263:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5225:
5205:
5193:
5170:
5157:
5144:
5120:
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5012:
5003:
4994:
4985:
4972:
4952:
4939:
4932:
4907:
4892:
4868:
4861:
4838:
4825:Greek Reporter
4811:
4799:
4787:
4775:
4763:
4747:
4734:
4715:
4688:
4676:
4672:Pinches (1994)
4664:
4652:
4637:
4620:
4613:
4595:
4582:
4570:
4554:
4544:on Aug 5, 2012
4530:"Differencing
4521:
4508:
4506:, pp. 186
4496:
4484:
4471:
4459:
4442:Pottinger, Don
4429:
4425:Boutell (1890)
4417:
4405:
4393:
4381:
4369:
4365:Basic Heraldry
4356:
4354:, pp. 101
4344:
4331:
4319:
4307:
4295:
4283:
4271:
4259:
4244:
4232:
4220:
4204:
4192:
4180:
4165:
4148:
4144:Boutell (1890)
4131:
4119:
4107:
4095:
4091:Boutell (1890)
4083:
4071:
4056:
4054:, pp. 6–7
4052:Boutell (1890)
4044:
4019:
3998:
3986:
3956:
3943:
3939:Boutell (1890)
3931:
3912:
3895:
3883:
3860:
3837:
3814:
3802:
3790:
3778:
3766:
3749:
3734:
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3697:
3680:
3667:
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3627:
3615:
3603:
3591:
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3520:
3508:
3496:
3484:
3469:
3454:
3442:
3430:
3418:
3395:
3383:
3371:
3351:
3339:
3319:
3307:
3303:Boutell (1890)
3295:
3279:
3262:
3250:
3232:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3197:
3187:
3174:
3165:
3136:
3127:
3117:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3082:
3072:
3071:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3040:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3022:
3015:
3008:
2998:copyright laws
2891:
2888:
2883:noble families
2858:
2855:
2840:Main article:
2837:
2834:
2808:, such as the
2802:Eastern Europe
2798:Turkic peoples
2741:Main article:
2738:
2735:
2668:Main article:
2665:
2662:
2637:in function.
2521:Main article:
2518:
2515:
2499:Greek heraldry
2497:Main article:
2494:
2491:
2465:
2462:
2458:Ottoman Empire
2333:
2330:
2273:
2272:Latin heraldry
2270:
2255:Welsh heraldry
2239:Irish heraldry
2227:Devon heraldry
2200:
2197:
2193:Dutch colonies
2174:noble families
2162:Gelre Armorial
2144:Dutch heraldry
2139:
2138:Dutch heraldry
2136:
2023:Czech heraldry
2016:
2013:
2000:western Europe
1995:
1992:
1945:Middle English
1933:Main article:
1930:
1927:
1918:Main article:
1915:
1912:
1868:
1865:
1840:
1837:
1744:Saxe-Altenburg
1725:
1724:Helm and crest
1722:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1686:
1684:
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1672:
1669:
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1549:
1546:
1420:Main article:
1417:
1414:
1337:Main article:
1334:
1331:
1284:Main article:
1281:
1278:
1238:bendy sinister
1210:Main article:
1207:
1204:
1132:alternate vair
1111:, or miniver.
931:Main article:
928:
925:
909:sinister flank
901:sinister chief
851:Main article:
848:
845:
838:, symbols, or
788:shield of arms
782:
781:
779:
778:
771:
764:
756:
753:
752:
739:
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597:Main article:
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549:
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463:Windsor Castle
431:
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371:Second Crusade
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225:Narmer Palette
222:
215:
176:Nebra sky disc
137:
134:
115:Main article:
112:
109:
26:Hyghalmen Roll
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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7397:
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7366:Sigillography
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6759:
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6736:Laurel wreath
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6083:
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6056:
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6049:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6042:
6039:
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6026:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5976:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5945:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5921:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5877:Grant of arms
5875:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5866:
5862:
5855:
5850:
5848:
5843:
5841:
5836:
5835:
5832:
5825:
5824:Heraldic Arts
5822:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5801:
5798:
5794:
5793:
5787:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5739:0-7153-4464-1
5735:
5731:
5730:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5662:
5658:
5656:0-907853-47-1
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5634:9781844772247
5630:
5626:
5621:
5617:
5616:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5589:
5585:
5583:0-900455-45-4
5579:
5575:
5570:
5566:
5565:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5529:
5525:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5476:Louda, Jiří;
5474:
5470:
5468:9780900455131
5464:
5460:
5455:
5451:
5449:9780717942282
5445:
5441:
5436:
5432:
5430:9780806305837
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5401:9780760710821
5397:
5393:
5388:
5384:
5382:9780517566657
5378:
5373:
5372:
5365:
5361:
5359:9780498066832
5355:
5350:
5349:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5329:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5242:
5241:
5228:
5226:9780806300719
5222:
5218:
5217:
5209:
5203:, p. 238
5202:
5201:Slater (2003)
5197:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5174:
5167:
5161:
5154:
5148:
5141:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5124:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5097:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5070:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5043:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5016:
5007:
4998:
4989:
4975:
4973:9783447054256
4969:
4965:
4964:
4956:
4949:
4943:
4935:
4933:87-567-1685-0
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4904:
4899:
4897:
4889:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4864:
4858:
4842:
4826:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4803:
4796:
4791:
4784:
4779:
4772:
4767:
4760:
4756:
4751:
4744:
4738:
4730:
4726:
4719:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4680:
4673:
4668:
4662:, p. 158
4661:
4656:
4649:
4644:
4642:
4635:, p. 129
4634:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4616:
4610:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4586:
4580:, p. 128
4579:
4574:
4567:
4564:
4558:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4533:
4525:
4518:
4512:
4505:
4500:
4494:, p. 124
4493:
4488:
4481:
4475:
4468:
4463:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4433:
4427:, p. 311
4426:
4421:
4414:
4409:
4403:, p. 330
4402:
4397:
4391:, p. 259
4390:
4385:
4378:
4373:
4366:
4360:
4353:
4348:
4341:
4340:Or and Argent
4335:
4328:
4323:
4316:
4311:
4304:
4299:
4292:
4287:
4280:
4275:
4268:
4263:
4256:
4251:
4249:
4241:
4236:
4229:
4224:
4218:, pp. 74
4217:
4213:
4208:
4201:
4196:
4189:
4184:
4177:
4172:
4170:
4162:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4145:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4128:
4123:
4117:, p. 231
4116:
4115:Slater (2003)
4111:
4104:
4103:Slater (2003)
4099:
4092:
4087:
4080:
4075:
4068:
4063:
4061:
4053:
4048:
4034:on 2012-07-22
4033:
4029:
4023:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3990:
3975:on 2006-04-27
3974:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3953:
3947:
3940:
3935:
3928:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3909:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3892:
3887:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3806:
3799:
3794:
3787:
3782:
3775:
3770:
3763:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3746:
3741:
3739:
3731:
3726:
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3713:
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3631:
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3612:
3607:
3600:
3595:
3588:
3583:
3581:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3546:
3545:Wagner (1946)
3542:
3536:
3530:, pp. 62
3529:
3524:
3517:
3516:Wagner (1946)
3512:
3505:
3500:
3493:
3488:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3466:
3461:
3459:
3451:
3446:
3439:
3434:
3427:
3422:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3387:
3380:
3375:
3369:, pp. 6.
3368:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3348:
3343:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3316:
3311:
3304:
3299:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3276:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3259:
3254:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3236:
3230:, p. 183
3229:
3226:, p. 1;
3225:
3220:
3216:
3201:
3191:
3184:
3178:
3169:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3131:
3121:
3112:
3108:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3090:Sigillography
3088:
3086:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3058:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2949:, guilds and
2948:
2944:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2898:, Scotland's
2897:
2896:Kings of Arms
2887:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2814:royal symbols
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2695:coats of arms
2691:
2687:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2658:Date Masamune
2655:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2623:coats of arms
2620:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2568:
2555:
2542:
2529:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2493:Greek symbols
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2269:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2158:Low Countries
2153:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2132:divided field
2128:
2126:
2121:
2118:and northern
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2065:South Savonia
2062:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2005:South African
2001:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1958:arms used in
1957:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1926:
1921:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1902:, hereditary
1901:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1873:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1853:Ne vile velis
1850:
1849:Thomas Nevile
1846:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1714:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:vair in point
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
939:
934:
924:
922:
921:sinister base
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
889:nombril point
886:
882:
877:
875:
871:
866:
864:
859:
854:
844:
841:
837:
833:
827:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
777:
772:
770:
765:
763:
758:
757:
755:
754:
751:
741:
740:
734:
729:
728:
721:
720:
715:
714:
708:
707:
701:
700:
694:
693:
687:
686:
680:
679:
673:
672:
666:
665:
659:
658:
652:
651:
645:
644:
637:
636:
633:
629:
628:
625:
622:
619:
618:
614:
610:
609:
600:
590:
587:
584:
583:nationalistic
580:
574:
572:
568:
567:stained glass
564:
559:
555:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
515:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:
485:
481:
477:
473:
464:
460:
456:
451:
447:
445:
441:
437:
427:
425:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
386:
384:
378:
376:
372:
368:
363:
358:
355:
351:
342:
337:
332:
318:
314:
311:The death of
307:
302:
297:
296:
287:
282:
278:
271:
266:
262:
255:
250:
243:
238:
234:
230:
226:
219:
214:
213:
212:
210:
206:
205:Nine Worthies
202:
198:
194:
189:
187:
186:
179:
177:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
132:
128:
124:
118:
108:
104:
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
32:
28:
27:
21:
7356:Phaleristics
7289:Roll of arms
7255:Applications
7167:Bleu celeste
7153:Rare colours
6846:Ormonde/Wake
6731:Fleur-de-lis
6293:Inescutcheon
6258:Crozier head
6103:Coat of arms
5990:Augmentation
5897:King of Arms
5860:
5790:
5728:
5718:
5702:
5698:
5685:
5665:
5646:
5624:
5613:
5604:
5592:
5573:
5563:
5546:
5533:
5523:
5514:
5502:
5490:
5481:
5458:
5439:
5420:
5409:
5391:
5370:
5347:
5327:
5316:
5303:
5294:
5282:
5270:
5249:
5237:Bibliography
5215:
5208:
5196:
5187:
5183:
5173:
5165:
5160:
5147:
5123:
5110:
5106:
5096:
5083:
5079:
5069:
5056:
5052:
5042:
5029:
5025:
5015:
5006:
4997:
4988:
4977:. Retrieved
4962:
4955:
4947:
4942:
4919:
4910:
4905:, p. 11
4876:
4871:
4841:
4829:. Retrieved
4824:
4814:
4802:
4790:
4778:
4773:, p. 21
4766:
4758:
4750:
4742:
4737:
4728:
4718:
4700:(in Dutch).
4697:
4691:
4686:, p. 88
4679:
4674:, p. 82
4667:
4655:
4650:, p. 15
4604:
4598:
4590:
4585:
4573:
4565:
4562:
4557:
4546:. Retrieved
4542:the original
4537:
4531:
4524:
4516:
4511:
4499:
4487:
4479:
4474:
4469:, p. 14
4462:
4445:
4432:
4420:
4415:, p. 60
4408:
4401:Friar (1987)
4396:
4389:Friar (1987)
4384:
4379:, p. 18
4372:
4364:
4359:
4347:
4339:
4338:Bruno Heim,
4334:
4322:
4310:
4298:
4286:
4274:
4269:, p. 28
4262:
4235:
4230:, p. 63
4223:
4207:
4195:
4190:, p. 70
4183:
4122:
4110:
4105:, p. 56
4098:
4086:
4074:
4047:
4036:. Retrieved
4032:the original
4022:
4011:. Retrieved
4001:
3989:
3977:. Retrieved
3973:the original
3968:
3959:
3951:
3946:
3934:
3886:
3877:
3873:
3863:
3854:
3850:
3840:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3805:
3793:
3781:
3769:
3732:, p. 38
3725:
3717:
3712:
3700:
3675:
3670:
3662:
3657:
3630:
3618:
3613:, p. 37
3606:
3601:, p. 59
3594:
3574:, p. 32
3567:
3552:
3540:
3535:
3523:
3511:
3499:
3494:, p. 31
3487:
3482:, p. 26
3445:
3433:
3421:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3390:
3386:
3374:
3362:
3354:
3342:
3334:
3322:
3310:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3253:
3239:
3235:
3228:Friar (1987)
3219:
3200:
3190:
3182:
3177:
3168:
3139:
3130:
3120:
3111:
3033:
2986:
2967:
2940:
2935:micronations
2928:
2920:South Africa
2916:South Africa
2893:
2860:
2857:Ancient Iran
2851:
2818:
2806:Central Asia
2752:
2748:
2746:
2725:. After the
2715:World War II
2711:Soviet Union
2708:
2693:
2684:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2634:
2626:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2566:
2553:
2540:
2527:
2526:
2523:Mon (emblem)
2508:
2502:
2467:
2390:
2335:
2327:
2307:
2275:
2258:
2202:
2183:burgher arms
2181:
2165:
2155:
2129:
2097:
2069:Finnish Army
2063:, a city of
2018:
1997:
1951:
1947:
1938:
1923:
1908:
1897:
1882:
1852:
1843:An armorial
1842:
1802:
1795:
1772:
1768:
1753:
1658:Dimidiation
1637:
1633:inescutcheon
1630:
1626:
1615:
1602:
1598:
1582:
1571:
1569:
1533:fleur-de-lis
1510:
1487:
1485:
1425:
1410:
1382:inescutcheon
1378:
1342:
1304:
1300:Varpaisjärvi
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:vair in bend
1123:
1120:vair in pale
1119:
1116:counter-vair
1115:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:red squirrel
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1062:ermine spots
1061:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:, sky blue;
1027:bleu de ciel
1026:
1023:bleu-céleste
1022:
1021:, or brown;
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
980:, or black;
977:
973:
969:
965:
963:
958:
954:
950:
944:
920:
916:
912:
908:
905:dexter flank
904:
900:
897:center chief
896:
893:dexter chief
892:
888:
885:honour point
884:
880:
878:
873:
867:
860:
856:
828:
804:
800:coat of arms
785:
727:Coat of arms
725:
717:
711:
704:
697:
690:
683:
676:
669:
662:
655:
648:
641:
632:coat of arms
620:
575:
551:
538:Earl Marshal
523:
512:
506:
493:
487:
475:
468:
444:King of Arms
439:
433:
417:
398:
387:
379:
375:Montfaucon's
359:
346:
260:
228:
193:devised arms
190:
183:
180:
165:
154:Mesopotamian
139:
105:
94:
62:coat of arms
37:
36:
31:Roll of arms
24:
7361:Vexillology
7122:Rare metals
7102:(blood red)
6700:Winged lion
6680:Sea-griffin
6615:Hippocampus
6548:Allocamelus
6190:Fimbriation
6118:Compartment
6095:Achievement
6063:Marshalling
6029:distinction
5887:Law of arms
5872:Authorities
5668:. Penguin.
4881:listed here
4146:, p. 8
4093:, p. 9
3979:October 19,
3941:, p. 6
3518:, p. 8
3506:, p. 1
3428:, p. 6
3317:, p. v
3305:, p. 5
3157:Connecticut
3018:hydrocarbon
2487:compartment
2454:Turk's head
2450:house marks
2170:Netherlands
2120:Switzerland
2116:Czech lands
2088:Lapland War
1988:Middle Ages
1964:Middle Ages
1718:Quartering
1587:dimidiation
1565:Stowe House
1548:Marshalling
1258:barry-bendy
1097:vair ancien
984:, or blue;
917:middle base
913:dexter base
832:compartment
699:Compartment
643:Escutcheon
624:achievement
534:Pursuivants
526:Richard III
519:William III
514:visitations
455:pursuivants
315:, from the
313:King Harold
209:Round Table
42:vexillology
23:The German
7306:equestrian
7090:(mulberry)
6816:Harrington
6746:Quatrefoil
6675:Salamander
6620:Hippogriff
6578:Cockatrice
6558:Amphiptere
6530:Wolfsangel
6510:Portcullis
6422:Black swan
6376:Camelopard
6205:Ordinaries
6123:Escutcheon
6073:impalement
6068:quartering
6051:variations
5969:Attributed
5907:pursuivant
5688:. London:
5113:(3): 2–4.
5059:(3): 1–4.
5032:(1): 1–4.
4979:2016-06-13
4875:Some 6939
4862:434003102X
4548:2012-06-19
4454:1119559413
4038:2012-06-19
4013:2012-06-19
3559:, p.
3212:References
3159:require a
3096:Totem pole
3076:Emblematic
2947:government
2902:, and the
2810:East Slavs
2790:Sarmatians
2704:monarchies
2507:' tragedy
2483:escutcheon
2384:county in
2080:Winter War
1976:supporters
1968:escutcheon
1884:Supporters
1682:Impalement
1642:, animate
1618:quartering
1609:(see also
1576:impalement
1494:Quadrupeds
1481:supporters
1449:wild boars
1372:, and the
1333:Ordinaries
1262:paly-bendy
976:, or red;
881:fess point
796:supporters
611:Part of a
586:propaganda
571:embroidery
509:Henry VIII
329:See also:
136:Precursors
121:See also:
78:supporters
7399:resources
7344:socialist
7267:Hatchment
7262:Bookplate
7242:Carnation
7229:Realistic
7042:Erminites
6880:Tinctures
6831:Hinckaert
6796:Bourchier
6650:Ouroboros
6635:Manticore
6540:Legendary
6515:Reremouse
6452:Przepaska
6381:Hind/stag
6371:Dog/hound
6180:Attitudes
6157:Supporter
6085:Societies
6046:divisions
5995:abatement
5818:Heraldica
5674:878505764
4702:The Hague
4568:(97): 16.
3331:Pottinger
3103:Footnotes
2879:Sasanians
2875:Parthians
2871:al-Masudi
2826:talismans
2794:Scythians
2757:Mongolian
2592:mondokoro
2554:mondokoro
2505:Aeschylus
2413:Lithuania
2166:Wapenboek
1956:blazoning
1851:'s motto
1558:Grenville
1489:attitudes
1406:flaunches
1222:variation
1175:papelonné
1109:menu-vair
1101:gros vair
1093:vair ondé
1039:carnation
1035:columbine
947:tinctures
927:Tinctures
657:Supporter
579:patriotic
440:blazoning
405:King John
362:Alexius I
277:Legionary
197:Pharamond
97:antiquity
7422:Heraldry
7416:Category
7351:Logotype
7294:Illyrian
7176:Brunâtre
7100:Sanguine
7037:Erminois
7005:(purple)
6898:Hatching
6893:Tricking
6856:Stafford
6756:Shamrock
6705:Woodwose
6685:Sea-lion
6655:Pantheon
6630:Lindworm
6573:Chollima
6568:Biscione
6563:Basilisk
6485:Crapaudy
6386:Kangaroo
6248:Componée
6242:Łękawica
6138:pavilion
6133:Mantling
6012:courtesy
6007:Alliance
5935:dominion
5930:National
5861:Heraldry
5783:(1911).
5748:02020303
5717:(1988).
5684:(1967).
5645:(1981).
5603:(1967).
5561:(1903).
5545:(1997).
5513:(1976).
5480:(1981).
5419:(1973).
5348:Heraldry
5337:09023803
5314:(1904).
5293:(1988).
5281:(1975).
5269:(1967).
5151:See the
5136:Archived
5127:See the
5115:Archived
5088:Archived
5086:(1): 6.
5061:Archived
5034:Archived
4948:Heraldik
4918:(1972).
4884:Archived
4855:. 2004.
4831:10 March
4710:63382927
4534:Cadency"
4444:(1953).
3183:tincture
3125:visible.
3054:See also
3034:castagne
3020:molecule
2959:Anglican
2943:academia
2775:used by
2649:datemono
2580:Japanese
2485:and the
2433:Slovakia
2401:Bulgaria
2386:Slovakia
2266:Napoleon
2189:republic
2086:and the
2003:such as
1833:Anglican
1829:his arms
1798:mantling
1791:Loyalist
1603:sinistra
1583:per pale
1561:Armorial
1517:crescent
1477:griffins
1473:unicorns
1453:martlets
1315:tincture
1242:chevrony
1171:plumetty
1074:erminois
1031:amaranth
1019:brunâtre
994:sanguine
819:mantling
678:Mantling
621:Heraldic
558:burghers
457:wearing
420:Crusades
409:Henry II
142:Egyptian
54:pedigree
46:ceremony
38:Heraldry
7327:Related
7195:Cendrée
7178:(brown)
7032:Ermines
7003:Purpure
6993:(green)
6969:(black)
6942:Colours
6922:(white)
6826:Heneage
6768:Thistle
6761:Trefoil
6695:Unicorn
6670:Phoenix
6665:Pegasus
6660:Panther
6645:Musimon
6640:Mermaid
6625:Lampago
6595:Enfield
6588:Chinese
6525:Serpent
6520:Scallop
6490:Dolphin
6464:Pelican
6459:Martlet
6447:Szaszor
6417:Alerion
6391:Leopard
6366:Bull/ox
6340:Saltire
6328:Roundel
6303:Lozenge
6273:Flaunch
6238:Chevron
6228:Bordure
6213:Annulet
6185:Erasure
6172:Charges
6036:Canting
6024:Cadency
5985:Armiger
5959:Burgher
5912:private
5882:History
5259:6102523
4847:日本の家紋大全
3547:, pl. I
3359:Numbers
3002:Nigeria
2836:Tughras
2786:Mongols
2765:Turkic:
2539:, also
2437:Ukraine
2421:Romania
2409:Hungary
2405:Croatia
2397:Belarus
2393:Albania
2314:Andorra
2108:Estonia
2100:Germany
2073:Marshal
2071:led by
2061:Mikkeli
1948:blasoun
1920:Cadency
1839:Mottoes
1779:coronet
1756:English
1644:charges
1595:chevron
1572:marshal
1529:annulet
1525:martlet
1498:passant
1465:Dragons
1416:Charges
1390:bordure
1370:saltire
1366:chevron
1270:fusilly
1266:lozengy
1246:gyronny
1167:plumeté
1159:potenté
1105:beffroi
1066:ermines
1015:cendrée
990:purpure
955:colours
863:lozenge
815:coronet
807:helmets
498:Henry V
459:tabards
424:surcoat
394:Henry I
263:550 BC.
158:griffin
146:serekhs
111:History
90:mottoes
7339:Emblem
7313:Tabard
7237:Proper
7216:
7211:Orange
7208:
7200:
7192:
7184:
7182:
7174:
7172:
7164:
7161:
7140:
7138:
7133:Copper
7130:
7109:
7106:
7097:
7094:
7088:Murrey
7085:
7082:
7075:Stains
7064:Potent
7027:Ermine
7000:
6997:
6988:
6985:
6981:(blue)
6976:
6973:
6964:
6961:
6952:
6949:
6934:(gold)
6929:
6926:
6920:Argent
6917:
6914:
6907:Metals
6773:Turnip
6724:Plants
6710:Wyvern
6600:Garuda
6583:Dragon
6553:Alphyn
6349:Beasts
6333:Bezant
6288:Hamade
6278:Goutte
6233:Canton
6150:slogan
6128:Helmet
6019:Blazon
5978:Topics
5902:herald
5746:
5736:
5672:
5653:
5631:
5580:
5465:
5446:
5427:
5398:
5379:
5356:
5335:
5257:
5223:
4970:
4930:
4859:
4708:
4611:
4532:a.k.a.
4452:
3995:NGW.nl
3329:&
3161:rococo
2908:Canada
2842:Tughra
2830:glyphs
2753:tamgha
2737:Tamgas
2643:kabuto
2631:crests
2619:badges
2578:, are
2565:, and
2541:monshō
2475:tughra
2429:Serbia
2425:Russia
2417:Poland
2382:Turiec
2370:, and
2320:, and
2302:, and
2253:, and
2150:, and
2114:, the
2112:Latvia
2102:, the
2082:, the
2049:, and
1952:blason
1941:syntax
1935:Blazon
1929:Blazon
1904:knight
1861:blazon
1809:galero
1783:Canada
1775:wreath
1764:helmet
1748:thaler
1607:honour
1599:dextra
1593:and a
1535:, and
1521:mullet
1457:wolves
1404:, and
1400:, the
1398:canton
1396:, the
1392:, the
1384:, the
1368:, the
1364:, the
1360:, the
1356:, the
1352:, the
1346:blazon
1323:nebuly
1311:shield
1250:chequy
1189:proper
1179:kursch
1136:potent
1050:ermine
1043:copper
1006:stains
998:murrey
970:argent
957:, and
951:metals
919:, and
899:, and
847:Shield
836:badges
719:slogan
706:Charge
685:Helmet
613:series
569:, and
563:enamel
465:, 2006
436:herald
233:Narmer
164:, the
129:, and
82:badges
70:helmet
66:shield
7284:Badge
7203:Ochre
7112:Tenné
6979:Azure
6967:Sable
6957:(red)
6955:Gules
6851:Savoy
6811:Dacre
6801:Bowen
6788:Knots
6690:Tyger
6610:Harpy
6495:Emmet
6473:Other
6442:Eagle
6410:Birds
6298:Label
6283:Gyron
6263:Chief
6253:Cross
6195:Lines
6162:Torse
6145:Motto
6113:Crest
6058:Fraud
6041:Field
5964:Women
5952:papal
5940:civic
5923:Types
5705:(84).
4566:NS II
2994:logos
2822:seals
2782:Alans
2773:stamp
2761:тамга
2749:tamga
2743:Tamga
2588:kamon
2567:kamon
2479:crest
2322:Italy
2318:Spain
2125:Torse
1980:motto
1972:crest
1900:baron
1845:motto
1825:mitre
1821:tiara
1760:crest
1541:cadet
1445:stags
1441:bears
1437:eagle
1429:cross
1402:label
1394:chief
1350:cross
1309:of a
1307:field
1234:bendy
1226:barry
1218:field
1151:vairy
1147:vairé
1058:stoat
1010:stain
1002:tenné
982:azure
978:sable
974:gules
870:field
823:motto
811:torse
792:crest
713:Motto
692:Crown
671:Torse
664:Crest
650:Field
261:circa
229:circa
162:Bible
150:Horus
74:crest
64:on a
7301:Seal
7272:Flag
7219:Rose
7186:Buff
7142:Buff
7059:Vair
7047:Pean
7014:Furs
6991:Vert
6866:Wake
6841:Lacy
6751:Rose
6715:Yale
6505:Lucy
6437:Dove
6432:Crow
6427:Cock
6401:Wolf
6396:Lion
6361:Boar
6356:Bear
6323:Pile
6318:Pall
6313:Pale
6308:Orle
6268:Fess
6223:Bend
5744:LCCN
5734:ISBN
5670:OCLC
5651:ISBN
5629:ISBN
5578:ISBN
5463:ISBN
5444:ISBN
5425:ISBN
5396:ISBN
5377:ISBN
5354:ISBN
5333:LCCN
5255:OCLC
5221:ISBN
4968:ISBN
4928:ISBN
4879:are
4857:ISBN
4852:梧桐書院
4833:2023
4706:OCLC
4609:ISBN
4450:OCLC
3981:2006
2989:laws
2974:atom
2877:and
2804:and
2796:and
2769:seal
2729:and
2709:The
2621:and
2590:and
2441:clan
2435:and
2261:semy
2156:The
2007:and
1732:and
1591:bend
1537:rose
1515:the
1469:bats
1461:fish
1459:and
1435:and
1433:lion
1386:orle
1374:pall
1362:bend
1358:pale
1354:fess
1305:The
1268:and
1254:undy
1248:and
1230:paly
1216:The
1155:vair
1082:pean
1054:vair
1052:and
986:vert
968:and
959:furs
907:and
874:semé
716:(or
453:Two
88:and
72:and
52:and
50:rank
7334:Mon
6741:Oak
6500:Ged
6480:Bee
6218:Bar
5549:. "
4877:mon
2914:),
2867:mon
2771:or
2751:or
2654:mon
2635:mon
2627:Mon
2612:mon
2608:mon
2604:mon
2600:mon
2596:mon
2584:mon
2528:Mon
2517:Mon
2164:or
1827:in
1754:In
1638:In
1613:).
1570:To
1563:at
1511:In
1506:vol
1298:of
1236:or
1169:or
1149:or
1103:or
1095:or
1033:or
1025:or
996:or
446:."
7418::
6932:Or
5789:.
5742:.
5713:;
5703:XI
5701:.
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5186:.
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3411:.
3407:.
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3289:,
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2560:紋所
2552:,
2547:紋章
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