3160:
1323:
3372:
3069:
2083:
3086:
34:
3396:
7017:
2700:
2561:
5179:
5169:
1011:
1563:
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1314:
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urban cities, free merchants, and a new money-based economy. The rural values of monasticism held little appeal to urban people who began to form sects more in tune with urban culture. The first large-scale heretical movements in
Western Europe originated in the newly urbanized areas such as southern France and northern Italy and were probably influenced by the
2834:
During the 12th and 13th century in Europe there was a radical change in the rate of new inventions, innovations in the ways of managing traditional means of production, and economic growth. In less than a century there were more inventions developed and applied usefully than in the previous thousand
2524:
was a wealthy merchant who gave up his riches around 1175 after a religious experience and became a preacher. He founded the
Waldensians which became a Christian sect believing that all religious practices should have strictly scriptural bases. Waldo was denied the right to preach his sermons by the
1472:
introduced
Christianity to the region; he was remembered by the contemporary chroniclers as a very religious monarch, with wide knowledge in Latin grammar, strict with his own people but kind to foreigners. He eradicated the remnants of the tribal organisation in the Kingdom and forced the people to
1793:
allowed Europe's population to increase, despite the famine in 1315 that killed 1.5 million people. This increased population contributed to the founding of new towns and an increase in industrial and economic activity during the period. They also established trade and a comprehensive production of
2785:
At the beginning of the 13th century there were reasonably accurate Latin translations of the main works of almost all the intellectually crucial ancient authors, allowing a sound transfer of scientific ideas via both the universities and the monasteries. By then, the natural science contained in
1141:
in 1085. Dominated by war, the societal structures and relations in the northern
Christian kingdoms were subordinated to the demands of omnipresent military conflict. The territorial expansion of the northern Christian kingdoms to the south brought the creation of border societies, where military
2336:
existed in Europe before the 11th century but only in small numbers and of local character: in most cases, a rogue priest, or a village returning to pagan traditions. However, beginning in the 11th century, mass-movement heresies appeared. The roots of this can be partially sought in the rise of
3330:. It included elements from Latin literature and Arab-influenced Spain and North Africa. Later its influence spread to several cultures in Western Europe, notably in Portugal and the Minnesänger in Germany. Provençal literature also reached Sicily and Northern Italy laying the foundation of the
1794:
alcohol. Food production also increased during this time as new ways of farming were introduced, including the use of a heavier plow, horses instead of oxen, and a three-field system that allowed the cultivation of a greater variety of crops than the earlier two-field system—notably
3128:
demonstrated movement toward heaven. Veneration of God was also expressed by the relatively large size of these buildings. A gothic cathedral therefore not only invited the visitors to elevate themselves spiritually, it was also meant to demonstrate the greatness of God. The
1166:. Despite population growth, agricultural output remained relatively rigid throughout the period; between the 10th and 13th centuries, migration southwards to exposed areas was incentivized by the possibility of enjoying privileges and acquiring properties. Conversely, the
3115:. It was influenced by the spiritual background of the time, being religious in essence: thin horizontal lines and grates made the building strive towards the sky. Architecture was made to appear light and weightless, as opposed to the dark and bulky forms of the previous
2525:
Third
Lateran Council in 1179, which he did not obey and continued to speak freely until he was excommunicated in 1184. Waldo was critical of the Christian clergy saying they did not live according to the word. He rejected the practice of selling indulgences (
4087:
The French historian of the early medieval forest, Charles
Higounet, produced a map in the 1960s, which has been much reproduced since, that purports to show the distribution of the forest cover in Europe on the eve of the so-called 'great clearances'
3123:
enhanced the spirit of lightness. As color was much rarer at medieval times than today, it can be assumed that these virtuoso works of art had an awe-inspiring impact on the common man from the street. High-rising intricate ribbed, and later
765:. By 1350, the robust population increase had greatly benefited the European economy, which reached levels that would not be seen again in some areas until the 19th century. That trend faltered during the Late Middle Ages because of a
3259:
Despite political decline during the late 12th and much of the 13th centuries, the
Byzantine scholarly tradition remained particularly fruitful over the time period. One of the most prominent philosophers of the 11th century,
3559:(42). A larger number of plays survive from France and Germany in this period and some type of religious dramas were performed in nearly every European country in the Late Middle Ages. Many of these plays contained
2480:
believed that historical events were the result of struggle between a good (spiritual) force and an evil (material) force and that the world was of the evil force, though it could be controlled or defeated through
875:
called the "great clearances", Europeans cleared and cultivated some of the vast forests and marshes that lay across much of the continent. At the same time, settlers moved beyond the traditional boundaries of the
2063:, where the Order suffered a devastating defeat against a joint Polish-Lithuanian army. After Grunwald, the Order declined in power until 1809 when it was officially dissolved. There were ten crusades in total.
1367:
had been divided and replaced by separate successor kingdoms called France and
Germany, although not with their modern boundaries. Germany was significantly more eastern. Germany was under the banner of the
3531:. Trade guilds began to perform plays, usually religiously based, and often dealing with a biblical story that referenced their profession. For instance, a baker's guild would perform a reenactment of the
3598:
also rose dramatically in popularity after the 13th century. The majority of these plays come from France and
Germany and are similar in tone and form, emphasizing sex and bodily excretions.
1422:. Relying on a powerful military élite, Tamar was able to build on the successes of her predecessors to consolidate an empire which dominated vast lands spanning from present-day southern
1178:
from northern Africa featured volatile state structures. Barring (unsuccessful) attempts to take Toledo, Almoravids and
Almohads did not stand out for carrying out an expansionist policy.
1785:
grapes in northern England, although the maximum expansion of vineyards appears to occur within the Little Ice Age period. During this time, a high demand for wine and steady volume of
3119:. It was commonly thought that light was an expression of God; therefore, architectural techniques were adapted and developed to build churches that reflected this teaching. Colorful
2770:
1920:
The Catholic Crusades occurred between the 11th and 13th centuries. They were conducted under papal authority, initially with the intent of reestablishing Christian rule in
3182:
A variety of cultures influenced the literature of the High Middle Ages, one of the strongest among them being Christianity. The connection to Christianity was greatest in
1724:
to the northwest. Eastern and Western churches had formally split in the 11th century, and despite occasional periods of co-operation during the 12th century, in 1204 the
1824:
were invented. Tournaments allowed knights to establish their family name while being able to gather vast wealth and renown through victories. In the 12th century, the
983:, a combination of Judeo-Islamic and Catholic ideologies with the ancient philosophy. For much of this period, Constantinople remained Europe's most populous city, and
1075:
at about the same time, though Scotland later asserted its independence and Wales remained largely under the rule of independent native princes until the death of
1345:
had been divided and replaced by separate successor kingdoms called France and Germany, although not with their modern boundaries. France pushed to the west. The
6939:
3490:
2810:
can be seen already in Grosseteste's emphasis on mathematics as a way to understand nature, and in the empirical approach admired by Bacon, particularly in his
860:
from the Latins, though it was no longer a major power and would continue to falter through the 14th century, with remnants lasting until the mid 15th century.
4632:
1418:
continued the upward rise, successfully neutralizing internal opposition and embarking on an energetic foreign policy aided by further decline of the hostile
4998:
6929:
4553:
856:(1204 to 1261), who continually fought each other until the end of the Latin Empire. The Byzantine Empire was reestablished in 1261 with the recapture of
5134:
3279:
continued the Platonic line in Byzantine thought and was criticized by the Church for holding opinions it considered heretical, such as the doctrine of
1170:-prevalent model in Muslim-ruled lands did not require territorial expansion. While Muslim lands enjoyed from a certain demographic and financial edge,
6804:
1886:, an addition to the creed concerning the origin of the Holy Spirit, as well as disputes as to the existence of papal authority over the four Eastern
7091:
4028:
3141:, the plan was divided into sections and uniform subsections. These characteristics are exhibited by the most famous sacral building of the time:
2345:. These heresies were on a scale the Catholic Church had never seen before and as such the response was one of elimination for some (such as the
1773:, the period from the 10th century to about the 14th century in Europe, was a relatively warm and gentle interval ended by the generally colder
7086:
6944:
4647:
1063:
invaded Ireland in 1169 and soon established themselves throughout most of the country, although their stronghold was the southeast. Likewise,
1042:
6969:
988:
837:
2203:("blank slate") that was given the ability to think and recognize forms or ideas through a divine spark. Other notable scholastics included
6314:
4724:
1812:
During the High Middle Ages, the idea of a Christian warrior started to change as Christianity grew more prominent in Medieval Europe. The
5225:
1697:
841:
816:
settled in the British Isles, France and elsewhere, and Norse Christian kingdoms started developing in their Scandinavian homelands. The
1589:
6884:
1261:
of Denmark ruled over both England and Norway. After Cnut's death in 1035, England and Norway were both lost, and with the defeat of
3415:
developed in religious institutions, and the application of notation to secular music was a later development. Early in the period,
6158:
3445:
It was during the 12th and 13th centuries that Gregorian plainchant gave birth to polyphony, which appeared in the works of French
2492:
1477:
religion. He founded the Hungarian medieval state, organising it politically into counties using the Germanic system as a model.
5798:
1349:
controlled much of France in the 12th century and early 13th century until the French retook much of their previous territory.
6246:
2759:
1196:
with hereditary monarchy. Subsequently joined to the Holy Roman Empire, it had its moment of maximum splendor with the emperor
809:
3527:
and the growth of towns, and this would lead to significant changes for theatre starting in this time and continuing into the
2618:, Russia the league had factories and middlemen. In this period the Germans started colonising Europe beyond the Empire, into
1253:
From the mid-10th to the mid-11th centuries, the Scandinavian kingdoms were unified and Christianized, resulting in an end of
867:
began a more intensive settlement, targeting "new" lands, some areas of which had reverted to wilderness after the end of the
6824:
4602:
4499:
4477:
4452:
2428:
who wrote on heretics from Cologne in 1181: "Hos nostra Germania catharos appellat." ( our Germany calls these "Cathars".)
1816:
promoted the ideal knight to be selfless, faithful, and fierce against those who threaten the weak. Household heavy cavalry (
1447:
1265:
in 1227, Danish predominance in the region came to an end. Meanwhile, Norway extended its Atlantic possessions, ranging from
2711:
was based upon few copies and commentaries of ancient Greek texts that remained in Western Europe after the collapse of the
2694:
2578:, a federation of free cities to advance trade by sea, was founded in the 12th century, with the foundation of the city of
1950:
In the context of the crusades, monastic military orders were founded that would become the template for the late medieval
1585:
1501:
345:
5740:
5058:
5033:
4973:
2688:
5594:
5149:
3272:, along with contributing to history, grammar, and rhetorics. His pupil and successor at the head of Philosophy at the
2731:
1945:
1836:. Inherited titles of nobility were established during this period. In 13th-century Germany, knighthood became another
1151:
416:
3159:
2552:
proved very similar to their own theological thought. Waldensian churches still exist, located on several continents.
6989:
5192:
5154:
4684:
4371:
4074:
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4030:
Politics and power early medieval europe alsace and frankish realm 600–1000 | European history: general interest
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1468:(founded in 1000), became one of the most powerful medieval states in central Europe and Western Europe. King Saint
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Jellinek, E. M. 1976. "Drinkers and Alcoholics in Ancient Rome." Edited by Carole D. Yawney andRobert E. Popham.
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was one of the first to develop musical notation, which made it easier for singers to remember Gregorian chants.
2719:
2357:, had to be recognized directly by the Pope so as not to be confused with actual heretical movements such as the
1854:
1554:, Lithuania itself rapidly expanded to the East due to conquests and became one of the largest states in Europe.
1034:
754:
602:
3371:
2027:, to aid Christian pilgrims on their way to the Holy Lands and to operate hospitals for the sick and injured in
6110:
5537:
5370:
5308:
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924:
conquered southern Italy, all part of the major population increases and the resettlement patterns of the era.
766:
3493:, came from all classes of society, and wrote songs on a variety of topics, though with a particular focus on
1227:, which played a key role in European trade from then on, making these cities become major financial centers.
6263:
5745:
5654:
5104:
4935:
3785:
3246:. There was also a quantity of poetry and historical writings which were written during this period, such as
2048:
888:, which reached the peak of its political power around then, called armies from across Europe to a series of
1322:
6874:
6859:
6754:
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3273:
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6280:
5791:
5704:
5699:
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5114:
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1973:(Philippine le Bel) had the entire order arrested in France and dismantled on charges of alleged heresy.
1752:
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5211:
5109:
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4250:"Occidente vs. islam. Modelos agrarios, sociedad/frontera y poder militar en la Reconquista peninsular"
4139:
Davies, Rees (2001-05-01). "Wales: A Culture Preserved". bbc.co.uk/history. p. 3. Retrieved 2008-05-06.
3736:
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Miniature representing the delivery of the fortress of Uclés to the Master of Order of Santiago in 1174
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There were also a number of secular performances staged in the Middle Ages, the earliest of which is
3248:
3095:, whose construction began in 1163, is one of the finer examples of the High Middle Ages architecture
3036:
2643:
2309:(Hermits of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Carmel, commonly known as the White Friars), founded 1206–1214
1298:
657:
3471:) and the musical genres of late Middle Ages. An important composer during the 12th century was the
3068:
6899:
6627:
6389:
6349:
6339:
6287:
5083:
4434:
3979:
3283:. Two Orthodox theologians important in the dialogue between the eastern and western churches were
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2500:
2044:
2001:
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1529:
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1187:
1116:
155:
6677:
6585:
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5879:
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4787:
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4444:
3822:
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3742:
3552:
3383:
3116:
3100:
3056:
3020:
1649:
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805:
801:
781:
753:
of Europe, which brought about great social and political change from the preceding era, and the
526:
408:
170:
2672:
1607:
1281:. However, the Norwegian influence started to decline already in the same period, marked by the
6849:
6839:
6428:
6359:
6344:
5825:
5784:
5559:
5388:
5144:
4900:
4674:
4163:"Battle in the Medieval Iberian Peninsula: 11th to 13th century Castile-Leon. State of the art"
3810:
3724:
3693:
3171:
2533:
2161:
and supporting Roman Catholic doctrines through secular study, reason, and logic. They opposed
1969:
from hostile locals and highway bandits. The order was deeply involved in banking, and in 1307
1481:
1262:
4487:
3895:
3073:
2656:
6959:
6934:
6864:
6547:
6275:
6048:
6006:
5976:
5639:
5504:
4963:
4855:
4812:
4563:
4469:
3861:
3687:
3661:
3655:
3548:
3506:
3315:
rose in popularity with its synthesis of ancient pagan and contemporaneous Christian themes.
2950:
2395:
2253:
2220:
1932:
in 1073 and recaptured it in 1098, just before they lost it again in 1099 as a result of the
1821:
1637:
1244:
1204:
1159:
1088:
789:
785:
581:
463:
74:
4261:
2610:(Danzig), as well as Königsberg, capital of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. In
2394:
elements that originated around the middle of the 10th century, branded by the contemporary
7066:
6954:
6709:
6622:
6600:
6523:
6519:
6448:
6364:
6309:
6304:
6127:
5971:
5860:
5694:
5689:
5629:
5564:
5469:
5182:
5124:
4920:
4827:
4797:
4782:
4588:
3674:
3615:
3539:, plays were produced in some 127 different towns during the Middle Ages. These vernacular
3468:
3388:
3284:
3253:
2712:
2668:
2641:
to China. Westerners became more aware of the Far East when Polo documented his travels in
2271:
2236:
2178:
2118:
1966:
1913:
1860:
1770:
1764:
1539:
1469:
1457:
1373:
1076:
868:
793:
594:
107:
2059:. The Teutonic Knights' power hold, which became considerable, was broken in 1410, at the
2008:. After the Holy Lands were eventually taken by Muslim forces, it moved its operations to
1700:
emperors there was a revival of prosperity and urbanization; however, their domination of
1406:(1121) against the Seljuk Turks, as a result of which Georgia recaptured its lost capital
8:
7045:
6979:
6844:
6714:
6504:
6433:
6190:
6163:
6146:
6134:
5956:
5912:
5659:
5589:
5532:
5449:
5275:
5068:
5048:
5028:
4993:
4925:
4837:
4704:
3835:
3779:
3717:
3668:
3633:
3475:
3154:
3142:
3091:
3080:
3030:
2993:
2825:
2723:
2660:
2488:
2477:
2466:
2342:
2162:
1977:
1970:
1909:
1748:
1411:
1391:
1385:
1046:
992:
797:
777:
750:
598:
577:
361:
233:
202:
90:
2746:, allowed Europeans access to scientific Arabic and Greek texts, including the works of
2435:. This name originates from the end of the 12th century, and was used by the chronicler
2216:
1708:, and henceforth the region was divided between the Byzantines in Greece, some parts of
7021:
6699:
6615:
6605:
6438:
6401:
6331:
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6253:
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6117:
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4762:
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4637:
4283:
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3621:
3544:
3319:
3300:
2791:
2648:
2541:
2436:
2190:
2186:
2060:
1876:
1732:. This severely damaged the Byzantines, and their power was ultimately weakened by the
1709:
1678:, as many countries of the region were invaded, pillaged, conquered and/or vassalized.
1551:
1535:
1465:
1423:
1395:
1364:
1342:
1192:
In Italy, with the Norman conquest, the first great and powerful state was formed, the
1084:
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944:
821:
668:
455:
377:
304:
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title, although one of the less prestigious, and the trend spread to other countries.
241:
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6731:
6719:
6704:
6684:
6595:
6542:
6514:
6496:
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5981:
5929:
5907:
5835:
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5619:
5599:
5579:
5569:
5459:
5441:
5410:
5343:
5260:
5234:
5168:
4910:
4880:
4870:
4860:
4777:
4767:
4752:
4619:
4534:
4495:
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4448:
4387:
4367:
4287:
4275:
4070:
4042:
4003:
3964:
3883:
3873:
3464:
3446:
3404:
3296:
3292:
3219:
3167:
2807:
2778:
2708:
2583:
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2350:
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2228:
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1925:
1868:
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1829:
1403:
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1332:
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1134:
936:
909:
735:
549:
534:
494:
369:
312:
288:
178:
131:
98:
6974:
3411:
The surviving music of the High Middle Ages is primarily religious in nature, since
2871:, and greatly improved ships. The latter two advances made possible the dawn of the
6590:
6580:
6406:
6354:
6258:
6122:
6011:
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5634:
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5348:
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5013:
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4890:
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4627:
4265:
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4034:
3969:
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3627:
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3424:
3354:
3343:
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3288:
3239:
3215:
3203:
3191:
3183:
3163:
3040:
2926:
2878:
2872:
2829:
2582:, which would later dominate the League, in 1158–1159. Many northern cities of the
2575:
2568:
2287:
2265:
2020:
1798:, the growth of which prevented the depletion of important nitrogen from the soil.
1701:
1693:
1689:
1671:
1653:
1509:
1415:
1258:
1248:
872:
833:
829:
739:
727:
694:
353:
4570:
2715:. Most of them were studied only in Latin as knowledge of Greek was very limited.
1480:
The following monarchs usually kept a close relationship with Rome, such as Saint
927:
The High Middle Ages produced many different forms of intellectual, spiritual and
6964:
6904:
6789:
6637:
6632:
6610:
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6484:
6241:
6195:
6093:
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5811:
5674:
5649:
5437:
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5139:
5053:
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and Ireland. An anonymous German poet tried to bring the Germanic myths from the
3104:
3010:
2799:
2615:
2312:
2294:
2252:
The late 11th century/early-mid 12th century was the height of the golden age of
2146:
2005:
1997:
1958:
1951:
1879:
1833:
1786:
1282:
1096:
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1052:
1022:
1014:
901:
885:
877:
828:
that was forming alliances with regional powers. With the brief exception of the
683:
646:
518:
265:
3291:. Byzantine historical tradition also flourished with the works of the brothers
2051:
to Christianity, the Order had already attacked other Christian nations such as
7033:
6994:
6914:
6869:
6809:
6774:
6566:
6479:
6384:
6292:
6083:
5917:
5840:
5624:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5584:
5574:
5489:
5432:
5325:
5288:
5043:
4988:
4942:
4895:
4875:
4719:
4642:
3912:
3905:
3877:
3754:
3699:
3523:
Economic and political changes in the High Middle Ages led to the formation of
3412:
3366:
3243:
3195:
3134:
3133:
of a gothic cathedral corresponded to the rules of scholasticism: According to
3016:
2919:
2751:
2602:
and Berlin. Hanseatic cities outside the Holy Roman Empire were, for instance,
2470:
2418:
2403:
2223:. Prominent opponents of various aspects of the scholastic mainstream included
2174:
2105:
1774:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1663:
1599:
1497:
1346:
1155:
1147:
976:
857:
825:
743:
573:
486:
194:
186:
66:
3085:
820:
ceased their expansion in the 10th century, and by the year 1000, a Christian
7055:
6949:
6834:
6749:
6694:
6554:
6474:
6369:
6219:
6212:
6105:
6058:
5951:
5807:
5720:
5519:
4802:
4279:
4175:
4162:
4038:
3849:
3816:
3748:
3681:
3649:
3540:
3536:
3348:
3308:
3280:
3211:
3050:
2985:
2893:
2537:
2443:(the ancient Albiga). The designation is hardly exact, for the centre was at
2212:
2170:
2154:
2101:
2072:
2040:
1962:
1933:
1733:
1623:
1435:
1419:
1399:
1208:
1163:
1138:
1010:
984:
980:
932:
723:
590:
431:
328:
147:
5776:
3395:
2699:
33:
7016:
6984:
6784:
6689:
6535:
6509:
6418:
6100:
6088:
6036:
5996:
5991:
5855:
5850:
5679:
5509:
5380:
5298:
4968:
4865:
4669:
3587:
3556:
3494:
3327:
3265:
3120:
3112:
3053:
continued earlier Byzantine traditions, influencing much of Eastern Europe.
3001:
2929:
aided navigation, first reaching Europe some time in the late 12th century.
2321:(Hermits of St. Augustine, commonly called the Austin Friars), founded 1256
2318:
2232:
2114:
2032:
2024:
1981:
1929:
1741:
1505:
1492:
in the 13th century), which eventually created certain discomfort for some
1474:
1072:
928:
893:
853:
762:
758:
623:
210:
2647:. He was followed by numerous Christian missionaries to the East, such as
2560:
2496:
6924:
6672:
6667:
6659:
6644:
6469:
6374:
6185:
6021:
5986:
5966:
5946:
5924:
5889:
5664:
5542:
5527:
5499:
5335:
5119:
4822:
4729:
4611:
4440:
Philosophy in the Islamic World: A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps
4185:
3974:
3798:
3532:
3502:
3400:
3276:
3223:
3207:
2955:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2735:
2703:
A map of medieval universities and major monasteries with library in 1250
2545:
2517:
2512:
2374:
2358:
2354:
2224:
2208:
2199:
2150:
1872:
1837:
1434:. Georgia remained a leading regional power until its collapse under the
1431:
1274:
1270:
1120:
1100:
1002:
began at the start of the 14th century and marked the end of the period.
913:
784:
stimulated scientific and philosophical activity in Northern Europe. The
770:
731:
218:
4390:, Quadrant 26 (11) (Nov, 1982), 51-60. (Retrieved on-line at 06-07-2007)
4270:
3498:
1777:
which would continue until the Middle of the 19th century. Farmers grew
6455:
6443:
6413:
6379:
6319:
6001:
5427:
4694:
4580:
3842:
3489:(Southern France) in the late 11th century. The troubadours were often
3482:
3323:
3187:
3130:
3026:
3019:
continued traditions from the Classical world (not to be confused with
2836:
2812:
2774:
2727:
2634:
2482:
2462:
2391:
2338:
2300:
2240:
2158:
2126:
1989:
1662:
The High Middle Ages saw the height and decline of the Slavic state of
1542:
from 1251 to 1263. After the assassination of its first Christian king
1517:
1513:
1372:, which reached its high-water mark of unity and political power under
1278:
964:
948:
940:
881:
502:
4488:"Averroes: religious dialectic and Aristotelian philosophical thought"
3454:
3303:
a generation later. Dating from 12th century Byzantine Empire is also
3013:
was influential on the British Isles until the Norman Invasion of 1066
2722:. The intellectual revitalization of Europe started with the birth of
6889:
6726:
6461:
6423:
6016:
5830:
5474:
5003:
4772:
3942:
3486:
3428:
3125:
2980:
2946:
2940:
2906:
2856:
2852:
2844:
2747:
2638:
2587:
2454:
were strong in southern France, northern Italy, and the southwestern
2451:
2407:
2382:
2306:
2182:
2142:
2138:
2125:, at first indirectly through Medieval Jewish and Muslim Philosophy (
2122:
1993:
1985:
1887:
1595:
1570:
1543:
1427:
1266:
1171:
1080:
972:
952:
897:
447:
5203:
3450:
2607:
2579:
2564:
2540:
with the outbreak of the Reformation and became a part of the wider
2315:(Order of Preachers, commonly called the Black Friars), founded 1215
2091:
1789:
inspired a viticulture revolution of progress. This protection from
6879:
6575:
6396:
6224:
6139:
6078:
6041:
5684:
5479:
5038:
4915:
4792:
4066:
An Environmental History of the Middle Ages: The Crucible of Nature
3459:
3419:
was the dominant form of church music; other forms, beginning with
3339:
3304:
3231:
3227:
3199:
2902:
2883:
The Measure of Reality: Quantification in Western Europe, 1250-1600
2875:. These inventions were influenced by foreign culture and society.
2864:
2848:
2840:
2755:
2743:
2444:
2425:
2369:
2204:
2134:
2130:
2028:
1899:
1883:
1813:
1807:
1603:
1562:
1508:, Hungary became a small empire that extended its control over the
1485:
1092:
1064:
968:
889:
832:
in the 13th century, major nomadic incursions ceased. The powerful
627:
510:
2031:. After Muslim forces captured the Holy Lands, the order moved to
1313:
7040:
6794:
6649:
6561:
5554:
5365:
4679:
4294:
4217:
3946:
3591:
3568:
3420:
3377:
2933:
2888:
2860:
2763:
2623:
2619:
2599:
2591:
2346:
2145:
and Muslim libraries; and those whom he influenced, most notably
2036:
1744:, however, was short-lived after the Crusader army was routed by
1667:
1520:
royal house contributed the most saints to the Catholic Church .
1488:
that escaped to the Kingdom searching for sanctuary (for example
1407:
1175:
1143:
1060:
921:
817:
214:
3006:
Art in the High Middle Ages includes these important movements:
2922:
was brought to Europe (probably from India) in the 13th century.
2835:
years of human history all over the globe. The period saw major
1928:. The Fatimids had captured Palestine in AD 970, lost it to the
1863:
of 1054 formally separated the Christian church into two parts:
6814:
3560:
3524:
3175:
2963:
2739:
2630:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2549:
2526:
2399:
2333:
2303:(Friars Minor, commonly known as the Grey Friars), founded 1209
2009:
1904:
1817:
1795:
1790:
1717:
1713:
1675:
1566:
1489:
1254:
1224:
1216:
1203:
In the rest of Italy, independent city states grew affluent on
917:
905:
813:
439:
3029:
developed a distinct Germanic flavor (not to be confused with
2043:. Yet, both before and after the Order's main pagan opponent,
1996:. After Jerusalem was taken in the First Crusade, it became a
1618:
1452:
1125:
6779:
6769:
6764:
6236:
6231:
4306:
4229:
4205:
4193:
3595:
3572:
3564:
3432:
3235:
3044:
2912:
2885:
and other major historians of technology have also noted it.
2868:
2769:
2023:
were a German religious order formed in 1190, in the city of
2013:
1912:, leader of the First Crusade, became the first ruler of the
1828:
monks promoted ethical warfare and inspired the formation of
1825:
1778:
1220:
1068:
619:
4142:
3242:
to the level of the French and British epics, producing the
3059:
gained prominence both in the Catholic and Orthodox churches
2439:
of Vigeois in 1181. The name refers to the southern town of
1890:, use of unleavened bread in the liturgy, and fasting days.
6909:
3938:
3108:
2521:
2440:
2194:
1782:
1493:
1212:
864:
2529:), as well as the common saint cult practices of the day.
1257:
raids, and greater involvement in European politics. King
1142:
demands on knights and foot soldiers and the promotion of
749:
Key historical trends of the High Middle Ages include the
3472:
773:, but also numerous wars as well as economic stagnation.
3202:
cycles, or interrelated groups of stories, included the
1594:
In the mid-10th century Poland emerged as a duchy after
1154:
also played an important role in the borderlands in the
884:, which tripled the size of Germany in the process. The
780:
and became more socially and politically organized. The
6894:
2035:
in 1211 and later, after being expelled, invaded pagan
1820:) became common in the 11th century across Europe, and
3481:
The most significant secular movement was that of the
2992:. The murals are among the finest achievements of the
2966:
can be found on church carvings dating to around 1180.
2762:
and started a new infrastructure which was needed for
7005:
4109:
2962:
The West's oldest known depiction of a stern-mounted
2219:. One of the main questions during this time was the
1538:
in the early 13th century, then briefly becoming the
4097:
4069:. Abingdon: Routledge (published 2012). p. 87.
4063:
Aberth, John (2013). "The early medieval woodland".
3928:– Medieval Europe's only successful peasant uprising
3381:, one with a bow, the other plucked by hand, in the
3268:
on Christian foundations and bolstered the study of
3218:
frontiersmen, and perhaps the best known cycle, the
2758:. The European universities aided materially in the
1674:
in the 13th century had great impact on the east of
3543:were written in cycles of a large number of plays:
2881:described some of this technological revolution in
2169:is an immaterial substance. The most famous of the
1988:in 1080 to provide care for poor, sick, or injured
1534:During the High Middle Ages Lithuania emerged as a
939:in most of Europe, the ascent of the great Italian
18:
Period of European history between AD 1000 and 1350
4465:Averroes (Ibn Rushd) His Life, Works and Influence
4121:
2773:Detail of a portrait of Hugh de Provence (wearing
2726:. The increased contact with the Islamic world in
2004:that was charged with the care and defence of the
1961:were a Christian military order founded after the
2839:advances, including the adoption or invention of
2189:and towards Aristotelianism. Aquinas developed a
2121:(1033–1109) from the rediscovery of the works of
1908:After the successful siege of Jerusalem in 1099,
1005:
7053:
4494:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 180–200.
4402:, by Robert Huntington Fletcher, 1916: pp. 85–88
3435:, developed using the chant as source material.
2637:became one of the first Europeans to travel the
2471:official religion supported by the Bosnian kings
2165:, and the Platonist-Augustinian belief that the
1438:attacks within two decades after Tamar's death.
1402:from its lands. David's decisive victory in the
844:dynasties gradually gave way to the resurrected
3318:At the same time southern France gave birth to
2532:Waldensians are considered a forerunner to the
4490:. In Peter Adamson; Richard C. Taylor (eds.).
4312:
4300:
4247:
4235:
4223:
4211:
4199:
4148:
1882:each other, mainly over disagreement over the
1606:in the region. Then in 1025 under the rule of
1043:History of Gwynedd during the High Middle Ages
863:In the 11th century, populations north of the
5806:
5792:
5219:
4596:
4517:Germany in the High Middle Ages: c. 1050–1200
2892:Ships of the world in 1460, according to the
2707:Philosophical and scientific teaching of the
1331:Left: France in the 12th century. Right: The
1207:maritime trade. These were in particular the
4492:The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy
4400:A History of English literature for Students
3357:and the largely secular Occitan literature.
2786:these texts began to be extended by notable
2424:, "pure". One of the first recorded uses is
2246:
1028:
995:were built or completed around this period.
991:. In architecture, many of the most notable
776:From around 780, Europe saw the last of the
4160:
3353:is to a large degree a product of both the
2349:). Some Catholic monastic leaders, such as
979:and other thinkers of the period to expand
730:that lasted from AD 1000 to 1300. The High
5799:
5785:
5226:
5212:
4603:
4589:
3586:in 1276. It contains satirical scenes and
2760:translation and propagation of these texts
2410:and surrounding areas in southern France.
1758:
1720:and most of Thrace and Macedonia, and the
1590:History of Poland during the Piast dynasty
1091:were convened. In 1215, after the loss of
4531:Europe in the High Middle Ages, 1150–1309
4366:. Harvard University Press. p. 197.
4269:
4184:
4174:
4000:Europe in the high Middle Ages, 1150-1309
3505:of Germany, and the composers of secular
3342:. Indeed, the most important poem of the
3299:in the beginning of the 13th century and
2936:were invented in Italy in the late 1280s.
2039:with the intention of Christianizing the
1740:in the 14–15th century. The power of the
1363:By the time of the High Middle Ages, the
1341:By the time of the High Middle Ages, the
1055:of 1066 resulted in a kingdom ruled by a
7092:13th-century disestablishments in Europe
4610:
4541:The Central Middle Ages: Europe 950–1320
3394:
3370:
3307:, an Orthodox Christian anticipation of
3158:
3084:
3067:
2979:
2887:
2768:
2698:
2559:
2368:
1903:
1617:
1561:
1451:
1124:
1009:
4433:
4115:
3497:. Their style went on to influence the
2915:manufacture began in Italy around 1270.
1801:
1133:A key geo-strategic development in the
7054:
4485:
4461:
4127:
4103:
4062:
4026:
3226:, his court, and related stories from
2327:
1681:During the first half of this period (
1083:was founded in the 12th century under
757:, including the first developments of
7087:11th-century establishments in Europe
5780:
5233:
5207:
4584:
3311:. Around the same time the so-called
3139:Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism
2943:returned to Europe via Islamic Spain.
2738:, and the Byzantine world and Muslim
2555:
2293:The 13th century saw the rise of the
2117:method of learning was influenced by
1448:Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages
1306:France and Germany in the middle ages
1292:
1103:into law, which limited the power of
44:Europe and the Mediterranean region,
4361:
3594:and other supernatural occurrences.
2851:(though not yet with movable type),
2695:List of medieval European scientists
1586:History of Poland in the Middle Ages
1390:During the successful reign of King
1158:. Agricultural models in areas with
634:
52:
5741:History of the Mediterranean region
5188:
4633:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
3941:, the last European outpost in the
3794:- Medieval France is a rising power
3099:Gothic architecture superseded the
2689:Medieval medicine of Western Europe
2586:became Hanseatic cities, including
2447:and in the neighbouring districts.
2281:
2181:"), who led the move away from the
1924:by taking the area from the Muslim
1848:
1613:
1516:region. During medieval times, the
1484:, and a tolerant attitude with the
13:
4725:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
4554:Music of the Middle Ages: 475–1500
4509:
2548:and his theological successors in
1946:Military order (religious society)
1939:
1398:grew in strength and expelled the
951:. The rediscovery of the works of
935:, which evolved later into modern
914:took much of the Iberian Peninsula
14:
7103:
6990:Western European and Others Group
5155:Historiography in the Middle Ages
4559:Middle Ages: The High Middle Ages
4547:
4254:Arqueología y Territorio Medieval
2901:The earliest written record of a
2718:This scenario changed during the
1781:well north into Scandinavia, and
1706:Vlach-Bulgarian rebellion in 1185
1704:came to an end with a successful
1658:Croatia in the union with Hungary
1162:were generally based on biennial
824:had become a recognized state in
742:, which ended around AD 1500 (by
7039:
7027:
7015:
5726:Bibliography of European history
5321:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
5187:
5178:
5177:
5167:
4017:Bodo, Anke et.al. Stuttgart 2008
4015:Reitervölker im Frühmittelalter.
2402:. It existed throughout much of
2090:
2081:
2066:
1321:
1312:
1039:Scotland in the High Middle Ages
32:
5751:History of Western civilization
5354:Christianity in the Middle Ages
4653:Christianity in the Middle Ages
4648:Decline of Hellenistic religion
4414:
4405:
4393:
4380:
4355:
4342:
4318:
4248:Clemente Ramos, Julián (2018).
4241:
4161:García Fitz, Francisco (2016).
4154:
3063:
2720:Renaissance of the 12th century
2671:, and other travellers such as
2157:. Many scholastics believed in
2141:'s own works brought back from
1855:Christianity in the Middle Ages
1504:and the establishment of other
1277:, built up a power-base in the
1035:England in the High Middle Ages
931:. The age also saw the rise of
755:Renaissance of the 12th century
26:Europe and Mediterranean region
5595:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
5538:Christianity in the modern era
5309:Christianity in late antiquity
4931:Crisis of the late Middle Ages
4524:Europe in the High Middle Ages
4427:
4133:
4055:
4033:. Cambridge University Press.
4020:
4008:
3992:
3741:1185 – reestablishment of the
3375:Musicians playing the Spanish
2975:
2867:of the modern shape, a better
2506:
1871:in the east. It occurred when
1410:, marked the beginning of the
1230:
1137:was the Christian conquest of
1006:Historical events and politics
1000:Crisis of the Late Middle Ages
955:, at first indirectly through
1:
5746:History of the European Union
5105:Disability in the Middle Ages
4778:Rise of the Republic of Genoa
4710:Rise of the Venetian Republic
4420:Brockett and Hildy (2003, 96)
4411:Brockett and Hildy (2003, 86)
4350:Journal of Studies on Alcohol
3786:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
3710:
3457:). Later it evolved into the
3222:, which featured tales about
3214:dealing with the chivalry of
3148:
2819:
2406:, but its origination was in
1682:
1627:
1574:
1464:In the High Middle Ages, the
943:and the rise and fall of the
896:. The crusaders occupied the
751:rapidly increasing population
630:domains in Germany about 1176
108:Kingdom of Mann and the Isles
45:
4364:Chivalry in Medieval England
3274:University of Constantinople
2996:culture in the 13th century.
2653:Giovanni da Pian del Carpine
2629:In the late 13th century, a
2431:The Cathars are also called
2373:Cathars being expelled from
1602:, conquered the surrounding
1523:
1146:were privileged to possible
880:to new frontiers beyond the
124:Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)
7:
5705:Russian invasion of Ukraine
5316:Crisis of the Third Century
4486:Taylor, Richard C. (2005).
3958:
3608:Timeline of the Middle Ages
3601:
3270:ancient philosophical texts
2806:. Precursors of the modern
1893:
1843:
1753:Battle of Adrianople (1205)
1610:, Poland became a kingdom.
1374:Kaiser Frederick Barbarossa
10:
7108:
5761:Military history of Europe
5756:Maritime history of Europe
4906:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
4330:World History Encyclopedia
4326:"Trade in Medieval Europe"
3803:1216 – recognition of the
3737:Norman invasion of Ireland
3605:
3516:
3512:
3364:
3355:theology of Thomas Aquinas
3322:, which is best known for
3152:
3078:
2999:
2823:
2692:
2685:Science in the Middle Ages
2682:
2678:
2567:, de facto capital of the
2510:
2380:
2364:
2285:
2070:
1943:
1897:
1852:
1805:
1762:
1646:Serbian Grand Principality
1635:
1583:
1527:
1473:sedentarize and adopt the
1445:
1441:
1383:
1379:
1359:Germany in the Middle Ages
1356:
1352:
1296:
1287:civil wars raged in Norway
1237:Denmark in the Middle Ages
1234:
1185:
1114:
1032:
6760:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
6740:
6658:
6495:
6330:
6201:Standard Average European
6069:
5898:
5818:
5731:Genetic history of Europe
5713:
5518:
5334:
5274:
5241:
5163:
5092:
4951:
4846:
4833:Mongol invasion of Europe
4738:
4618:
3894:1257 – foundation of the
3868:Mongol invasion of Europe
3772:1209 – foundation of the
3729:1159 – foundation of the
3580:The Play of the Greenwood
3438:During the 11th century,
3249:Historia Regum Britanniae
3037:Indo-Islamic architecture
2669:Giovanni di Monte Corvino
2247:Golden age of monasticism
1557:
1550:. Unconquered during the
1299:France in the Middle Ages
1241:Norway in the Middle Ages
1110:
1029:Great Britain and Ireland
912:. The Christian kingdoms
738:and were followed by the
658:Margravate of Brandenburg
171:Principalities of Polotsk
6900:Lancaster House Treaties
6390:Christian existentialism
6350:Ancient Roman philosophy
6340:Ancient Greek philosophy
4526:(2nd ed. Penguin, 2004).
4176:10.21001/itma.2016.10.01
4092:) between 1000 and 1300.
4090:les grands défrichements
4039:10.1017/CBO9780511497209
4027:Hummer, Hans J. (2006).
3985:
3980:Gothic book illustration
3501:of northern France, the
3360:
2953:to Europe with his book
2574:In Northern Europe, the
1984:organization founded in
1548:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1530:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1414:. David's granddaughter
1188:Italy in the Middle Ages
1181:
1117:Spain in the Middle Ages
989:peak in the 12th century
908:. Other wars led to the
156:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
6678:Equality before the law
5885:Romano-Germanic culture
5736:History of Christianity
4788:Investiture Controversy
4758:Second Bulgarian Empire
4445:Oxford University Press
3841:1223 – approval of the
3823:University of Salamanca
3767:University of Cambridge
3384:Cantigas de Santa Maria
3186:, which influenced the
3057:Illuminated manuscripts
3021:Romanesque architecture
2970:
2665:Giovanni de' Marignolli
2606:and the Polish city of
2536:, and they melted into
1759:Climate and agriculture
1728:treacherously captured
1650:Principality of Arbanon
1642:Second Bulgarian Empire
1569:under the rule of Duke
1546:Lithuania was known as
1289:between 1130 and 1240.
782:Carolingian Renaissance
527:Principality of Antioch
409:Second Bulgarian Empire
7082:13th century in Europe
7077:12th century in Europe
7072:11th century in Europe
6840:Eastern European Group
6429:Continental philosophy
6360:Judeo-Christian ethics
6345:Hellenistic philosophy
5826:Cradle of civilization
5560:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
5145:Post-classical history
4901:Fall of Constantinople
4808:Capet–Plantagenet feud
4675:First Bulgarian Empire
4519:(Cambridge UP, 1986).
4462:Fakhry, Majid (2001),
4388:"The Renaissance myth"
3811:Fourth Lateran Council
3725:Frederick I Barbarossa
3694:Second Lateran Council
3423:, and later including
3408:
3392:
3179:
3172:illuminated manuscript
3107:, gothic (or pointed)
3096:
3076:
2997:
2909:, England, dated 1185.
2897:
2782:
2704:
2571:
2534:Protestant Reformation
2378:
2256:(8th-12th centuries).
1917:
1867:in Western Europe and
1633:
1581:
1482:Ladislaus I of Hungary
1461:
1273:, while Sweden, under
1130:
1025:
6960:Three Seas Initiative
6935:Pacific Islands Forum
6800:British–Irish Council
6548:Greek Orthodox Church
6007:Industrial Revolution
5977:Scientific Revolution
5640:Industrial Revolution
4575:Columbia Encyclopedia
4564:Columbia Encyclopedia
4470:Oneworld Publications
3945:, is captured by the
3862:Battle of Klokotnitsa
3688:First Lateran Council
3662:University of Bologna
3656:Battle of az-Zallaqah
3606:Further information:
3507:music of the Trecento
3407:, Spain, 12th century
3398:
3374:
3162:
3088:
3071:
2990:Constantine Tikh Asen
2983:
2951:Hindu-Arabic numerals
2891:
2772:
2724:medieval universities
2702:
2693:Further information:
2563:
2396:Roman Catholic Church
2372:
2353:, the founder of the
2254:Christian monasticism
2221:problem of universals
1907:
1638:Komnenian restoration
1621:
1565:
1455:
1335:between 1200 and 1250
1245:Early Swedish history
1205:Eastern Mediterranean
1168:intensive agriculture
1160:Mediterranean climate
1128:
1013:
788:started operating in
734:were preceded by the
503:Dominion of Shaharmen
464:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
179:Territory of Novgorod
75:Principality of Wales
6955:Special Relationship
6365:Christian philosophy
6310:Western Christianity
5972:Age of Enlightenment
5846:Hellenistic Kingdoms
5695:European debt crisis
5690:European integration
5630:Age of Enlightenment
5470:Republic of Florence
5125:Medieval reenactment
4921:Renaissance Humanism
4828:Medieval Warm Period
4798:Republic of Florence
4612:European Middle Ages
4571:Provençal literature
4522:Jordan, William C.
4362:Saul, Nigel (2011).
3761:Battle of Adrianople
3675:University of Oxford
3469:Guillaume de Machaut
3389:Alfonso X of Castile
3285:Nikephoros Blemmydes
3254:Geoffrey of Monmouth
3210:and his court), the
2713:Western Roman Empire
2390:was a movement with
2272:Bernard of Clairvaux
2268:– white-robed monks
2237:Bernard of Clairvaux
2193:by writing that the
2179:Doctor of the Church
2119:Anselm of Canterbury
1914:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1802:The rise of chivalry
1771:Medieval Warm Period
1765:Medieval Warm Period
1716:, the Bulgarians in
1608:Bolesław I the Brave
1540:Kingdom of Lithuania
1470:Stephen I of Hungary
1458:Stephen I of Hungary
1077:Llywelyn ap Gruffydd
945:Islamic civilization
871:. In what historian
869:Western Roman Empire
767:series of calamities
720:High Medieval Period
6980:West Nordic Council
6845:Eastern Partnership
6434:Analytic philosophy
6135:Classical tradition
5957:Early modern period
5913:Classical antiquity
5908:European Bronze Age
5660:Revolutions of 1848
5590:Early modern France
5371:Anglo-Saxon England
5276:Classical antiquity
4838:Kingdom of Portugal
4705:Old Church Slavonic
4690:Anglo-Saxon England
4539:Power, Daniel, ed.
4352:37 (11): 1718–1740.
4313:Clemente Ramos 2018
4303:, pp. 174–175.
4301:Clemente Ramos 2018
4271:10.17561/aytm.v25.6
4262:Universidad de Jaén
4236:Clemente Ramos 2018
4226:, pp. 185–186.
4224:Clemente Ramos 2018
4212:Clemente Ramos 2018
4200:Clemente Ramos 2018
4149:Clemente Ramos 2018
3896:Collège de Sorbonne
3836:University of Padua
3780:Albigensian Crusade
3718:University of Paris
3669:Battle of Levounion
3634:Battle of Manzikert
3509:in northern Italy.
3476:Hildegard of Bingen
3155:Medieval literature
3143:Notre Dame de Paris
3103:style by combining
3092:Notre Dame de Paris
3081:Gothic architecture
3074:Nôtre Dame de Paris
3031:Gothic architecture
2826:Medieval technology
2661:Odoric of Pordenone
2657:André de Longjumeau
2544:after the views of
2501:Château de Quéribus
2489:Albigensian Crusade
2467:Southeastern Europe
2465:were strong in the
2426:Eckbert von Schönau
2328:Heretical movements
2262:– black-robed monks
2177:(later declared a "
2163:Christian mysticism
2137:) and then through
1978:Knights Hospitaller
1910:Godfrey of Bouillon
1877:Patriarch Michael I
1787:alcohol consumption
1598:, the ruler of the
1496:. By entering into
1412:Georgian Golden Age
1392:David IV of Georgia
1386:Georgian Golden Age
1047:Lordship of Ireland
937:national identities
852:and to a successor
778:barbarian invasions
769:, most notably the
479:Kingdom of Armenian
234:Kingdom of Portugal
91:Kingdom of Scotland
6439:Post-structuralism
6402:Christian humanism
6032:Universal suffrage
5766:Crusading movement
5670:Russian Revolution
5505:Hundred Years' War
5401:Maritime republics
5304:Early Christianity
5294:Hellenistic period
5251:Paleolithic Europe
5019:In popular culture
4984:Crusading movement
4856:Hundred Years' War
4715:Civitas Schinesghe
4700:Carolingian Empire
4685:Kingdom of Croatia
4638:Barbarian kingdoms
4543:(Oxford UP, 2006).
4061:See for example:
3926:Uprising of Ivaylo
3792:Battle of Bouvines
3622:Battle of Hastings
3409:
3393:
3346:, the allegorical
3320:Occitan literature
3301:George Akropolites
3180:
3097:
3077:
2998:
2988:depicting Emperor
2898:
2792:Robert Grosseteste
2783:
2705:
2649:William of Rubruck
2572:
2556:Trade and commerce
2542:Reformed tradition
2437:Geoffroy du Breuil
2379:
2191:philosophy of mind
2061:Battle of Grunwald
1980:were originally a
1967:Christian pilgrims
1918:
1830:orders of chivalry
1634:
1582:
1552:Lithuanian Crusade
1536:Duchy of Lithuania
1502:Kingdom of Croatia
1466:Kingdom of Hungary
1462:
1396:Kingdom of Georgia
1365:Carolingian Empire
1343:Carolingian Empire
1293:France and Germany
1131:
1071:were subdued into
1026:
1019:Battle of Hastings
961:Islamic philosophy
822:Kingdom of Hungary
786:first universities
669:Duchy of Franconia
456:Kingdom of Georgia
393:Kingdom of Croatia
378:Republic of Venice
305:Kingdom of Hungary
297:Kingdom of Germany
281:Kingdom of Bohemia
258:Kingdom of Navarre
250:Kingdom of Castile
140:Kingdom of Denmark
83:Kingdom of England
7003:
7002:
6830:Council of Europe
6732:International law
6685:Constitutionalism
6543:Eastern Orthodoxy
6049:Post–Cold War era
5982:Age of Revolution
5836:Greco-Roman world
5774:
5773:
5700:COVID-19 pandemic
5645:French Revolution
5620:Habsburg monarchy
5600:Cossack Hetmanate
5580:Portuguese Empire
5570:Absolute monarchy
5565:Thirty Years' War
5460:Holy Roman Empire
5385:Bulgarian Empire
5344:Early Middle Ages
5261:Bronze Age Europe
5235:History of Europe
5201:
5200:
5110:Basic topics list
4911:Swiss mercenaries
4861:Wars of the Roses
4768:Kingdom of Poland
4753:Holy Roman Empire
4620:Early Middle Ages
4515:Fuhrmann, Horst.
4501:978-0-521-52069-0
4479:978-1-85168-269-0
4454:978-0-19-957749-1
3965:Early Middle Ages
3884:Battle of the Ice
3874:Battle of Legnica
3590:material such as
3465:Philippe de Vitry
3447:Notre Dame School
3405:Ourense Cathedral
3332:"sweet new style"
3297:Michael Choniates
3220:Matter of Britain
3190:languages in the
3168:Marcion of Sinope
3105:flying buttresses
3089:The cathedral of
2808:scientific method
2779:Tommaso da Modena
2709:Early Middle Ages
2673:Niccolò de' Conti
2584:Holy Roman Empire
2493:Simon de Montfort
2469:, and became the
2456:Holy Roman Empire
2351:Francis of Assisi
2343:dualist movements
2260:Benedictine Order
2229:William of Ockham
2205:Muhammad Averroes
1926:Fatimid Caliphate
1869:Eastern Orthodoxy
1865:Roman Catholicism
1814:Codes of Chivalry
1746:Bulgarian Emperor
1666:and emergence of
1404:Battle of Didgori
1394:(1089–1125), the
1370:Holy Roman Empire
1333:Holy Roman Empire
1194:Kingdom of Sicily
1135:Iberian Peninsula
993:Gothic cathedrals
920:control, and the
910:Northern Crusades
744:historiographical
736:Early Middle Ages
705:
704:
560:
559:
550:Almohad Caliphate
535:County of Tripoli
495:Kingdom of Cyprus
401:Kingdom of Serbia
370:Kingdom of Sicily
337:Italian Peninsula
321:Kingdom of Poland
313:Holy Roman Empire
289:Kingdom of France
225:Iberian Peninsula
132:Kingdom of Sweden
99:Earldom of Orkney
7099:
7062:High Middle Ages
7044:
7043:
7032:
7031:
7030:
7020:
7019:
7011:
6875:EU Customs Union
6407:Secular humanism
6355:Christian ethics
6305:East–West Schism
6288:Physical culture
6012:Great Divergence
5962:Age of Discovery
5801:
5794:
5787:
5778:
5777:
5635:Great Divergence
5550:Age of Discovery
5495:Late Middle Ages
5465:High Middle Ages
5376:Byzantine Empire
5359:Christianization
5349:Migration Period
5284:Classical Greece
5256:Neolithic Europe
5228:
5221:
5214:
5205:
5204:
5191:
5190:
5181:
5180:
5171:
5130:Medieval studies
4974:Church and State
4848:Late Middle Ages
4740:High Middle Ages
4658:Christianization
4628:Migration Period
4605:
4598:
4591:
4582:
4581:
4505:
4482:
4458:
4421:
4418:
4412:
4409:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4359:
4353:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4273:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4178:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4084:
4083:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4024:
4018:
4012:
4006:
3996:
3970:Late Middle Ages
3931:1280 – death of
3918:Summa Theologica
3911:1274 – death of
3902:Byzantine Empire
3856:Prussian Crusade
3774:Franciscan Order
3743:Bulgarian Empire
3731:Hanseatic League
3715:
3712:
3628:Pope Gregory VII
3616:East–West Schism
3584:Adam de la Halle
3529:Late Middle Ages
3519:Medieval theatre
3399:Men playing the
3344:Late Middle Ages
3289:Maximus Planudes
3264:, reinvigorated
3240:Migration Period
3204:Matter of France
3184:Latin literature
3164:John the Apostle
3117:Romanesque style
3047:a Muslim capital
3041:Muhammad of Ghor
2984:Fresco from the
2927:magnetic compass
2879:Alfred W. Crosby
2873:Age of Discovery
2830:Artes mechanicae
2576:Hanseatic League
2569:Hanseatic League
2295:Mendicant orders
2288:Mendicant orders
2282:Mendicant orders
2266:Cistercian Order
2217:Francisco Suárez
2094:
2085:
2021:Teutonic Knights
1965:to help protect
1952:chivalric orders
1861:East–West Schism
1849:Christian Church
1702:Southeast Europe
1696:, and under the
1694:Southeast Europe
1690:Byzantine Empire
1687:
1684:
1654:Banate of Bosnia
1632:
1629:
1614:Southeast Europe
1579:
1576:
1510:Southeast Europe
1325:
1316:
1249:North Sea Empire
1105:English monarchs
1087:, and the first
1051:In England, the
900:and founded the
873:Charles Higounet
834:Byzantine Empire
830:Mongol invasions
740:Late Middle Ages
728:European history
716:High Middle Ages
695:Duchy of Bavaria
693:
690:
682:
679:
667:
664:
656:
653:
645:
642:
635:
588:
571:
548:
533:
525:
517:
509:
501:
493:
485:
477:
462:
454:
446:
438:
430:
417:Byzantine Empire
415:
407:
399:
391:
384:Southeast Europe
376:
368:
360:
352:
346:Kingdom of Italy
344:
327:
319:
311:
303:
295:
287:
279:
264:
256:
248:
240:
232:
209:
201:
193:
185:
177:
169:
154:
146:
138:
130:
122:
106:
97:
89:
81:
73:
65:
53:
50:
47:
36:
24:High Middle Ages
7107:
7106:
7102:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7052:
7051:
7050:
7038:
7028:
7026:
7014:
7006:
7004:
6999:
6965:UKUSA Agreement
6905:Lublin Triangle
6790:Baltic Assembly
6742:
6736:
6654:
6491:
6326:
6196:Eurolinguistics
6065:
6054:Information age
6027:Interwar period
5894:
5814:
5805:
5775:
5770:
5709:
5675:Interwar period
5650:Napoleonic Wars
5514:
5485:Mongol invasion
5438:Crown of Aragon
5330:
5270:
5266:Iron Age Europe
5237:
5232:
5202:
5197:
5159:
5140:Neo-medievalism
5088:
5024:Itinerant court
4947:
4842:
4763:Georgian Empire
4748:Norman Conquest
4734:
4680:Frankish Empire
4614:
4609:
4550:
4529:Mundy, John H.
4512:
4510:Further reading
4502:
4480:
4455:
4430:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4406:
4398:
4394:
4385:
4381:
4374:
4360:
4356:
4347:
4343:
4334:
4332:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4311:
4307:
4299:
4295:
4246:
4242:
4238:, pp. 187.
4234:
4230:
4222:
4218:
4210:
4206:
4198:
4194:
4159:
4155:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4126:
4122:
4114:
4110:
4102:
4098:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4025:
4021:
4013:
4009:
3998:John H. Mundy,
3997:
3993:
3988:
3961:
3956:
3933:Albertus Magnus
3890:Seventh Crusade
3805:Dominican Order
3713:
3706:Wendish Crusade
3644:Walk to Canossa
3610:
3604:
3521:
3515:
3485:, who arose in
3440:Guido of Arezzo
3417:Gregorian chant
3369:
3363:
3313:Byzantine novel
3262:Michael Psellos
3206:(stories about
3157:
3151:
3083:
3066:
3011:Anglo-Saxon art
3004:
2978:
2973:
2832:
2824:Main articles:
2822:
2800:Albertus Magnus
2697:
2691:
2683:Main articles:
2681:
2633:explorer named
2616:Veliky Novgorod
2558:
2515:
2509:
2485:and good works.
2385:
2367:
2330:
2290:
2284:
2249:
2197:was at birth a
2147:Albertus Magnus
2111:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2087:
2086:
2075:
2069:
2006:Crusader states
1971:Philip the Fair
1959:Knights Templar
1948:
1942:
1940:Military orders
1902:
1896:
1857:
1851:
1846:
1834:Templar Knights
1810:
1804:
1767:
1761:
1736:and the rising
1685:
1672:Mongol invasion
1660:
1636:Main articles:
1630:
1616:
1604:Lechitic tribes
1592:
1584:Main articles:
1577:
1560:
1532:
1526:
1450:
1444:
1388:
1382:
1361:
1355:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1285:of 1266. Also,
1283:Treaty of Perth
1251:
1235:Main articles:
1233:
1209:thalassocracies
1190:
1184:
1156:southern meseta
1152:military orders
1123:
1113:
1053:Norman Conquest
1049:
1033:Main articles:
1031:
1023:Norman Conquest
1015:Bayeux Tapestry
1008:
957:medieval Jewish
902:Crusader States
886:Catholic Church
878:Frankish Empire
712:
711:
710:
709:
708:
707:
706:
691:
688:
684:Duchy of Swabia
680:
677:
665:
662:
654:
651:
647:Duchy of Saxony
643:
640:
618:
608:
607:
589:(Line and dot)
586:
569:
561:
546:
531:
523:
519:Ayyubid dynasty
515:
507:
499:
491:
483:
475:
460:
452:
444:
436:
428:
413:
405:
397:
389:
374:
366:
358:
350:
342:
325:
317:
309:
301:
293:
285:
277:
266:Crown of Aragon
262:
254:
246:
242:Kingdom of León
238:
230:
207:
199:
191:
187:Kama-Bulgarians
183:
175:
167:
152:
144:
136:
128:
120:
115:Northern Europe
104:
95:
87:
79:
71:
67:Gaelic Kingdoms
63:
48:
43:
37:
28:
27:
25:
19:
12:
11:
5:
7105:
7095:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7049:
7048:
7036:
7024:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6997:
6995:Westernization
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6975:Visegrád Group
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6915:Nordic Council
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6810:Bucharest Nine
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6775:Arctic Council
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6746:
6744:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6723:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6687:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6670:
6664:
6662:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6619:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6573:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6540:
6539:
6538:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6501:
6499:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6489:
6488:
6487:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6453:
6452:
6451:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6385:Existentialism
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6336:
6334:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6324:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6278:
6268:
6267:
6266:
6256:
6251:
6250:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6217:
6216:
6215:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6198:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6161:
6156:
6155:
6154:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6132:
6131:
6130:
6120:
6115:
6114:
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5918:Late antiquity
5910:
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5895:
5893:
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5872:
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5625:Russian Empire
5622:
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5615:British Empire
5612:
5610:Dutch Republic
5607:
5605:Swedish Empire
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5585:Spanish Empire
5582:
5577:
5575:Ottoman Empire
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
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5545:
5535:
5530:
5524:
5522:
5516:
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5507:
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5490:Serbian Empire
5487:
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5326:Late antiquity
5323:
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5312:
5311:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5289:Roman Republic
5286:
5280:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5247:
5245:
5239:
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5208:
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5185:
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5135:Misconceptions
5132:
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4943:Little Ice Age
4940:
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4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4896:Western Schism
4893:
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4643:Late antiquity
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4608:
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4593:
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4579:
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4548:External links
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4404:
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4386:Franklin, J.,
4379:
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4354:
4341:
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4305:
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4228:
4216:
4214:, p. 179.
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4167:Imago Temporis
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3878:Battle of Mohi
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3413:music notation
3391:, 13th century
3367:Medieval music
3365:Main article:
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3281:transmigration
3277:Ioannes Italos
3244:Nibelungenlied
3196:Matter of Rome
3192:literary cycle
3178:, 11th century
3174:, painting on
3170:in an Italian
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3135:Erwin Panofsky
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1944:Main article:
1941:
1938:
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1880:excommunicated
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1806:Main article:
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1775:Little Ice Age
1763:Main article:
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1738:Ottoman Empire
1730:Constantinople
1726:Fourth Crusade
1692:dominated the
1624:Pontic steppes
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1528:Main article:
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1498:Personal union
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1357:Main article:
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1347:Angevin Empire
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1297:Main article:
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1059:nobility. The
1030:
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1017:depicting the
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977:Thomas Aquinas
929:artistic works
858:Constantinople
854:crusader state
826:Central Europe
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6059:War on terror
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5952:Modern period
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5808:Western world
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5721:Art of Europe
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5520:Modern period
5517:
5511:
5508:
5506:
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5498:
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5488:
5486:
5483:
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4806:
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4803:Scholasticism
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4779:
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4683:
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4665:Rise of Islam
4663:
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4606:
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4599:
4594:
4592:
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4586:
4583:
4577:at Infoplease
4576:
4572:
4569:
4567:at Infoplease
4566:
4565:
4560:
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4396:
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4373:9780674063693
4369:
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4331:
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4321:
4314:
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4302:
4297:
4289:
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4251:
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4237:
4232:
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4213:
4208:
4201:
4196:
4187:
4186:10459.1/58852
4182:
4177:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4145:
4136:
4129:
4124:
4117:
4112:
4105:
4100:
4093:
4091:
4078:
4076:9780415779456
4072:
4068:
4067:
4058:
4050:
4048:9780511497209
4044:
4040:
4036:
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4023:
4016:
4011:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3991:
3981:
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3899:
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3887:
3885:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3850:Sixth Crusade
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3820:
3818:
3817:Fifth Crusade
3814:
3812:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3750:
3749:Third Crusade
3746:
3744:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3682:First Crusade
3679:
3676:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3651:
3650:Domesday Book
3647:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3623:
3619:
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3613:
3612:
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3589:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3541:Mystery plays
3538:
3537:British Isles
3534:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3479:
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3390:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3373:
3368:
3358:
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3352:
3350:
3349:Divine Comedy
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3309:Divine Comedy
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3257:
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3251:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3212:Acritic songs
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3126:fan vaultings
3122:
3121:glass windows
3118:
3114:
3113:ribbed vaults
3110:
3106:
3102:
3094:
3093:
3087:
3082:
3075:
3070:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3051:Byzantine art
3049:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2986:Boyana Church
2982:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
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2900:
2899:
2895:
2894:Fra Mauro map
2890:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
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2842:
2838:
2837:technological
2831:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2766:communities.
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2714:
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2654:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2614:, Norway and
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2538:Protestantism
2535:
2530:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2484:
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2360:
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2344:
2340:
2335:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2297:such as the:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2264:
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2258:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2213:Peter Lombard
2210:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2107:
2103:
2102:Albert Magnus
2093:
2084:
2074:
2073:Scholasticism
2067:Scholasticism
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2041:Baltic region
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1963:First Crusade
1960:
1955:
1953:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1934:First Crusade
1931:
1927:
1923:
1922:The Holy Land
1915:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1841:
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1823:
1819:
1815:
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1772:
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1756:
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1750:
1747:
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1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1670:. Later, the
1669:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1625:
1620:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1587:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1506:vassal states
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:Seljuk Empire
1397:
1393:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1324:
1315:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:crop rotation
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1079:in 1282. The
1078:
1074:
1073:vassal states
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1003:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
985:Byzantine art
982:
981:Scholasticism
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
933:ethnocentrism
930:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
874:
870:
866:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
747:
746:convention).
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
701:
696:
687:
685:
676:
675:
674:
670:
661:
659:
650:
648:
639:
638:
637:
636:
632:
631:
629:
625:
621:
611:
610:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:Third Crusade
585:
583:
579:
575:
572:(Solid Line)
568:
567:
563:
562:
556:
551:
545:
544:
540:
539:
536:
530:
528:
522:
520:
514:
512:
506:
504:
498:
496:
490:
488:
482:
480:
474:
473:
469:
468:
465:
459:
457:
451:
449:
443:
441:
435:
433:
432:Khazar Empire
427:
426:
422:
421:
418:
412:
410:
404:
402:
396:
394:
388:
387:
383:
382:
379:
373:
371:
365:
363:
357:
355:
349:
347:
341:
340:
336:
335:
334:
330:
324:
322:
316:
314:
308:
306:
300:
298:
292:
290:
284:
282:
276:
275:
271:
270:
267:
261:
259:
253:
251:
245:
243:
237:
235:
229:
228:
224:
223:
220:
216:
212:
206:
204:
198:
196:
190:
188:
182:
180:
174:
172:
166:
165:
161:
160:
157:
151:
149:
148:Terra Mariana
143:
141:
135:
133:
127:
125:
119:
118:
114:
113:
109:
103:
100:
94:
92:
86:
84:
78:
76:
70:
68:
62:
61:
58:British Isles
57:
56:
55:
54:
42:
35:
16:
7046:Christianity
6985:Western Bloc
6785:AUSCANNZUKUS
6741:Contemporary
6690:Human rights
6536:Latin Church
6510:Christianity
6460:
6419:Conservatism
6264:contemporary
6101:Architecture
6037:World War II
5997:Emancipation
5992:Abolitionism
5934:
5880:Romanization
5875:Roman legacy
5856:Roman Empire
5680:World War II
5533:Early modern
5510:Kalmar Union
5464:
5381:Papal States
5299:Roman Empire
4964:Architecture
4936:Great Famine
4926:Universities
4866:Hussite Wars
4783:Great Schism
4739:
4670:Papal States
4574:
4562:
4540:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4491:
4464:
4439:
4416:
4407:
4399:
4395:
4382:
4363:
4357:
4349:
4344:
4333:. Retrieved
4329:
4320:
4308:
4296:
4260:(25). Jaén:
4257:
4253:
4243:
4231:
4219:
4207:
4195:
4166:
4156:
4144:
4135:
4130:, p. 3.
4123:
4116:Adamson 2016
4111:
4099:
4089:
4086:
4080:. Retrieved
4065:
4057:
4029:
4022:
4014:
4010:
3999:
3994:
3924:1277-1280 –
3916:
3888:1248–1254 –
3866:1237–1242 –
3848:1228–1229 –
3845:Rule of Life
3830:Frederick II
3828:1220–1250 –
3815:1217–1221 –
3778:1209–1229 –
3753:1200–1204 –
3747:1189–1192 –
3723:1155–1190 –
3698:1145–1149 –
3680:1096–1099 –
3626:1073–1085 –
3579:
3577:
3547:(48 plays),
3522:
3503:minnesingers
3495:courtly love
3480:
3458:
3444:
3437:
3410:
3382:
3376:
3347:
3328:courtly love
3326:who sang of
3317:
3266:Neoplatonism
3258:
3247:
3181:
3138:
3098:
3090:
3072:Interior of
3064:Architecture
3039:begins when
3005:
3002:Medieval art
2954:
2882:
2877:
2833:
2811:
2784:
2717:
2706:
2642:
2628:
2573:
2531:
2516:
2460:
2452:Albigensians
2449:
2433:Albigensians
2432:
2430:
2421:
2414:
2412:
2387:
2386:
2331:
2319:Augustinians
2233:Peter Damian
2198:
2112:
2033:Transylvania
2018:
2012:, and later
1975:
1956:
1949:
1930:Seljuk Turks
1921:
1919:
1858:
1811:
1768:
1742:Latin Empire
1680:
1661:
1593:
1533:
1479:
1463:
1420:Seljuk Turks
1389:
1362:
1340:
1252:
1202:
1198:Frederick II
1191:
1132:
1085:King Henry I
1050:
997:
926:
894:Seljuk Turks
892:against the
862:
775:
763:urbanization
759:rural exodus
748:
719:
715:
713:
699:
624:Hohenstaufen
616:
615:
564:The Crusades
554:
541:North Africa
40:
15:
7067:Middle Ages
7022:Middle Ages
6925:Open Balkan
6743:integration
6673:Rule of law
6668:Natural law
6645:Agnosticism
6623:Hellenistic
6601:Anglo-Saxon
6531:Catholicism
6470:Atlanticism
6375:Rationalism
6181:Immigration
6164:Esotericism
6022:World War I
5987:Romanticism
5967:Reformation
5947:Renaissance
5925:Middle Ages
5890:Christendom
5819:Foundations
5665:World War I
5655:Nationalism
5543:Reformation
5528:Renaissance
5500:Black Death
5433:Kievan Rus'
5336:Middle Ages
5193:WikiProject
5120:Medievalism
4959:Agriculture
4823:Manorialism
4818:Communalism
4813:Monasticism
4730:Reconquista
4720:Kievan Rus'
4428:Works cited
4264:: 169–194.
4128:Fakhry 2001
4104:Taylor 2005
3975:Middle Ages
3904:reconquers
3900:1261 – the
3799:Magna Carta
3714: 1150
3533:Last Supper
3483:troubadours
3403:, from the
3401:organistrum
3324:troubadours
3224:King Arthur
3216:Byzantium's
3208:Charlemagne
2976:Visual arts
2956:Liber Abaci
2949:introduces
2804:Duns Scotus
2796:Roger Bacon
2788:scholastics
2742:during the
2736:Reconquista
2734:during the
2546:John Calvin
2518:Peter Waldo
2513:Waldensians
2507:Waldensians
2417:stems from
2375:Carcassonne
2359:Waldensians
2355:Franciscans
2301:Franciscans
2225:Duns Scotus
2211:, Abélard,
2200:tabula rasa
2187:Augustinian
2171:scholastics
2151:Bonaventure
1873:Pope Leo IX
1838:inheritable
1822:tournaments
1688:—1185) the
1686: 1025
1664:Kievan Rus'
1631: 1015
1456:King Saint
1432:Caspian Sea
1416:Queen Tamar
1275:Birger Jarl
1271:Isle of Man
1263:Valdemar II
1231:Scandinavia
1148:seigneurial
1121:Reconquista
1101:Magna Carta
1099:signed the
1089:parliaments
1057:Francophone
1021:during the
941:city-states
771:Black Death
732:Middle Ages
219:Polovtsians
195:Kievan Rus'
49: 1190
7056:Categories
6945:Rio Treaty
6456:Relativism
6414:Liberalism
6380:Empiricism
6332:Philosophy
6320:Secularism
6271:Philosophy
6208:Literature
6002:Capitalism
5428:Viking Age
5243:Prehistory
5115:Land terms
5069:Technology
5049:Philosophy
5029:Literature
4994:Demography
4695:Viking Age
4335:2021-06-04
4082:2017-08-17
3843:Franciscan
3535:. In the
3431:, and the
3338:and later
3188:vernacular
3149:Literature
3131:floor plan
3101:Romanesque
3027:Gothic art
2845:watermills
2820:Technology
2813:Opus Majus
2775:spectacles
2764:scientific
2644:Il Milione
2635:Marco Polo
2483:asceticism
2341:and other
2332:Christian
2313:Dominicans
2307:Carmelites
2241:Victorines
2239:, and the
2159:empiricism
2127:Maimonides
1888:patriarchs
1578: 960
1514:Carpathian
1279:Baltic Sea
1172:Almoravids
1144:settlement
1115:See also:
987:reached a
965:Maimonides
949:Al-Andalus
882:Elbe River
838:Macedonian
722:, was the
603:Fredrick I
582:Conrad III
6890:Five Eyes
6885:EU–UK TCA
6727:Democracy
6616:Old Norse
6505:Abrahamic
6462:Peritrope
6444:Tolerance
6424:Socialism
6254:Mythology
6242:Classical
6191:Languages
6169:Astrology
6017:Modernism
5831:Old World
5475:Feudalism
5446:Catalonia
5100:Dark Ages
5009:Household
5004:Hastilude
4773:Feudalism
4533:(2014) –
4288:165549625
4280:1134-3184
4169:: 26–27.
3943:Near East
3921:published
3555:(32) and
3553:Wakefield
3499:trouvères
3491:itinerant
3487:Occitania
3429:conductus
3425:clausulae
2994:Bulgarian
2947:Fibonacci
2941:astrolabe
2907:Yorkshire
2857:astrolabe
2853:gunpowder
2841:windmills
2748:Aristotle
2639:Silk Road
2588:Amsterdam
2497:Montségur
2413:The name
2408:Languedoc
2400:heretical
2388:Catharism
2383:Catharism
2143:Byzantine
2139:Aristotle
2123:Aristotle
2115:Christian
2104:. Right:
2049:converted
2045:Lithuania
1998:religious
1994:Holy Land
1986:Jerusalem
1982:Christian
1710:Macedonia
1698:Komnenian
1596:Mieszko I
1571:Mieszko I
1544:Mindaugas
1524:Lithuania
1518:Hungarian
1500:with the
1475:Christian
1428:Black Sea
1267:Greenland
1097:King John
1081:Exchequer
973:Ibn Rushd
953:Aristotle
898:Holy Land
806:Cambridge
802:Salamanca
612:Small map
599:Philip II
595:Richard I
578:Louis VII
511:Kurdistan
470:Near East
41:Large map
6950:Schengen
6880:Eurozone
6720:Property
6715:Religion
6606:Frankish
6596:Germanic
6576:Paganism
6497:Religion
6485:European
6397:Humanism
6300:Religion
6259:Painting
6225:Internet
6176:Folklore
6147:Clothing
6118:Calendar
6094:Cyrillic
6079:Alphabet
6042:Cold War
5714:See also
5685:Cold War
5480:Crusades
5450:Valencia
5183:Category
5150:Timeline
5039:Minstrel
5034:Medicine
4916:Chivalry
4871:Burgundy
4793:Crusades
4437:(2016).
3959:See also
3640:Henry IV
3602:Timeline
3569:villains
3460:ars nova
3340:Petrarca
3305:Timarion
3232:Cornwall
3228:Brittany
3200:literary
3198:. Other
2959:in 1202.
2905:is from
2903:windmill
2865:scissors
2849:printing
2790:such as
2756:Averroes
2744:Crusades
2631:Venetian
2478:Dualists
2463:Bogomils
2445:Toulouse
2422:katharos
2339:Bogomils
2334:heresies
2209:Roscelin
2183:Platonic
2135:Averroes
2131:Avicenna
2113:The new
2053:Novgorod
2029:Outremer
1990:pilgrims
1900:Crusades
1894:Crusades
1884:filioque
1844:Religion
1808:Chivalry
1573:between
1512:and the
1176:Almohads
1150:income;
1093:Normandy
1065:Scotland
969:Ibn Sina
890:Crusades
850:Bulgaria
842:Komnenos
628:Ascanian
423:Caucasia
362:Sardinia
110:(Norway)
101:(Norway)
7034:History
7008:Portals
6795:Benelux
6700:Thought
6650:Atheism
6591:Finnish
6567:Culture
6562:Judaism
6524:Eastern
6520:Western
6515:Culture
6449:Paradox
6315:Decline
6276:Science
6152:History
6140:Studies
6123:Cuisine
6111:Periods
6071:Culture
5900:History
5866:Eastern
5861:Western
5812:culture
5555:Baroque
5454:Majorca
5366:Francia
5093:Related
5079:Warfare
5074:Theatre
5064:Slavery
5059:Science
5014:Hunting
4979:Cuisine
4952:Culture
4891:Castile
4886:England
4573:in the
4561:in the
4002:(1973)
3947:Mamluks
3937:1291 –
3882:1242 –
3872:1241 –
3860:1230 –
3854:1230 –
3838:founded
3834:1222 –
3825:founded
3821:1218 –
3809:1215 –
3797:1215 –
3790:1214 -
3784:1212 –
3769:founded
3765:1209 –
3759:1205 –
3735:1169 –
3720:founded
3704:1147 –
3692:1139 –
3686:1123 –
3677:founded
3673:1096 –
3667:1091 –
3664:founded
3660:1088 –
3654:1086 –
3648:1086 –
3638:1077 –
3632:1071 –
3620:1066 –
3614:1054 –
3592:faeries
3557:Unknown
3549:Chester
3513:Theatre
3455:Pérotin
3421:organum
3378:vihuela
3293:Niketas
3194:of the
2934:glasses
2861:glasses
2781:in 1352
2752:Alhazen
2679:Science
2624:Silesia
2620:Prussia
2600:Hanover
2592:Cologne
2392:Gnostic
2377:in 1209
2365:Cathars
2347:Cathars
2155:Abélard
2037:Prussia
1992:to the
1818:knights
1796:legumes
1751:in the
1749:Kaloyan
1734:Seljuks
1668:Cumania
1442:Hungary
1430:to the
1426:on the
1408:Tbilisi
1380:Georgia
1353:Germany
1269:to the
1061:Normans
922:Normans
904:in the
836:of the
818:Magyars
814:Vikings
790:Bologna
448:Kassogs
354:Corsica
329:Prussia
215:Cumania
6815:CANZUK
6705:Speech
6633:Slavic
6611:Gothic
6586:Celtic
6581:Baltic
6480:Values
6281:Values
5841:Greece
5442:Aragon
5421:Amalfi
5406:Venice
5394:Second
5173:Portal
5054:Poetry
4881:France
4535:online
4498:
4476:
4451:
4370:
4286:
4278:
4073:
4045:
4004:online
3951:Khalil
3949:under
3596:Farces
3573:clowns
3565:devils
3561:comedy
3551:(24),
3525:guilds
3451:Léonin
3176:vellum
3109:arches
2964:rudder
2855:, the
2754:, and
2740:Levant
2732:Sicily
2612:Bergen
2608:Gdańsk
2604:Bruges
2596:Bremen
2580:Lübeck
2565:Lübeck
2550:Geneva
2527:simony
2415:Cathar
2215:, and
2133:, and
2100:Left:
2057:Poland
2010:Rhodes
1791:famine
1718:Moesia
1714:Thrace
1712:, and
1676:Europe
1656:, and
1600:Polans
1567:Poland
1558:Poland
1490:Cumans
1486:pagans
1436:Mongol
1424:Russia
1255:Viking
1247:, and
1225:Venice
1217:Amalfi
1139:Toledo
1111:Iberia
1045:, and
963:, led
918:Muslim
906:Levant
846:Serbia
812:. The
810:Modena
794:Oxford
724:period
700:
692:
689:
681:
678:
666:
663:
655:
652:
644:
641:
626:, and
601:, and
587:
570:
555:
547:
532:
524:
516:
508:
500:
492:
484:
476:
461:
453:
445:
440:Alania
437:
429:
414:
406:
398:
390:
375:
367:
359:
351:
343:
326:
318:
310:
302:
294:
286:
278:
263:
255:
247:
239:
231:
211:Cumans
208:
203:Viatka
200:
192:
184:
176:
168:
153:
145:
137:
129:
121:
105:
96:
88:
80:
72:
64:
6970:USMCA
6825:CEFTA
6780:AUKUS
6770:ANZUS
6765:ANZUK
6710:Press
6628:Roman
6293:Sport
6237:Chant
6232:Music
6220:Media
6213:Canon
6159:Dance
6089:Latin
6084:Greek
5930:early
5411:Genoa
5389:First
5084:Women
5044:Music
4999:Domes
4989:Dance
4876:Milan
4284:S2CID
3986:Notes
3433:motet
3361:Music
3336:Dante
3236:Wales
3045:Delhi
3043:made
2913:Paper
2869:clock
2728:Spain
2419:Greek
2014:Malta
1826:Cluny
1779:wheat
1722:Serbs
1580:- 992
1494:Popes
1221:Genoa
1182:Italy
1069:Wales
916:from
798:Paris
718:, or
620:Guelf
6930:OSCE
6910:NATO
6855:EFTA
6820:CBSS
6805:BSEC
6695:Life
6247:Folk
6128:Diet
5940:late
5935:high
5851:Rome
5810:and
5416:Pisa
4496:ISBN
4474:ISBN
4449:ISBN
4368:ISBN
4276:ISSN
4071:ISBN
4043:ISBN
3939:Acre
3876:and
3588:folk
3571:and
3545:York
3453:and
3295:and
3287:and
3166:and
3111:and
2971:Arts
2939:The
2932:Eye
2925:The
2918:The
2828:and
2802:and
2730:and
2687:and
2622:and
2522:Lyon
2461:The
2450:The
2441:Albi
2195:mind
2185:and
2173:was
2167:mind
2153:and
2055:and
2025:Acre
2019:The
1976:The
1957:The
1875:and
1859:The
1783:wine
1769:The
1622:The
1588:and
1259:Cnut
1223:and
1213:Pisa
1174:and
1119:and
1067:and
998:The
959:and
865:Alps
848:and
840:and
808:and
761:and
714:The
580:and
6920:OAS
6865:ESA
6860:EPC
6850:EEA
6755:AER
6660:Law
6638:Neo
6186:Law
6106:Art
4969:Art
4266:doi
4181:hdl
4171:doi
4035:doi
3642:'s
3582:by
3473:nun
3387:of
3334:of
3252:by
3137:'s
2520:of
2398:as
1211:of
947:of
726:of
593:of
576:of
217:or
7058::
6895:G7
6870:EU
5452:,
5448:,
5444:,
4472:,
4468:,
4447:.
4443:.
4328:.
4282:.
4274:.
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4179:.
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4085:.
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