Grand Duchy of Lithuania

2277: 2908: 3435: 3240: 1913: 7838:. Statistical numbers, usually accepted in historiography (the sources, their treatment, the method of measuring is not discussed in the source), are given, according to which in 1260 there were about 0.27 million Lithuanians out of a total population of 0.4 million (or 67.5%). The size of the territory of the Grand Duchy was about 200 thousand km. The following data on population is given in the sequence – year, total population in millions, territory, Lithuanian (inhabitants of ethnic Lithuania) part of population in millions: 1340 – 0.7, 350 thousand km, 0.37; 1375 – 1.4, 700 thousand km, 0.42; 1430 – 2.5, 930 thousand km, 0.59 or 24%; 1490 – 3.8, 850 thousand km, 0.55 or 14% or 1/7; 1522 – 2.365, 485 thousand km, 0.7 or 30%; 1568 – 2.8, 570 thousand km, 0.825 million or 30%; 1572, 1.71, 320 thousand km, 0.85 million or 50%; 1770 – 4.84, 320 thousand km, 1.39 or 29%; 1791 – 2.5, 250 km, 1.4 or 56%; 1793 – 1.8, 132 km, 1.35 or 75% 3295: 2151: 3536: 2701: 1304: 6793: 3208: 67: 44: 1575: 1280: 3044: 84: 2685: 5900:

heavily on Slavic customs, and an official Ruthenian state language (also known as Rusyn) developed over time from the language used in Rus. Direct Polish rule in Ukraine in the 1340s and for two centuries thereafter was limited to Galicia. There, changes in such areas as administration, law, and land tenure proceeded more rapidly than in Ukrainian territories under Lithuania. However, Lithuania itself was soon drawn into the orbit of Poland following the dynastic linkage of the two states in 1385/86 and the baptism of the Lithuanians into the Latin (Roman Catholic) church.

3291:(1588) that all state documents to be written exclusively in Ruthenian. Despite this, after the Polish translation of the statute was published in 1614, it was not reissued in Ruthenian ever again. Polish was increasingly used in official documents, especially after the Union of Lublin. Finally, in 1697, the Sejm, as part of the equalization of law between Lithuania and Poland, confirmed that only the Polish language was to be used in administration in Lithuania, although Ruthenian continued to be used on a few official documents until the second half of the 18th century. 3068: 1829: 1724: 1585: 1998: 1924: 2018: 2492: 9159: 2484: 2139: 3268:, who had to learn it when he assumed power in the Grand Duchy in 1444. Casimir's assumption of power in Poland in 1447 marked the end of the existence of a separate court in Vilnius (it later existed only in years 1492–1496 and 1544–1548). Many Lithuanians and Ruthenian nobles joined the court in Kraków, they learned Polish language over time. Casimir was the last Grand Duke to know the Lithuanian language. From 1500, the elite of the Lithuanian state rapidly adopted the Polish language. 1986:, which lasted for more than 200 years, and was one of the longest wars in the history of Europe, was finally ended. Vytautas backed the economic development of the state and introduced many reforms. Under his rule, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania slowly became more centralized, as the governours loyal to Vytautas replaced local princes with dynastic ties to the throne. The governours were rich landowners who formed the basis for the nobility of the Grand Duchy. During Vytautas' rule, the 2998: 2716: 1269: 3762: 3786: 3774: 1810: 3750: 3129:, this movement significantly increased. Polish was adopted also gradually by the local inhabitants. Already in early 16th century, Polish became the Lithuanian magnates' first language. The following century it was adopted by the Lithuanian nobility in general. The Polish language also penetrated other social strata: the clergy, the townspeople, and even the peasants. Since the 16th century, 3339:. Of course, Lithuanian was used in speech, in administrative offices and by government officials when dealing with residents who were unable to communicate in another language. Vilnius city charter of November 18, 1551 declared that summons to court and verdicts had to be announced in Lithuanian, Polish, and Ruthenian. A similar charter was issued in Kaunas in 1540. 1441:. Although they had battled in the past, the Lithuanians and the Žemaičiai now faced a common enemy. Likely Živinbudas had the most authority and at least several dukes were from the same families. The formal acknowledgement of common interests and the establishment of a hierarchy among the signatories of the treaty foreshadowed the emergence of the state. 1882:, and though the rule of the Mongols did not end, their influence in the region waned thereafter. In 1387, Moldavia became a vassal of Poland and, in a broader sense, of Lithuania. By this time, Lithuania had conquered the territory of the Golden Horde all the way to the Dnieper River. In a crusade against the Golden Horde in 1398 (in an alliance with 3232:, a language similar to, but not the same as, the spoken language used by Ruthenians living in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. As for the correspondences with foreign courts the grand ducal chancellery prepared it in the language appropriate to the recipient: Latin for the correspondence with the West, German with the 6845:

The first coins, anonymous (Type I), roughly imitate Tatar coins of Jani beg struck in Gulistán in the years 1351–1353 (Kozubovs'kyi 1994). Kozubovs'kyi regarded them as the oldest coins of Volodymyr from the sixties to the early eighties but Khromov, while facing some recent finds ( or a find ) from

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The Grand Duchy's linguistic and ethnic situation, as well as the fusion of Lithuanian and Ruthenian elements in its culture, became the trigger for a long-running debate among historians from Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine over whether the state was essentially Lithuanian or Ruthenian-Lithuanian, in

1844:, the hordes stopped at the modern borders of Belarus, and the core territory of the Grand Duchy was left mostly untouched. The weak control of the Mongols over the areas they had conquered allowed the expansion of Lithuania to accelerate. Rus' principalities were never incorporated directly into the 2235:

The double election of 1575 was held in the presence of a small number of Lithuanian lords, who additionally supported the Habsburg candidate Emperor Maximilian II, however, the race for the crown was won by Stephen Báthory, crowned on May 1, 1576. The Lithuanian lords, at a convention in Grodno (on

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Notwithstanding the above, Lithuania was a kingdom under Mindaugas, who was crowned by the authority of Pope Innocent IV in 1253. Vytenis, Gediminas and Vytautas the Great also assumed the title of King, although uncrowned by the Pope. A failed attempt was made in 1918 to revive the Kingdom under a

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to settle near the Prussian area of settlement. The fighting between Prussians and the Teutonic Knights gave the more distant Lithuanian tribes time to unite. Because of strong enemies in the south and north, the newly formed Lithuanian state concentrated most of its military and diplomatic efforts

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After the baptism, the use of Latin, still the main language of learning and writing in Western Europe, also spread in Lithuania as a language of document. Latin was the second language of the grand ducal chancellery in the 14th–16th centuries, although it was used less frequently than Ruthenian in

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by Sigismund von Herberstein, the primary source for the information on the battle, the much smaller army of Poland–Lithuania (under 30,000 men) defeated the 80,000 Muscovite soldiers, capturing their camp and commander. The Muscovites lost about 30,000 men, while the losses of the Poland–Lithuania

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in 1274–1277, and the Yotvingians in 1283; the Livonian Order completed its conquest of Semigalia, the last Baltic ally of Lithuania, in 1291. The Orders could now turn their full attention to Lithuania. The "buffer zone" composed of other Baltic tribes had disappeared, and Grand Duchy of Lithuania

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the university soon developed into one of the most important scientific and cultural centres of the region and the most notable scientific centre of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The work of the Jesuits as well as conversions from among the Lithuanian senatorial families turned the tide and by the

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While Poland and Lithuania would thereafter elect a joint sovereign and have a common parliament, the basic dual state structure was retained. Each continued to be administered separately and had its own law codes and armed forces. The joint commonwealth, however, provided an impetus for cultural

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Within the grand duchy the Ruthenian (Ukrainian and Belarusian) lands initially retained considerable autonomy. The pagan Lithuanians themselves were increasingly converting to Orthodoxy and assimilating into the Ruthenian culture. The grand duchy's administrative practices and legal system drew

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issue a privilege that equalized the rights of Orthodox and Catholics in Lithuania and abolished all previous restrictions on Orthodox. There was an effort to polarise Orthodox Christians after the Union of Brest in 1596, by which some Orthodox Christians acknowledged papal authority and Catholic

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The rest of the former Ruthenian lands were conquered by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Some other lands in Ukraine were vassalized by Lithuania later. The subjugation of Eastern Slavs by two powers created substantial differences between them that persist to this day. While there were certainly

3279:, local land courts, appellate courts modelled on Polish system, through which the Polish language flowed into Lithuania. The first codification of Lithuanian laws, the Statute of Lithuania, was issued in Chancery Ruthenian (1529), but was quickly translated into Latin (1530) and Polish (1532). 2276: 2256:

through the envoy Paweł Uchański. This was a recognition by the Pope of the ruler's successes in the struggle against the infidels. In Lithuania, this ceremony was treated as the celebration of the elevation of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, during which Lithuania's sovereignty was manifested.

1020:. However, the river is very small and some find it improbable that such a small and local object could have lent its name to an entire nation. On the other hand, such a fact is not unprecedented in world history. A credible modern theory of etymology of the name of Lithuania (Lithuanian: 7851:, 2003, p. 182; there were about 0.37 million Lithuanians of 0.7 million of a whole population by 1340 in the territory of 350 thousand km and 0.42 million of 1.4 million by 1375 in the territory of 700 thousand km. Different numbers can also be found, for example: Kevin O'Connor, 1499:. Taking advantage of internal conflicts, Mindaugas allied with the Livonian Order. He promised to convert to Christianity and exchange some lands in western Lithuania in return for military assistance against his nephews and the royal crown. In 1251, Mindaugas was baptized and 3422:. By 1770 there were about 4.84 million inhabitants in the territory of 320 thousand km, the biggest part of whom were inhabitants of Ruthenia and about 1.39 million or 29% – of ethnic Lithuania. During the following decades, the population decreased in a result of 2395:

Throughout this Polish–Lithuanian Union period, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania remained a separate state and retained many rights in the federation (including separate name, territory, coat of arms, ministries, ruling system, laws, army, courts, treasury, and seal) until the

3567:'s resolution of September 18–23, 1917, proclaims the restoration of the independent state of Lithuania, founded on democratic principles, with Vilnius as its capital, and declares the termination of all state ties which formerly bound this State to other nations". In the 2442:

was pushed out of Russia and forced to retreat further westwards. In December 1812, Vilnius was recaptured by Russian forces, bringing all plans for the recreation of the Grand Duchy to an end. Most of the lands of the former Grand Duchy were re-annexed by Russia. The

2750:. Ethnic Lithuanians were very dedicated to their faith. The pagan beliefs needed to be deeply entrenched to survive strong pressure from missionaries and foreign powers. Until the 17th century, there were relics of old faith reported by counter-reformation active 2236:

8-20 April 1576), protested this choice, threatening to break the union and giving themselves the right to choose a separate ruler. However, the king managed to rally the Lithuanian delegation by promising to preserve their rights and freedoms. On May 29, 1580, in

1701:'s citizens; securing positions in Riga strengthened trade routes and provided a base for further military campaigns. Around 1307, Polotsk, an important trading centre, was annexed by military force. Vytenis also began constructing a defensive castle network along 3474:

substantial regional differences in Kievan Rus', it was the Lithuanian annexation of much of southern and western Ruthenia that led to the permanent division between Ukrainians, Belarusians, and Russians, and even four Grand Dukes of Lithuania are appeared on the

3323:, where the custom of issuing official documents in Lithuanian, especially those addressed to Lithuanian subjects, appeared as early as the 16th century. The Prussian chancellery translated two universals of 1639 and 1641 prepared by the royal chancellery of 2048:

to Lithuania to rule in his name, however instead a manifestation of the sovereignty of Lithuania occurred when Casimir was elected as the Grand Duke of Lithuania upon his arrival to Vilnius on 29 June 1440 and subsequently titled himself as a "free lord"

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ruled the grand duchy for over a century, and Vytenis was the first ruler of the dynasty. During his reign Lithuania was in constant war with the Order, the Kingdom of Poland, and Ruthenia. Vytenis was involved in succession disputes in Poland, supporting

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started to title himself as "King of Lithuanians and many Ruthenians", while the name of the state became the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Ruthenia. Similarly the title changed to "King of Lithuanians and Ruthenians, ruler and duke of Semigallia" when

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Following the death of Grand Duke Sigismund II Augustus in 1572, a joint Polish–Lithuanian monarch was to be elected as in the Union of Lublin it was agreed that the title "Grand Duke of Lithuania" will be received by a jointly elected monarch in the

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army totalled only 500. While the battle is remembered as one of the greatest Lithuanian victories, Muscovy ultimately prevailed in the war. Under the 1522 peace treaty, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania made large territorial concessions.

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in 13th century, began the process of fusing Ruthenian and Lithuanian culture and, in the absence of its own writing tradition, adopting Ruthenian as the language of administration and written communication. From at least the time of

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Formally, Poland and Lithuania were to be distinct, equal components of the federation, But Poland, which retained possession of the Lithuanian lands it had seized, had greater representation in the Diet and became the dominant

3315:), and the closeness of the Lithuanian language and Latin. This let some intellectuals in the mid-16th century to advocate for replacement of Ruthenian with Latin, as they considered Latin as the native language of Lithuanians. 1856:, which was often in the Lithuanian sphere of influence and became an occasional dependency of the Grand Duchy. Lithuanian control resulted from internal frictions within the city, which attempted to escape submission to 3099:, spoke Lithuanian. These areas remained almost wholly Lithuanian-speaking, both colloquially and by ruling nobility. Despite its frequent oral use, Lithuanian did not begin to be used in writing until the 16th century. 1354:, but they soon grew in strength and organized their own small-scale raids. At some point between 1180 and 1183 the situation began to change, and the Lithuanians started to organize sustainable military raids on the 927:, when it was supposed to become a single country, the Commonwealth, under one monarch, one parliament and no Lithuanian autonomy. Shortly afterward, the unitary character of the state was confirmed by adopting the 1942:

and his cousin Vytautas the Great who founded many Catholic churches and allocated lands for parishes in Lithuania. The state reached a peak (becoming one of the largest countries territorially in Europe) under

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The language used at court continued to be Lithuanian until the mid-16th century, the other being Ruthenian; later, both languages began to be replaced by Polish. Ruthenian culture dominated the courts of the

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Money Circulation in Antiquity, the Middle Ages and Modern Times: Time, Range, Intensity : International Symposium of the 50th Anniversary of Wiadomości Numizmatyczne : Warsaw, 13–14 October 2006

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In the mid and late 17th century, due to Russian and Swedish invasions, there was much devastation and population loss on throughout the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, including ethnic Lithuanian population in

2907: 1860:. Such relationships could be tenuous, however, as changes in a city's internal politics could disrupt Lithuanian control, as happened on a number of occasions with Novgorod and other East-Slavic cities. 3275:, who adopted Polish laws as early as the 1440s, and repeatedly demanded that official documents be written in Polish, since they no longer knew Ruthenian. The political reforms of 1564–1566 established 2220:

on his accession to the throne, thus losing its former institutional significance, however the Union of Lublin guaranteed that the institution and the title "Grand Duke of Lithuania" will be preserved.

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Despite the appearance of literature in Lithuanian in the 16th century, the language did not gain the status of a chancellery language in the Grand Duchy until the late 18th century. Unlike neighboring

3199:. Prussian and Yotvingians refugees, pushed out by the Teutonic Knights, also found their footing in the Grand Duchy. Similarly, Russian Old Believers emigrated to Lithuanian lands in the 17th century. 1471:

from Prussia, the main target of both orders. The battle provided a break in the wars with the Knights, and Lithuania exploited this situation, arranging attacks on the Ruthenian provinces and annexing

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The wars with the Teutonic Order, the loss of land to Moscow, and the continued pressure threatened the survival of the state of Lithuania, so it was forced to ally more closely with Poland, forming a

1550:. He hoped to unite all Baltic tribes under the Lithuanian leadership. As military campaigns were not successful, the relationships between Mindaugas and Treniota deteriorated. Treniota, together with 3247:, specified that the Roman Catholic priests in these 28 churches must know the Lithuanian language, according to his letter of 18 September 1501, which was addressed to the Bishop of Vilnius Albertas. 1073: 8200: 11277: 3387:

An estimate of the population in the territory of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania together gives a population at 7.5 million for 1493, breaking them down by ethnicity at 3.75 million

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Religious Language of a Belarusian Tatar Kitab: A Cultural Monument of Islam in Europe : with a Latin-script Transliteration of the British Library Tatar Belarusian Kitab (OR 13020) on CD-ROM

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lands, which came at the end of the 13th and during the 14th century, the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was 800 to 930 thousand km, just 10% to 14% of which was ethnically Lithuanian.

884:, son of Kęstutis, marked both the greatest territorial expansion of the grand duchy (it became one of the largest countries territorially in Europe) and the defeat of the Teutonic Knights in the 1886:), Lithuania invaded northern Crimea and won a decisive victory. In an attempt to place Tokhtamish on the Golden Horde throne in 1399, Lithuania moved against the Horde but was defeated in the 4820: 2232:

as the first joint Polish–Lithuanian monarch, however his rule was short and he never personally visited the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, despite being announced as the Grand Duke of Lithuania.

5627: 2061:; Casimir also became the King of Poland in 1447. Following Casimir's death in 1492, the factual termination of the Polish–Lithuanian union also occurred during the reign of Casimir's sons 8018:[Ruthenians/Rus/Rusyns in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and their presence in the tradition of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania – an historical problem or contemporary creation?] 4185:

J. Kiaupienë, "Valdžios krizës pabaiga ir Kazimieras Jogailaitis." Gimtoji istorija 2: Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės (Lietuvos istorijos vadovėlis). CD. (2003). Elektroninės leidybos namai: Vilnius.

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J. Kiaupienė. Gediminaičiai ir Jogailaičiai prie Vytauto palikimo. Gimtoji istorija 2: Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės (Lietuvos istorijos vadovėlis). CD. (2003) Elektroninės leidybos namai: Vilnius.

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in 1202 and 1226 respectively. The Christian orders posed a significant threat to pagan Baltic tribes, and further galvanized the formation of the Lithuanian state. The peace treaty with

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Wiemer, Björn (2003). "Dialect and language contacts on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the 15th century until 1939". In Braunmüller, Kurt; Ferraresi, Gisella (eds.).

10602: 9868: 1848:, maintaining vassal relationships with a fair degree of independence. Lithuania annexed some of these areas as vassals through diplomacy, as they exchanged rule by the Mongols or the 11287: 8080:

Ostatni Obywatele Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego [Last Citizens of Grand Duchy of Lithuania], Eds. T. Bujnicki, K. Stępnik, Lublin: University of Mariae Curie Skłodowska Press

2953:(early 15th century). In Lithuania, unlike many other European societies at the time, there was religious freedom. Lithuanian Tatars were allowed to settle in certain places, such as 2429: 6667:...he wrote to the Grand Duke of Lithuania, admonishing him to do everything in his power to persuade his consort to 'abjure the Russian religion, and accept the Christian Faith.' 923:, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania maintained its political distinctiveness and had separate ministries, laws, army, and treasury. The federation was terminated by the passing of the 4271:

Lietuvos didžiojo kunigaikščio leičiai: iš Lietuvos ankstyvųjų valstybinių struktūrų praeities (Leičiai of Grand Duke of Lithuania: from the past of Lithuanian stative structures

2392:. However, by 1657 Lithuania was once again a part of the Commonwealth following the Lithuanian revolt against the Swedes. The Lithuania's capital Vilnius was liberated in 1661. 11282: 11262: 1863:

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania managed to hold off Mongol incursions and eventually secured gains. In 1333 and 1339, Lithuanians defeated large Mongol forces attempting to regain

2778:), though. While pagan beliefs in Lithuania were strong enough to survive centuries of pressure from military orders and missionaries, they did eventually succumb. A separate 6176: 3434: 8403:

Between Rome and Byzantium: The Golden Age of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania's Political Culture. Second half of the fifteenth century to first half of the seventeenth century

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The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th–18th Century). A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents

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on 6 July 1253, starting a decade of relative peace. Mindaugas later renounced Christianity and converted back to paganism. Mindaugas tried to expand his influence in

650: 636: 622: 597: 8543:(2006). "Rusini (Gudowie)" [Ruthenians (Gudais)]. In Ališauskas, Vytautas; Jovaiša, Liudas; Paknys, Mindaugas; Petrauskas, Rimvydas; Raila, Eligijus (eds.). 6130:

Petrus, Jerzy T. (1977). "Miecze poświęcane królewicza Władysława Zygmunta i króla Jana III" [Blessed swords of Prince Władysław Zygmunt and King Jan III.].

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Z. Kiaupa. "Algirdas ir LDK rytų politika." Gimtoji istorija 2: Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės (Lietuvos istorijos vadovėlis). CD. (2003). Elektroninės leidybos namai: Vilnius.

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However, the newly reformed Commonwealth was invaded by Russia in 1792 and partitioned between neighbouring states. A truncated state (whose principal cities were

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banned Catholics marriages with Orthodox, and demanded those Orthodox who previously married with the Catholics to convert to Catholicism. At one point, though,

1683: 8479:"The Prestige and decline of the official (state) language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (fifteenth–sixteenth century): problems in Belarusian historiography" 6807:"COINAGE GENESIS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE POLITICAL AUTONOMY ON THE LITHUANIAN-HORDE BORDER LANDS the second half of the 14th – the first half of the 15th century" 4829: 4311: 4789: 3869:

Herby Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. Orły, Pogonie, województwa, książęta, kardynałowie, prymasi, hetmani, kanclerze, marszałkowie

7867:. Here the author estimates that there were 9 million inhabitants in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and 1 million of them were ethnic Lithuanians by 1387. 2107:

On 8 September 1514, the allied forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, under the command of Hetman Konstanty Ostrogski, fought the

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river just south of Vilnius. The first mosque in this village was mentioned for the first time in 1558. There were 42 Tatar families in the village in 1630.

8215: 8016:"Rusini w Rzeczypospolitej Wielu Narodów i ich obecność w tradycji Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego – problem historyczny czy czynnik tworzący współczesność?" 4216: 9139: 8174: 6474: 8710: 3331:

to Prussia, which was then a Polish fief. In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the first document in Lithuanian was a translation from the Polish text of the

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internal administration. This was accompanied by the spread since mid-15th century of the legend of the Roman origin of the Lithuanian nobility (from the

1008:, as the two are from the same suffix branch. The river flows in the lowlands and easily spills over its banks, therefore the traditional Lithuanian form 9963: 8713:(2006). "Polonizacja" [Polonization]. In Ališauskas, Vytautas; Jovaiša, Liudas; Paknys, Mindaugas; Petrauskas, Rimvydas; Raila, Eligijus (eds.). 1912: 1642:. There is considerable uncertainty about the identities of the grand dukes of Lithuania between Traidenis' death in 1282 and the assumption of power by 5261: 3348: 3219:

Before the Lithuanian expansion into the Ruthenian lands, Lithuanian was the only language of public life. However, the conquests, already initiated by

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in 1323, which previously served as the country's capital since 1316 or 1321. The state continued to expand its territory under the reign of Grand Duke

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on February 16, 1918, proclaimed that "the Council of Lithuania, as the sole representative of the Lithuanian nation, based on the recognized right to

2197: 7815:

Letukienė, Nijolė; Gineika, Petras (2003). "Istorija. Politologija: kurso santrauka istorijos egzaminui" (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Alma littera: 182.

858: 6517: 4833: 996:

and a possible first capital of the would-be Grand Duchy of Lithuania, is usually credited as the source of the name. This river's original name is

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against the army of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, under Konyushy Ivan Chelyadnin and Kniaz Mikhail Golitsin. The battle was part of a long series of

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had formed, and the Golden Horde did little to re-vassalize the area. In 1362, regiments of the Grand Duchy army defeated the Golden Horde at the

9088: 4569:"Przestrzeń Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego na mapie Radziwiłłowskiej Tomasza Makowskiego z 1613 roku w świetle treści kartograficznej i opisowej" 4437: 3481:

In the 19th century, the romantic references to the times of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were an inspiration and a substantial part of both the

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Polonization of the Lithuanian nobility. By the end of the 17th century, it had virtually become indistinguishable from its Polish counterpart.

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In the first half of the 20th century, the memory of the multiethnic history of the Grand Duchy was revived by the people connected with the

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was used much more often than other languages for writing. Polish finally became the Commonwealth's official chancellery language in 1697.

8835: 6149: 11126: 9848: 9066: 8015: 11227: 10167: 8871: 7192: 4339: 2343: 6402:

Eidintas, Alfonsas; Bumblauskas, Alfredas; Kulakauskas, Antanas; Tamošaitis, Mindaugas; Kondratas, Skirma; Kondratas, Ramūnas (2013).

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lost its former importance though it still retained some influence among the ethnically Lithuanian peasants and some middle nobility.

2204:. During the period of the Union, many of the territories formerly controlled by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were transferred to the 2150: 11272: 9613: 5757: 3576: 2746:

and (according to the German order) renounced Christianity. Up until 1387, Lithuanian nobles professed their own religion, which was

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of two countries – Poland and Lithuania where both countries have equal rights within it and separated the powers of the ruler, the

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The Third Statute of Lithuania (confirmed in 1588), which stated that Poland and Lithuania have equal rights within the Commonwealth

11237: 11232: 10302: 10058: 9792: 9728: 2945:, unlike many other northern and western European countries, has a long history starting from 14th century. Small groups of Muslim 2331: 4492:

Between Two Worlds: A Comparative Study of the Representations of Pagan Lithuania in the Chronicles of the Teutonic Order and Rus'

1459:, reports that by the mid-1230s, Mindaugas had acquired supreme power in the whole of Lithuania. In 1236, the Samogitians, led by 11247: 11242: 11063: 10651: 10222: 9983: 9819: 7503: 4479: 4464: 2428:, the former Grand Duchy revolted against the Russians. Soon after his arrival in Vilnius, Napoleon proclaimed the creation of a 1682:. In Ruthenia, Vytenis managed to recapture lands lost after the assassination of Mindaugas and to capture the principalities of 66: 6603: 2258: 11267: 11202: 10744: 10496: 10093: 9968: 9931: 9809: 9337: 9144: 7459: 6376: 4206:

Zigmas Zinkevičius. Kelios mintys, kurios kyla skaitant Alfredo Bumblausko Senosios Lietuvos istoriją 1009–1795m. Voruta, 2005.

3662: 2317: 2022: 1467:. The Order was forced to become a branch of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia, making Samogitia, a strip of land that separated 866: 366: 7864: 7377:

Codex Diplomaticus Ecclesiae Cathedralis Necnon Dioceseos Vilnensis. Voluminis I. Fasciculus 3 (1501–1507, Addenda 1394–1500).

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Burant, S. R.; Zubek, V. (1993). "Eastern Europe's Old Memories and New Realities: Resurrecting the Polish-lithuanian Union".

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Ruthenians, ancestors of modern Belarusians and Ukrainians, living in the eastern and southern lands of the Grand Duchy spoke

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The preservation of the Great Seal of Lithuania (pictured, dating to 1623) when concluding the Union of Lublin meant that the

1455:

Mindaugas, the duke of southern Lithuania, was among the five senior dukes mentioned in the treaty with Galicia–Volhynia. The

679:

envisioned a unitary state whereby the Grand Duchy would be abolished; however, an addendum to the Constitution, known as the

9257: 9129: 9016: 8700: 8677: 8658: 8625: 8530: 8450: 8303: 7966: 7931: 7467: 7102: 7003: 6906: 6838: 6625: 6420: 6065: 5805: 5765: 5515: 5413: 5379: 4691: 4524: 4295: 3972: 2633: 2593: 2472: 1947:, who reigned from 1392 to 1430. Vytautas was one of the most famous rulers of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, serving as the 11297: 11257: 11212: 11207: 10751: 10000: 9071: 8927: 8131: 5668: 4319: 1903: 1592: 1554:, assassinated Mindaugas and his two sons, Ruklys and Rupeikis, in 1263. The state lapsed into years of internal fighting. 1255: 6846:

the Sumy province, is of the opinion that they were struck earlier, between 1354–63 under the rule of the Ruirikid Prince

3535: 1527:. The Teutonic Knights used this period to strengthen their position in parts of Samogitia and Livonia, but they lost the 11222: 11217: 10682: 10471: 10449: 9681: 9392: 9216: 9196: 8884: 4862: 3937: 2401: 1916: 1754:. In 1320, most of the principalities of western Rus' were either vassalized or annexed by Lithuania. In 1321, Gediminas 928: 680: 43: 7373:"Kodeks dyplomatyczny katedry i diecezji Wilenskiej. Tomu 1. Zeszyt 3 (1501–1507, uzupełn. 1394–1500) (W Krakowie 1948)" 6403: 10614: 10561: 10528: 10523: 10390: 10255: 10015: 9787: 9076: 8947: 8414: 8396: 8377: 8366:

An Unproclaimed Empire: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania: From the Viewpoint of Comparative Historical Sociology of Empires

8358: 8340: 7073: 6871: 6740: 4447: 4420: 4349: 2143: 2133: 916: 862: 9470: 6570: 4501: 3271:

The process of moving away from Ruthenian to Polish in administration was soon apparent. The first were the nobles of

1303: 11197: 10807: 10631: 10375: 9873: 9853: 9284: 8803: 8772: 8575: 8321: 8290: 8277: 8137: 7992: 7860: 3509: 2335: 893: 9021: 4797: 3443: 2965:

is one of the oldest Tatar settlements in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. After a successful military campaign of the

2700: 10607: 8994: 5011: 4901: 4374: 4235: 3552: 3029: 4541: 4364:

Depending on translation of the source, here and below original Rus' name can be translated as Russia or Ruthenia.

2115:

conducted by Russian rulers striving to gather all the former lands of Kievan Rus' under their rule. According to

10914: 10380: 9450: 9039: 8999: 6850:, and that they were struck somewhere to the east of the capital town, in the Sumy region ( Khromov 2004, 2006 ). 6689: 5636: 5628:"1440 06 29 Vilniaus katedroje atlikta Kazimiero Jogailaičio pakėlimo Lietuvos didžiuoju kunigaikščiu ceremonija" 2791: 8845:

Zenonas Norkus. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Retrospective of Comparative Historical Sociology of Empires

8820: 7961: 6492: 5434:[Battle at Blue Waters. How Ukraine freed itself from the Golden Horde] (in Ukrainian). istpravda.com.ua 3905: 3114:, close to but not identical to the spoken language, which over time absorbed many Lithuanian and Polish words. 349: 10974: 10964: 10439: 10248: 9804: 9741: 9525: 9357: 9296: 8864: 8844: 8692: 7947: 3328: 3195:. Inhabiting the towns, mainly in Livonia, the mostly Protestant Germans used a local variety of German called 3009: 2201: 1414: 846: 8443:

An eagle in a bear's bed. Polish nobility in Samogitia in the 16th–18th centuries: migration, language, memory

8075: 6774: 6082: 1342:

to Yotvingians. In the 12th century, Slavic chronicles refer to Lithuania as one of the areas attacked by the

11252: 10812: 10641: 10434: 10073: 9638: 9588: 9583: 9496: 9460: 9093: 8942: 8109: 3634: 3260:

was most likely bilingual, knowing and speaking Lithuanian and Ruthenian, and was able to communicate in the

2830:

catechism, but preserved their liturgy. The country also became one of the major centres of the Reformation.

2806: 2719: 2679: 2166: 2112: 1755: 1718: 1688: 901: 838: 8421: 6792: 3650: 2825:

reprimanded the Grand Duke for keeping non-Catholics as advisers. Consequently, only in 1563 did Grand Duke

10926: 10884: 10858: 10722: 10712: 10636: 10481: 10466: 10295: 9938: 9826: 9721: 9628: 9318: 6748: 2779: 2742:

in 1253, Lithuania was recognized as a Christian state until 1260, when Mindaugas supported an uprising in

2704: 2301: 2045: 1872: 8050:"The Memory of Multicultural Tradition of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Thought of Vilnius Krajowcy" 7783:

Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės valstybinių ir visuomeninių institucijų istorijos bruožai XIII–XVIII a

6652: 5202: 10836: 10619: 10543: 10212: 10112: 9306: 9267: 9221: 9179: 8977: 8022:(in Polish). Instytut Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej (Central and Eastern European Institute). Archived from 3498: 3486: 3482: 3207: 2962: 2783: 2205: 2058: 1887: 1791: 378: 311: 8049: 3418:. Besides devastation, the Ruthenian population declined proportionally after the territorial losses to 2316:

in the state, but Lithuania's citizens, who were subjects to the Statute, were only nobles). During the

11058: 10891: 10797: 10756: 10646: 10461: 10217: 9973: 9958: 9863: 9423: 9231: 9211: 9191: 9134: 9061: 8722: 8552: 3740: 3332: 3264:

of the Lithuanian language. The Lithuanian language was still strongly present at the Vilnius court of

3183:, which had been politically connected to the Grand Duchy since the mid-16th century, was inhabited by 3047: 2397: 2385: 1841: 924: 692:

Supposed appearance of the royal (military) banner with design derived from a 16th century coat of arms

676: 7446: 7094: 6488: 6481:

The process of integration and disintegration in the territories of Lithuania in the course of history

3357:, and ethnic Lithuanians formed the majority (68%) of its 400,000 people. With the acquisition of new 11292: 10624: 10597: 10010: 9880: 9648: 9508: 9325: 9279: 9009: 9004: 8857: 8313: 4674: 3712: 3572: 3256:

princes since the 14th century, especially those ruling directly over Ruthenian subjects. Grand Duke

3160:. It ceased to be used in the 16th century, and was replaced by Ruthenian and Polish, written in the 2787: 2603: 2425: 1714: 1456: 1230:

as "King of Poland, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Prussia, Samogitia, Mazovia, and other ".

510: 448: 72: 7833: 3335:, which was issued in 1791. Subsequently, several documents were published in Lithuanian during the 2833:

In the second half of the 16th century, Calvinism spread in Lithuania, supported by the families of

2076:

soon put it into a comparable position to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and after the annexation of

1574: 10888: 10429: 10053: 9797: 9435: 9418: 9330: 7889: 4149: 3717: 2693: 2377: 2026: 1654: 1528: 1394: 3637:(with horseback knight on a red field, which initial design dates back to the reign of Grand Duke 3369: 11098: 10941: 10909: 10878: 10717: 10687: 10571: 10288: 10124: 9990: 9948: 9921: 9772: 9714: 9301: 9272: 9114: 8982: 8839: 8830: 7091:

Geograficzno-polityczne uwarunkowania sytuacji mniejszości polskiej na Litwie i Łotwie po 1990 r.

6607: 6350: 6083:"Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės Seimas – valstybės modernizacijos grandis (1572–1587 metai)" 6026:"1574 06 18 Lenkijos karalius, Lietuvos dk Henrikas Valua slapta pabėgo iš Lenkijos į Prancūziją" 5547: 5458: 5345: 5318: 5287: 5239: 5212: 5176: 5081: 4683: 4629: 3646: 3361:

territories, in 1340 this portion decreased to 30%. By the time of the largest expansion towards

2814: 2433: 2175: 1679: 1675: 1359: 261: 3940:[The Lithuanian State] (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: viduramziu.istorija.net. Archived from 3812: 3525: 2448: 2444: 1746:), who created a strong central government and established an empire that later spread from the 1279: 11133: 10969: 10919: 10048: 9952: 9598: 9513: 9455: 9382: 9291: 9167: 8406: 8388: 8237: 8205: 7917: 5453: 3540: 3517: 3324: 3299: 3118: 3106:. The Ruthenian language had an old writing tradition. The language of the Orthodox Church was 3043: 2886: 2351: 2322: 2054: 1849: 463: 8540: 8525:. Vol. I: The Making of the Polish–Lithuanian Union, 1385–1569. Oxford University Press. 8023: 7984:

Russia's Foreign Trade and Economic Expansion in the Seventeenth Century: Windows on the World

6993: 5403: 5370: 5127: 4624: 4502:

Lietuvos valdovo žodis pasauliui: atveriame mūsų žemę ir valdas kiekvienam geros valios žmogui

3336: 2643: 1034:, a social group of warriors-knights in the early Grand Duchy of Lithuania). The title of the 947: 736:. By 1440 the grand duchy had become the largest European state, controlling an area from the 11073: 10936: 10853: 10707: 10511: 10207: 10192: 10182: 10139: 9943: 9916: 9777: 9603: 9550: 9445: 9377: 9369: 9262: 9245: 8653:. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series. Cambridge University Press. 8078:[The Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Political Thought of Stanisław Cat-Mackiewicz]. 7982: 7820: 6896: 6239: 3674: 3490: 3288: 2826: 2623: 2249: 2073: 2034: 1857: 1836:

Lithuania was in a good position to conquer the western and the southern parts of the former

1694: 1512: 1334: 985: 905: 897: 286: 8209: 7196: 4013: 3072: 2381: 1705:. Gradually this network developed into the main defensive line against the Teutonic Order. 779:. At its greatest extent, in the 15th century, it was the largest state in Europe. It was a 11068: 11021: 10931: 10848: 10822: 10734: 10727: 10697: 10585: 10419: 10402: 10370: 10187: 10134: 10098: 10005: 9926: 9836: 9674: 9643: 9618: 9560: 9530: 9482: 9406: 9387: 9206: 9081: 8972: 8937: 8892: 3873: 3697: 3666: 3556: 3513: 3475: 3380:

of the eastern regions of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania who supported the former Grand Duke

2916: 2912: 2675: 2573: 2456: 2413: 2365: 2359: 2339: 2284:

The rule of Lithuania by the Gediminid–Jagiellonian family representatives resumed through

2041: 2006: 1927: 1907: 1893: 1623: 1578: 1547: 1508: 1450: 1406: 1223: 951: 784: 725: 717: 713: 602: 409: 327: 256: 8462:"Lietuvių kalba: poreikis ir vartojimo mastai : XV a. antra pusė – XVI a. pirma pusė" 8422:"Languages in contact and conflict on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL)" 7193:"Lietuvos Didžiosios kunigaikštystės kanceliarinės slavų kalbos termino nusakymo problema" 5542: 3448: 3067: 2802:

was liquidated and its eparchies transferred to the metropoles of Lithuania and Volhynia.

2689: 8: 11138: 10946: 10873: 10868: 10670: 10656: 10518: 10149: 10144: 10083: 9978: 9899: 9573: 9568: 9540: 9535: 9465: 9440: 6543: 5429: 4154: 3840: 3622: 3529: 3439: 3415: 3244: 3107: 3088: 3076: 3055: 2881: 2731: 2583: 2553: 2513: 2354:, began ruling Lithuania in 1632 and achieved military success and popularity during the 2293: 2245: 2225: 2062: 2030: 1968: 1939: 1650:

until 1316 or 1321 where Traidenis and Vytenis mainly resided and led to its prosperity.

1588: 1496: 1227: 1210: 1128: 1045: 889: 780: 294: 205: 9475: 8439:

Erelis lokio guolyje. Lenkų bajorai Žemaitijoje XVI–XVIII a.: migracija, kalba, atmintis

8152: 4983: 3521: 3211:

Title of the Statute of Grand Duchy of Lithuania written in the Ruthenian language, 1588

2684: 2312:, the executive and the courts (this for the first time in European history ensured the 1878:

In 1380, a Lithuanian army allied with Russian forces to defeat the Golden Horde in the

1770:, into exile. Gediminas also re-established the permanent capital of the Grand Duchy in 1723: 1584: 11162: 11121: 11053: 10956: 10901: 10817: 10792: 10770: 10566: 10491: 10320: 10241: 10177: 10159: 10036: 9911: 9858: 9814: 9749: 9690: 9633: 9608: 9578: 9201: 8952: 8932: 8635: 8612:

Rachuba, Andrzej (2010). "Litwini". In Kopczyński, Michał; Tygielski, Wojciech (eds.).

8585: 7170: 6680:"1563 06 07 "Vilniaus privilegija" sulygino Lietuvos DK stačiatikių ir katalikų teises" 5480: 4387: 3702: 3692: 3638: 3605: 3564: 3560: 3544: 3377: 3354: 3261: 3229: 3188: 3111: 3103: 3096: 3092: 2950: 2898: 2873: 2533: 2523: 2327: 2289: 2089: 2002: 1983: 1975: 1944: 1879: 1828: 1813: 1551: 1382: 1374:. The Lithuanians are the only branch within the Baltic group that managed to create a 1322: 1263: 1259: 1195: 1171: 1095: 993: 959: 885: 881: 870: 615: 209: 6177:"Politinė ceremonialo paskirtis elekcinėje monarchijoje: Lenkija-Lietuva XVI–XVIII a." 5972: 3461:

origin) were the subject of Polish expansion, which was largely unsuccessful, so Duke

2865: 2334:

Polish and Lithuanian armies achieved territorial gains (e.g. restored the control of

2241: 10996: 10991: 10979: 10863: 10802: 10782: 10501: 10412: 10202: 10078: 9885: 9653: 9623: 9593: 9428: 8989: 8799: 8768: 8696: 8673: 8654: 8621: 8571: 8526: 8446: 8410: 8392: 8373: 8354: 8336: 8317: 8299: 8286: 8273: 7988: 7941: 7927: 7856: 7463: 7174: 7162: 7098: 7069: 6999: 6902: 6877: 6867: 6834: 6648: 6416: 6273: 6061: 5942: 5801: 5761: 5511: 5409: 5198: 4858: 4687: 4583: 4549: 4520: 4443: 4416: 4345: 4291: 4247: 3968: 3658: 3462: 3373: 3265: 3149: 3145: 2966: 2822: 2795: 2613: 2389: 2373: 2262: 2253: 2237: 2189: 2077: 1967:, uncle of Jogaila, who became King of Poland in 1386, and he was the grandfather of 1930:, built by Grand Duke Vytautas, which served as a residence of Lithuanian Grand Dukes 1923: 1821: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1759: 1492: 1370:. The sudden spark of military raids marked consolidation of the Lithuanian lands in 1339: 1329: 1153: 1086: 1054: 975: 963: 798: 300: 147: 123: 111: 49: 6864:

Muslims in Poland and Eastern Europe : widening the European discourse on Islam

3601: 1997: 837:

in 1386, bringing two major changes in the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania:

11171: 11143: 11088: 11083: 11078: 10897: 10407: 10395: 10264: 10197: 10065: 9695: 9313: 8912: 8749: 8490: 7154: 6324: 5912: 5883: 3766: 3466: 3407: 3320: 3303: 3192: 3165: 3153: 3084: 3033: 2799: 2771: 2751: 2653: 2543: 2369: 2270: 2158: 1619: 1500: 1390: 1241:) since at least the mid-16th century, already before the Union of Lublin in 1569. 1209:) and the state changed as it expanded its territory. Following the decline of the 1186: 1162: 1113: 806: 802: 225: 8788:

The Commonwealth of the Vasas. The Illustrious State, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

8506:"Lithuanian Language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: between Function and Status" 6298: 6209: 5999: 5692: 1491:. The powerful coalition against Mindaugas included Vykintas, the Livonian Order, 11048: 10986: 10692: 10444: 10172: 8917: 8600: 7921: 6828: 6714: 6055: 5374: 5171: 4722: 4285: 3641:) must be constantly raised over the most important governmental buildings (e.g. 3400: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3137: 3130: 3126: 3051: 2978: 2877: 2708: 2460: 2193: 2129: 2108: 2017: 1532: 1520: 1464: 1375: 1288: 1177: 1144: 1077: 988:. Some older etymological theories relate the name to a small river not far from 912: 709: 435: 251: 233: 221: 213: 131: 99: 7158: 6444: 5719: 5340: 5313: 3302:

universal of March 22, 1639 forbidding his subjects to hunt on the territory of

2491: 2438: 2436:. The union was never formalized, however, as only half a year later Napoleon's 11176: 11111: 11001: 10739: 10702: 10454: 10424: 10365: 10269: 9767: 8495: 6847: 4094: 4060: 3790: 3778: 3754: 3419: 3362: 3349:

Demographic history of Poland § Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)

3306:. The universal was translated into Old Lithuanian at the Prussian chancellery. 3233: 2970: 2834: 2775: 2417: 2285: 2093: 1987: 1979: 1899: 1837: 1775: 1631: 1615: 1386: 1355: 1343: 1234: 1104: 1063: 955: 842: 834: 810: 748: 629: 422: 229: 181: 135: 107: 9226: 8670:

The Conversion of Lithuania. From Pagan Barbarians to Late Medieval Christians

6518:"Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės administracinis teritorinis suskirstymas" 4870: 4120: 3941: 3597: 3593: 3381: 2483: 2452: 2372:

in the mid-17th century most of the territory of Lithuania was annexed by the

1742: 1657:

ended, and the Teutonic Knights proceeded to conquer other Baltic tribes: the

1371: 733: 716:, to the late 18th century, when the territory was suppressed during the 1795 11191: 10538: 8815: 7166: 6923: 6881: 6710: 5856: 5208: 4741:, used to describe to medieval Lithuanian rulers in modern Lithuanian, while 4553: 4251: 3642: 3582: 3454: 3403:, 1569, Lithuanian Grand Duchy lost large part of lands to the Polish Crown. 2949:

migrated to ethnically Lithuanian lands, mainly under the rule of Grand Duke

2920: 2217: 2155: 2138: 2081: 2066: 1536: 997: 857:

dynasty who since the 14th–15th centuries ruled not only Lithuania, but also

813:, but survived. Its rapid territorial expansion started late in the reign of 729: 8754: 8737: 8076:"Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie w myśli politycznej Stanisława Cata-Mackiewicza" 6752: 6476:

Procesy integracyjne i dezintegracyjne na ziemiach litewskich w toku dziejów

4752: 1603: 1418: 88:

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the height of its power in the 15th century.

9109: 8175:"LRT FAKTAI. Ar lietuviams reikia bijoti baltarusių nacionalinio atgimimo?" 6582: 5829: 5599: 5234: 5131: 5057: 4930: 3141: 3136:

Other important ethnic groups throughout the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were

2946: 2927: 2902: 2782:

was created sometime between 1315 and 1317 by the Constantinople Patriarch

2758:

with milk or bringing food to graves of ancestors. The lands of modern-day

2747: 2416:, most of the lands of the former Grand Duchy were directly annexed by the 2368:'s reign was initially marked with disastrous military loses as during the 2355: 2209: 1845: 1787: 900:, attempted to break the personal union with Poland. However, unsuccessful 787:

state, with great diversity in languages, religion, and cultural heritage.

643: 8603:[Lithuanian language in public life in the XVII–XVIII centuries]. 8238:"I-1497 Lietuvos Respublikos valstybės vėliavos ir kitų vėliavų įstatymas" 7681: 7573: 7426: 7352: 5570: 4957: 2849:

and others. By the 1580s the majority of the senators from Lithuania were

1991: 1438: 790:

The consolidation of the Lithuanian lands began in the late 13th century.

712:

in northeastern Europe that existed from the 13th century, succeeding the

10350: 10129: 10022: 9545: 8651:

Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire within East-Central Europe, 1295–1345

6806: 6620: 5038: 3396: 3284: 3228:, but probably much earlier, the language of internal administration was 3125:) moved to Lithuania, although this migration was small-scale. After the 2854: 2838: 2810: 2715: 2313: 2069:

who had respectively ruled Lithuania and Poland separately in 1492–1501.

1832:

Grand Duchy of Lithuania under the rule of Vytautas the Great (1392–1430)

1627: 1430: 1284: 850: 721: 6401: 5661:"Lietuvos feodalinės visuomenės ir jos valdymo sistemos genezė: 2 dalis" 5076: 4590: 2997: 1964: 1894:

One of the largest European countries, ruled by Gediminids–Jagiellonians

1783: 826: 11116: 11106: 11041: 10506: 10355: 10340: 9762: 9119: 8445:] (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History Press. 6866:. University of Warsaw. Faculty of Oriental Studies. pp. 207–208. 5800:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla. p. 167. 4255: 3392: 3388: 3312: 3253: 3184: 2858: 2305: 2185: 2162: 1978:. The battle ended in a decisive Polish-Lithuanian victory against the 1948: 1883: 1751: 1670: 1658: 1639: 1569: 1563: 1504: 1473: 1268: 1219: 920: 854: 737: 143: 119: 8383:

A. Dubonis, D. Antanavičius, R. Ragauskiene, R. Šmigelskytė-Štukienė.

3670: 3399:), 3.25 million Poles and 0.5 million Lithuanians. With the 2499:

Administrative structure of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1413–1564).

1647: 1308: 1026: 989: 173: 10476: 10335: 9158: 8880: 8849: 8369: 8350: 8332: 3727: 3586: 3272: 3220: 2942: 2850: 2739: 2696:(first edition 1544), describing the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1544 2097: 1867:

from the Lithuanian sphere of influence. By about 1355, the State of

1817: 1809: 1747: 1732: 1662: 1653:

During this time, the Orders finalized their conquests. In 1274, the

1611: 1484: 1434: 1426: 1410: 1214: 814: 791: 756: 741: 334: 266: 7372: 6814:

Ukraina Lithuanica: студії з історії Великого князівства Литовського

4713:

By contemporary accounts, the Lithuanians called their early rulers

2755: 1614:

came to power in 1269. Traidenis strengthened Lithuanian control in

1319:

Kernavė, the first residence-capital of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania

1038:

was consistently applied to Lithuania from the 14th century onward.

1024:) is Artūras Dubonis's hypothesis, that Lietuva relates to the word 935: 10280: 9706: 8566:

Kiaupa, Zigmantas; Kiaupienė, Jūratė; Kuncevičius, Albinas (2000).

8505: 8282: 8269: 8083: 7785:. Vilnius: Lietuvos istorijos instituto leidykla. pp. 145–146. 7391: 6787: 6578: 3568: 3505: 3358: 3280: 3225: 3122: 2931: 2743: 2085: 2010: 1868: 1864: 1853: 1779: 1635: 1599: 1543: 1488: 1460: 1422: 1367: 1206: 874: 822: 795: 7394:[The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Lithuanian nation]. 3619:

Law on the State Flag and Other Flags of the Republic of Lithuania

1213:

and incorporation of its lands into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania,

849:. This marked the beginning of the rule of other countries by the 11036: 11031: 11016: 11011: 10311: 9737: 9184: 8331:(Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series). 8296:

Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Encyclopedia in Three Volumes, Vol. III

8295: 7455: 7195:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: viduramziu.istorija.net. Archived from 6619:

Gudavičius, Edvardas; Jučas, Mečislovas; Matulevičius, Algirdas.

6412: 4383: 3732: 3722: 3627:

Lietuvos Respublikos valstybės vėliavos ir kitų vėliavų įstatymas

3257: 3216:

which the more advanced Ruthenian culture played a central role.

3180: 2842: 2818: 2763: 2759: 2727: 2430:

Commissary Provisional Government of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

2421: 2266: 2101: 1974:

In 1410, Vytautas commanded the forces of the Grand Duchy in the

1935: 1771: 1763: 1702: 1643: 1546:, Mindaugas broke the peace with the Order, possibly reverted to 1516: 1483:

In 1248, a civil war broke out between Mindaugas and his nephews

1468: 1409:

of 1219 provides evidence of cooperation between Lithuanians and

1402: 1351: 1347: 943: 830: 818: 768: 760: 752: 747:

The grand duchy expanded to include large portions of the former

271: 189: 8784:

Rzeczpospolita Wazów. Sławne Państwo, Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie

8283:

Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Encyclopedia in Three Volumes, Vol. II

4273:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Lietuvos istorijos instituto leidykla. 3876:. 1875–1900. pp. 6, 30, 32, 58, 84, 130, 160, 264, 282, 300 2982: 11026: 10360: 9347: 8740:[Lithuanian language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania]. 8270:

Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Encyclopedia in Three Volumes, Vol. I

8245: 8158: 7894: 5724: 5604: 5575: 5136: 4909: 3910: 3845: 3817: 3687: 3630: 3276: 3157: 2974: 2958: 2954: 2869: 2347: 2165:

in Lithuania. These Lithuanian seals were in possession of the

1956: 1952: 1731:

The expansion of the state reached its height under Grand Duke

1477: 939: 776: 772: 764: 166: 3236:

and Chancery Ruthenian with the East Slavic and Tatar rulers.

2495:

Lithuania and its administrative divisions in the 17th century

10345: 9757: 8907: 7231: 7229: 7047: 7045: 6684: 5632: 5431:Битва на Синіх Водах. Як Україна звільнилася від Золотої Орди 5126: 4287:

Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People

3654: 3458: 2938: 1960: 1607: 1524: 1363: 1272: 1016:(to spill), of the root derived from the Proto-Indo-European 276: 217: 11278:

1795 disestablishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

8672:. Vilnius: Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore. 7752: 7750: 7725: 7723: 7710: 7708: 7693: 7290: 7288: 7263: 7261: 7248: 7246: 7244: 6150:"Vavelio pilies lobyne – ir Lietuvos, Valdovų rūmų istorija" 4390:, Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore. p. 2 3372:

released his privilege which tied the Orthodox and Catholic

2358:, but he renounced his claims to the Russian throne per the 892:. After Vytautas's death, Lithuania's relationship with the 7870: 7849:

Istorija, Politologija: Kurso santrauka istorijos egzaminui

6861: 6654:

The History of the Popes, from the Close of the Middle Ages

5405:

The Church Triumphant: A History of Christianity Up to 1300

3967:(2nd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 119. 3579:, the continuity of Lithuanian statehood is also stressed. 3144:. Jews spoke mainly in the eastern dialect of Yiddish. The 3050:, one of the first official state documents issued in both 2934:(Jambek). Uncertain Kiev region mint. Pseudo-Arabic legend. 2767: 2320:

Polish and Lithuanian forces achieved victory and restored

2265:'s military forces, which resulted in the reintegration of 1767: 1698: 1417:, including five senior Lithuanian dukes from Aukštaitija ( 1398: 8796:

Poetry and Nation-Building in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

8565: 7687: 7579: 7432: 7358: 7317: 7315: 7226: 7111: 7042: 7030: 5063: 4758: 4596: 4412:

Reading the Middle Ages, Volume II: From c. 900 to c. 1500

2304:

which stated that the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth is a

11288:

States and territories disestablished in the 18th century

7747: 7735: 7720: 7705: 7669: 7657: 7549: 7483: 7402: 7327: 7285: 7273: 7258: 7241: 7018: 4777:

Lietuvos valdovai (XIII-XVIII a.): Enciklopedinis žinynas

3410:

had 850,000 residents of which 680,000 were Lithuanians.

3327:

in Latin forbidding the passage of his subjects from the

2378:

captured for the first time by a foreign army and ravaged

1697:. In the struggle against the Order, Vytenis allied with 1050:Вялікае Княства Літоўскае / Vialikaje Kniastva Litoŭskaje 896:

greatly deteriorated. Lithuanian noblemen, including the

794:, the first ruler of the grand duchy, was crowned as the 8715:

Kultura Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. Analizy i obrazy

8545:

Kultura Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. Analizy i obrazy

7539: 7537: 3981: 1735:, also titled by some contemporaneous German sources as 1535:

in 1260. This encouraged the conquered Semigallians and

8765:

Aspects of Multilingualism in European Language History

8329:

Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier 1150–1500

7789: 7762: 7621: 7597: 7312: 7216: 7214: 6618: 6395: 3501:, who would have reigned as Mindaugas II of Lithuania. 3406:

According to an analysis of the tax registers in 1572,

2407: 2161:

without being confirmed with the Lithuanian seals were

1938:, who personally translated Christian prayers into the 1233:

The country was also called the Republic of Lithuania (

1041:

In other languages, the grand duchy is referred to as:

11283:

States and territories established in the 13th century

8821:

Cheryl Renshaw. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1253–1795

8618:

Under a Common Sky. Peoples of the former Commonwealth

8110:"Miłosz's Anniversary in the Context of Dumb Politics" 7645: 7633: 7123: 6948: 6946: 6944: 4439:

Making a Great Ruler: Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania

3661:

buildings) and significant historical buildings (e.g.

3353:

In 1260, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the land of

2212:

slowly drew Lithuania itself under Polish domination.

1511:. After the civil war ended, Mindaugas was crowned as 8668:

Rowell, Stephen Christopher; Baronas, Darius (2015).

8348:

The Clash of Cultures on the Medieval Baltic Frontier

7609: 7585: 7561: 7534: 7522: 7414: 7398:(in Lithuanian). 11: Tirpstančios lietuvių žemės: 82. 7066:

Multinational Lithuania: History of Ethnic Minorities

4467:. Aldine Publishing Company – via Google Books. 4150:"Lithuania and the Enlargement of the European Union" 4031: 3738: 2362:

in 1634 and failed at reclaiming the Swedish throne.

1598:

From 1263 to 1269, Lithuania had three grand dukes –

946:) remained that was nominally independent. After the 841:

of Europe's last pagan state, and establishment of a

751:

and other neighbouring states, including what is now

9140:

2003 Lithuanian European Union membership referendum

7392:"Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė ir lietuvių tauta" 7300: 7211: 7088: 6987: 6985: 6970: 6958: 5523: 5152: 4830:

General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania

2080:

in 1478, Muscovy was among the preeminent states in

1840:. While almost every other state around it had been 1786:, who both ruled the state harmonically. During the 8614:

Pod wspólnym niebem. Narody dawnej Rzeczypospolitej

7371:Fijał, Jan; Semkowicz, Władysław (1 January 1948). 7140: 7138: 6941: 6377:"1661 12 03 Vilniaus pilyje kapituliavo rusų įgula" 6060:(in Polish). Wydaw. Naukowe PWN. pp. 557–558. 6053: 4676:

The Lithuanian Millennium: History, Art and Culture

4188: 2487:

Lithuania and its administrative divisions in 1385.

2269:to Lithuania and the restoration of control of the 11263:Subdivisions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 8385:The Lithuanian Metrica : History and Research 8107: 6826: 5913:"Union of Lublin: Poland-Lithuania [1569]" 5786: 5784: 4617: 4290:. Central European University Press. p. 179. 2388:as the Grand Duke of Lithuania and fell under the 2300:. On 28 January 1588, Sigismund III confirmed the 2244:received from the hand of the bishop of Samogitia 2198:Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1222:became part of the state. The 1529 edition of the 1137:Old literary Lithuanian: Didi Kunigystė Lietuvos ( 8601:"Lietuvių kalba XVII–XVIII a. viešajame gyvenime" 6982: 6827:Suchodolski, Stanisław; Bogucki, Mateusz (2007). 6741:"The Reformation in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania" 6715:"The Reformation and National Culture: Lithuania" 4672: 4058: 2738:After the baptism in 1252 and coronation of King 2123: 11189: 8790:] (in Polish). Vol. 3. Warsaw: Neriton. 7962:"Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės gyventojai" 7814: 7349:Kaunas: Vytautas Magnus University, 2002. p. 21. 7135: 5794:Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštija ir jos tradicija 3906:"Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės gyventojai" 3609: 2414:partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 8153:"The Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania" 7910: 7186: 7184: 6804: 5827: 5781: 4902:"The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 13–18th century" 4376:Gedimino laiškai [Letters of Gediminas] 1610:. The state did not disintegrate, however, and 1338:, which describes the missionary expedition of 8738:"Język litewski w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim" 8055:. International Congress of Belarusian Studies 8047: 7974: 7370: 6468: 6466: 6436: 5884:"Ukraine: History: Lithuanian and Polish rule" 5130:; Matulevičius, Algirdas; Varakauskas, Rokas. 4026:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change 3708:List of cities in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania 3202: 3110:, while official documents used the so-called 2479:List of cities in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania 2463:, a rump state in personal union with Russia. 2088:further consolidated Muscovy, winning the key 1646:in 1295. The country's capital was located in 1618:, fought with the Livonian Order, winning the 10296: 9722: 8865: 8667: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7804: 6894: 6888: 6805:Khromov, Kostiantyn; Khromova, Iryna (2019). 5568: 5122: 5120: 4415:(3rd ed.). University of Toronto Press. 4337: 4217:"Indo-European etymology : Query result" 3931: 3929: 3539:Medieval-like Lithuanian soldiers during the 2817:, however, on 22 February 1387, Supreme Duke 2794:between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the 2376:and even the Lithuania's capital Vilnius was 1249: 1121: 845:between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the 7347:Development of Lithuanian State and Society. 7181: 6991: 6924:"The amazing survival of the Baltic Muslims" 6472: 5016:Department of Cultural Heritage of Lithuania 5006: 5004: 4673:Iršėnas, Marius; Račiūnaitė, Tojana (2015). 4607: 4605: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3079:was predominantly spoken in the 16th century 2880:. Due to the work of the Jesuits during the 2669: 2053:), this way breaching the agreements of the 1934:Lithuania was Christianized in 1387, led by 1852:with rule by the Grand Duchy. An example is 9089:Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991) 8831:Grand Duchy of Lithuania administrative map 8103: 8101: 7389: 7190: 7144: 6998:, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 115, 6487:(in Polish). Zakład Geografii Politycznej, 6463: 6080: 5828:Gudavičius, Edvardas; Spečiūnas, Vytautas. 5790: 4863:"Medieval Lithuania – Chronology 1183–1283" 4542:"Lietuvos Respublika : idėjos ištakos" 4233: 3935: 2813:, while most of the Ruthenian lands stayed 2288:following the death of Báthory (1586) when 2257:Báthory's reign was marked with successful 2196:of 1569. The union was formally called the 1820:in the mid-14th century, is famous for the 1816:in Ukraine, built by the son of Gediminas' 1678:, who was married to a Lithuanian duchess, 1312: 1293: 801:in 1253. The pagan state was targeted in a 10303: 10289: 9729: 9715: 8872: 8858: 8727:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8709: 8640:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8590:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8557:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8539: 8503: 8419: 8108:Diena, Kauno; Vaida Milkova (5 May 2011). 7916: 7801: 7756: 7741: 7729: 7714: 7699: 7663: 7408: 7294: 7279: 7267: 7252: 7117: 7057: 7036: 7024: 6901:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 51–. 6647: 5510:, Cambridge University Press, p. 55, 5505: 5117: 4822:Places of Fighting for Lithuania's Freedom 4463:Parker, William Henry (11 November 1969). 4435: 4061:"History of Poland During the Middle Ages" 3962: 3926: 3528:. This feeling was expressed in poetry by 2466: 1666:was left to battle the Orders on its own. 1205:Naming convention of both title of ruler ( 82: 8753: 8494: 8285:, 2nd ed., 2007. 792 pages, illustrated, 8272:, 2nd ed., 2007. 688 pages, illustrated, 8082:(in Polish). academia.edu. Archived from 7980: 7063: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6261: 5934: 5758:Ministry of National Defence of Lithuania 5569:Jasas, Rimantas; Matulevičius, Algirdas. 5365: 5363: 5001: 4602: 4566: 4408: 4170: 3888: 3577:1992 Lithuanian constitutional referendum 1798:was placed on the monarch's heads by the 1557: 489:320,000 km (120,000 sq mi) 481:930,000 km (360,000 sq mi) 8436: 8098: 7688:Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000 7580:Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000 7448:Žemaičių krikštas: tyrimai ir refleksija 7433:Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000 7359:Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000 7089:Leśniewska-Napierała, Katarzyna (2015). 6995:Culture and Customs of the Baltic States 6612: 6093:. Lithuanian Institute of History: 31–32 5905: 5875: 5717: 5543:"Vytautas the Great | Lithuanian leader" 5408:, Mercer University Press, p. 438, 5285: 5064:Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000 4759:Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000 4597:Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000 4234:Zinkevičius, Zigmas (30 November 1999). 3534: 3433: 3293: 3238: 3206: 3066: 3042: 2906: 2770:(princes) in these regions, were firmly 2714: 2699: 2683: 2490: 2482: 2275: 2149: 2142:The Grand Duchy of Lithuania within the 2137: 2072:The rapid expansion of the influence of 2016: 1996: 1984:war of Lithuania against military Orders 1922: 1911: 1827: 1808: 1722: 1708: 1583: 1573: 1302: 1278: 1267: 888:in 1410. It also marked the rise of the 683:, restored Lithuania on 20 October 1791. 505:132,000 km (51,000 sq mi) 497:250,000 km (97,000 sq mi) 473:200,000 km (77,000 sq mi) 8816:History of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania 8735: 8611: 8598: 8476: 8459: 8172: 8112:. Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania 8073: 7795: 7780: 7768: 7675: 7651: 7627: 7603: 7528: 7504:"Jogailaičiai. Kodėl ne Gediminaičiai?" 7501: 7444: 7321: 7129: 6964: 6921: 5943:"Lithuania: History: Union with Poland" 5746: 5529: 5427: 5262:"Trakai – The Old Capital of Lithuania" 5235:"Vilnius | national capital, Lithuania" 5197: 4857: 4721:in plural). The word was borrowed from 4268: 4262: 4200: 2664: 2384:from Poland, declared the Swedish King 1444: 1314:Kiernow primum M. Duci Lith. domicilium 11190: 9810:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 8879: 8781: 8762: 8689:The Polish–Lithuanian State, 1386–1795 8648: 8523:The Oxford History of Poland–Lithuania 8409:. Brighton & United States, 2020. 8391:. Brighton & United States, 2020. 8201:"The Historical Lithuanian State Flag" 7876: 7639: 7460:Lithuanian Catholic Academy of Science 7235: 7147:East European Politics & Societies 7051: 6709: 6258: 6233: 6231: 6154:Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania 6129: 6114: 6110: 6108: 6049: 6047: 6030:Lithuanian Institute of History, DELFI 5970: 5854: 5658: 5485:Lietuvos vyriausiojo archyvaro tarnyba 5401: 5369: 5360: 5158: 4539: 4482:. Dodd, Mead – via Google Books. 4477: 4462: 4283: 4227: 4037: 3987: 3903: 3841:"History of the national coat of arms" 3663:Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania 2023:Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania 10284: 9710: 9130:Soviet economic blockade of Lithuania 8853: 8686: 8520: 7615: 7591: 7567: 7555: 7543: 7489: 7420: 7390:Baranauskas, Tomas (1 January 2009). 7333: 7306: 7220: 6976: 6952: 6237: 5690: 5172:"Gediminas | grand duke of Lithuania" 5036: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4661:Senosios Lietuvos istorija, 1009–1795 4512: 4442:. Central European University Press. 4194: 4144: 4142: 3617:According to the 10th article of the 3087:, which included the voivodeships of 2872:and Grand Duke of Lithuania, founded 2780:Eastern Orthodox metropolitan eparchy 2473:Administrative divisions of Lithuania 1963:(1387–1389). Vytautas was the son of 1727:Lithuanian state in 13–15th centuries 1463:, defeated the Livonian Order in the 10310: 9736: 8767:. John Benjamins. pp. 105–144. 8649:Rowell, Stephen Christopher (1994). 8568:The history of Lithuania before 1795 7855:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, 6862:Górak-Sosnowska, Katarzyna. (2011). 6738: 6174: 5669:Ministry of the Interior (Lithuania) 5597: 5341:"Algirdas | grand duke of Lithuania" 4320:Institute of the Lithuanian Language 3062: 2992: 2969:in 1397, Vytautas brought the first 2876:, one of the oldest universities in 2774:Christian (Greek Catholic after the 2408:Partitions and the Napoleonic period 2200:, however now commonly known as the 2092:and capturing such ancient lands of 1994:families started to gain influence. 1842:plundered or defeated by the Mongols 1519:, a major centre of commerce in the 8742:Scripta Neophilologica Posnaniensia 8510:Belarusian Political Science Review 8173:Bakaitė, Jurga (27 December 2019). 7890:"Žygimanto Kęstutaičio privilegija" 6915: 6786:For reference: Gulistan coinage of 6228: 6105: 6044: 5940: 5428:Cherkas, Borys (30 December 2011). 4891:Senosios Lietuvos istorija p. 44-45 4885: 4478:Kunitz, Joshua (11 November 1947). 4465:"An Historical Geography of Russia" 3810: 2402:Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations 1346:. Pagan Lithuanians initially paid 1330:first mention of the name Lithuania 929:Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations 908:forced the union to remain intact. 681:Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations 16:European state from c. 1236 to 1795 13: 10435:Revolution and War of Independence 6922:Hussain, Tharik (1 January 2016). 6568: 5881: 4818: 4764: 4480:"Russia, the Giant that Came Last" 4139: 4001:The New Cambridge Medieval History 3965:Historical dictionary of Lithuania 3520:, Juozapas Albinas Herbačiauskas, 2380:. In 1655, Lithuania unilaterally 2342:, in 1611) and for the first time 1012:- could be directly translated as 177:(after 1279 – before 1316 or 1321) 14: 11309: 11228:Early modern history of Lithuania 10023:Union State of Russia and Belarus 8809: 8138:Constitutional Court of Lithuania 6442: 6351:"Lietuvių sukilimas prieš švedus" 6271: 4955: 4516:Studien Zur Geschichte Osteuropas 3602:largest indoor arena in Lithuania 3176:was used for religious purposes. 3152:that was full of borrowings from 984:) was first mentioned in 1009 in 915:of 1569 created a new state, the 853:members of the Lithuanian ruling 115:(1386–1440, 1447–1492, 1501–1569) 103:(1236–1386, 1440–1447, 1492–1501) 11273:1795 disestablishments in Europe 10752:Ukraine–European Union relations 10608:Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine 10450:West Ukrainian People's Republic 9157: 8298:, 2010. 696 pages, illustrated, 8230: 8214:. 5 January 2015. Archived from 8193: 8166: 8145: 8124: 8074:Gałędek, Michał (January 2003). 8067: 8048:Pawełko-Czajka, Barbara (2014). 8041: 8007: 7967:Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 7954: 7882: 7853:The History of the Baltic States 7841: 7774: 7495: 7438: 7383: 7364: 7339: 7082: 6855: 6820: 6798: 6791: 6780: 6767: 6732: 6722:Odrodzenie I Reformacja W Polsce 6703: 6672: 6641: 6626:Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 6597: 6562: 6536: 6510: 6369: 6343: 6317: 6291: 6244:Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 6202: 6168: 6142: 6123: 6004:Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 5997: 5977:Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 5697:Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 5508:A History of Polish Christianity 5380:Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 5043:Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 4935:Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 4614:. Boston, 1970–1978, Vol.5 p.395 4125:Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 4099:Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 4059:Kowalska-Pietrzak, Anna (2015). 3813:"Abiejų Tautų tarpusavio įžadas" 3784: 3772: 3760: 3748: 3635:historical Lithuanian state flag 3553:Act of Independence of Lithuania 3283:of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania 3030:History of the Jews in Lithuania 2996: 2390:protection of the Swedish Empire 2332:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) 2117:Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii 1904:Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392) 1507:proclaiming the creation of the 1256:History of Lithuania (1219–1295) 1133:Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė 648: 634: 620: 595: 65: 52: 42: 11238:Early modern history of Ukraine 11233:Early modern history of Belarus 9040:Occupation of the Baltic states 9017:1919 Polish coup d'état attempt 8263: 8013: 6690:Lithuanian Institute of History 6074: 6018: 5991: 5964: 5848: 5821: 5740: 5711: 5684: 5652: 5637:Lithuanian Institute of History 5620: 5591: 5562: 5535: 5499: 5473: 5446: 5421: 5395: 5333: 5306: 5279: 5254: 5227: 5191: 5164: 5108: 5096: 5069: 5030: 4976: 4949: 4923: 4894: 4851: 4812: 4782: 4707: 4666: 4653: 4644: 4560: 4533: 4506: 4495: 4486: 4471: 4456: 4429: 4402: 4367: 4358: 4338:Kolodziejczyk, Dariusz (2011). 4331: 4304: 4277: 4209: 4179: 4113: 4087: 4074: 4052: 4043: 4018: 4006: 3993: 3592:Famous Lithuanian sports clubs 3589:was developed since the 1990s. 3489:national revival movements and 3376:rights in order to attract the 3342: 3164:. Brought in 1397 from Crimea, 3083:The majority of inhabitants of 2326:, notably winning the decisive 2208:, while the gradual process of 2025:, which was reconstructed in a 1634:. For his military assistance, 1291:, 1321. The inscription reads: 950:, the territory was completely 821:and co-leadership of his sons, 326:• 1236–1263 (from 1251 as 11248:Early modern history of Russia 11243:Early modern history of Poland 10534:Annexation of Crimea by Russia 10391:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 9805:Belarusian Democratic Republic 9788:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 8948:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 8693:University of Washington Press 7936:- Based on 1493 population map 7064:Potašenko, Grigorijus (2008). 5947:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 5917:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 5888:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 5791:Bumblauskas, Alfredas (2010). 5314:"Kęstutis | duke of Lithuania" 5204:A Study Of History (Volume II) 4832:. pp. 1–2. Archived from 4409:Rosenwein, Barbara H. (2018). 3956: 3860: 3833: 3804: 3444:Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas 3329:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 2350:in 1610. Sigismund III's son, 2318:Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611) 2202:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 2144:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2134:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2124:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2044:was sent by his older brother 1959:(1370–1382) and the Prince of 1951:from 1401 to 1430, and as the 1630:/Sudovians to defend from the 1539:to rebel against the Knights. 1000:. As time passed, the suffix - 917:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 847:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland 718:partitions of Poland–Lithuania 686: 669: 237: 1: 11268:1236 establishments in Europe 11203:Medieval history of Lithuania 9984:Presidential Security Service 9820:Annexation of Western Belarus 8483:Lithuanian Historical Studies 6775:History of Vilnius University 6240:"Trečiasis Lietuvos Statutas" 5454:"Battle of the Vorskla River" 4519:. Brill Archive. p. 19. 3797: 3243:The Grand Duke of Lithuania, 2680:Christianization of Lithuania 2451:), including the counties of 2424:. In 1812, just prior to the 31: 11064:Intangible Cultural Heritage 10482:Eastern Front (World War II) 10467:Ukrainian National Committee 9969:Ministry of Internal Affairs 7191:Zinkevičius, Zigmas (1995). 6749:State University of New York 6184:Lietuvos istorijos metraštis 6081:Kiaupinienė, Jūratė (2021). 6054:Urszula Augustyniak (2008). 4567:Łuczyński, Jarosław (2013). 3963:Sužiedėlis, Saulius (2011). 3938:"Lietuvos valstybės ištakos" 3287:noted in the preface of the 3038: 2981:, including localities near 2432:which, in turn, renewed the 1890:, losing the steppe region. 1774:, presumably moving it from 1638:recognized Traidenis as his 1174:: Велїкое кнꙗзство Лїтовское 969: 350:Stanisław August Poniatowski 170:(hypothetical; 13th century) 7: 11298:Former monarchies of Europe 11213:Medieval history of Ukraine 11208:Medieval history of Belarus 10440:Ukrainian People's Republic 9932:Central Election Commission 8717:. Kraków. pp. 544–560. 8620:] (in Polish). Warsaw. 8547:. Kraków. pp. 544–560. 8420:Bednarczuk, Leszek (2013). 7159:10.1177/0888325493007002007 6571:"Christianity in Lithuania" 5207:(4th impression ed.). 4513:Loewe, Karl F. von (1976). 4436:Mickūnaitė, Giedrė (2006). 3936:Baranauskas, Tomas (2000). 3680: 3561:national self-determination 3499:Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach 3203:Languages of administration 2792:Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia 2688:A facsimile of a page from 2206:Crown of the Polish Kingdom 2167:Lithuanian Grand Chancellor 1888:Battle of the Vorskla River 1200:Велике князiвство Литовське 1167:Великое княжество Литовское 720:. The state was founded by 398:• Consolidation began 10: 11314: 11223:Medieval history of Russia 11218:Medieval history of Poland 10462:Reichskommissariat Ukraine 9055:by the Soviet Union (1944) 9045:by the Soviet Union (1940) 8836:Lithuanian-Ruthenian state 8504:Dziarnovič, Alieh (2013). 8496:10.30965/25386565-02001002 7946:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 7923:Poland: A Historical Atlas 7068:. Šviesa. pp. 23–25. 6657:. Vol. 6. p. 146 6057:Historia Polski, 1572–1795 5672:(in Lithuanian). p. 8 5506:Kloczowski, Jerzy (2000), 4779:. Vilnius, 2004. p. 15-78. 4546:Senoji Lietuvos literatūra 4003:. Cambridge, 1998, p. 731. 3438:The first printed book in 3368:On 6 May 1434, Grand Duke 3346: 3289:Third Statute of Lithuania 3027: 2988: 2977:and various places in the 2896: 2673: 2505:Voivodeship (Palatinatus) 2476: 2470: 2330:in 1605, while during the 2302:Third Statute of Lithuania 2171:Lithuanian Vice-Chancellor 2127: 1897: 1712: 1626:in 1279, and assisted the 1591:and other remnants of the 1567: 1561: 1448: 1253: 1250:Establishment of the state 1244: 1149:Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie 973: 925:Constitution of 3 May 1791 839:conversion to Christianity 817:, and continued under the 677:Constitution of 3 May 1791 11156: 11097: 10955: 10844: 10835: 10778: 10769: 10678: 10669: 10593: 10584: 10554: 10328: 10319: 10235: 10158: 10120: 10111: 10044: 10035: 9907: 9898: 9844: 9835: 9748: 9668: 9559: 9504: 9495: 9414: 9405: 9368: 9253: 9244: 9175: 9166: 9155: 9110:Reform Movement (Sąjūdis) 9102: 9030: 8963: 8900: 8891: 8687:Stone, Daniel Z. (2001). 8477:Dubonis, Artūras (2016). 8460:Dubonis, Artūras (2002). 8314:Columbia University Press 7981:Kotilaine, J. T. (2005), 6777:. Retrieved on 2007.04.16 6739:Slavenas, Maria Gražina. 6544:"Vilniaus baroko mokykla" 6415:: Eugrimas. p. 101. 5747:Zikaras, Karolis (2017). 5402:Hinson, E. Glenn (1995), 4737:was replaced by the word 4650:Lithuania Ascending p. 50 4452:– via Google Books. 4425:– via Google Books. 4354:– via Google Books. 4269:Dubonis, Artūras (1998). 4028:. Routledge, 1998. p. 122 4012:Encyclopædia Britannica. 3713:List of Lithuanian rulers 3573:Constitution of Lithuania 3429: 3121:, clergy, merchants, and 2919:(1362–1394), imitating a 2670:Christianity and paganism 2652: 2642: 2632: 2622: 2612: 2602: 2592: 2582: 2572: 2562: 2552: 2542: 2532: 2522: 2512: 2507: 2504: 2426:French invasion of Russia 2113:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars 2084:. Between 1492 and 1508, 1740: 1719:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars 1715:Battle on the Irpin River 1457:Livonian Rhymed Chronicle 1437:) and several dukes from 1318: 1199: 1182:Litovské veľkokniežatstvo 1166: 1158:Marele Ducat al Lituaniei 1049: 1004:could have changed into - 728:nation of several united 724:, who were at the time a 664: 574: 570: 560: 550: 540: 530: 520: 516: 509: 501: 493: 485: 477: 469: 462: 458: 445: 432: 419: 406: 396: 392: 384: 372: 362: 358: 343: 324: 320: 310: 285: 244: 201: 158: 93: 81: 38: 30: 23: 11198:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 10894:hybrid variant (2020-22) 10683:Administrative divisions 10386:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 9964:State Security Committee 9912:Administrative divisions 9783:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 9393:Special Operations Force 9258:Administrative divisions 8826:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 8798:, Arc Humanities Press. 8736:Walczak, Bogdan (2019). 8599:Lebedys, Jurgis (1976). 8437:Drungila, Jonas (2019). 8157:Official website of the 8136:Official website of the 7445:Baronas, Darius (2013). 6992:O'Connor, Kevin (2006), 6773:Vilniaus Universitetas. 6405:The history of Lithuania 6274:"ATR nelaimių šimtmetis" 6132:Biuletyn Historii Sztuki 5718:Matulevičius, Algirdas. 5430: 5288:"Senųjų Trakų seniūnija" 5286:Markauskienė, Julijana. 4014:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 3718:List of Ukrainian rulers 3071:Area where according to 2892: 2694:Cosmographia universalis 1824:which took place in 1429 1655:Great Prussian Rebellion 1226:described the titles of 1191:Storfurstendömet Litauen 706:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 134:under protection of the 25:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 11258:Polish–Lithuanian union 10529:2014 pro-Russian unrest 10089:International sanctions 9773:Principality of Polotsk 9125:Act of Re-Establishment 8983:Great Seimas of Vilnius 8840:Encyclopedia of Ukraine 8794:Young, Francis (2024). 8782:Wisner, Henryk (2008). 8755:10.14746/snp.2018.18.20 7781:Butėnas, Domas (1997). 7345:Kamuntavičius, Rustis. 6833:. Avalon. p. 199. 6608:Encyclopedia of Ukraine 6569:Vardys, Vytas Stanley. 5548:Encyclopedia Britannica 5459:Encyclopedia Britannica 5346:Encyclopedia Britannica 5319:Encyclopedia Britannica 5240:Encyclopedia Britannica 5213:Oxford University Press 5177:Encyclopedia Britannica 5082:Encyclopedia Britannica 5037:Luchtanas, Aleksiejus. 4867:viduramziu.istorija.net 4684:Vilnius Academy of Arts 4663:, Vilnius, 2005, p. 33. 4630:Encyclopedia Britannica 4540:Kuolys, Darius (2005). 4084:. Oxford, 1996, p. 392. 3673:and in the site of the 3647:Government of Lithuania 3470:on expansion eastward. 3168:used a dialect of West 2707:in Vilnius. Example of 2467:Administrative division 2434:Polish-Lithuanian Union 2059:Polish–Lithuanian union 1676:Boleslaus II of Masovia 1593:Upper Castle in Vilnius 1366:, and even threatening 1360:Principality of Polotsk 1358:provinces, raiding the 1139:didi Kunigiſte Lietuwos 1109:Magnus Ducatus Lituaniæ 1100:Litván Nagyfejedelemség 1068:Litevské velkoknížectví 992:, the core area of the 980:The name of Lithuania ( 11134:Immigration to Ukraine 10808:Science and technology 10757:Ukraine–NATO relations 10168:Awards and decorations 9599:Ethnographic Lithuania 9072:Second Soviet republic 8521:Frost, Robert (2015). 8466:Naujasis židinys–Aidai 8407:Academic Studies Press 8389:Academic Studies Press 8206:President of Lithuania 7926:, Dorset, p. 92, 7828:Cite journal requires 6895:Shirin Akiner (2009). 6115:Besala, Jerzy (1992). 5973:"Didysis kunigaikštis" 5971:Gudavičius, Edvardas. 5855:Gudavičius, Edvardas. 5659:Gudavičius, Edvardas. 5266:VisitWorldHeritage.com 5199:Toynbee, Arnold Joseph 4984:"Kernavė Castle Hills" 4612:Encyclopedia Lituanica 4312:"Archivum Lithuanicum" 4284:Bojtár, Endre (1999). 4236:"Lietuvos vardo kilmė" 3626: 3610: 3548: 3541:historical reenactment 3451: 3307: 3248: 3212: 3080: 3059: 2963:Keturiasdešimt Totorių 2935: 2754:priests, like feeding 2735: 2722:and the church of the 2712: 2697: 2496: 2488: 2459:, was attached to the 2323:status quo ante bellum 2281: 2240:, King and Grand Duke 2181: 2147: 2055:Union of Grodno (1432) 2037: 2014: 1931: 1920: 1850:Grand Prince of Moscow 1833: 1825: 1728: 1595: 1581: 1558:Rise of the Gediminids 1397:, were established in 1325: 1313: 1300: 1294: 1276: 1238: 1190: 1181: 1157: 1148: 1132: 1122: 1117: 1108: 1099: 1090: 1082:Großfürstentum Litauen 1081: 1067: 1059:Velika Kneževina Litva 1058: 994:early Lithuanian state 10544:2022 Russian invasion 10512:Revolution of Dignity 9778:Principality of Turov 9010:Polish–Lithuanian War 9005:Lithuanian–Soviet War 7987:, Brill, p. 45, 7502:Statkuvienė, Regina. 6238:Andriulis, Vytautas. 5691:Spečiūnas, Vytautas. 4790:"The Battle of Saule" 4625:"Lithuania – History" 3675:Senieji Trakai Castle 3575:, adopted during the 3538: 3491:Romanticism in Poland 3437: 3370:Sigismund Kęstutaitis 3297: 3242: 3210: 3070: 3048:Constitution of 3 May 3046: 2915:, around the time of 2910: 2827:Sigismund II Augustus 2788:Galicia–Volhynia Wars 2718: 2703: 2687: 2494: 2486: 2404:were passed in 1791. 2398:Constitution of 3 May 2338:, the capital of the 2279: 2250:blessed sword and hat 2153: 2141: 2035:Sigismund II Augustus 2020: 2000: 1926: 1915: 1873:Battle at Blue Waters 1831: 1812: 1726: 1709:Territorial expansion 1587: 1577: 1335:Annals of Quedlinburg 1306: 1282: 1271: 1123:Lietuvas Lielkņaziste 986:Annals of Quedlinburg 906:Grand Duchy of Moscow 257:Lithuanian polytheism 202:Common languages 11253:Former grand duchies 10915:Freedom of the press 10652:World Heritage Sites 10647:Islands and sandbars 10420:Pereiaslav Agreement 10403:Zaporozhian Cossacks 10371:Principality of Kiev 10223:World Heritage Sites 9614:Monuments of Culture 9531:Ethnographic regions 9285:Constitutional Court 9082:Lithuanian partisans 9000:Wars of Independence 8541:Gudavičius, Edvardas 8426:Acta Baltico‑Slavica 8132:"Act of 16 February" 7879:, pp. 109, 125. 6175:Bues, Almut (2005). 5750:Battle of Orsha 1514 5371:Gudavičius, Edvardas 5128:Gudavičius, Edvardas 5114:New Cambridge p. 706 4327:. Vilnius: 81. 2013. 3944:on 29 September 2016 3904:Vaitekūnas, Stasys. 3874:Jagiellonian Library 3698:History of Lithuania 3667:Trakai Island Castle 3604:are named after the 3557:Council of Lithuania 3526:Stanisław Mackiewicz 3514:Konstancja Skirmuntt 3476:Millennium of Russia 3416:Vilnius surroundings 3058:, Lithuanian edition 2973:prisoners of war to 2917:Vladimir Olgerdovich 2913:Principality of Kiev 2724:Bernardine Monastery 2676:Lithuanian mythology 2665:Religion and culture 2534:Samogitian eldership 2449:Augustów Governorate 2445:Augustów Voivodeship 2366:John II Casimir Vasa 2360:Treaty of Polyanovka 2340:Smolensk Voivodeship 2057:and terminating the 2042:Casimir IV Jagiellon 2007:Ulrich von Jungingen 1928:Trakai Island Castle 1917:Poland and Lithuania 1908:Jagiellonian dynasty 1624:Battle of Aizkraukle 1579:Columns of Gediminas 1509:Kingdom of Lithuania 1451:Kingdom of Lithuania 1445:Kingdom of Lithuania 1413:. This treaty lists 1378:in premodern times. 1299:– pagan Lithuanians. 1224:Statute of Lithuania 1091:Leedu Suurvürstiriik 763:as well as parts of 740:in the north to the 714:Kingdom of Lithuania 603:Kingdom of Lithuania 410:Kingdom of Lithuania 374:• Privy Council 10519:Russo-Ukrainian War 9827:Republic of Belarus 9094:Government-in-exile 8995:Act of Independence 8316:; 2nd ed., (2002), 7865:Google Print, p. 17 7558:, pp. 320–321. 7492:, pp. 159–160. 7336:, pp. 24, 308. 7238:, pp. 109–114. 7054:, pp. 110–111. 6325:"Kėdainių sutartis" 6119:. pp. 295–296. 6087:Parlamento Studijos 5103:Lithuania Ascending 5012:"Trakų senamiestis" 4686:Press. p. 45. 4576:Zapiski Historyczne 4155:European Parliament 3990:, pp. 289–290. 3571:of the most recent 3337:Kościuszko Uprising 3245:Alexander Jagiellon 3148:used a language of 3117:Some Poles (mainly 3108:Old Church Slavonic 3077:Lithuanian language 2882:Counter-Reformation 2805:In 1387, Lithuania 2766:, as well as local 2732:Gothic architecture 2705:Church of St. Johns 2294:Catherine Jagiellon 2246:Merkelis Giedraitis 2082:northeastern Europe 2063:Alexander Jagiellon 2031:Sigismund I the Old 1969:Vasili II of Moscow 1940:Lithuanian language 1792:Lithuanian monarchs 1497:Vasilko of Volhynia 1415:21 Lithuanian dukes 1275:in the 12th century 1228:Sigismund I the Old 1211:Kingdom of Ruthenia 948:Kościuszko Uprising 890:Lithuanian nobility 295:Hereditary monarchy 10879:Swine flu pandemic 10813:Telecommunications 10603:Biosphere reserves 10492:Chernobyl disaster 10074:Telecommunications 9869:Biosphere Reserves 9815:Western Belorussia 9451:Telecommunications 9115:Singing Revolution 8953:Lithuanian Crusade 8401:Jūratė Kiaupienė. 8210:Dalia Grybauskaitė 7462:. pp. 33–34. 7097:. pp. 37–38. 7095:University of Łódź 6649:von Pastor, Ludwig 6489:University of Łódź 6473:Marek Sobczyński. 6299:"Vladislovas Vaza" 6210:"Steponas Batoras" 6000:"Elekcinis seimas" 5693:"Jonas Albrechtas" 5598:Jurginis, Juozas. 4859:Baranauskas, Tomas 4839:on 29 October 2021 4794:VisitLithuania.net 4761:, pp. 43–127. 4388:Vilnius University 3703:History of Ukraine 3693:History of Belarus 3639:Vytautas the Great 3629:), adopted by the 3606:Battle of Grunwald 3565:Vilnius Conference 3549: 3545:Battle of Grunwald 3508:movement, such as 3452: 3333:May 3 Constitution 3308: 3262:Samogitian dialect 3249: 3230:Chancery Ruthenian 3213: 3112:Chancery Ruthenian 3104:Ruthenian language 3081: 3073:Zigmas Zinkevičius 3060: 3008:. You can help by 2936: 2899:Islam in Lithuania 2874:Vilnius University 2790:which divided the 2736: 2730:. Two examples of 2713: 2698: 2497: 2489: 2328:Battle of Kircholm 2290:Sigismund III Vasa 2282: 2182: 2148: 2090:Battle of Vedrosha 2038: 2015: 2003:Battle of Grunwald 1976:Battle of Grunwald 1945:Vytautas the Great 1932: 1921: 1880:Battle of Kulikovo 1834: 1826: 1729: 1596: 1582: 1552:Daumantas of Pskov 1383:Lithuanian Crusade 1326: 1301: 1277: 1264:Lithuanian Crusade 1260:Duchy of Lithuania 1239:Respublica Lituana 960:Kingdom of Prussia 886:Battle of Grunwald 882:Vytautas the Great 616:Kingdom of Prussia 11185: 11184: 11152: 11151: 10927:Human trafficking 10885:COVID-19 pandemic 10859:Gender inequality 10831: 10830: 10765: 10764: 10723:Political parties 10713:Foreign relations 10665: 10664: 10580: 10579: 10502:Orange Revolution 10487:Volhynia massacre 10278: 10277: 10231: 10230: 10107: 10106: 10031: 10030: 10001:Political parties 9939:Foreign relations 9894: 9893: 9704: 9703: 9664: 9663: 9526:Ethnic minorities 9491: 9490: 9401: 9400: 9338:Political parties 9297:Foreign relations 9240: 9239: 9153: 9152: 8990:Amber Declaration 8723:cite encyclopedia 8702:978-0-295-80362-3 8679:978-609-425-152-8 8660:978-1-107-65876-9 8627:978-83-11-11724-2 8553:cite encyclopedia 8532:978-0-19-820869-3 8452:978-609-8183-65-8 8304:978-985-11-0487-7 8244:(in Lithuanian). 8029:on 1 October 2020 7933:978-0-88029-394-5 7702:, pp. 56–62. 7678:, pp. 15–16. 7469:978-9986-592-71-6 7454:(in Lithuanian). 7104:978-83-7969-952-0 7005:978-0-313-33125-1 6908:978-3-447-03027-4 6840:978-83-89499-43-1 6688:(in Lithuanian). 6443:Jasas, Rimantas. 6422:978-609-437-163-9 6272:Raila, Eligijus. 6186:(in Lithuanian). 6089:(in Lithuanian). 6067:978-83-01-15592-6 5941:Stranga, Aivars. 5807:978-9955-33-632-7 5767:978-609-412-068-8 5760:. pp. 1–18. 5517:978-0-521-36429-4 5415:978-0-86554-436-9 5375:"Gedimino kepurė" 5292:Vilnijosvartai.lt 5066:, pp. 45–72. 4988:TrueLithuania.com 4956:Jasas, Rimantas. 4906:valstybingumas.lt 4693:978-609-447-097-4 4584:Bank of Lithuania 4526:978-90-04-04520-0 4382:(in Lithuanian). 4297:978-963-9116-42-9 4242:(in Lithuanian). 4221:starling.rinet.ru 4158:. 24 October 2000 4082:Europe: A History 3974:978-0-8108-4914-3 3811:Tumelis, Juozas. 3659:municipal council 3518:Michał Pius Römer 3510:Ludwik Abramowicz 3463:Konrad of Masovia 3449:Martynas Mažvydas 3374:Lithuanian nobles 3266:Casimir Jagiellon 3146:Lithuanian Tatars 3063:Linguistic groups 3026: 3025: 2967:Crimean Peninsula 2823:Pope Alexander VI 2796:Kingdom of Poland 2720:St. Anne's Church 2690:Sebastian Münster 2662: 2661: 2461:Kingdom of Poland 2374:Tsardom of Russia 2352:Władysław IV Vasa 2346:Russia's capital 2263:Ivan the Terrible 2259:Livonian campaign 2238:Vilnius Cathedral 2190:Kingdom of Poland 2169:(Great Seal) and 2078:Novgorod Republic 2027:Renaissance style 1822:Congress of Lutsk 1804:Vilnius Cathedral 1800:Bishop of Vilnius 1671:Gediminid dynasty 1529:Battle of Skuodas 1513:King of Lithuania 1493:Daniel of Galicia 1340:Bruno of Querfurt 1283:Lithuania in the 976:Name of Lithuania 894:Kingdom of Poland 829:. Algirdas's son 803:religious crusade 799:King of Lithuania 785:multiconfessional 702: 701: 660: 659: 656: 655: 608: 607: 354: 345:• 1764–1795 339: 301:Elective monarchy 252:Roman Catholicism 194: 186: 178: 148:Kingdom of Poland 124:Kingdom of Poland 112:Kingdom of Poland 11305: 11293:Former countries 11165: 11107:Ukrainian people 10842: 10841: 10788: 10776: 10775: 10676: 10675: 10620:Populated places 10591: 10590: 10396:Kiev Voivodeship 10381:Galicia–Volhynia 10326: 10325: 10305: 10298: 10291: 10282: 10281: 10258: 10251: 10244: 10213:National symbols 10173:Belarusian names 10118: 10117: 10069: 10042: 10041: 9905: 9904: 9842: 9841: 9731: 9724: 9717: 9708: 9707: 9684: 9677: 9589:Cultural regions 9584:Cultural history 9502: 9501: 9412: 9411: 9353: 9251: 9250: 9173: 9172: 9161: 9022:1926 coup d'état 8978:National Revival 8943:Christianization 8913:Lithuania proper 8898: 8897: 8874: 8867: 8860: 8851: 8850: 8791: 8778: 8759: 8757: 8732: 8726: 8718: 8711:Trimonienė, Rita 8706: 8683: 8664: 8645: 8639: 8631: 8608: 8607:(in Lithuanian). 8595: 8589: 8581: 8562: 8556: 8548: 8536: 8517: 8500: 8498: 8473: 8456: 8433: 8364:Zenonas Norkus. 8346:Alan V. Murray. 8327:Alan V. Murray. 8310:God's Playground 8257: 8256: 8254: 8252: 8234: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8197: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8170: 8164: 8163: 8149: 8143: 8142: 8128: 8122: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8105: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8071: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8054: 8045: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8034: 8028: 8021: 8011: 8005: 8004: 8003: 8001: 7978: 7972: 7971: 7970:(in Lithuanian). 7958: 7952: 7951: 7945: 7937: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7886: 7880: 7874: 7868: 7845: 7839: 7837: 7831: 7826: 7824: 7816: 7812: 7799: 7793: 7787: 7786: 7778: 7772: 7766: 7760: 7754: 7745: 7739: 7733: 7727: 7718: 7712: 7703: 7697: 7691: 7685: 7679: 7673: 7667: 7661: 7655: 7649: 7643: 7637: 7631: 7625: 7619: 7613: 7607: 7601: 7595: 7589: 7583: 7577: 7571: 7565: 7559: 7553: 7547: 7541: 7532: 7526: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7515: 7499: 7493: 7487: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7476: 7453: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7412: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7368: 7362: 7356: 7350: 7343: 7337: 7331: 7325: 7319: 7310: 7304: 7298: 7292: 7283: 7277: 7271: 7265: 7256: 7250: 7239: 7233: 7224: 7218: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7188: 7179: 7178: 7142: 7133: 7127: 7121: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7086: 7080: 7079: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7040: 7034: 7028: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7014: 7012: 6989: 6980: 6974: 6968: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6892: 6886: 6885: 6859: 6853: 6852: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6811: 6802: 6796: 6795: 6784: 6778: 6771: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6751:. Archived from 6736: 6730: 6729: 6719: 6707: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6662: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6616: 6610: 6604:Halych metropoly 6601: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6581:. Archived from 6566: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6514: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6497: 6491:. Archived from 6486: 6470: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6445:"Liublino unija" 6440: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6411:(2nd ed.). 6410: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6269: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6235: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6181: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6112: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6051: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6011: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5955: 5953: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5925: 5923: 5909: 5903: 5902: 5896: 5894: 5882:Makuch, Andrij. 5879: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5799: 5788: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5755: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5720:"Vedrošos mūšis" 5715: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5665: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5367: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5168: 5162: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5124: 5115: 5112: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5008: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4869:. Archived from 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4838: 4827: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4796:. Archived from 4786: 4780: 4773: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4681: 4670: 4664: 4659:A. Bumblauskas, 4657: 4651: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4573: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4510: 4504: 4499: 4493: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4381: 4371: 4365: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4316: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4254:. Archived from 4231: 4225: 4224: 4213: 4207: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4183: 4177: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4146: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4091: 4085: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4065: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3933: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3901: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3808: 3789: 3788: 3787: 3777: 3776: 3775: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3753: 3752: 3751: 3744: 3613: 3583:Pseudoscientific 3555:, signed by the 3522:Józef Mackiewicz 3467:Teutonic Knights 3408:Lithuania proper 3281:Court Chancellor 3193:Latvian language 3170:Karaite language 3085:Lithuania proper 3034:Crimean Karaites 3021: 3018: 3000: 2993: 2800:Halych metropoly 2786:. Following the 2654:Duchy of Livonia 2502: 2501: 2386:Charles X Gustav 2286:matrilineal line 2271:Duchy of Livonia 2252:, given by Pope 2179: 2156:elected monarchs 1794:until 1569, the 1782:and his brother 1745: 1737:Rex de Owsteiten 1692: 1622:in 1270 and the 1620:Battle of Karuse 1589:Gediminas' Tower 1531:in 1259 and the 1501:Pope Innocent IV 1407:Galicia–Volhynia 1391:Teutonic Knights 1385:began after the 1332:is found in the 1320: 1316: 1297: 1201: 1168: 1125: 1076: 1051: 911:Eventually, the 807:Teutonic Knights 693: 690: 684: 673: 652: 651: 638: 637: 624: 623: 612: 611: 599: 598: 592: 591: 576: 575: 379:Council of Lords 352: 337: 262:Eastern Orthodox 238:§ Languages 192: 184: 176: 152: 140: 128: 116: 104: 86: 69: 59: 55: 46: 33: 21: 20: 11313: 11312: 11308: 11307: 11306: 11304: 11303: 11302: 11188: 11187: 11186: 11181: 11168: 11161: 11148: 11093: 11008:Cultural icons 10951: 10827: 10798:Stock exchanges 10786: 10761: 10745:Law enforcement 10661: 10615:Nature reserves 10576: 10550: 10445:Ukrainian State 10376:Mongol invasion 10315: 10309: 10279: 10274: 10261: 10254: 10247: 10240: 10227: 10218:Public holidays 10154: 10103: 10067: 10027: 9974:Internal Troops 9959:Law enforcement 9890: 9864:Protected areas 9831: 9744: 9735: 9705: 9700: 9687: 9680: 9673: 9660: 9629:Public holidays 9555: 9487: 9397: 9364: 9351: 9319:Law enforcement 9236: 9162: 9149: 9098: 9050:by Nazi Germany 9032: 9026: 8965: 8959: 8918:Lithuania Minor 8887: 8878: 8812: 8775: 8748:(18): 231–237. 8720: 8719: 8703: 8680: 8661: 8633: 8632: 8628: 8583: 8582: 8578: 8550: 8549: 8533: 8453: 8372:, 2017, 426 p. 8308:Norman Davies. 8266: 8261: 8260: 8250: 8248: 8242:e-seimas.lrs.lt 8236: 8235: 8231: 8221: 8219: 8218:on 7 April 2022 8199: 8198: 8194: 8184: 8182: 8181:(in Lithuanian) 8171: 8167: 8151: 8150: 8146: 8130: 8129: 8125: 8115: 8113: 8106: 8099: 8089: 8087: 8086:on 6 April 2023 8072: 8068: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8046: 8042: 8032: 8030: 8026: 8019: 8012: 8008: 7999: 7997: 7995: 7979: 7975: 7960: 7959: 7955: 7939: 7938: 7934: 7918:Pogonowski, Iwo 7915: 7911: 7901: 7899: 7898:(in Lithuanian) 7888: 7887: 7883: 7875: 7871: 7847:Letukienė, N., 7846: 7842: 7829: 7827: 7818: 7817: 7813: 7802: 7794: 7790: 7779: 7775: 7767: 7763: 7757:Dziarnovič 2013 7755: 7748: 7742:Dziarnovič 2013 7740: 7736: 7730:Dziarnovič 2013 7728: 7721: 7715:Dziarnovič 2013 7713: 7706: 7700:Dziarnovič 2013 7698: 7694: 7686: 7682: 7674: 7670: 7664:Dziarnovič 2013 7662: 7658: 7650: 7646: 7638: 7634: 7626: 7622: 7614: 7610: 7602: 7598: 7590: 7586: 7578: 7574: 7566: 7562: 7554: 7550: 7542: 7535: 7527: 7523: 7513: 7511: 7510:(in Lithuanian) 7500: 7496: 7488: 7484: 7474: 7472: 7470: 7451: 7443: 7439: 7431: 7427: 7419: 7415: 7409:Dziarnovič 2013 7407: 7403: 7388: 7384: 7369: 7365: 7357: 7353: 7344: 7340: 7332: 7328: 7320: 7313: 7305: 7301: 7295:Bednarczuk 2013 7293: 7286: 7280:Bednarczuk 2013 7278: 7274: 7268:Bednarczuk 2013 7266: 7259: 7253:Bednarczuk 2013 7251: 7242: 7234: 7227: 7219: 7212: 7202: 7200: 7199:on 10 July 2009 7189: 7182: 7143: 7136: 7128: 7124: 7118:Trimonienė 2006 7116: 7112: 7105: 7087: 7083: 7076: 7062: 7058: 7050: 7043: 7037:Gudavičius 2006 7035: 7031: 7025:Bednarczuk 2013 7023: 7019: 7010: 7008: 7006: 6990: 6983: 6975: 6971: 6963: 6959: 6951: 6942: 6932: 6930: 6920: 6916: 6909: 6893: 6889: 6874: 6860: 6856: 6841: 6825: 6821: 6809: 6803: 6799: 6785: 6781: 6772: 6768: 6758: 6756: 6755:on 5 April 2023 6737: 6733: 6717: 6708: 6704: 6694: 6692: 6678: 6677: 6673: 6660: 6658: 6646: 6642: 6632: 6630: 6629:(in Lithuanian) 6617: 6613: 6602: 6598: 6588: 6586: 6585:on 29 July 2020 6567: 6563: 6553: 6551: 6550:(in Lithuanian) 6542: 6541: 6537: 6527: 6525: 6524:(in Lithuanian) 6516: 6515: 6511: 6501: 6499: 6498:on 4 March 2016 6495: 6484: 6471: 6464: 6454: 6452: 6451:(in Lithuanian) 6441: 6437: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6408: 6400: 6396: 6386: 6384: 6383:(in Lithuanian) 6375: 6374: 6370: 6360: 6358: 6357:(in Lithuanian) 6349: 6348: 6344: 6334: 6332: 6331:(in Lithuanian) 6323: 6322: 6318: 6308: 6306: 6305:(in Lithuanian) 6297: 6296: 6292: 6282: 6280: 6270: 6259: 6249: 6247: 6246:(in Lithuanian) 6236: 6229: 6219: 6217: 6216:(in Lithuanian) 6208: 6207: 6203: 6193: 6191: 6179: 6173: 6169: 6159: 6157: 6156:(in Lithuanian) 6148: 6147: 6143: 6128: 6124: 6113: 6106: 6096: 6094: 6079: 6075: 6068: 6052: 6045: 6035: 6033: 6032:(in Lithuanian) 6024: 6023: 6019: 6009: 6007: 6006:(in Lithuanian) 5998:Tyla, Antanas. 5996: 5992: 5982: 5980: 5979:(in Lithuanian) 5969: 5965: 5951: 5949: 5939: 5935: 5921: 5919: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5892: 5890: 5880: 5876: 5866: 5864: 5863:(in Lithuanian) 5853: 5849: 5839: 5837: 5836:(in Lithuanian) 5826: 5822: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5797: 5789: 5782: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5753: 5745: 5741: 5731: 5729: 5728:(in Lithuanian) 5716: 5712: 5702: 5700: 5699:(in Lithuanian) 5689: 5685: 5675: 5673: 5663: 5657: 5653: 5643: 5641: 5640:(in Lithuanian) 5626: 5625: 5621: 5611: 5609: 5608:(in Lithuanian) 5596: 5592: 5582: 5580: 5579:(in Lithuanian) 5567: 5563: 5553: 5551: 5541: 5540: 5536: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5504: 5500: 5490: 5488: 5487:(in Lithuanian) 5479: 5478: 5474: 5464: 5462: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5426: 5422: 5416: 5400: 5396: 5386: 5384: 5383:(in Lithuanian) 5368: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5324: 5322: 5312: 5311: 5307: 5297: 5295: 5294:(in Lithuanian) 5284: 5280: 5270: 5268: 5260: 5259: 5255: 5245: 5243: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5218: 5216: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5157: 5153: 5143: 5141: 5140:(in Lithuanian) 5125: 5118: 5113: 5109: 5101: 5097: 5087: 5085: 5077:"Balt | people" 5075: 5074: 5070: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5046: 5045:(in Lithuanian) 5035: 5031: 5021: 5019: 5018:(in Lithuanian) 5010: 5009: 5002: 4992: 4990: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4967: 4965: 4964:(in Lithuanian) 4954: 4950: 4940: 4938: 4937:(in Lithuanian) 4929: 4928: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4876: 4874: 4873:on 15 June 2010 4856: 4852: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4825: 4819:Batūra, Romas. 4817: 4813: 4803: 4801: 4800:on 25 June 2021 4788: 4787: 4783: 4774: 4765: 4757: 4753: 4712: 4708: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4679: 4671: 4667: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4645: 4635: 4633: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4610: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4571: 4565: 4561: 4538: 4534: 4527: 4511: 4507: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4476: 4472: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4407: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4359: 4352: 4336: 4332: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4298: 4282: 4278: 4267: 4263: 4258:on 10 May 2022. 4232: 4228: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4161: 4159: 4148: 4147: 4140: 4130: 4128: 4127:(in Lithuanian) 4119: 4118: 4114: 4104: 4102: 4101:(in Lithuanian) 4095:"Gediminaičiai" 4093: 4092: 4088: 4079: 4075: 4063: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4023: 4019: 4011: 4007: 3998: 3994: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3961: 3957: 3947: 3945: 3934: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3914:(in Lithuanian) 3902: 3889: 3879: 3877: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3824: 3822: 3821:(in Lithuanian) 3809: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3785: 3783: 3773: 3771: 3761: 3759: 3749: 3747: 3739: 3737: 3683: 3497:German Prince, 3455:Prussian tribes 3432: 3401:Union of Lublin 3351: 3345: 3313:Palemon lineage 3205: 3162:Arabic alphabet 3127:Union of Lublin 3065: 3041: 3036: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3006:needs expansion 2991: 2979:Duchy of Trakai 2905: 2895: 2878:Northern Europe 2866:Stephen Báthory 2709:Vilnian Baroque 2682: 2672: 2667: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2410: 2298:elected in 1587 2242:Stephen Báthory 2194:Union of Lublin 2173: 2136: 2130:Union of Lublin 2128:Main articles: 2126: 2109:Battle of Orsha 1910: 1898:Main articles: 1896: 1814:Lubart's Castle 1721: 1713:Main articles: 1711: 1686: 1572: 1566: 1560: 1533:Battle of Durbe 1465:Battle of Saule 1453: 1447: 1395:military orders 1307:Description of 1289:Pietro Vesconte 1266: 1254:Main articles: 1252: 1247: 1072: 978: 972: 913:Union of Lublin 710:sovereign state 698: 697: 696: 691: 687: 674: 670: 649: 635: 621: 596: 563: 553: 543: 533: 523: 454:24 October 1795 451: 449:Third Partition 438: 436:Union of Lublin 425: 412: 399: 375: 346: 331: 306: 281: 197: 150: 138: 132:Sovereign state 126: 114: 102: 100:Sovereign state 89: 77: 76: 75: 70: 62: 61: 57: 53: 47: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11311: 11301: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11183: 11182: 11180: 11179: 11174: 11167: 11166: 11158: 11157: 11154: 11153: 11150: 11149: 11147: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11130: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11103: 11101: 11095: 11094: 11092: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11045: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11006: 11005: 11004: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10983: 10982: 10977: 10967: 10961: 10959: 10953: 10952: 10950: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10923: 10922: 10917: 10907: 10906: 10905: 10895: 10882: 10876: 10871: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10845: 10839: 10833: 10832: 10829: 10828: 10826: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10779: 10773: 10767: 10766: 10763: 10762: 10760: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10748: 10747: 10742: 10732: 10731: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10679: 10673: 10667: 10666: 10663: 10662: 10660: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10628: 10627: 10617: 10612: 10611: 10610: 10600: 10598:National parks 10594: 10588: 10582: 10581: 10578: 10577: 10575: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10558: 10556: 10552: 10551: 10549: 10548: 10547: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10516: 10515: 10514: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10458: 10457: 10455:Makhnovshchina 10452: 10447: 10442: 10432: 10427: 10425:Russian Empire 10422: 10417: 10416: 10415: 10410: 10400: 10399: 10398: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10332: 10330: 10323: 10317: 10316: 10314: articles 10308: 10307: 10300: 10293: 10285: 10276: 10275: 10273: 10272: 10267: 10260: 10259: 10252: 10245: 10237: 10236: 10233: 10232: 10229: 10228: 10226: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10164: 10162: 10156: 10155: 10153: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10121: 10115: 10109: 10108: 10105: 10104: 10102: 10101: 10096: 10094:Stock exchange 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10063: 10062: 10061: 10051: 10045: 10039: 10033: 10032: 10029: 10028: 10026: 10025: 10020: 10019: 10018: 10011:Prime Minister 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9987: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9956: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9935: 9934: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9908: 9902: 9896: 9895: 9892: 9891: 9889: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9877: 9876: 9874:National parks 9871: 9861: 9856: 9854:Extreme points 9851: 9845: 9839: 9833: 9832: 9830: 9829: 9824: 9823: 9822: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9801: 9800: 9793:Russian Empire 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9754: 9752: 9746: 9745: 9734: 9733: 9726: 9719: 9711: 9702: 9701: 9699: 9698: 9693: 9686: 9685: 9678: 9670: 9669: 9666: 9665: 9662: 9661: 9659: 9658: 9657: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9565: 9563: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9522: 9521: 9511: 9505: 9499: 9493: 9492: 9489: 9488: 9486: 9485: 9480: 9479: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9432: 9431: 9421: 9415: 9409: 9403: 9402: 9399: 9398: 9396: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9374: 9372: 9366: 9365: 9363: 9362: 9361: 9360: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9334: 9333: 9323: 9322: 9321: 9311: 9310: 9309: 9307:Prime Minister 9299: 9294: 9289: 9288: 9287: 9277: 9276: 9275: 9270: 9268:municipalities 9265: 9254: 9248: 9242: 9241: 9238: 9237: 9235: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9217:Regional parks 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9197:Extreme points 9194: 9189: 9188: 9187: 9176: 9170: 9164: 9163: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9150: 9148: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9135:January Events 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9106: 9104: 9100: 9099: 9097: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9085: 9084: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9058: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9036: 9034: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9013: 9012: 9007: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8986: 8985: 8975: 8969: 8967: 8961: 8960: 8958: 8957: 8956: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8904: 8902: 8895: 8889: 8888: 8877: 8876: 8869: 8862: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8842: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8811: 8810:External links 8808: 8807: 8806: 8792: 8779: 8773: 8760: 8733: 8707: 8701: 8684: 8678: 8665: 8659: 8646: 8626: 8609: 8596: 8576: 8563: 8537: 8531: 8518: 8501: 8474: 8457: 8451: 8434: 8417: 8415:978-1644691465 8399: 8397:978-1644693100 8381: 8378:978-1138281547 8362: 8359:978-0754664833 8344: 8341:978-0754603252 8325: 8306: 8293: 8280: 8265: 8262: 8259: 8258: 8229: 8192: 8165: 8144: 8123: 8097: 8066: 8040: 8014:Gil, Andrzej. 8006: 7993: 7973: 7953: 7932: 7909: 7881: 7869: 7840: 7830:|journal= 7800: 7798:, p. 475. 7788: 7773: 7771:, p. 478. 7761: 7746: 7734: 7719: 7704: 7692: 7690:, p. 194. 7680: 7668: 7656: 7644: 7642:, p. 267. 7632: 7630:, p. 476. 7620: 7618:, p. 418. 7608: 7606:, p. 477. 7596: 7594:, p. 482. 7584: 7582:, p. 195. 7572: 7570:, p. 320. 7560: 7548: 7546:, p. 319. 7533: 7521: 7494: 7482: 7468: 7437: 7435:, p. 109. 7425: 7423:, p. 160. 7413: 7401: 7396:Lietuvių tauta 7382: 7363: 7361:, p. 152. 7351: 7338: 7326: 7324:, p. 233. 7311: 7299: 7284: 7272: 7257: 7240: 7225: 7210: 7180: 7153:(2): 370–393. 7134: 7122: 7120:, p. 554. 7110: 7103: 7081: 7075:978-5430052508 7074: 7056: 7041: 7039:, p. 646. 7029: 7017: 7004: 6981: 6969: 6957: 6940: 6914: 6907: 6887: 6873:978-8390322957 6872: 6854: 6848:Fiodor of Kiev 6839: 6819: 6797: 6779: 6766: 6731: 6711:Wisner, Henryk 6702: 6671: 6640: 6611: 6596: 6561: 6535: 6509: 6462: 6435: 6421: 6394: 6368: 6342: 6316: 6290: 6278:Šaltiniai.info 6257: 6227: 6201: 6167: 6141: 6122: 6104: 6073: 6066: 6043: 6017: 5990: 5963: 5933: 5904: 5874: 5847: 5820: 5806: 5780: 5766: 5739: 5710: 5683: 5651: 5619: 5590: 5561: 5534: 5522: 5516: 5498: 5472: 5445: 5420: 5414: 5394: 5359: 5332: 5305: 5278: 5253: 5226: 5190: 5163: 5151: 5116: 5107: 5095: 5068: 5056: 5029: 5000: 4975: 4948: 4922: 4893: 4884: 4850: 4811: 4781: 4775:V. Spečiūnas. 4763: 4751: 4706: 4692: 4665: 4652: 4643: 4616: 4601: 4589: 4559: 4532: 4525: 4505: 4494: 4485: 4470: 4455: 4449:978-6155211072 4448: 4428: 4422:978-1442636804 4421: 4401: 4366: 4357: 4351:978-9004191907 4350: 4330: 4303: 4296: 4276: 4261: 4226: 4208: 4199: 4187: 4178: 4169: 4138: 4121:"Jogailaičiai" 4112: 4086: 4073: 4051: 4042: 4040:, p. 289. 4030: 4017: 4005: 3992: 3980: 3973: 3955: 3925: 3887: 3859: 3832: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3793: 3781: 3769: 3757: 3736: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3611:Žalgirio mūšis 3530:Czesław Miłosz 3431: 3428: 3420:Russian Empire 3344: 3341: 3300:Władysław IV's 3234:Teutonic Order 3204: 3201: 3150:Kipchak origin 3064: 3061: 3040: 3037: 3024: 3023: 3003: 3001: 2990: 2987: 2894: 2891: 2798:, in 1355 the 2776:Union of Brest 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2471:Main article: 2468: 2465: 2420:, the rest by 2418:Russian Empire 2412:Following the 2409: 2406: 2344:fully captured 2180:(Lesser Seal). 2125: 2122: 1980:Teutonic Order 1900:Union of Krewo 1895: 1892: 1796:Gediminas' Cap 1710: 1707: 1632:Teutonic Order 1616:Black Ruthenia 1562:Main article: 1559: 1556: 1542:Encouraged by 1449:Main article: 1446: 1443: 1387:Livonian Order 1295:Letvini pagani 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1203: 1202: 1193: 1184: 1175: 1169: 1160: 1151: 1142: 1135: 1126: 1111: 1102: 1093: 1084: 1070: 1061: 1052: 971: 968: 956:Russian Empire 898:Radvila family 843:dynastic union 835:Union of Krewo 811:Livonian Order 744:in the south. 700: 699: 695: 694: 685: 667: 666: 665: 662: 661: 658: 657: 654: 653: 646: 640: 639: 632: 630:Russian Empire 626: 625: 618: 609: 606: 605: 600: 588: 587: 582: 572: 571: 568: 567: 564: 561: 558: 557: 554: 551: 548: 547: 544: 541: 538: 537: 534: 531: 528: 527: 524: 521: 518: 517: 514: 513: 507: 506: 503: 499: 498: 495: 491: 490: 487: 483: 482: 479: 475: 474: 471: 467: 466: 460: 459: 456: 455: 452: 446: 443: 442: 439: 433: 430: 429: 428:14 August 1385 426: 423:Union of Krewo 420: 417: 416: 413: 407: 404: 403: 400: 397: 394: 393: 390: 389: 386: 382: 381: 376: 373: 370: 369: 364: 360: 359: 356: 355: 347: 344: 341: 340: 332: 325: 322: 321: 318: 317: 314: 308: 307: 305: 304: 298: 291: 289: 283: 282: 280: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 248: 246: 242: 241: 203: 199: 198: 196: 195: 187: 185:(c. 1316–1323) 179: 171: 162: 160: 156: 155: 154: 153: 141: 136:Swedish Empire 129: 117: 108:Personal union 105: 95: 91: 90: 87: 79: 78: 71: 64: 63: 48: 41: 40: 39: 36: 35: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11310: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11195: 11193: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11169: 11164: 11160: 11159: 11155: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11109: 11108: 11105: 11104: 11102: 11100: 11096: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11009: 11007: 11003: 11000: 10999: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10972: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10962: 10960: 10958: 10954: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10912: 10911: 10908: 10903: 10899: 10896: 10893: 10890: 10886: 10883: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10866: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10846: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10834: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10785: 10781: 10780: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10768: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10737: 10736: 10733: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10710: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10680: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10668: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10626: 10623: 10622: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10609: 10606: 10605: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10595: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10583: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10553: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10539:War in Donbas 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10521: 10520: 10517: 10513: 10510: 10509: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10472:Ukrainian SSR 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10437: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10405: 10404: 10401: 10397: 10394: 10393: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10333: 10331: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10318: 10313: 10306: 10301: 10299: 10294: 10292: 10287: 10286: 10283: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10262: 10257: 10253: 10250: 10246: 10243: 10239: 10238: 10234: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10165: 10163: 10161: 10157: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10122: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10110: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10064: 10060: 10057: 10056: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10046: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10034: 10024: 10021: 10017: 10014: 10013: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9961: 9960: 9957: 9954: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9933: 9930: 9929: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9909: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9897: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9866: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9846: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9834: 9828: 9825: 9821: 9818: 9817: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9799: 9798:Russification 9796: 9795: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9755: 9753: 9751: 9747: 9743: 9739: 9732: 9727: 9725: 9720: 9718: 9713: 9712: 9709: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9688: 9683: 9679: 9676: 9672: 9671: 9667: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9566: 9564: 9562: 9558: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9520: 9517: 9516: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9506: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9494: 9484: 9481: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9458: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9430: 9427: 9426: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9416: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9404: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9375: 9373: 9371: 9367: 9359: 9356: 9355: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9332: 9329: 9328: 9327: 9324: 9320: 9317: 9316: 9315: 9312: 9308: 9305: 9304: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9286: 9283: 9282: 9281: 9278: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9260: 9259: 9256: 9255: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9243: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9186: 9183: 9182: 9181: 9178: 9177: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9165: 9160: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9101: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9083: 9080: 9079: 9078: 9077:Guerrilla war 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9042: 9041: 9038: 9037: 9035: 9029: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9002: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8984: 8981: 8980: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8962: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8925: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8905: 8903: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8882: 8875: 8870: 8868: 8863: 8861: 8856: 8855: 8852: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8813: 8805: 8804:9781802702293 8801: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8780: 8776: 8774:90-272-1922-2 8770: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8734: 8730: 8724: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8698: 8694: 8690: 8685: 8681: 8675: 8671: 8666: 8662: 8656: 8652: 8647: 8643: 8637: 8629: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8597: 8593: 8587: 8579: 8577:9789986810131 8573: 8569: 8564: 8560: 8554: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8528: 8524: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8458: 8454: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8418: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8349: 8345: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8323: 8322:0-231-12817-7 8319: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8291:985-11-0378-0 8288: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8278:985-11-0314-4 8275: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8233: 8217: 8213: 8211: 8207: 8202: 8196: 8180: 8176: 8169: 8161: 8160: 8154: 8148: 8140: 8139: 8133: 8127: 8111: 8104: 8102: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8070: 8051: 8044: 8025: 8017: 8010: 7996: 7994:90-04-13896-X 7990: 7986: 7985: 7977: 7969: 7968: 7963: 7957: 7949: 7943: 7935: 7929: 7925: 7924: 7919: 7913: 7897: 7896: 7891: 7885: 7878: 7873: 7866: 7862: 7861:0-313-32355-0 7858: 7854: 7850: 7844: 7835: 7822: 7811: 7809: 7807: 7805: 7797: 7792: 7784: 7777: 7770: 7765: 7759:, p. 55. 7758: 7753: 7751: 7744:, p. 64. 7743: 7738: 7732:, p. 62. 7731: 7726: 7724: 7717:, p. 56. 7716: 7711: 7709: 7701: 7696: 7689: 7684: 7677: 7672: 7666:, p. 63. 7665: 7660: 7654:, p. 56. 7653: 7648: 7641: 7636: 7629: 7624: 7617: 7612: 7605: 7600: 7593: 7588: 7581: 7576: 7569: 7564: 7557: 7552: 7545: 7540: 7538: 7530: 7525: 7509: 7505: 7498: 7491: 7486: 7471: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7450: 7449: 7441: 7434: 7429: 7422: 7417: 7411:, p. 48. 7410: 7405: 7397: 7393: 7386: 7378: 7374: 7367: 7360: 7355: 7348: 7342: 7335: 7330: 7323: 7318: 7316: 7309:, p. 24. 7308: 7303: 7297:, p. 20. 7296: 7291: 7289: 7282:, p. 29. 7281: 7276: 7270:, p. 28. 7269: 7264: 7262: 7255:, p. 21. 7254: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7237: 7232: 7230: 7223:, p. 46. 7222: 7217: 7215: 7198: 7194: 7187: 7185: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7141: 7139: 7132:, p. 34. 7131: 7126: 7119: 7114: 7106: 7100: 7096: 7093:(in Polish). 7092: 7085: 7077: 7071: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7048: 7046: 7038: 7033: 7027:, p. 22. 7026: 7021: 7007: 7001: 6997: 6996: 6988: 6986: 6979:, p. 18. 6978: 6973: 6966: 6961: 6954: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6929: 6925: 6918: 6910: 6904: 6900: 6899: 6891: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6869: 6865: 6858: 6851: 6849: 6842: 6836: 6832: 6831: 6823: 6815: 6808: 6801: 6794: 6789: 6783: 6776: 6770: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6735: 6727: 6723: 6716: 6712: 6706: 6691: 6687: 6686: 6681: 6675: 6668: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6644: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6615: 6609: 6605: 6600: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6565: 6549: 6545: 6539: 6523: 6519: 6513: 6494: 6490: 6482: 6478: 6477: 6469: 6467: 6450: 6446: 6439: 6424: 6418: 6414: 6407: 6406: 6398: 6382: 6378: 6372: 6356: 6352: 6346: 6330: 6326: 6320: 6304: 6300: 6294: 6279: 6275: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6245: 6241: 6234: 6232: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6189: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6155: 6151: 6145: 6137: 6133: 6126: 6118: 6117:Stefan Batory 6111: 6109: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6077: 6069: 6063: 6059: 6058: 6050: 6048: 6031: 6027: 6021: 6005: 6001: 5994: 5978: 5974: 5967: 5960: 5948: 5944: 5937: 5930: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5901: 5889: 5885: 5878: 5862: 5858: 5857:"Pakancleris" 5851: 5835: 5831: 5824: 5809: 5803: 5796: 5795: 5787: 5785: 5769: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5751: 5743: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5714: 5698: 5694: 5687: 5671: 5670: 5662: 5655: 5639: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5623: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5594: 5578: 5577: 5572: 5565: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5538: 5531: 5526: 5519: 5513: 5509: 5502: 5486: 5482: 5481:"Trakų pilys" 5476: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5449: 5433: 5424: 5417: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5398: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5364: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5336: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5309: 5293: 5289: 5282: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5230: 5215:. p. 172 5214: 5210: 5209:Great Britain 5206: 5205: 5200: 5194: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5167: 5161:, p. 50. 5160: 5155: 5139: 5138: 5133: 5129: 5123: 5121: 5111: 5104: 5099: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5072: 5065: 5060: 5044: 5040: 5033: 5017: 5013: 5007: 5005: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4963: 4959: 4952: 4936: 4932: 4926: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4888: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4823: 4815: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4778: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4760: 4755: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4695: 4689: 4685: 4678: 4677: 4669: 4662: 4656: 4647: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4620: 4613: 4608: 4606: 4599:, p. 40. 4598: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4578:(in Polish). 4577: 4570: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4536: 4528: 4522: 4518: 4517: 4509: 4503: 4498: 4489: 4481: 4474: 4466: 4459: 4451: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4432: 4424: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4405: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4377: 4370: 4361: 4353: 4347: 4343: 4342: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4321: 4313: 4307: 4299: 4293: 4289: 4288: 4280: 4272: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4203: 4197:, p. 63. 4196: 4191: 4182: 4173: 4157: 4156: 4151: 4145: 4143: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4083: 4077: 4069: 4062: 4055: 4046: 4039: 4034: 4027: 4024:R. Bideleux. 4021: 4015: 4009: 4002: 3999:Ch. Allmand, 3996: 3989: 3984: 3976: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3943: 3939: 3932: 3930: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3875: 3872:(in Polish). 3871: 3870: 3863: 3848: 3847: 3842: 3836: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3807: 3803: 3792: 3782: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3746: 3745: 3742: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3653:, Lithuanian 3652: 3648: 3644: 3643:Seimas Palace 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3612: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3563:, and on the 3562: 3558: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3500: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3409: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3378:Slavic nobles 3375: 3371: 3366: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3314: 3305: 3304:Ducal Prussia 3301: 3296: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3209: 3200: 3198: 3197:Baltendeutsch 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3179:In addition, 3177: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3035: 3031: 3020: 3011: 3007: 3004:This section 3002: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2971:Crimean Tatar 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2922: 2921:Gulistan mint 2918: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2890: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2847:Dorohostajski 2844: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2605: 2604:Brest Litovsk 2601: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2503: 2500: 2493: 2485: 2480: 2474: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2278: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2261:against tsar 2260: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2219: 2218:Election sejm 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2152: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2067:John I Albert 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2051:pan – dominus 2047: 2046:Władysław III 2043: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2012: 2008: 2005:, 1410, with 2004: 1999: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1929: 1925: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1830: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1788:inaugurations 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1756:captured Kiev 1753: 1749: 1744: 1738: 1734: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1565: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1548:pagan beliefs 1545: 1540: 1538: 1537:Old Prussians 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1521:Daugava River 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1452: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 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762: 758: 754: 750: 745: 743: 739: 735: 731: 730:Baltic tribes 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 689: 682: 678: 675:Unsuccessful 672: 668: 663: 647: 645: 642: 641: 633: 631: 628: 627: 619: 617: 614: 613: 610: 604: 601: 594: 593: 590: 589: 586: 583: 581: 578: 577: 573: 569: 565: 559: 555: 549: 545: 539: 535: 529: 525: 519: 515: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 465: 461: 457: 453: 450: 444: 440: 437: 431: 427: 424: 418: 414: 411: 405: 401: 395: 391: 387: 383: 380: 377: 371: 368: 365: 361: 357: 351: 348: 342: 336: 333: 329: 323: 319: 315: 313: 309: 302: 299: 296: 293: 292: 290: 288: 284: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 249: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 204: 200: 191: 188: 183: 180: 175: 172: 169: 168: 164: 163: 161: 157: 149: 145: 142: 137: 133: 130: 125: 121: 118: 113: 109: 106: 101: 98: 97: 96: 92: 85: 80: 74: 68: 60: 51: 45: 37: 29: 22: 19: 11099:Demographics 10970:Architecture 10942:Prostitution 10910:Human rights 10783: 10688:Constitution 10562:Christianity 10497:Independence 10385: 10256:Bibliography 10125:Demographics 10059:Central bank 9949:Human rights 9922:Constitution 9782: 9649:coat of arms 9519:universities 9509:Demographics 9429:Central bank 9348: 9326:Human rights 9280:Constitution 9145:EU accession 8966:independence 8922: 8795: 8787: 8783: 8764: 8745: 8741: 8714: 8688: 8669: 8650: 8617: 8613: 8604: 8567: 8544: 8522: 8513: 8509: 8486: 8482: 8469: 8465: 8442: 8438: 8429: 8425: 8402: 8384: 8365: 8347: 8328: 8309: 8264:Bibliography 8249:. Retrieved 8241: 8232: 8220:. Retrieved 8216:the original 8204: 8195: 8183:. Retrieved 8178: 8168: 8156: 8147: 8135: 8126: 8114:. Retrieved 8088:. Retrieved 8084:the original 8079: 8069: 8057:. Retrieved 8043: 8031:. Retrieved 8024:the original 8009: 7998:, retrieved 7983: 7976: 7965: 7956: 7922: 7912: 7900:. Retrieved 7893: 7884: 7872: 7852: 7848: 7843: 7821:cite journal 7796:Dubonis 2002 7791: 7782: 7776: 7769:Dubonis 2002 7764: 7737: 7695: 7683: 7676:Dubonis 2016 7671: 7659: 7652:Dubonis 2002 7647: 7635: 7628:Dubonis 2002 7623: 7611: 7604:Dubonis 2002 7599: 7587: 7575: 7563: 7551: 7531:, p. 6. 7529:Dubonis 2016 7524: 7512:. Retrieved 7507: 7497: 7485: 7473:. Retrieved 7447: 7440: 7428: 7416: 7404: 7395: 7385: 7376: 7366: 7354: 7346: 7341: 7329: 7322:Walczak 2019 7302: 7275: 7201:. Retrieved 7197:the original 7150: 7146: 7130:Rachuba 2010 7125: 7113: 7090: 7084: 7065: 7059: 7032: 7020: 7009:, retrieved 6994: 6972: 6965:Dubonis 2002 6960: 6955:, p. 4. 6931:. Retrieved 6927: 6917: 6897: 6890: 6863: 6857: 6844: 6829: 6822: 6813: 6800: 6782: 6769: 6757:. Retrieved 6753:the original 6745:Lituanus.org 6744: 6734: 6725: 6721: 6705: 6693:. Retrieved 6683: 6674: 6666: 6659:. Retrieved 6653: 6643: 6631:. Retrieved 6624: 6614: 6599: 6587:. Retrieved 6583:the original 6575:Lituanus.org 6574: 6564: 6552:. Retrieved 6547: 6538: 6526:. Retrieved 6521: 6512: 6500:. Retrieved 6493:the original 6480: 6475: 6453:. Retrieved 6448: 6438: 6426:. Retrieved 6404: 6397: 6385:. Retrieved 6380: 6371: 6359:. Retrieved 6354: 6345: 6333:. Retrieved 6328: 6319: 6307:. Retrieved 6302: 6293: 6281:. Retrieved 6277: 6248:. Retrieved 6243: 6218:. Retrieved 6213: 6204: 6192:. Retrieved 6187: 6183: 6170: 6158:. Retrieved 6153: 6144: 6135: 6131: 6125: 6116: 6095:. Retrieved 6090: 6086: 6076: 6056: 6034:. Retrieved 6029: 6020: 6008:. Retrieved 6003: 5993: 5981:. Retrieved 5976: 5966: 5957: 5950:. Retrieved 5946: 5936: 5927: 5920:. Retrieved 5916: 5907: 5898: 5891:. 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Retrieved 4871:the original 4866: 4853: 4841:. Retrieved 4834:the original 4821: 4814: 4802:. Retrieved 4798:the original 4793: 4784: 4776: 4754: 4746: 4745:today means 4742: 4739:kunigaikštis 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4697:. Retrieved 4675: 4668: 4660: 4655: 4646: 4634:. Retrieved 4628: 4619: 4611: 4592: 4579: 4575: 4562: 4545: 4535: 4515: 4508: 4497: 4488: 4473: 4458: 4438: 4431: 4411: 4404: 4392:. Retrieved 4375: 4369: 4360: 4340: 4333: 4324: 4318: 4306: 4286: 4279: 4270: 4264: 4256:the original 4243: 4239: 4229: 4220: 4211: 4202: 4190: 4181: 4172: 4160:. Retrieved 4153: 4129:. Retrieved 4124: 4115: 4103:. Retrieved 4098: 4089: 4081: 4076: 4067: 4054: 4045: 4033: 4025: 4020: 4008: 4000: 3995: 3983: 3964: 3958: 3946:. Retrieved 3942:the original 3918:19 September 3916:. Retrieved 3909: 3878:. Retrieved 3868: 3862: 3850:. Retrieved 3844: 3835: 3823:. Retrieved 3816: 3806: 3618: 3616: 3600:as well the 3591: 3581: 3550: 3503: 3495: 3480: 3472: 3465:invited the 3453: 3442: 3412: 3405: 3386: 3367: 3352: 3343:Demographics 3325:Władysław IV 3317: 3309: 3270: 3250: 3218: 3214: 3196: 3187:who spoke a 3178: 3135: 3116: 3101: 3082: 3014: 3010:adding to it 3005: 2947:Lipka Tatars 2937: 2928:Golden Horde 2923: 2911:Coin of the 2903:Lipka Tatars 2863: 2857:Unitarians ( 2832: 2804: 2748:polytheistic 2737: 2508:Established 2498: 2439:Grande Armée 2437: 2411: 2394: 2364: 2356:Smolensk War 2321: 2283: 2254:Gregory XIII 2234: 2223: 2214: 2210:Polonization 2183: 2116: 2106: 2071: 2050: 2039: 2033:and his son 1973: 1933: 1919:in 1386–1434 1877: 1862: 1846:Golden Horde 1835: 1736: 1730: 1668: 1652: 1597: 1541: 1482: 1454: 1393:, crusading 1380: 1376:state entity 1333: 1327: 1317:" (English: 1292: 1232: 1204: 1138: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 981: 979: 933: 910: 879: 789: 781:multi-ethnic 746: 726:polytheistic 705: 703: 688: 671: 644:West Galicia 585:Succeeded by 584: 579: 562:• 1793 552:• 1791 542:• 1572 532:• 1430 522:• 1260 165: 73:Coat of arms 50:Royal Banner 18: 11112:Rus' people 10975:Kievan Rus' 10366:Kievan Rus' 10351:Early Slavs 10130:Belarusians 10049:Agriculture 9768:Kievan Rus' 9546:Lithuanians 9436:e-Residency 9419:Agriculture 9383:Naval Force 9227:Suwałki Gap 9103:Restoration 9033:occupations 8964:Revival and 8923:Grand Duchy 8570:. Vilnius. 7877:Wiemer 2003 7640:Wisner 2008 7236:Wiemer 2003 7052:Wiemer 2003 6502:22 February 6309:27 December 6250:27 December 5867:27 December 5840:27 December 5830:"Kancleris" 5813:27 December 5756:. Vilnius: 5703:10 November 5676:11 November 5644:11 November 5600:"Goštautai" 5438:22 February 5159:Rowell 1994 4931:"Traidenis" 4733:. Later on 4682:. Vilnius: 4548:: 157–198. 4162:10 November 4131:20 November 4105:20 November 4080:N. Davies. 4038:Rowell 1994 3988:Rowell 1994 3669:), also in 3598:FK Žalgiris 3594:BC Žalgiris 3397:Belarusians 3382:Švitrigaila 3285:Lew Sapieha 2839:Chodkiewicz 2811:Catholicism 2564:Naugardukas 2453:Marijampolė 2314:rule of law 2226:Henry Valua 2174: [ 2094:Kievan Rus' 1838:Kievan Rus' 1762:, the last 1743:Aukštaitija 1687: [ 1628:Yotvingians 1523:basin, and 1431:Dausprungas 1411:Samogitians 1372:Aukštaitija 1362:as well as 1285:Mappa mundi 1036:Grand Duchy 1030:(plural of 952:partitioned 851:patrilineal 833:signed the 749:Kievan Rus' 734:Aukštaitija 722:Lithuanians 580:Preceded by 441:1 July 1569 363:Legislature 303:(1572–1795) 297:(1230–1572) 193:(from 1323) 151:(1657–1795) 139:(1655–1657) 127:(1569–1655) 11192:Categories 11117:Ruthenians 11069:Literature 11042:Vyshyvanka 10937:Minorities 10854:Corruption 10787:(currency) 10708:Government 10703:Parliament 10642:Waterfalls 10507:Euromaidan 10356:East Slavs 10341:Sarmatians 10329:Chronology 10193:Literature 10183:Folk dance 10140:Healthcare 10068:(currency) 9996:Parliament 9944:Government 9917:Censorship 9763:Androphagi 9604:Literature 9378:Land Force 9352:parliament 9302:Government 9273:elderships 9120:Baltic Way 9067:Resistance 8472:: 473–478. 7616:Frost 2015 7592:Frost 2015 7568:Frost 2015 7556:Frost 2015 7544:Frost 2015 7490:Frost 2015 7421:Frost 2015 7379:: 616–617. 7334:Frost 2015 7307:Frost 2015 7221:Stone 2001 6977:Frost 2015 6953:Stone 2001 6933:26 October 6554:3 November 6387:8 November 6361:8 November 6335:8 November 6283:8 November 6220:4 November 6194:6 November 6160:6 November 6097:4 November 6036:4 November 6010:4 November 5983:4 November 5571:"Radvilos" 5491:3 November 5298:3 November 5049:3 November 5022:3 November 4993:3 November 4968:3 November 4958:"Nameisis" 4941:3 November 4195:Stone 2001 3798:References 3651:ministries 3623:Lithuanian 3585:theory of 3487:Belarusian 3483:Lithuanian 3478:monument. 3440:Lithuanian 3424:partitions 3393:Ukrainians 3389:Ruthenians 3347:See also: 3185:Latgalians 3056:Lithuanian 3028:See also: 2897:See also: 2868:, King of 2859:Jan Kiszka 2674:See also: 2638:1564–1566 2477:See also: 2306:federation 2186:real union 1949:Grand Duke 1884:Tokhtamysh 1776:Old Trakai 1758:, sending 1752:Baltic Sea 1739:(English: 1680:Gaudemunda 1659:Nadruvians 1604:Vaišvilkas 1570:Palemonids 1568:See also: 1564:Gediminids 1505:papal bull 1474:Navahrudak 1419:Živinbudas 1220:Semigallia 1129:Lithuanian 1046:Belarusian 974:See also: 954:among the 921:Federation 855:Gediminids 759:, most of 738:Baltic Sea 511:Population 312:Grand Duke 287:Government 206:Lithuanian 144:Real union 120:Real union 10965:Animation 10932:Languages 10881:(2009-10) 10849:Education 10823:Transport 10735:Judiciary 10728:Elections 10698:President 10637:Mountains 10586:Geography 10477:Holodomor 10413:Hetmanate 10336:Scythians 10188:Languages 10135:Education 10099:Transport 10006:President 9979:Militsiya 9927:Elections 9837:Geography 9619:Mythology 9514:Education 9456:Transport 9388:Air Force 9343:President 9292:Elections 9168:Geography 9062:Holocaust 8973:Press ban 8928:1219–1295 8881:Lithuania 8636:cite book 8586:cite book 8370:Routledge 8351:Routledge 8333:Routledge 8116:12 August 8090:12 August 8059:12 August 8033:12 August 8000:12 August 7175:146783347 7167:0888-3254 7011:12 August 6882:804006764 6621:"Jogaila" 5952:12 August 5132:"Vytenis" 5039:"Kernavė" 4554:1822-3656 4344:. Brill. 4252:1392-0677 3880:21 August 3767:Lithuania 3728:Lithuania 3587:litvinism 3359:Ruthenian 3355:Lithuania 3273:Podlachia 3254:Gediminid 3221:Mindaugas 3097:Samogitia 3039:Languages 2943:Lithuania 2887:Calvinism 2864:In 1579, 2851:Calvinist 2835:Radziwiłł 2807:converted 2784:John XIII 2740:Mindaugas 2624:Mstislavl 2594:Podlaskie 2457:Kalvarija 2224:In 1573, 2188:with the 2098:Chernihiv 2040:In 1440, 2021:Restored 2013:at center 1992:Goštautas 1988:Radziwiłł 1818:Liubartas 1760:Stanislav 1748:Black Sea 1733:Gediminas 1663:Skalvians 1612:Traidenis 1503:issued a 1485:Tautvilas 1439:Žemaitija 1435:Mindaugas 1427:Vilikaila 1321:) in the 1215:Gediminas 1196:Ukrainian 1172:Ruthenian 1096:Hungarian 1074:‹See Tfd› 970:Etymology 966:in 1795. 919:. 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