402:
298:, "hair". Crests had existed in various forms since ancient times: Roman officers wore fans of feathers or horsehair, which were placed longitudinally or transversely depending on the wearer's rank, and Viking helmets were often adorned with wings and animal heads. They first appeared in a heraldic context in the form of the metal fans worn by knights in the 12th and 13th centuries. These were primarily decorative, but may also have served a practical purpose by lessening or deflecting the blows of opponents' weapons (perhaps why their edges came to be serrated). These fans were generally of one colour, later evolving to repeat all or part of the arms displayed on the shield.
355:
2113:
2145:
2479:
172:
160:
214:
387:
371:
era, and arms with more than one crest are still rare. In contrast to
Continental practice, where a crest is never detached from its helm, a Briton with more than one crest may choose to display only one crested helm, and have the other crests simply floating in space. Though usually adopted through marriage to an heiress, examples exist of secondary crests being granted as
269:
302:
the form of an animal; also popular were wings, horns, human figures, and panaches of feathers. These were probably worn only in tournaments, not battle: not only did they add to the already considerable weight of the helm, they could also have been used by opponents as a handle to pull the wearer's head down.
432:, consisting of three fleurons on a golden circlet; these are not, however, indications of rank, though they are not generally granted nowadays except in special circumstances. In some modern examples, the crest features both a crest-coronet and a torse, though this practice is deprecated by purists.
345:
Heraldry in general underwent something of a renaissance in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and many of the illogicalities of previous centuries were discarded. Crests are now generally not granted unless they could actually be used on a physical helm, and the rules about directions of helms
420:
It is widely observed in
English heraldry that no two families may use the same crest. This is in contrast to Scottish practice, in which crests are less significant, and are often borne in the same form by unrelated people. As a result of this lack of need for differentiation, Scottish crests tend
366:
The use of crests was once restricted to those of 'tournament rank', i.e. knights and above, but in modern times nearly all personal arms include crests. They are not generally used by women (with the exception of reigning queens) and clergymen, as they did not participate in war or tournaments and
305:
Laces, straps, or rivets were used to affix the crest to the helm, with the join being covered by a circlet of twisted cloth known as a torse or wreath, or by a coronet in the case of high-ranking nobles. Torses did not come into regular use in
Britain until the 15th century, and are still uncommon
370:
In continental Europe, particularly
Germany, crests have a far greater significance than in Britain, and it is common for one person to display multiple crests with his arms; certain high-ranking noblemen are entitled to as many as seventeen. This practice did not exist in Britain until the modern
301:
The fan crest was later developed by cutting out the figure displayed on it, to form a metal outline; this evolved in the late 13th and early 14th centuries into a three-dimensional sculpture. These were usually made of cloth, leather or paper over a wooden or wire framework, and were typically in
322:
By the 16th century, the age of tournaments had ended, and physical crests largely disappeared. Their illustrated equivalents consequently began to be treated as simply two-dimensional pictures. Many crests from this period are physically impossible to bear on a helm, e.g. the crest granted to
417:, which consists of the chief's crest encircled by a strap and buckle inscribed with the chiefly motto. Unlike such a badge, which can be used by any number of relatives and retainers, the crest itself is personal to the armiger, and its use by others is considered usurpation.
413:, displayed on crockery, carriage doors, stationery, etc. This led to the erroneous use of the term "crest" to mean "arms", which has become widespread in recent years. In Scotland, a member of a clan or house is entitled to use a prescribed form of
401:
256:. The use of the crest and torse independently from the rest of the achievement, a practice which became common in the era of paper heraldry, has led the term "crest" to be frequently but erroneously used to refer to the
338:). In the medieval period crests would always have faced the same way as the helm, but as a result of these rules, the directions of the crest and the helm might be at variance: a knight whose crest was a lion
367:
thus would not have helms on which to wear them. Some heraldists are also of the opinion that crests, as personal devices, are not suited for use by corporate bodies, but this is not widely observed.
342:, would have the lion depicted as looking over the side of the helm, rather than towards the viewer. Torses also suffered artistically, being treated not as silken circlets, but as horizontal bars.
468:. Within each chapel are rows of stalls for use by the knights; above these stalls are placed each knight's sword and crested helm. These are carved out of
670:
245:
and, to a lesser extent, battles, crests became solely pictorial after the 16th century (the era referred to by heraldists as that of "paper heraldry").
359:
428:
The usual torse around the crest is frequently replaced by some kind of coronet, known as a "crest-coronet". The standard form is a simplified ducal
200:
252:
consists of the shield, above which is set the helm, on which sits the crest, its base encircled by a circlet of twisted cloth known as a
853:
327:
in 1581, which consisted of a disembodied hand issuing from clouds and leading a ship around the globe (representing God's guidance).
2511:
409:
After the 16th century, it became common for armigers to detach the crest and wreath from the helm, and use them in the manner of a
533:
1169:
1511:
425:
are generally not used with crests, though it is not incorrect to do so, and the
British royal family continue this practice.
741:
1475:
330:
In the same period, different helms began to be used for different ranks: sovereigns' and knights' helms faced forwards (
941:
380:
193:
383:
was granted, in addition to his original crest, the crest of an arm holding the US flag with a broken flagstaff.
1227:
674:
909:
2488:
272:
186:
1749:
1744:
673:. A Genealogical and Heraldic Memorial of the Ancient Gentle Family of Drake of Drakenage. Archived from
1614:
876:
518:
2308:
1804:
1331:
2471:
2433:
1825:
1764:
1704:
1091:
1036:
1001:
2326:
2275:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
1207:
1184:
1140:
1079:
934:
820:
477:
372:
354:
249:
125:
50:
2103:
1212:
1162:
1157:
1135:
1019:
914:
449:
376:
242:
69:
2331:
1118:
1084:
976:
453:
414:
390:
8:
2189:
1987:
1969:
1759:
1342:
1294:
1269:
971:
890:
880:
445:
843:
537:
275:, with fan crests displaying his arms on both his helmet and his horse's head. From the
2383:
2356:
1684:
1629:
1579:
1490:
1480:
1417:
1392:
1327:
1302:
1274:
1174:
961:
745:
2300:
2231:
2222:
2116:
1845:
1450:
1322:
1261:
1239:
1217:
1101:
1053:
927:
866:
461:
324:
238:
145:
132:
111:
39:
2112:
2068:
2056:
1977:
1779:
1584:
1531:
1526:
1460:
1445:
1387:
1352:
1197:
1130:
1096:
1024:
465:
276:
118:
76:
2483:
2395:
2080:
1925:
1910:
1905:
1840:
1521:
1485:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1312:
1284:
1058:
981:
176:
2144:
1599:
139:
2407:
2373:
2366:
1920:
1885:
1677:
1604:
1589:
1569:
1307:
1152:
1147:
1041:
1029:
868:
Heraldry as Art: an
Account of its Development and Practice, Chiefly in England
457:
410:
766:
2505:
2455:
2390:
2361:
2021:
1945:
1877:
966:
857:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 311–330.
848:
838:
491:
218:
1830:
744:. The Man Who Captured Washington: Major General Robert Ross. Archived from
2468:
Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic)
2445:
2423:
2378:
2256:
1915:
1820:
1455:
1382:
1347:
1192:
1125:
1048:
986:
394:
306:
on the
Continent, where crests are usually depicted as continuing into the
257:
153:
58:
27:
20:
1857:
1574:
1553:
2450:
2292:
1789:
1769:
1637:
1516:
1279:
2265:
1862:
1337:
1950:
1940:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1835:
1709:
1667:
1647:
1619:
1609:
996:
862:
2284:
2351:
1955:
1935:
1930:
1739:
1724:
1541:
1246:
469:
83:
1594:
1470:
213:
2440:
1982:
1867:
1794:
1774:
1719:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1222:
950:
307:
234:
104:
47:
2201:
2153:
2092:
1850:
1784:
1754:
1734:
1729:
1714:
1694:
1548:
1536:
1506:
1465:
1429:
1362:
1317:
1113:
1074:
473:
429:
422:
311:
421:
to be less ornamental than their
English counterparts. Marks of
386:
310:. Crests were also sometimes mounted on a furred cap known as a
159:
26:"Family crest" redirects here. For Japanese family emblems, see
2428:
2402:
2177:
2009:
1799:
1689:
1672:
1642:
1422:
1377:
1367:
1108:
991:
915:
Website of Ian
Brennan, sculptor to the British Royal Household
842:
441:
440:
Perhaps the only places physical crests are still seen are the
222:
241:. Originating in the decorative sculptures worn by knights in
2044:
1699:
1372:
1251:
1234:
253:
97:
334:), whereas those of peers and gentlemen faced to the right (
2148:
1357:
919:
268:
260:
displayed on the shield, or to the achievement as a whole.
536:. Illustrated History of the Roman Empire. Archived from
237:
display, consisting of the device borne on top of the
616:
614:
611:
2503:
480:, the official sculptor to the royal household.
294:, meaning "tuft" or "plume", perhaps related to
935:
194:
489:
57:External devices in addition to the central
889:
806:
791:
704:
632:
581:
942:
928:
875:
802:
800:
779:
728:
716:
687:
656:
620:
569:
201:
187:
700:
698:
696:
400:
385:
353:
290:The word "crest" derives from the Latin
267:
212:
797:
534:"Legionary Helmets of the Roman Period"
375:: after defeating the Americans at the
2504:
897:. London: Frederick Warne and Co. Ltd.
837:
644:
557:
923:
693:
444:of Britain's orders of chivalry: the
435:
317:
314:, as in the royal crest of England.
217:A knight with an eagle crest at the
16:Top component of an heraldic display
861:
818:
605:
593:
531:
13:
516:
14:
2523:
903:
885:. London: T. C. & E. C. Jack.
668:
2512:External devices in achievements
2477:
2143:
2111:
346:are no longer rigidly observed.
170:
158:
910:Crests of Knights of the Garter
812:
785:
773:
759:
734:
722:
710:
681:
671:"The Arms of Sir Francis Drake"
662:
650:
638:
405:British crests in an 1817 book.
360:Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
626:
599:
587:
575:
563:
551:
525:
521:. Online Etymology Dictionary.
510:
1:
499:
362:, with fifteen crested helms.
280:
2234:(metal in the United States)
949:
882:A Complete Guide to Heraldry
504:
7:
483:
10:
2528:
830:
25:
18:
2464:
2416:
2344:
2317:
2241:
2210:
2164:
2102:
2031:
1996:
1968:
1876:
1813:
1628:
1562:
1499:
1438:
1293:
1260:
1183:
1067:
1012:
957:
871:. London: B. T. Batsford.
769:. Court of the Lord Lyon.
263:
823:. Contemporary Sculptor.
349:
19:Not to be confused with
2472:List of oldest heraldry
854:Encyclopædia Britannica
821:"Creating a crest/arms"
742:"Battle of Bladensburg"
490:
406:
398:
363:
287:
226:
404:
389:
377:Battle of Bladensburg
357:
273:Sir Geoffrey Luttrell
271:
216:
891:Scott-Giles, Charles
454:Order of the Thistle
233:is a component of a
2484:Heraldry portal
1911:Hastings/Hungerford
1198:Crowns and coronets
1170:National traditions
446:Order of the Garter
177:Heraldry portal
1868:Waterlily/Seeblatt
1092:Ancient and modern
895:Boutell's Heraldry
877:Fox-Davies, Arthur
450:St George's Chapel
436:Orders of chivalry
407:
399:
364:
288:
248:A normal heraldic
227:
2499:
2498:
2340:
2339:
2278:(color in Canada)
1964:
1963:
517:Harper, Douglas.
462:Order of the Bath
325:Sir Francis Drake
318:Later development
211:
210:
2519:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2320:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2273:
2263:
2255:
2252:
2244:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2200:
2197:
2188:
2185:
2176:
2173:
2147:
2115:
2091:
2088:
2079:
2076:
2067:
2064:
2055:
2052:
2043:
2040:
2020:
2017:
2008:
2005:
1994:
1993:
1978:Rule of tincture
1695:Griffin/Keythong
1291:
1290:
982:Officers of arms
944:
937:
930:
921:
920:
898:
886:
872:
858:
846:
844:"Heraldry"
825:
824:
816:
810:
809:, pp. 154–5
807:Scott-Giles 1954
804:
795:
792:Scott-Giles 1954
789:
783:
777:
771:
770:
763:
757:
756:
754:
753:
738:
732:
731:, pp. 322–3
726:
720:
714:
708:
705:Scott-Giles 1954
702:
691:
685:
679:
678:
669:Drake, Charles.
666:
660:
654:
648:
642:
636:
633:Scott-Giles 1954
630:
624:
618:
609:
603:
597:
591:
585:
584:, pp. 150–1
582:Scott-Giles 1954
579:
573:
567:
561:
555:
549:
548:
546:
545:
529:
523:
522:
514:
495:
472:and painted and
466:Henry VII Chapel
393:of the chief of
285:
282:
277:Luttrell Psalter
203:
196:
189:
175:
174:
173:
162:
35:
34:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2478:
2476:
2460:
2412:
2336:
2318:
2313:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2281:
2271:
2261:
2253:
2250:
2242:
2237:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2206:
2198:
2195:
2186:
2183:
2174:
2171:
2160:
2098:
2089:
2086:
2077:
2074:
2065:
2062:
2053:
2050:
2041:
2038:
2027:
2018:
2015:
2006:
2003:
1992:
1960:
1926:Hungerford knot
1896:Cavendish/Savoy
1872:
1809:
1624:
1558:
1495:
1434:
1289:
1256:
1179:
1063:
1008:
953:
948:
906:
901:
833:
828:
817:
813:
805:
798:
790:
786:
780:Fox-Davies 1909
778:
774:
765:
764:
760:
751:
749:
740:
739:
735:
729:Fox-Davies 1909
727:
723:
717:Fox-Davies 1909
715:
711:
703:
694:
688:Fox-Davies 1909
686:
682:
667:
663:
657:Fox-Davies 1909
655:
651:
643:
639:
631:
627:
621:Fox-Davies 1909
619:
612:
604:
600:
592:
588:
580:
576:
570:Fox-Davies 1909
568:
564:
556:
552:
543:
541:
532:Dickson, Iain.
530:
526:
515:
511:
507:
502:
486:
438:
352:
320:
283:
266:
207:
171:
169:
164:
163:
157:
150:
136:
129:
122:
115:
108:
101:
94:
87:
80:
73:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2525:
2515:
2514:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2408:Trophy of arms
2405:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2367:banner of arms
2359:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2269:
2259:
2247:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2216:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2193:
2181:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2108:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2048:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2013:
2000:
1998:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1951:Tristram/Bowen
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1037:Ecclesiastical
1034:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
979:
974:
969:
964:
958:
955:
954:
947:
946:
939:
932:
924:
918:
917:
912:
905:
904:External links
902:
900:
899:
887:
873:
859:
849:Chisholm, Hugh
839:Barron, Oswald
834:
832:
829:
827:
826:
819:Brennan, Ian.
811:
796:
784:
772:
758:
733:
721:
709:
692:
680:
677:on 2012-05-19.
661:
649:
637:
625:
610:
598:
586:
574:
562:
550:
524:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
496:
485:
482:
458:Thistle Chapel
437:
434:
351:
348:
319:
316:
265:
262:
209:
208:
206:
205:
198:
191:
183:
180:
179:
166:
165:
151:
137:
130:
123:
116:
109:
102:
95:
88:
81:
74:
67:
66:
65:
62:
61:
54:
53:
44:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2524:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2457:
2456:Sigillography
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2270:
2267:
2260:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2194:
2191:
2182:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2085:
2082:
2073:
2070:
2061:
2058:
2049:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2014:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1826:Laurel wreath
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
967:Grant of arms
965:
963:
960:
959:
956:
952:
945:
940:
938:
933:
931:
926:
925:
922:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
896:
892:
888:
884:
883:
878:
874:
870:
869:
864:
860:
856:
855:
850:
845:
840:
836:
835:
822:
815:
808:
803:
801:
794:, p. 160
793:
788:
782:, p. 419
781:
776:
768:
762:
748:on 2016-03-11
747:
743:
737:
730:
725:
719:, p. 343
718:
713:
707:, p. 161
706:
701:
699:
697:
690:, p. 321
689:
684:
676:
672:
665:
659:, p. 385
658:
653:
647:, p. 315
646:
641:
635:, p. 154
634:
629:
623:, p. 336
622:
617:
615:
608:, p. 120
607:
602:
596:, p. 126
595:
590:
583:
578:
572:, p. 327
571:
566:
560:, p. 314
559:
554:
540:on 2015-09-14
539:
535:
528:
520:
513:
509:
494:
493:
492:Kolbenturnier
488:
487:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
433:
431:
426:
424:
418:
416:
412:
403:
396:
392:
388:
384:
382:
378:
374:
373:augmentations
368:
361:
356:
347:
343:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
315:
313:
309:
303:
299:
297:
293:
278:
274:
270:
261:
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
224:
220:
219:Saracen Joust
215:
204:
199:
197:
192:
190:
185:
184:
182:
181:
178:
168:
167:
161:
156:
155:
148:
147:
142:
141:
135:
134:
128:
127:
121:
120:
114:
113:
107:
106:
100:
99:
93:
92:
86:
85:
79:
78:
72:
71:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
52:
49:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
29:
22:
2446:Phaleristics
2379:Roll of arms
2345:Applications
2257:Bleu celeste
2243:Rare colours
1936:Ormonde/Wake
1821:Fleur-de-lis
1383:Inescutcheon
1348:Crozier head
1202:
1193:Coat of arms
1080:Augmentation
987:King of Arms
894:
881:
867:
852:
814:
787:
775:
761:
750:. Retrieved
746:the original
736:
724:
712:
683:
675:the original
664:
652:
640:
628:
601:
589:
577:
565:
553:
542:. Retrieved
538:the original
527:
512:
439:
427:
419:
408:
395:Clan Douglas
369:
365:
358:Arms of the
344:
339:
335:
331:
329:
321:
304:
300:
295:
291:
289:
247:
230:
228:
154:Coat of arms
152:
144:
138:
131:
124:
117:
110:
103:
96:
90:
89:
82:
75:
68:
59:coat of arms
32:
28:Mon (emblem)
21:Coat of arms
2451:Vexillology
2212:Rare metals
2192:(blood red)
1790:Winged lion
1770:Sea-griffin
1705:Hippocampus
1638:Allocamelus
1280:Fimbriation
1208:Compartment
1185:Achievement
1153:Marshalling
1119:distinction
977:Law of arms
962:Authorities
863:Eve, George
645:Barron 1911
558:Barron 1911
478:Ian Brennan
415:crest badge
391:crest badge
381:Robert Ross
284: 1330
250:achievement
243:tournaments
126:Compartment
70:Escutcheon
51:achievement
2396:equestrian
2180:(mulberry)
1906:Harrington
1836:Quatrefoil
1765:Salamander
1710:Hippogriff
1668:Cockatrice
1648:Amphiptere
1620:Wolfsangel
1600:Portcullis
1512:Black swan
1466:Camelopard
1295:Ordinaries
1213:Escutcheon
1163:impalement
1158:quartering
1141:variations
1059:Attributed
997:pursuivant
752:2015-07-21
544:2015-07-21
500:References
460:, and the
225:, Tuscany.
38:Part of a
2489:resources
2434:socialist
2357:Hatchment
2352:Bookplate
2332:Carnation
2319:Realistic
2132:Erminites
1970:Tinctures
1921:Hinckaert
1886:Bourchier
1740:Ouroboros
1725:Manticore
1630:Legendary
1605:Reremouse
1542:Przepaska
1471:Hind/stag
1461:Dog/hound
1270:Attitudes
1247:Supporter
1175:Societies
1136:divisions
1085:abatement
505:Footnotes
470:lime wood
84:Supporter
2506:Category
2441:Logotype
2384:Illyrian
2266:Brunâtre
2190:Sanguine
2127:Erminois
2095:(purple)
1988:Hatching
1983:Tricking
1946:Stafford
1846:Shamrock
1795:Woodwose
1775:Sea-lion
1745:Pantheon
1720:Lindworm
1663:Chollima
1658:Biscione
1653:Basilisk
1575:Crapaudy
1476:Kangaroo
1338:Componée
1332:Łękawica
1228:pavilion
1223:Mantling
1102:courtesy
1097:Alliance
1025:dominion
1020:National
951:Heraldry
893:(1954).
879:(1909).
865:(1907).
841:(1911).
767:"Crests"
606:Eve 1907
594:Eve 1907
484:See also
332:affronté
308:mantling
235:heraldic
105:Mantling
48:Heraldic
2417:Related
2285:Cendrée
2268:(brown)
2122:Ermines
2093:Purpure
2083:(green)
2059:(black)
2032:Colours
2012:(white)
1916:Heneage
1858:Thistle
1851:Trefoil
1785:Unicorn
1760:Phoenix
1755:Pegasus
1750:Panther
1735:Musimon
1730:Mermaid
1715:Lampago
1685:Enfield
1678:Chinese
1615:Serpent
1610:Scallop
1580:Dolphin
1554:Pelican
1549:Martlet
1537:Szaszor
1507:Alerion
1481:Leopard
1456:Bull/ox
1430:Saltire
1418:Roundel
1393:Lozenge
1363:Flaunch
1328:Chevron
1318:Bordure
1303:Annulet
1275:Erasure
1262:Charges
1126:Canting
1114:Cadency
1075:Armiger
1049:Burgher
1002:private
972:History
851:(ed.).
831:Sources
519:"Crest"
442:chapels
430:coronet
423:cadency
340:statant
312:chapeau
2429:Emblem
2403:Tabard
2327:Proper
2306:
2301:Orange
2298:
2290:
2282:
2274:
2272:
2264:
2262:
2254:
2251:
2230:
2228:
2223:Copper
2220:
2199:
2196:
2187:
2184:
2178:Murrey
2175:
2172:
2165:Stains
2154:Potent
2117:Ermine
2090:
2087:
2078:
2075:
2071:(blue)
2066:
2063:
2054:
2051:
2042:
2039:
2024:(gold)
2019:
2016:
2010:Argent
2007:
2004:
1997:Metals
1863:Turnip
1814:Plants
1800:Wyvern
1690:Garuda
1673:Dragon
1643:Alphyn
1439:Beasts
1423:Bezant
1378:Hamade
1368:Goutte
1323:Canton
1240:slogan
1218:Helmet
1109:Blazon
1068:Topics
992:herald
474:gilded
452:, the
336:dexter
296:crinis
292:crista
264:Origin
223:Arezzo
146:slogan
133:Charge
112:Helmet
40:series
2374:Badge
2293:Ochre
2202:Tenné
2069:Azure
2057:Sable
2047:(red)
2045:Gules
1941:Savoy
1901:Dacre
1891:Bowen
1878:Knots
1780:Tyger
1700:Harpy
1585:Emmet
1563:Other
1532:Eagle
1500:Birds
1388:Label
1373:Gyron
1353:Chief
1343:Cross
1285:Lines
1252:Torse
1235:Motto
1203:Crest
1148:Fraud
1131:Field
1054:Women
1042:papal
1030:civic
1013:Types
847:. In
411:badge
350:Usage
254:torse
231:crest
140:Motto
119:Crown
98:Torse
91:Crest
77:Field
2391:Seal
2362:Flag
2309:Rose
2276:Buff
2232:Buff
2149:Vair
2137:Pean
2104:Furs
2081:Vert
1956:Wake
1931:Lacy
1841:Rose
1805:Yale
1595:Lucy
1527:Dove
1522:Crow
1517:Cock
1491:Wolf
1486:Lion
1451:Boar
1446:Bear
1413:Pile
1408:Pall
1403:Pale
1398:Orle
1358:Fess
1313:Bend
258:arms
239:helm
143:(or
2424:Mon
1831:Oak
1590:Ged
1570:Bee
1308:Bar
476:by
464:'s
456:'s
448:'s
221:in
2508::
2022:Or
799:^
695:^
613:^
379:,
281:c.
279:,
229:A
42:on
1334:)
1330:(
943:e
936:t
929:v
755:.
547:.
397:.
286:.
202:e
195:t
188:v
149:)
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
