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enforcing their lord's will on the less powerful in his area. Though they were surely a symptom rather than a cause of both local baronial bullying and the disputes between the king and his uncles and other lords, Parliament repeatedly tried to curb the use of livery badges. The issuing of badges by lords was attacked in the
Parliament of 1384, and in 1388 they made the startling request that "all liveries called badges , as well of our lord the king as of other lords ... shall be abolished", because "those who wear them are flown with such insolent arrogance that they do not shrink from practising with reckless effrontery various kinds of extortion in the surrounding countryside ... and it is certainly the boldness inspired by these badges that makes them unafraid to do these things". Richard offered to give up his own badges, to the delight of the
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some cases. A particular concern in all the legislation was to forbid the issuing of liveries to those without a permanent contract with the lord; these groups assembled for a particular purpose were believed to be the most dangerous. The
Statute of Liveries of 1506 finally forbade entirely the issuing of liveries to those of higher rank; they had to be domestic servants or persons experienced in the law, unless covered by a specific royal licence. A well-known story, first told by
415:
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398:, who at his departure lined the king's exit route with liveried retainers, for which Henry fined him 15,000 marks. In fact modern historical analysis of the court records shows few prosecutions, but by the end of Henry's reign liveried retainers do seem to have ceased to be a major problem. While the badges of the nobility were carefully restricted, the royal badges of the Tudors, most famously the
3995:
362:" being especially notorious), and in the Parliament of 1399, after his deposition, several of his leading supporters were forbidden from issuing "badges of signes" again, and a statute was passed allowing only the king (now Henry IV) to issue badges, and only to those ranking as esquires and above, who were only to wear them in his presence.
135:. In the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries, the followers, retainers, dependants, and partisans of famous and powerful personages and houses bore well-known badges – precisely because they were known and recognised. (In contrast, the coat of arms was used exclusively by the individual to whom it belonged.)
487:
The device spread far beyond the aristocracy as part of the craze for wittily enigmatic constructions in which combinations of pictures and texts were intended to be read together to generate a meaning that could not be derived from either part alone. The device, to all intents and purposes identical
199:
would only have been worn by the person whose device was represented, members of his family or important supporters, and possibly servants who were in regular very close contact with him. However the jewel lacks the ultimate luxury of being set with gems, for example having ruby eyes, like the lion
496:
in two principal ways. Structurally, the device normally consists of two parts while most emblems have three or more. As well, the device was highly personal, intimately attached to a single individual, while the emblem was constructed to convey a general moral lesson that any reader might apply in
329:
had deposed
Richard, one of Richard's servants was imprisoned by Henry for continuing to wear Richard's livery badge. Many of the large number of badges of various liveries recovered from the Thames in London were perhaps discarded hurriedly by retainers who found themselves impoliticly dressed at
385:
to largely stamp out the use of livery badges by others than the king, and reduce them to things normally worn only by household servants in the case of the aristocracy. Livery badges issues by guilds and corporations, and mayors, were exempt, and these continued in use until the 19th century in
341:
and courtly celebrations, by the reign of his successor
Richard II the badges had become seen as a social menace, and were "one of the most protracted controversies of Richard's reign", as they were used to denote the small private armies of retainers kept by lords, largely for the purpose of
212:, Richard's own badge has pearls on the antler tips, which the angels' badges lack. The white hart in the badge on the Treasury Roll, which the painted one may have copied, had pearls and sat on a grass bed made of emeralds, and a hart badge of Richard's inventoried in the possession of Duke
429:
In the
Renaissance, the badge, now more likely to be described as a "personal device", took an intellectual turn, and was usually combined with a short text or motto, which when read in combination were intended to convey a sense of the aspirations or character of the bearer. These
515:
Particularly well-known examples of devices – so well known that the image could be understood as representing the bearer even without the motto – are those of several French kings, which were freely used to decorate their building projects. These include the porcupine of
231:
Cheaper forms of badge were more widely distributed, sometimes very freely indeed, rather as modern political campaign buttons and tee-shirts are, though as in some modern countries wearing the wrong badge in the wrong place could lead to personal danger. In 1483 King
69:
worn on clothing were common in the late Middle Ages, particularly in
England. They could be made of base metal, cloth or other materials and worn on the clothing of the followers of the person in question; grander forms would be worn by important persons, with the
154:
or play-on-words of the owner's name. It was not uncommon for the same personage or family to use more than one badge; and, on the other hand, two or more badges were often borne in combination, to form a single compound device.
146:, or had a more or less direct reference to such a charge. More often, badges commemorated some remarkable exploit, illustrated a family or feudal alliance, or indicated some territorial rights or pretensions. Some badges are
1064:
came into general use about the reign of Edward III, that is, the heraldic badge as a separate matter having a distinct existence in addition to concurrent arms, and having at the same time a distinctly heraldic
190:
Livery badges were especially common in
England from the mid-fourteenth century until about the end of the fifteenth century, a period of intense factional conflict which saw the deposition of Richard II and the
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as Prince of Wales, a huge number given the population at the time. Other grades of boar badges that have survived are in lead, silver, and gilded copper relief, the last found at
Richard's home of
446:, often dropping links to the actual heraldry of the owner completely. Indeed, by the 16th century, emblems were adopted by intellectuals and merchants who had no heraldry of their own. Later
325:). The mob attacked him, pulling him off his horse and the badge off him, and he had to be rescued by the mayor from suffering serious harm. Over twenty years later, after Gaunt's son
775:: the Monogram (cypher) SS; a crowned eagle; an eagle displayed; a white swan; a red rose; a Columbine flower; a fox's tail; a crowned panther; the Stock (stump) of a tree; a Crescent
979:). The standard is not however granted automatically with the said achievement of arms and badge, but can be requested if a badge is granted and upon payment of a further fee.
406:
when the Tudors completed Henry VI's unfinished building. The Collar of Esses became in effect a badge of office, though of course still denoting allegiance to the monarch.
809:
and
Lancaster (a Tudor Rose); a Portcullis and a Fleur-de-Lis, all of them crowned; a red dragon; a white greyhound; a Hawthorn Bush and Crown, with the cypher H.R.
967:. Whether or not they are so granted is at the option of the grantee, who pays a higher fee if they are. When granted, the badge is typically illustrated on the
927:
came into use instead), though historical badges continue to be used for various purposes as part of royal symbolism (such as the titles of pursuivants in the
358:
wear them. The issue was apparently quiet for a few years, but from 1397 Richard issued increasingly large numbers of badges to retainers who misbehaved (his "
4266:
1439:
4134:
793:: a white rose en Soleil; a white wolf and white lion; a white Hart; a black dragon and black bull; a falcon and Fetter-lock; the Sun in Splendor
402:
that signified the union of the
Lancastrian and Yorkist dynasties, were used more widely than ever before, for example being added freely to
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47:
worn as a badge indicates allegiance to, or the property of, an individual, family or corporate body. Medieval forms are usually called a
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469:
were adopted by individuals as part of an overall programme of theatrical disguise for a specific event or series of events, such as the
856:: a Tudor Rose impaling a pomegranate, also impaling a Sheaf of Arrows, ensigned with a Crown, and surrounded with Rays; a pomegranate
528:
with the motto "Nutrisco et extinguo" (right, at Chambord). These and many more were collected by Claude Paradin and published in his
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1281:
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3614:
1808:
1416:
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728:: a star of thirteen rays and a crescent; a star issuing from a crescent; a mailed arm grasping a broken lance, with the motto
116:
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1405:
1134:
3576:
3551:
2114:
572:
245:
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403:
3717:
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1580:
314:
256:. The British Museum also has a swan badge in flat lead, typical of the cheap metal badges which were similar to the
3749:
1480:
1428:
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1332:
1046:
391:
1546:
1322:
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3537:
1470:
521:
504:
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1085:
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1458:
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963:, and have since then often been included in new grants of arms, in addition to the traditional grant of the
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refused to give up theirs, and the matter was put off. In 1390 it was ordered that no one below the rank of
24:
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with its motto "Eminus et cominus" or "De pres et de loin" (left, over a doorway at Blois) and the crowned
163:
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Imprese from Jacobus Typotius, Symbola Divina et Humana (Prague, 1601), engraved by Aegidius Sadeler II.
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Badges with "a distinctly heraldic character" in England date to about the reign (1327–1377) of King
769:: a White Hart lodged; the Stock (stump) of a tree; a white falcon; a Sun in Splendor; a Sun Clouded
4294:
3624:
2947:
2443:
1970:
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contained large numbers of emblems, partly to allow people to choose one they thought suited them.
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as Regent was highly unpopular in London, one of his more than 200 retainers, the Scottish knight
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were also given to important persons, often with the badge as a pendant. The badge would also be
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1846:
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1779:
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763:; a Leopard, a Sword; a falcon; a Gryphon; a Stock (stump) of a tree; rays issuing from a cloud
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of 1551 and 1557, which gives the motto of Louis XII as "Ultos avos Troiae". Later the sun of
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but unsupported in the remaining records, has Henry visiting his principal military commander
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were sometimes united to form a single badge. The successors of that family, including
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1496:. The Institute of Historical Research and Royal Holloway, University of London.
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Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic)
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and his wife and several examples listed on the 1397 treasure roll of King
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uniforms, and other belongings. Many medieval badges survive in English
59:
of the person or family they represent, though many do, often taking the
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2501:
1976:
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in Yorkshire, and very likely worn by one of his household when he was
241:
124:
79:
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3879:
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2180:
1885:
1511:
998:
517:
423:
95:
2233:
2109:
781:: a fire-beacon; a white swan gorged and chained; a chained antelope
63:
or supporters. Their use is more flexible than that of arms proper.
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4172:
4162:
4035:
4013:
3743:
3079:
2621:
2506:
2433:
2413:
2358:
2301:
2296:
2291:
1861:
1589:
1342:
Campbell, Marian (1987). Alexander, Jonathan; Binski, Paul (eds.).
866:(a Rose without a Thorn); a crowned falcon and sceptre; her motto,
473:
462:
351:
225:
83:
2840:
2792:
1490:
Stratford, Jenny (2007). "The swan badge and the Dunstable Swan".
55:. They are para-heraldic, not necessarily using elements from the
3855:
3807:
2731:
2489:
2423:
2393:
2373:
2368:
2353:
2333:
2187:
2175:
2145:
2104:
2068:
2001:
1956:
1752:
1713:
355:
237:
815:: the same, without the Hawthorn Bush and with a White Cockerel
787:: two ostrich feathers in Saltire; a chained antelope; a panther
111:
4105:
3933:
3884:
3457:
3443:
3140:
3067:
3041:
2816:
2648:
2438:
2328:
2311:
2281:
2061:
2016:
2006:
1747:
1630:
1541:
589:. A swan was also used by several Princes of Wales, as in the
493:
435:
409:
221:
172:
91:
40:
3994:
1351:
Cherry, John (2003). Marks, Richard; Williamson, Paul (eds.).
4090:
3925:
3862:
3802:
3196:
3192:
2683:
2338:
2011:
1890:
1873:
442:
that became fashionable in Italy, and used the vocabulary of
147:
66:
3795:
3447:
2787:
1996:
1558:
976:
915:: a Tudor rose-branch and a thistle growing from one branch
3343:
1041:. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. (published 2007). p. 453.
658:: the personal badge of Richard Duke of Gloucester, later
622:: a distinctive three-looped knot originally borne by the
317:, unwisely rode through London wearing Gaunt's badge on a
4040:
923:
in 1714, British monarchs ceased to use personal badges (
842:: a Maiden's Head crowned, rising from a large Tudor Rose
151:
309:
In 1377, during a period when the young Richard's uncle
3250:
heads of currently or formerly sovereign royal families
1344:
Age of Chivalry, Art in Plantagenet England, 1200-1400
575:, bore the "bear and ragged staff" as a single device.
4267:
Knowledge:WikiProject Orders, decorations, and medals
1493:
Richard II's Treasure; the riches of a medieval king
1188:
for a concise account of the upheavals of his reign.
567:
Bear and ragged staff: both badges of the Beauchamp
31:
as heir apparent to the crown of the United Kingdom.
4247:
is the accepted criterion for official distinctions
874:
1393:
1346:. London: Royal Academy/Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
354:should issue badges, and no one below the rank of
333:Apparently beginning relatively harmlessly under
4286:
1472:The Archaeology of the Medieval English Monarchy
1419:. In Goodman, Anthony; Gillespie, James (eds.).
4135:International Commission for Orders of Chivalry
3240:and their national/public/official authorities
833:: a phoenix rising from a castle, between two
3156:
1574:
1555:- two editions of Paradin are available here
1414:
1308:As of January 2010, the extra fee is £1,000.
1269:
1245:
1221:
1209:
1173:
955:Heraldic badges were revived in 1906 by the
942:in addition to all her other badges assumed
666:
626:, and today pictured in the coat of arms of
410:Renaissance and early modern personal device
381:In the end it took a determined campaign by
931:), and there is now a general badge of the
158:
3365:
3163:
3149:
1581:
1567:
1447:. Vol. 4 vols. Boydell & Brewer.
1400:. University of California Press. Part 2.
1370:
1031:
821:: a rose, pomegranate, and Sheaf of Arrows
1489:
1181:
1095:
971:containing the grant of arms, and upon a
4257:Category:Orders, decorations, and medals
1341:
1180:, p. 132 for Gaunt's retinue. See
1110:
676:
547:
538:
499:
452:
413:
364:
321:(an innovation of Gaunt's, probably the
162:
110:
18:
1437:
1391:
1296:
585:derives from the "shield for peace" of
4287:
1468:
1350:
1285:History of the Reign of King Henry VII
1197:
1177:
1161:
1149:
1122:
708:; a Plume of Ostrich Feathers; Motto:
511:, with letter "F", Château de Chambord
117:Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham
3144:
1562:
1320:
1257:
1233:
827:: a crowned falcon, holding a Sceptre
799:: the White Boar, the Sun in Splendor
303:and the angels wearing livery badges.
260:that were also common in the period.
175:badge from about 1400 AD, perhaps of
4243:* = Direct or indirect reference to
3962:Prizes known as the Nobel of a field
1501:This article incorporates text from
1441:Heraldic Badges in England and Wales
1417:"Richard II and the Higher Nobility"
909:: same as James I, without his motto
747:: a heraldic rose or, stalked proper
220:in 1435 was set with 22 pearls, two
4262:
1506:' 1914 edition of Charles Boutell's
1371:Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1907).
1367:(part of text given on BM database)
850:: a Tudor Rose; the sun in splendor
558:a swan argent gorged and chained or
74:in enamelled gold a rare survivor.
13:
1137:, which it appears was originally
14:
4306:
1534:
1392:Chrimes, Stanley Bertram (1972).
1353:Gothic: Art for England 1400-1547
640:. A white hind was the badge of
543:Badges of Earls of Stafford, 1720
392:John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford
101:
4261:
4252:
4251:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3170:
3116:
2782:
2750:
1540:
1512:The Handbook to English Heraldry
1438:Siddons, Michael Powell (2009).
1355:. London: V&A Publications.
1135:BBC article on silver boar badge
875:Royal badges of British monarchs
862:: a Tudor Rose, with the motto,
741:: a star issuing from a crescent
612:, the two warring houses of the
573:Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester
461:By the later sixteenth century,
438:were used on the reverse of the
404:King's College Chapel, Cambridge
276:
267:
1421:Richard II: The Art of Kingship
1302:
1290:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1191:
712:(No force alters their fashion)
244:for the investiture of his son
138:Badges occasionally imitated a
1167:
1155:
1143:
1128:
1116:
1104:
1089:
1070:
1062:Heraldic Badge, as we know it,
1025:
1:
1314:
895:(Blessed are the peacemakers)
887:; a thistle and a Tudor rose
704:: a flower of seven foils; a
293:
228:, a ruby and a huge diamond.
4272:Knowledge:WikiProject Awards
3181:Auxiliary science of history
2873:(metal in the United States)
1588:
1415:Given-Wilson, Chris (2003).
1038:A Complete Guide to Heraldry
989:Badge of the Royal Air Force
891:and Crowned, with the motto
628:Staffordshire County Council
581:: the personal badge of the
27:, which is the badge of the
7:
4079:Fraternities and sororities
1423:. Oxford University Press.
1186:Richard II's life and reign
982:
344:House of Commons of England
240:cloth with his emblem of a
195:. A lavish badge like the
119:, about 1475, features the
10:
4311:
1100:Miscellaneous gold objects
1033:Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles
950:
919:With the accession of the
722:; a Sword and Olive branch
670:
579:Prince of Wales's feathers
106:
25:Prince of Wales's feathers
4238:
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4004:
3977:
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2138:
2077:
1932:
1899:
1822:
1706:
1651:
1596:
1553:French Emblems at Glasgow
994:Distinctive unit insignia
718:: the Planta-genista; an
698:: a flower of eight foils
667:Badges of English royalty
444:Renaissance Neo-Platonism
236:ordered 13,000 badges in
1082:National Gallery, London
1019:
710:Vi nulla invertitur ordo
692:: a flower of five foils
636:: the personal badge of
587:Edward, the Black Prince
422:, with the porcupine of
159:Livery badges in England
3111:List of oldest heraldry
1009:Royal Badges of England
946:, one in 1953 and 2008.
673:Royal Badges of England
1324:A Companion to Chaucer
1164:, p. 203; no. 68a
1076:in their portraits by
685:
544:
512:
458:
426:
378:
187:
128:
43:, impresa, device, or
32:
1469:Steane, John (1999).
1321:Brown, Peter (2002).
1152:, p. 204; no. 69
753:: a castle of Castile
680:
638:Richard II of England
610:Red Rose of Lancaster
548:Famous English badges
542:
503:
497:his or her own life.
456:
417:
368:
166:
114:
22:
4140:Magical organization
3600:Intellectual freedom
3408:Master of ceremonies
1549:at Wikimedia Commons
1014:Scottish crest badge
944:two badges for Wales
681:Modern badge of the
602:Henry VII of England
591:Dunstable Swan Jewel
536:was equally famous.
197:Dunstable Swan Jewel
169:Dunstable Swan Jewel
72:Dunstable Swan Jewel
4205:Order of precedence
3123:Heraldry portal
2550:Hastings/Hungerford
1837:Crowns and coronets
1809:National traditions
1327:. Wiley-Blackwell.
1270:Given-Wilson (2003)
1246:Given-Wilson (2003)
1222:Given-Wilson (2003)
1210:Given-Wilson (2003)
1174:Given-Wilson (2003)
819:Catherine of Aragon
624:Dukes of Buckingham
509:Francis I of France
492:, differs from the
482:Accession Day tilts
90:, horse trappings,
4118:Hereditary society
3335:Royal family order
2507:Waterlily/Seeblatt
1731:Ancient and modern
1521:, which is in the
1299:, pp. 187–192
1035:(1909). "Badges".
961:Alfred Scott-Gatty
686:
642:Christopher Hatton
606:White Rose of York
545:
513:
463:allegorical badges
459:
427:
379:
188:
129:
33:
4282:
4281:
4248:
4193:Campaign streamer
3975:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3920:
3919:
3755:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3691:
3690:
3521:
3520:
3416:
3415:
3359:
3313:Order of chivalry
3292:
3291:
3285:
3282:Self-styled order
3138:
3137:
2979:
2978:
2917:(color in Canada)
2603:
2602:
1545:Media related to
1517:Project Gutenberg
1454:978-1-84383-493-9
1407:978-0-520-02266-9
973:heraldic standard
870:(Always the same)
614:Wars of the Roses
600:badge adopted by
530:Devises héroïques
200:pendants worn by
193:Wars of the Roses
4302:
4265:
4264:
4255:
4254:
4242:
4220:Awareness ribbon
4215:Devotional medal
4128:Gentlemen's club
3997:
3990:
3983:
3770:
3769:
3759:
3758:
3747:
3701:Religion-related
3583:
3582:
3534:
3533:
3363:
3362:
3348:
3341:
3340:
3301:
3300:
3279:
3227:Founts of honour
3223:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3142:
3141:
3121:
3120:
3119:
2959:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2912:
2902:
2894:
2891:
2883:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2839:
2836:
2827:
2824:
2815:
2812:
2786:
2754:
2730:
2727:
2718:
2715:
2706:
2703:
2694:
2691:
2682:
2679:
2659:
2656:
2647:
2644:
2633:
2632:
2617:Rule of tincture
2334:Griffin/Keythong
1930:
1929:
1621:Officers of arms
1583:
1576:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1544:
1519:
1504:A. C. Fox-Davies
1497:
1486:
1465:
1463:
1457:. Archived from
1446:
1434:
1411:
1399:
1388:
1366:
1347:
1338:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1182:Stratford (2007)
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:Stratford (2007)
1093:
1087:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1029:
933:House of Windsor
921:House of Hanover
683:House of Windsor
569:Earls of Warwick
524:among flames of
480:typified by the
420:Château de Blois
396:Hedingham Castle
360:Cheshire archers
337:in a context of
315:Sir John Swinton
298:
295:
280:
271:
250:Middleham Castle
142:in the bearer's
4310:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4295:Heraldic badges
4285:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4245:fount of honour
4234:
4225:Code of conduct
4210:Honorary degree
4155:
4149:
4145:Religious order
4101:Learned society
4074:Fraternal order
4056:
4050:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3967:
3916:
3824:
3763:
3751:
3746:
3729:
3687:
3629:
3615:Humanitarianism
3574:
3566:
3562:Law enforcement
3552:List of highest
3540:
3528:
3517:
3469:
3412:
3354:
3347:
3339:
3288:
3255:
3207:
3199:
3174:
3169:
3139:
3134:
3117:
3115:
3099:
3051:
2975:
2957:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2920:
2910:
2900:
2892:
2889:
2881:
2876:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2845:
2837:
2834:
2825:
2822:
2813:
2810:
2799:
2737:
2728:
2725:
2716:
2713:
2704:
2701:
2692:
2689:
2680:
2677:
2666:
2657:
2654:
2645:
2642:
2631:
2599:
2565:Hungerford knot
2535:Cavendish/Savoy
2511:
2448:
2263:
2197:
2134:
2073:
1928:
1895:
1818:
1702:
1647:
1592:
1587:
1547:Heraldic badges
1537:
1509:
1483:
1461:
1455:
1444:
1431:
1408:
1385:
1374:Heraldic Badges
1363:
1335:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1176:, p. 124.
1172:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1111:Campbell (1987)
1109:
1105:
1094:
1090:
1075:
1071:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1030:
1026:
1022:
985:
957:College of Arms
953:
929:College of Arms
877:
864:Rosa sine Spina
675:
669:
646:Lord Chancellor
583:Prince of Wales
564:and descendants
562:De Bohun family
560:: Badge of the
550:
488:to the Italian
478:Elizabethan era
440:portrait-medals
412:
330:various times.
323:Collar of Esses
307:
306:
305:
304:
296:
283:
282:
281:
273:
272:
214:Philip the Good
181:Prince of Wales
161:
109:
104:
45:personal device
29:Prince of Wales
17:
16:Heraldic badges
12:
11:
5:
4308:
4298:
4297:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4259:
4249:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4084:Secret society
4081:
4076:
4071:
4060:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4010:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3930:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3838:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3784:
3778:
3776:
3767:
3756:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3706:Ecclesiastical
3698:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3580:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3557:Campaign medal
3554:
3548:
3546:
3531:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3450:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3360:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3330:Order of merit
3327:
3326:
3325:
3323:Colonial order
3320:
3318:Military order
3309:
3307:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3277:
3274:
3269:
3267:Ecclesiastical
3263:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3232:
3230:
3220:
3213:
3201:
3200:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3145:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3047:Trophy of arms
3044:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3006:banner of arms
2998:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2942:
2934:
2926:
2918:
2908:
2898:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2864:
2855:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2832:
2820:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2747:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2687:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2652:
2639:
2637:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2590:Tristram/Bowen
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1676:Ecclesiastical
1673:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1536:
1535:External links
1533:
1532:
1531:
1507:
1498:
1487:
1481:
1466:
1464:on 2011-10-01.
1453:
1435:
1429:
1412:
1406:
1389:
1383:
1368:
1361:
1348:
1339:
1333:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1301:
1297:Chrimes (1972)
1289:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1238:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1190:
1166:
1154:
1142:
1127:
1115:
1103:
1088:
1069:
1047:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1004:Naval heraldry
1001:
996:
991:
984:
981:
969:letters patent
952:
949:
948:
947:
917:
916:
910:
896:
893:Beati Pacifici
876:
873:
872:
871:
857:
851:
845:
844:
843:
840:Catherine Parr
837:
828:
822:
810:
800:
794:
788:
782:
776:
770:
764:
754:
748:
742:
732:
723:
713:
699:
693:
671:Main article:
668:
665:
664:
663:
653:
631:
617:
594:
576:
565:
549:
546:
507:badge of King
411:
408:
375:House of Tudor
348:House of Lords
299:–99), showing
289:Wilton Diptych
285:
284:
275:
274:
266:
265:
264:
263:
262:
258:pilgrim badges
210:Wilton Diptych
202:Sir John Donne
185:British Museum
160:
157:
108:
105:
103:
102:Medieval usage
100:
76:Livery collars
37:heraldic badge
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4307:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4260:
4258:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4231:
4230:Code of honor
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4188:Battle honour
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4113:Honor society
4111:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4069:Confraternity
4067:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:organisations
4053:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3913:
3912:Shoulder mark
3910:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3790:/Grand Cordon
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3765:(decorations)
3760:
3757:
3753:
3745:
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3726:
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3711:
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3498:
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3478:
3476:
3475:Jurisdictions
3472:
3464:
3461:
3459:
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3455:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
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3427:
3425:
3424:/Grand Cordon
3422:
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3409:
3406:
3404:
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3308:
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3275:
3273:
3272:Organisations
3270:
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3265:
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3129:
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3112:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3096:
3095:Sigillography
3093:
3091:
3088:
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2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2465:Laurel wreath
2463:
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2255:
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2240:
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2232:
2230:
2227:
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2220:
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2212:
2210:
2207:
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2200:
2194:
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2179:
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2174:
2173:
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2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
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2149:
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2143:
2141:
2137:
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2128:
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2118:
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2048:
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2043:
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2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
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1948:
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1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1606:Grant of arms
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1530:
1528:
1527:United States
1524:
1523:public domain
1518:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1482:0-415-19788-0
1478:
1475:. Routledge.
1474:
1473:
1467:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1430:0-19-926220-9
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1386:
1384:9781115791069
1380:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1364:
1362:1-85177-401-7
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1334:0-631-23590-6
1330:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1305:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1272:, p. 126
1271:
1266:
1260:, p. 117
1259:
1254:
1248:, p. 125
1247:
1242:
1236:, p. 117
1235:
1230:
1224:, p. 126
1223:
1218:
1212:, p. 123
1211:
1206:
1200:, p. 132
1199:
1198:Steane (1999)
1194:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:Steane (1999)
1175:
1170:
1163:
1162:Cherry (2003)
1158:
1151:
1150:Cherry (2003)
1146:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1125:, p. 204
1124:
1123:Cherry (2003)
1119:
1113:, p. 524
1112:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1080:, now in the
1079:
1073:
1066:
1063:
1050:
1048:9781602390010
1044:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
945:
941:
938:
937:
936:
934:
930:
926:
925:Royal Cyphers
922:
914:
911:
908:
904:
900:
897:
894:
890:
886:
882:
879:
878:
869:
865:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
841:
838:
836:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
816:
814:
811:
808:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
736:
733:
731:
727:
724:
721:
717:
714:
711:
707:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
687:
684:
679:
674:
661:
657:
654:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
632:
629:
625:
621:
620:Stafford knot
618:
615:
611:
607:
604:combines the
603:
599:
595:
592:
588:
584:
580:
577:
574:
570:
566:
563:
559:
555:
552:
551:
541:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
510:
506:
502:
498:
495:
491:
485:
483:
479:
475:
472:
468:
464:
455:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
425:
421:
416:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:Francis Bacon
384:
376:
373:badge of the
372:
367:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
336:
331:
328:
324:
320:
319:livery collar
316:
312:
311:John of Gaunt
302:
291:
290:
279:
270:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
194:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
156:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
134:
126:
122:
121:Stafford knot
118:
113:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
64:
62:
58:
54:
51:, and also a
50:
46:
42:
38:
30:
26:
21:
4183:Service flag
3960:
3867:
3818:Medal ribbon
3789:
3764:
3750:Named after
3643:Architecture
3605:Human rights
3501:
3423:
3373:Grand master
3356:Post-nominal
3205:Distinctions
3204:
3172:Phaleristics
3085:Phaleristics
3018:Roll of arms
3012:
2984:Applications
2896:Bleu celeste
2882:Rare colours
2575:Ormonde/Wake
2460:Fleur-de-lis
2022:Inescutcheon
1987:Crozier head
1832:Coat of arms
1719:Augmentation
1626:King of Arms
1520:
1510:
1500:
1492:
1471:
1459:the original
1440:
1420:
1395:
1373:
1352:
1343:
1323:
1304:
1292:
1284:
1277:
1265:
1258:Brown (2002)
1253:
1241:
1234:Brown (2002)
1229:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1130:
1118:
1106:
1091:
1078:Hans Memling
1072:
1061:
1059:
1052:. Retrieved
1037:
1027:
965:coat of arms
954:
940:Elizabeth II
918:
892:
868:Semper Eadem
867:
863:
831:Jane Seymour
807:Rose of York
761:Fleur-de-Lys
730:Christo Duce
729:
709:
557:
529:
526:François Ier
514:
489:
486:
466:
460:
448:emblem books
431:
428:
380:
332:
308:
287:
254:Duke of York
230:
209:
189:
144:coat of arms
137:
130:
115:Standard of
65:
57:coat of arms
52:
49:livery badge
48:
44:
36:
34:
4178:Vexillology
4168:Numismatics
4029:Passage fee
4005:Ceremonies
3787:Grand Cross
3762:For wearing
3509:Grand Lodge
3439:Hospitaller
3421:Grand Cross
3366:By function
3219:By conferee
3193:decorations
3185:numismatics
3090:Vexillology
2851:Rare metals
2831:(blood red)
2429:Winged lion
2409:Sea-griffin
2344:Hippocampus
2277:Allocamelus
1919:Fimbriation
1847:Compartment
1824:Achievement
1792:Marshalling
1758:distinction
1616:Law of arms
1601:Authorities
1377:. J. Lane.
1139:silver-gilt
860:Elizabeth I
835:Tudor Roses
825:Anne Boleyn
797:Richard III
720:Escarbuncle
706:Sagittarius
660:Richard III
650:Elizabeth I
596:Roses: the
471:fancy dress
339:tournaments
297: 1395
234:Richard III
150:, making a
80:embroidered
4106:Fellowship
4064:Fraternity
4046:Collar day
4007:and events
3851:Collar pin
3673:Philosophy
3663:Literature
3497:Commandery
3378:Chancellor
3276:Commercial
3035:equestrian
2819:(mulberry)
2545:Harrington
2475:Quatrefoil
2404:Salamander
2349:Hippogriff
2307:Cockatrice
2287:Amphiptere
2259:Wolfsangel
2239:Portcullis
2151:Black swan
2105:Camelopard
1934:Ordinaries
1852:Escutcheon
1802:impalement
1797:quartering
1780:variations
1698:Attributed
1636:pursuivant
1315:References
1065:character.
1054:16 October
903:Charles II
889:dimidiated
813:Henry VIII
767:Richard II
757:Edward III
690:William II
656:White Boar
634:White Hart
598:Tudor rose
554:Bohun swan
522:salamander
505:Salamander
400:Tudor rose
371:Tudor Rose
346:, but the
335:Edward III
301:Richard II
242:white boar
206:Richard II
133:Edward III
125:Bohun swan
53:cognizance
4096:Syndicate
4024:Feoffment
3946:Plaquette
3880:Epaulette
3846:Lapel pin
3841:Award pin
3813:Medal bar
3625:Volunteer
3503:Obedience
3487:Bailiwick
3453:Postulant
3429:Commander
3383:Treasurer
3246:Dynasties
3128:resources
3073:socialist
2996:Hatchment
2991:Bookplate
2971:Carnation
2958:Realistic
2771:Erminites
2609:Tinctures
2560:Hinckaert
2525:Bourchier
2379:Ouroboros
2364:Manticore
2269:Legendary
2244:Reremouse
2181:Przepaska
2110:Hind/stag
2100:Dog/hound
1909:Attitudes
1886:Supporter
1814:Societies
1775:divisions
1724:abatement
1396:Henry VII
999:Cap badge
899:Charles I
848:Edward VI
803:Henry VII
791:Edward IV
751:Edward II
739:Henry III
726:Richard I
534:Louis XIV
518:Louis XII
424:Louis XII
383:Henry VII
226:sapphires
208:. In the
96:pub names
88:standards
84:appliqued
4289:Category
4200:Nobility
4173:Heraldry
4163:Chivalry
4156:concepts
4154:Related
4055:Related
4036:Festival
4014:Accolade
3900:Campaign
3868:Heraldic
3744:insignia
3718:Scouting
3620:Politics
3572:Civilian
3538:Military
3529:by field
3403:Chaplain
3388:Assessor
3080:Logotype
3023:Illyrian
2905:Brunâtre
2829:Sanguine
2766:Erminois
2734:(purple)
2627:Hatching
2622:Tricking
2585:Stafford
2485:Shamrock
2434:Woodwose
2414:Sea-lion
2384:Pantheon
2359:Lindworm
2302:Chollima
2297:Biscione
2292:Basilisk
2214:Crapaudy
2115:Kangaroo
1977:Componée
1971:Łękawica
1867:pavilion
1862:Mantling
1741:courtesy
1736:Alliance
1664:dominion
1659:National
1590:Heraldry
983:See also
907:James II
785:Henry VI
773:Henry IV
745:Edward I
716:Henry II
608:and the
432:impresas
352:banneret
327:Henry IV
218:Burgundy
3951:Rosette
3905:Service
3873:Pilgrim
3856:Tie pin
3836:Rosette
3808:Necklet
3696:Science
3683:Theatre
3658:History
3635:Culture
3587:Society
3527:Others,
3492:Chapter
3482:Charter
3434:Officer
3393:Bailiff
3297:By type
3260:Private
3056:Related
2924:Cendrée
2907:(brown)
2761:Ermines
2732:Purpure
2722:(green)
2698:(black)
2671:Colours
2651:(white)
2555:Heneage
2497:Thistle
2490:Trefoil
2424:Unicorn
2399:Phoenix
2394:Pegasus
2389:Panther
2374:Musimon
2369:Mermaid
2354:Lampago
2324:Enfield
2317:Chinese
2254:Serpent
2249:Scallop
2219:Dolphin
2193:Pelican
2188:Martlet
2176:Szaszor
2146:Alerion
2120:Leopard
2095:Bull/ox
2069:Saltire
2057:Roundel
2032:Lozenge
2002:Flaunch
1967:Chevron
1957:Bordure
1942:Annulet
1914:Erasure
1901:Charges
1765:Canting
1753:Cadency
1714:Armiger
1688:Burgher
1641:private
1611:History
1525:in the
951:Revival
885:thistle
881:James I
779:Henry V
702:Stephen
696:Henry I
490:impresa
476:of the
467:impresa
465:called
436:emblems
356:esquire
238:fustian
222:spinels
177:Henry V
148:rebuses
127:badges.
107:Origins
3934:Trophy
3926:Prizes
3895:Button
3885:Ribbon
3782:Collar
3774:Formal
3752:people
3725:Beauty
3713:Sports
3678:Poetry
3458:Squire
3444:Knight
3351:Styles
3345:Titles
3305:Orders
3236:States
3197:medals
3195:, and
3189:orders
3187:about
3068:Emblem
3042:Tabard
2966:Proper
2945:
2940:Orange
2937:
2929:
2921:
2913:
2911:
2903:
2901:
2893:
2890:
2869:
2867:
2862:Copper
2859:
2838:
2835:
2826:
2823:
2817:Murrey
2814:
2811:
2804:Stains
2793:Potent
2756:Ermine
2729:
2726:
2717:
2714:
2710:(blue)
2705:
2702:
2693:
2690:
2681:
2678:
2663:(gold)
2658:
2655:
2649:Argent
2646:
2643:
2636:Metals
2502:Turnip
2453:Plants
2439:Wyvern
2329:Garuda
2312:Dragon
2282:Alphyn
2078:Beasts
2062:Bezant
2017:Hamade
2007:Goutte
1962:Canton
1879:slogan
1857:Helmet
1748:Blazon
1707:Topics
1631:herald
1479:
1451:
1427:
1404:
1381:
1359:
1331:
1084:; see
1045:
959:under
854:Mary I
648:under
494:emblem
474:jousts
246:Edward
224:, two
173:livery
140:charge
92:livery
67:Badges
41:emblem
4091:Guild
4019:Vigil
3956:Money
3863:Badge
3829:Other
3803:Medal
3794:with
3668:Music
3595:Peace
3514:Lodge
3398:Prior
3210:Lists
3013:Badge
2932:Ochre
2841:Tenné
2708:Azure
2696:Sable
2686:(red)
2684:Gules
2580:Savoy
2540:Dacre
2530:Bowen
2517:Knots
2419:Tyger
2339:Harpy
2224:Emmet
2202:Other
2171:Eagle
2139:Birds
2027:Label
2012:Gyron
1992:Chief
1982:Cross
1924:Lines
1891:Torse
1874:Motto
1842:Crest
1787:Fraud
1770:Field
1693:Women
1681:papal
1669:civic
1652:Types
1462:(PDF)
1445:(PDF)
1282:Bacon
1020:Notes
61:crest
4123:Club
3890:Ring
3796:sash
3653:Film
3577:List
3543:List
3463:Page
3448:Dame
3183:and
3030:Seal
3001:Flag
2948:Rose
2915:Buff
2871:Buff
2788:Vair
2776:Pean
2743:Furs
2720:Vert
2595:Wake
2570:Lacy
2480:Rose
2444:Yale
2234:Lucy
2166:Dove
2161:Crow
2156:Cock
2130:Wolf
2125:Lion
2090:Boar
2085:Bear
2052:Pile
2047:Pall
2042:Pale
2037:Orle
1997:Fess
1952:Bend
1477:ISBN
1449:ISBN
1425:ISBN
1402:ISBN
1379:ISBN
1357:ISBN
1329:ISBN
1060:The
1056:2020
1043:ISBN
977:flag
913:Anne
905:and
883:: a
805:: a
759:: a
737:and
735:John
418:The
369:The
286:The
171:, a
167:The
123:and
23:The
4041:Vow
3939:War
3742:By
3648:Art
3610:Law
3063:Mon
2470:Oak
2229:Ged
2209:Bee
1947:Bar
1515:at
434:or
394:at
216:of
179:as
152:pun
86:on
82:or
4291::
3191:,
2661:Or
1184:,
1098:,
1058:.
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901:,
644:,
556:,
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294:c.
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1969:(
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