316:
297:
271:
180:
335:
285:
149:
217:
205:
379:
915:
1009:
323:
304:
278:
193:
253:
241:
137:
162:
1239:, 184; Rodríguez Hernández, "Spanish Imperial Wars", 293. Oman writes that "the Imperialists had very few casualties... the only person noted as having fallen in their ranks is Juan de Cardona, a kinsman of the ex-Viceroy of Naples, who was shot through the head by a chance ball". Rodríguez Hernández writes that the Spanish forces "won an overwhelming victory with very few casualties". Clodfelter writes that "Colonna's men in their trenches lost only 200 killed".
1031:
casualties from the fire of d'Avalos's arquebusiers. Nevertheless, the Swiss made a series of desperate attempts to breach the
Imperial line; some managed to reach the top of the rampart, only to be met by the landsknechts, who had come up from behind the arquebusiers. One of the Swiss captains was apparently killed by Frundsberg in single combat; and the Swiss, unable to form up atop the earthworks, were pushed back down into the sunken road.
2158:
386:
975:
south along the Milan road, intending to flank the camp and strike at the bridge to the rear. The remainder of the French army, including the French infantry, the bulk of the heavy cavalry, and the remnants of the Swiss, formed up in a broad line some distance behind the two Swiss columns; behind this was a third line, composed of the
Venetian forces under
39:
959:, placed on several platforms jutting forward from the earthworks, was able to sweep the fields north of the park as well as parts of the sunken road itself. Most of the Imperial cavalry was placed at the south end of the park, far behind the infantry; a separate force of cavalry was positioned to the south, guarding the bridge.
974:
and clear the ground before the
Imperial positions. The French advance was headed by two columns of Swiss, each comprising about 4,000 to 7,000 men, accompanied by some artillery; this party was to assault the entrenched front of the Imperial camp directly. Lescun, meanwhile, led a body of cavalry
1096:, were no longer interested in continuing the war; in July 1523, Gritti concluded the Treaty of Worms with Charles V, removing the Republic from the fighting. The French would make two further attempts to regain Lombardy before the end of the war, but neither would be successful; the terms of the
931:
park of
Bicocca, about four miles (6 km) north of Milan. The park was situated between a large expanse of marshy ground to the west and the main road into Milan to the east; along this road ran a deep wet ditch, which was crossed by a narrow stone bridge some distance south of the park. The
962:
On the evening of 26 April, Lautrec sent a force under the Sieur de
Pontdormy to reconnoiter the Imperial positions. Colonna, having observed the French presence, sent messengers to Milan to request reinforcements; Sforza arrived the next morning with 6,400 additional troops, joining the cavalry
1030:
The Swiss came to a sudden halt as the columns reached the sunken road in front of the park; the depth of the road and the height of the rampart behind it—together higher than the length of the Swiss pikes—effectively blocked their advance. Moving down into the road, the Swiss suffered massive
1034:
After attempting to move forward for about half an hour, the remnants of the Swiss columns retreated back towards the main French line Their total losses numbered more than 3,000, and included
Winkelried, von Stein, and twenty other captains; of the French nobles who had accompanied them, only
1052:
Despite the urging of d'Avalos and several other
Imperial commanders, Colonna refused to order a general attack on the French, pointing out that much of Lautrec's army—including his cavalry—was still intact. Colonna suggested that the French were already beaten, and would soon withdraw; this
1056:
Colonna's judgement proved to be accurate; the Swiss were unwilling to make another assault, and marched for home on 30 April. Lautrec, believing that his resulting weakness in infantry made a further campaign impossible, retreated to the east, crossing the Adda into
Venetian territory at
1004:
and the urban cantons. The advancing Swiss quickly came into range of the
Imperial artillery; unable to take cover on the level fields, they began to take substantial casualties, and as many as a thousand Swiss may have been killed by the time the columns reached the Imperial lines.
991:. As the Swiss columns advanced towards the park, he ordered them to pause and wait for the French artillery to bombard the Imperial defences, but the Swiss refused to obey. Perhaps the Swiss captains doubted that the artillery would have any effect on the earthworks; historian
1048:
to halt the French advance, while Sforza came up the road towards the bridge, aiming to surround Lescun. Pontdormy held off the
Milanese, allowing Lescun to extricate himself from the camp; the French cavalry then retraced its path and rejoined the main body of the army.
897:
Lautrec was suddenly confronted, however, with the intransigence of the Swiss, who formed the largest contingent of the French army. The Swiss complained that they had not received any of the pay promised them since their arrival in Lombardy, and their captains, led by
1053:
assessment was shared by Frundsberg. Nevertheless, some small groups of Spanish arquebusiers and light cavalry attempted to pursue the withdrawing Swiss, only to be beaten back by the Black Bands, which were covering the removal of the French artillery from the field.
995:
suggests that it is more likely they were "inspired by blind pugnacity and self-confidence". In any case, the Swiss moved rapidly towards Colonna's position, leaving the artillery behind; there was apparently some rivalry between the two columns, as one, commanded by
1170:
at the end of the seventeenth century. The offensive doctrine of the Swiss—a "push of pike" unsupported by firearms—had become obsolete, and offensive doctrines in general were increasingly replaced with defensive ones; the combination of the arquebus and effective
1161:
for any army which did not wish to grant a massive advantage to its opponents. While the pikeman would continue to play a vital role in warfare, it would be equal to that of the arquebusier; together, the two types of infantry would be combined into the so-called
717:, north of Milan. The Swiss pikemen advanced over open fields under heavy artillery fire to assault the enemy positions, but were halted at a sunken road backed by earthworks. Having suffered massive casualties from the fire of Imperial-Spanish
1119:
They went back to their mountains diminished in numbers, but much more diminished in audacity; for it is certain that the losses which they suffered at Bicocca so affected them that in the coming years they no longer displayed their wonted
1043:
Lescun, with about 400 heavy cavalry under his command, had meanwhile reached the bridge south of the park and fought his way across it and into the Imperial camp beyond. Colonna responded by detaching some cavalry under
1796:, 182. Arnold Winkelried and Albert von Stein are each named as Frundsberg's opponent in contemporary sources. Oman suggests that Winkelried's actions here may have caused his name to appear in the legend of
824:. Colonna, however, had no intention of stopping his advance; in late November, he launched a surprise attack on the city, overwhelming the Venetian troops defending one of the walls. Following some abortive
1307:, 175. Oman writes that " refused battle several times, raised the siege of Parma when it was almost in his hands, rather than risk anything, and wearied out Lautrec by retreats and flank movements".
935:
The entire length of the north side of the park was less than 600 yards (550 m), allowing Colonna to place his troops quite densely; immediately behind the rampart were four ranks of Spanish
890:
south of the city. Considering this position to be too strong to be easily assaulted, Lautrec attempted instead to threaten Colonna's lines of communication by sweeping around Milan to
1222:, 143. Colonna had "10,000 landsknechts, 4,000 Spanish, 4,000 Italian infantry and a few hundred men-at arms". Referred here from Pacheco y de Leyva (ed.), 251–252: Charles V to Najera.
740:
described it as, "...if it were necessary to fix an arbitrary date for the first really effective use of small fire-arms in the battlefield, the day of Bicocca might well be selected."
488:
429:
721:, the Swiss retreated. Meanwhile, an attempt by French cavalry to flank Colonna's position proved equally ineffective. The Swiss, unwilling to fight further, marched off to their
713:
in French service did not receive their pay, however, they demanded an immediate battle, and Lautrec was forced to attack Colonna's fortified position in the park of the Arcimboldi
478:
1522:, 178. Oman notes that descriptions of the ground on the north side of the park in contemporary sources vary, with some referring to a sunken road while others refer to a ditch.
503:
4644:
483:
1895:
suggested that Frundsberg's reticence was due to the landsknechts' demands for double pay if they engaged in a second fight, but considers the story improbable.
422:
3774:
458:
1603:, 179. The Milanese force included 400 cavalry and 6,000 infantry. Oman describes the latter as "indifferent", and suggests that they were city militia.
2783:
732:, and of the Swiss method of assaults by massed columns of pikemen without support from other troops. It was also one of the first engagements in which
3794:
2709:
1637:, 179–180. Arfaioli gves the higher number for the size of the Swiss columns and Oman the lower one. Hall and Oman also mention that Pedro Navarro's
561:
1175:
had made frontal assaults on entrenched positions too costly to be practical, and they were not attempted again for the duration of the Italian Wars.
4826:
4712:
1573:, 125. Oman suggests that d'Avalos and other Spanish commanders remembered the result of the precipitous advance made by the Spanish cavalry at the
1294:, 174–175. The apparent inability of the Venetians to prevent enemy passage through their territory prompted a number of complaints from the French.
415:
4806:
4259:
3754:
4816:
4717:
3804:
3409:
2767:
82:
4821:
1985:, taken prisoner at Genoa, spent the next three years imprisoned in Naples as a punishment for transferring his allegiance to the French.
1667:, 180–181. The Venetian line was shifted somewhat to the French right, and faced the Imperial camp on the side protected by the marshes.
1209:), and a number of French and Venetian contingents of unknown size; but how many of these remained by the time of the battle is unclear.
4756:
932:
north side of the park was bordered by a sunken road, which Colonna deepened, constructing an earthen rampart on the southern bank.
4624:
3728:
2406:
1389:, 176. Giovanni had been in the Papal service, but reneged on his contract, claiming that it had been made with the recently dead
508:
3708:
709:
by an Imperial advance in late 1521, Lautrec had regrouped, attempting to strike at Colonna's lines of communication. When the
1376:, 176. Only Como was actually besieged by Imperial troops; the other two cities rose up against the French and drove them out.
902:, demanded that Lautrec attack the Imperial army immediately—else the mercenaries would abandon the French and return to their
554:
378:
2846:
4846:
4836:
4482:
2593:
2377:
2362:
2337:
2322:
2287:
2272:
2232:
2217:
2181:
3444:
3313:
2940:
2936:
4831:
4577:
4572:
3940:
3346:
2989:
2442:
1865:, 182–183. Oman notes that the engagement between Pontdormy and Sforza is only mentioned in a single contemporary account.
1205:, 176. Lautrec had nearly 12,000 men when he retreated from Milan, and was reinforced by 16,000 Swiss, 3,000 Italians (the
997:
394:
1155:(where arquebusiers would prevail against heavy cavalry on open ground) two years later, the weapon nevertheless became a
4639:
3759:
1000:, was composed of men from the rural cantons, while the other, under Albert von Stein, consisted of the contingents from
770:
634:
2628:
4406:
3723:
3659:
3381:
3361:
2836:
2568:
2531:
2251:
4771:
3875:
1085:
in Milan, which still remained in French hands, surrendered, and the remainder of the French forces withdrew over the
1061:. Having reached Cremona, Lautrec departed for France, leaving Lescun in command of the remnants of the French army.
4801:
4472:
4381:
3779:
3323:
2876:
2506:
2304:
785:
unmolested; the combined Papal, Spanish, and Imperial army then proceeded into French territory under the command of
547:
523:
4811:
4672:
3356:
2840:
2618:
1766:, 181. Oman relates "that all the standards went down, and that the three or four first ranks perished wholesale."
675:
245:
4048:
3983:
1026:). Montmorency commanded the Swiss assault, and was the only survivor among the French nobles who accompanied it.
4609:
4401:
4188:
3988:
3537:
3472:
3058:
2960:
1654:, 180. Pontdormy trailed Lescun with a separate cavalry force to ensure that he was not attacked from the flank.
4527:
4043:
3487:
3371:
4629:
4567:
4366:
3784:
3497:
3477:
3449:
3366:
3341:
3201:
3009:
2916:
2856:
2823:
1350:, 176. Knecht writes that the attack took place on 19 November, while Oman gives a date of 23 November instead.
976:
4592:
4421:
4178:
4744:
4722:
4677:
4619:
4597:
4411:
4183:
3865:
3654:
3639:
2724:
2588:
2541:
758:
588:
3973:
4614:
4582:
4113:
3978:
3414:
2794:
2603:
2399:
749:
623:
618:
613:
603:
593:
583:
439:
4602:
3935:
4587:
4487:
4118:
3570:
3502:
2471:
781:. The German forces which Charles sent south to aid this venture passed through Venetian territory near
714:
608:
67:
4038:
3945:
855:
and some further Venetian forces, as well as additional companies of French troops under the command of
4841:
4522:
3885:
3532:
3419:
3331:
3303:
2930:
2900:
2705:
2536:
2239:
737:
663:
513:
30:
3905:
3860:
2357:, edited by Francisco García Fitz and João Gouveia Monteiro, 267–299. New York: Routledge, 2018.
851:
to join Colonna in Milan. Lautrec had meanwhile been reinforced by the arrival of 16,000 fresh Swiss
4441:
4391:
4249:
4148:
3644:
3517:
3482:
3434:
3336:
2948:
2832:
2521:
2491:
2486:
867:
518:
3066:
4386:
4269:
4229:
4168:
4163:
4103:
3522:
3512:
3298:
3001:
2912:
2613:
2187:
1574:
882:, hoping to draw Colonna into a decisive battle. Colonna, leaving Milan, fortified himself in the
4766:
3845:
3078:
2598:
4436:
4294:
4138:
4078:
4028:
3930:
3527:
3492:
3439:
3074:
2944:
2908:
2638:
2511:
2496:
2392:
1129:
1097:
728:
The battle is noted chiefly for marking the end of the Swiss dominance among the infantry of the
473:
3629:
2225:
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015
2199:
940:
4796:
4727:
4299:
4234:
3738:
3624:
3507:
3467:
3111:
2904:
2563:
2553:
2260:
1112:
903:
725:
a few days later, and Lautrec retreated into Venetian territory with the remnants of his army.
722:
468:
3870:
4173:
3583:
3404:
3293:
3232:
3160:
3070:
2771:
2451:
1797:
1078:
856:
498:
161:
4707:
4108:
3895:
3855:
3814:
2788:
1947:, 184. Oman writes that Lautrec's failure would be forgiven "largely by the intercession of
4682:
4351:
4314:
4304:
4244:
4143:
4123:
4018:
3830:
3649:
2526:
2516:
327:
308:
4208:
3998:
3920:
1948:
1320:, 175. Oman cites contemporary reports of 4,000 Swiss remaining out of an initial 20,000.
8:
4751:
4507:
4492:
4376:
4356:
4309:
4289:
4093:
4088:
4033:
4003:
3769:
3394:
3351:
3308:
3237:
3206:
2977:
2956:
2922:
2828:
2798:
2729:
2573:
2546:
2446:
2310:
1710:, 180. Oman notes that this theory was popular among the French observers of the battle.
1172:
1152:
1133:
1101:
1081:. Lescun, learning of the loss of Genoa, arranged an agreement with Sforza by which the
1058:
1012:
988:
844:
782:
453:
257:
4497:
4198:
4512:
4502:
4477:
4431:
4396:
4254:
3963:
3840:
3713:
3211:
3191:
2851:
2739:
2466:
2353:
Rodríguez Hernández, Antonio José. "The Spanish Imperial Wars of the 16th Century". In
2174:
The Black Bands of Giovanni: Infantry and Diplomacy During the Italian Wars (1526–1528)
1363:, 176. Lautrec's remaining forces consisted of 5,500 French and 6,400 Venetian troops.
1082:
671:
154:
3835:
3764:
918:
A diagram of the battle. Lautrec's movements are indicated in blue; Colonna's, in red.
463:
4692:
4634:
4467:
4239:
4213:
4203:
4193:
4128:
4013:
3993:
3968:
3915:
3890:
3155:
2682:
2623:
2578:
2437:
2373:
2358:
2333:
2318:
2300:
2283:
2268:
2247:
2228:
2213:
2212:. Translated by Isola van den Hoven-Vardon. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
2195:
2177:
1128:, they no longer possessed the willingness to make headlong attacks that they had at
971:
805:
755:
710:
679:
315:
296:
270:
252:
240:
185:
166:
141:
136:
2713:
216:
4324:
4319:
4284:
4264:
4023:
3900:
3799:
3703:
3165:
3005:
2227:. 4th ed. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2017.
1826:, 182. Montmorency was badly wounded and had to be carried out of the sunken road.
1183:
1045:
952:
899:
887:
813:
790:
786:
691:
655:
289:
4702:
2734:
4767:
Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
4517:
4457:
4371:
4279:
4153:
4133:
4098:
3880:
3850:
3789:
3399:
3389:
3285:
3170:
3062:
3019:
2779:
2687:
2558:
1137:
1105:
528:
4426:
4361:
4274:
4158:
3910:
3733:
3718:
3619:
3593:
3578:
3459:
3054:
3048:
2952:
2719:
2633:
2583:
2461:
2415:
2267:. Translated by Sydney Alexander. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.
1394:
1090:
1070:
847:, bringing further German reinforcements, had slipped past a Venetian force at
766:
699:
220:
197:
71:
38:
2866:
914:
4790:
3925:
2775:
2692:
2501:
2293:
2280:
Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe: Gunpowder, Technology, and Tactics
2205:
1982:
1163:
1093:
1008:
944:
860:
852:
825:
598:
97:
84:
4697:
4687:
4416:
3955:
3809:
3634:
3150:
2926:
2608:
2456:
2343:
2163:
1892:
1577:
ten years prior, and positioned the cavalry further back to avoid a repeat.
1157:
1125:
1069:
Lautrec's departure heralded a complete collapse of the French position in
992:
948:
797:
729:
687:
571:
407:
210:
4008:
2330:
The Italian Wars, 1494–1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe
769:, the principal French possession in Lombardy. A large Papal force under
3598:
3424:
2993:
2871:
1641:
accompanied the Swiss, intending to assist the movement of the artillery.
1206:
1073:. No longer menaced by the French army, Colonna and d'Avalos marched on
1016:
967:
928:
871:
864:
832:
808:. Colonna took the opportunity this offered and, advancing close to the
3588:
804:, began to suffer massive losses from desertion, particularly among his
4462:
3196:
2476:
1390:
1144:
762:
3429:
3186:
3086:
2861:
2763:
2697:
1182:—meaning a bargain, or something acquired at little cost—entered the
1111:
Another effect of the battle was the changed attitude of the Swiss.
956:
883:
3603:
2481:
1148:
936:
906:. Lautrec reluctantly acquiesced and marched south towards Milan.
817:
733:
718:
695:
43:
927:
Colonna had meanwhile relocated to a formidable new position: the
793:
against the French, besieging cities but refusing to give battle.
4761:
4732:
3242:
3227:
2384:
1167:
848:
801:
796:
By the autumn of 1521, Lautrec, who was holding a line along the
789:. For the next several months, Colonna fought an evasive war of
334:
284:
3698:
3252:
3247:
3024:
1638:
875:
778:
774:
667:
539:
1143:
More generally, the battle made apparent the decisive role of
4739:
3013:
2677:
1074:
891:
879:
836:
821:
706:
683:
322:
303:
277:
192:
75:
1140:
in 1525 would surprise observers by its lack of initiative.
3082:
2997:
1147:
on the battlefield. Although the full capabilities of the
1124:
While Swiss mercenaries would continue to take part in the
1086:
1001:
966:
At dawn on 27 April, Lautrec began his attack, sending the
840:
809:
2975:
874:
into the French service. The French proceeded to attack
820:
and assuming the year's campaign to be over, withdrew to
777:
and some smaller Italian contingents, concentrated near
1166:" units that would endure until the development of the
2297:
Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I
987:
The overall command of the Swiss assault was given to
2730:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
2176:. Pisa: Pisa University Press, Edizioni Plus, 2005.
828:, Lautrec withdrew to Cremona with about 12,000 men.
736:
played a decisive role on the battlefield. Historian
2348:
A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century
2332:. Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited, 2012.
2282:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
2153:
1242:
398:
Location of the battlefield in present-day Lombardy
2244:A History of the British Army – Vol. I (1066-1713)
2143:Rodríguez Hernández, "Spanish Imperial Wars", 293.
894:, cutting the roads from the city into the Alps.
4788:
977:Francesco Maria della Rovere, the Duke of Urbino
963:near the bridge to the south of Colonna's camp.
3274:
2299:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
2192:MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History
46:in 1522. The location of the battle is marked.
2919:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
2400:
555:
423:
2594:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
437:
1104:was forced to sign after his defeat at the
2407:
2393:
2372:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1973.
1089:. The Venetians, under the newly elected
863:; he had also secured the services of the
662:) was fought on 27 April 1522, during the
562:
548:
430:
416:
4713:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
2238:
1248:
943:, and behind them were blocks of Spanish
385:
4827:Battles involving the Republic of Venice
4718:Colonial universities in the Philippines
1492:Knecht, Renaissance Warrior, 183; Oman,
1007:
913:
16:Battle during the Italian War of 1521–26
4807:Battles involving the Holy Roman Empire
3709:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
1108:, would leave Italy in Imperial hands.
4789:
4662:
2355:War in the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1600
2032:, 200–225, 246–247; Mallett and Shaw,
4661:
4557:
4556:
3680:
3558:
3273:
3132:
3100:
3037:
2974:
2889:
2812:
2752:
2666:
2655:
2427:
2426:
2388:
2328:Mallett, Michael and Christine Shaw.
831:By January 1522, the French had lost
543:
411:
4817:Battles involving the Duchy of Milan
2990:Captaincy General of the Philippines
2482:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
1178:As a result of the battle, the word
1151:would not be demonstrated until the
773:, together with Spanish troops from
4693:Indochristian painting in New Spain
2813:
2350:. London: Methuen & Co., 1937.
1115:wrote of the aftermath of Bicocca:
982:
771:Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua
13:
4822:Battles involving the Papal States
3660:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
3133:
2414:
2370:The Art of War in Italy, 1494–1529
1136:in 1515; their performance at the
690:army under the overall command of
117:Imperial–Spanish and Papal victory
14:
4858:
2890:
2753:
2634:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
2317:. New York: Vintage Books, 1989.
1951:, the King's favourite mistress".
754:At the start of the war in 1521,
4745:Criollos in the colonial society
4673:Spanish missions in the Americas
3795:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
2194:18, no. 3 (Spring 2006): 34–43.
2156:
998:Arnold Winkelried of Unterwalden
678:, was decisively defeated by an
676:Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec
569:
384:
377:
333:
321:
314:
302:
295:
283:
276:
269:
251:
239:
215:
203:
191:
178:
160:
147:
135:
37:
4772:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
2656:
2223:Clodfelter, Micheal.
2137:
2120:
2107:
2094:
2073:
2056:
2043:
2022:
2001:
1988:
1971:
1954:
1937:
1924:
1911:
1898:
1881:
1868:
1855:
1842:
1829:
1816:
1803:
1782:
1769:
1752:
1739:
1726:
1713:
1700:
1683:
1670:
1657:
1644:
1619:
1606:
1593:
1580:
1559:
1542:
1525:
1512:
1499:
1486:
1469:
1452:
1439:
1426:
1413:
1400:
1379:
1366:
1353:
1336:
1323:
922:
3101:
2824:Captaincy General of Guatemala
2532:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
1310:
1297:
1284:
1271:
1254:
1225:
1212:
1195:
694:. Lautrec then withdrew from
1:
4723:General Archive of the Indies
3984:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
3655:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
3640:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
2589:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
2542:War of the Spanish Succession
2507:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
2149:
1038:
1020:
4837:Military history of Lombardy
3681:
2795:Captaincy General of Yucatan
2725:Union with Holy Roman Empire
2704:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
2619:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
2210:Emperor Charles V, 1500–1558
2190:. "Dynasty Forged by Fire."
1798:Arnold Winkelried of Sempach
1393:and not with his successor,
1064:
7:
4832:Battles of the Italian Wars
3559:
3275:Administrative subdivisions
2472:War of the League of Cognac
1233:Warfare and Armed Conflicts
10:
4863:
3989:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
3974:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
3876:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
3038:
2774:), Western United States (
2667:
2537:Portuguese Restoration War
970:to push aside the Spanish
765:moved jointly against the
747:
743:
204:
4757:Slavery in Spanish Empire
4668:
4657:
4563:
4552:
4450:
4344:
4337:
4222:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4044:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
3954:
3823:
3785:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
3747:
3691:
3687:
3676:
3645:Barcelona Trading Company
3612:
3569:
3565:
3554:
3458:
3410:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
3380:
3322:
3284:
3280:
3269:
3220:
3179:
3143:
3139:
3128:
3107:
3044:
2985:
2917:Venezuela, part of Guyana
2896:
2819:
2770:, Central United States (
2759:
2673:
2662:
2651:
2502:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
2487:Expulsion of the Moriscos
2433:
2422:
2368:Taylor, Frederick Lewis.
909:
632:
579:
449:
372:
359:
346:
229:
125:
50:
36:
28:
23:
4847:Italian War of 1521–1526
4802:Battles involving France
4698:Quito painting tradition
4688:Cusco painting tradition
4049:García López de Cárdenas
4039:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
3946:Felipe González de Ahedo
3866:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
2443:Conquest of the Americas
1891:, 183. Oman notes that
1189:
750:Italian War of 1521–1526
705:Having been driven from
441:Italian War of 1521–1526
4812:Battles involving Spain
4483:Comuneros (New Granada)
4260:Balearic Islands (1558)
3979:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
3906:Ruy López de Villalobos
3861:Miguel López de Legazpi
3775:García de Toledo Osorio
2639:Western Sahara conflict
2629:Independence of Morocco
2569:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
2512:Piracy in the Caribbean
2497:French Wars of Religion
2261:Guicciardini, Francesco
1077:, capturing it after a
660:Battaglia della Bicocca
4728:Colonial Spanish Horse
4402:Colonia del Sacramento
3625:Spanish treasure fleet
3202:Royal Decree of Graces
1122:
1113:Francesco Guicciardini
1035:Montmorency survived.
1027:
919:
812:, crossed the Adda at
664:Italian War of 1521–26
659:
230:Commanders and leaders
31:Italian War of 1521–26
3886:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
3846:Juan Sebastián Elcano
3161:Council of the Indies
2522:Spanish–Moro conflict
2492:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
2452:Treaty of Tordesillas
1117:
1011:
917:
857:Thomas de Foix-Lescun
360:Casualties and losses
4683:Mesoamerican Codices
4407:Comuneros (Paraguay)
4245:Siege of Castelnuovo
3831:Christopher Columbus
3650:Consulate of the Sea
3630:Casa de Contratación
3221:Titles and positions
2614:Spanish–American War
2604:Liberal constitution
2447:Asia and the Pacific
2311:Norwich, John Julius
2265:The History of Italy
2172:Arfaioli, Maurizio.
636:Full list of battles
395:class=notpageimage|
328:Georg von Frundsberg
4412:Cartagena de Indias
4034:Diego de Mazariegos
4004:Pere Fages i Beleta
3871:Sebastián de Ocampo
3352:Provincias Internas
3324:Captaincies General
3238:Municipal president
3207:School of Salamanca
2978:Spanish East Indies
2957:Misiones Orientales
2829:Spanish West Indies
2793:, Central America (
2740:Pyrénées-Orientales
2693:Union with Portugal
2584:Napoleonic invasion
2564:War of Jenkins' Ear
2315:A History of Venice
2064:Weapons and Warfare
2030:Renaissance Warrior
1962:Renaissance Warrior
1790:Weapons and Warfare
1760:Weapons and Warfare
1631:Weapons and Warfare
1550:Weapons and Warfare
1535:, 178–179; Taylor,
1460:Renaissance Warrior
1344:Renaissance Warrior
1262:Renaissance Warrior
1173:field fortification
1153:Battle of the Sesia
1013:Anne de Montmorency
989:Anne de Montmorency
868:Giovanni de' Medici
845:Francesco II Sforza
816:; Lautrec, lacking
702:in Imperial hands.
258:Anne de Montmorency
94: /
4708:Academia Antártica
4663:Other civil topics
4029:Pánfilo de Narváez
3931:Sebastián Vizcaíno
3896:Andrés de Urdaneta
3856:Juan Ponce de León
3841:Ferdinand Magellan
3815:Bernardo de Gálvez
3714:Indian auxiliaries
3212:Trial of residence
3192:Laws of the Indies
2976:Asia and Oceania (
2837:Dominican Republic
1218:Mallett and Shaw,
1083:Castello Sforzesco
1028:
920:
870:, who brought his
756:Holy Roman Emperor
339:Francesco Salemone
155:Republic of Venice
4842:Conflicts in 1522
4784:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4653:
4652:
4558:Spanish conquests
4548:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4333:
4332:
4014:Pedro de Alvarado
3999:Gaspar de Portolà
3994:Pedro de Valdivia
3969:Francisco Pizarro
3921:Nicolás de Ovando
3916:Alonso de Ercilla
3891:Alonso de Salazar
3724:Ships of the line
3672:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3096:
3095:
3053:Northern Africa (
3049:Equatorial Guinea
3033:
3032:
2970:
2969:
2885:
2884:
2808:
2807:
2799:Spanish Caribbean
2772:Spanish Louisiana
2748:
2747:
2683:Crown of Castille
2647:
2646:
2624:Spanish Civil War
2599:Adams–Onís Treaty
2579:Nootka Convention
2527:Thirty Years' War
2517:Eighty Years' War
2438:Catholic Monarchs
2428:Timeline–immersed
2378:978-0-8371-5025-3
2363:978-1-138-70745-0
2338:978-0-582-05758-6
2323:978-0-679-72197-0
2294:Knecht, Robert J.
2288:978-0-8018-5531-3
2273:978-0-691-00800-4
2233:978-0-7864-7470-7
2218:978-0-340-73110-9
2182:978-88-8492-231-1
2036:, 146–153; Oman,
2013:History of Venice
1964:, 183–184; Oman,
1575:Battle of Ravenna
941:Fernando d'Ávalos
806:Swiss mercenaries
711:Swiss mercenaries
648:Battle of Bicocca
643:
642:
594:League of Cambrai
537:
536:
406:
405:
309:Fernando d'Avalos
186:Holy Roman Empire
167:Swiss mercenaries
121:
120:
24:Battle of Bicocca
4854:
4659:
4658:
4625:Chibchan Nations
4554:
4553:
4523:Santiago de Cuba
4382:Guadalupe Island
4342:
4341:
4069:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4024:Diego de Almagro
3901:Antonio de Ulloa
3805:Ambrosio Spinola
3800:Pedro de Zubiaur
3770:Alfonso d'Avalos
3760:Antonio de Leyva
3704:Army of Flanders
3689:
3688:
3678:
3677:
3567:
3566:
3556:
3555:
3282:
3281:
3271:
3270:
3141:
3140:
3130:
3129:
3098:
3097:
3071:Peñón of Algiers
3035:
3034:
2972:
2971:
2887:
2886:
2810:
2809:
2792:
2750:
2749:
2664:
2663:
2653:
2652:
2574:Seven Years' War
2547:Queen Anne's War
2424:
2423:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2257:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2144:
2141:
2135:
2124:
2118:
2111:
2105:
2098:
2092:
2077:
2071:
2060:
2054:
2047:
2041:
2034:The Italian Wars
2026:
2020:
2011:, 335; Norwich,
2009:History of Italy
2005:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1975:
1969:
1958:
1952:
1941:
1935:
1928:
1922:
1915:
1909:
1902:
1896:
1885:
1879:
1872:
1866:
1859:
1853:
1846:
1840:
1833:
1827:
1820:
1814:
1807:
1801:
1786:
1780:
1773:
1767:
1756:
1750:
1743:
1737:
1730:
1724:
1717:
1711:
1704:
1698:
1687:
1681:
1674:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1648:
1642:
1623:
1617:
1610:
1604:
1597:
1591:
1584:
1578:
1563:
1557:
1546:
1540:
1529:
1523:
1516:
1510:
1503:
1497:
1490:
1484:
1473:
1467:
1456:
1450:
1443:
1437:
1430:
1424:
1417:
1411:
1404:
1398:
1383:
1377:
1370:
1364:
1357:
1351:
1340:
1334:
1327:
1321:
1314:
1308:
1301:
1295:
1288:
1282:
1275:
1269:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1229:
1223:
1220:The Italian Wars
1216:
1210:
1199:
1184:Spanish language
1098:Treaty of Madrid
1046:Antonio de Leyva
1025:
1022:
983:The Swiss attack
955:. The Imperial
953:Georg Frundsberg
900:Albert von Stein
787:Prospero Colonna
692:Prospero Colonna
609:League of Cognac
574:
564:
557:
550:
541:
540:
444:
442:
432:
425:
418:
409:
408:
388:
387:
381:
338:
337:
326:
325:
319:
318:
307:
306:
300:
299:
290:Prospero Colonna
288:
287:
281:
280:
274:
273:
256:
255:
244:
243:
219:
209:
207:
206:
196:
195:
184:
182:
181:
165:
164:
153:
151:
150:
140:
139:
109:
108:
106:
105:
104:
99:
98:45.518°N 9.210°E
95:
92:
91:
90:
87:
52:
51:
41:
21:
20:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4776:
4752:Old inquisition
4664:
4649:
4559:
4532:
4488:Trinidad (1797)
4458:La Noche Triste
4446:
4442:San Juan (1797)
4392:San Juan (1595)
4329:
4218:
4058:Notable battles
4053:
4019:Martín de Ursúa
3950:
3881:Alonso de Ojeda
3851:Juan de la Cosa
3836:Pinzón brothers
3819:
3790:John of Austria
3765:Martín de Goiti
3743:
3683:
3664:
3608:
3561:
3542:
3454:
3450:Terra Australis
3445:Río de la Plata
3390:Castilla de Oro
3376:
3318:
3314:Río de la Plata
3276:
3257:
3216:
3175:
3171:Santa Hermandad
3135:
3116:
3112:Terra Australis
3103:
3092:
3059:Spanish Morocco
3040:
3029:
3020:Northern Taiwan
2981:
2966:
2937:Río de la Plata
2892:
2881:
2815:
2814:Central America
2804:
2786:
2755:
2744:
2688:Crown of Aragon
2669:
2658:
2643:
2559:Bourbon Reforms
2429:
2418:
2413:
2383:
2254:
2240:Fortescue, John
2162:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2125:
2121:
2112:
2108:
2099:
2095:
2087:, 185; Taylor,
2083:, 10–11; Oman,
2078:
2074:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2044:
2027:
2023:
2006:
2002:
1993:
1989:
1976:
1972:
1959:
1955:
1942:
1938:
1929:
1925:
1916:
1912:
1903:
1899:
1886:
1882:
1873:
1869:
1860:
1856:
1847:
1843:
1834:
1830:
1821:
1817:
1808:
1804:
1787:
1783:
1774:
1770:
1757:
1753:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1714:
1705:
1701:
1693:, 180; Taylor,
1688:
1684:
1675:
1671:
1662:
1658:
1649:
1645:
1624:
1620:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1594:
1585:
1581:
1569:, 179; Taylor,
1564:
1560:
1547:
1543:
1530:
1526:
1517:
1513:
1504:
1500:
1491:
1487:
1474:
1470:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1440:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1414:
1405:
1401:
1384:
1380:
1371:
1367:
1358:
1354:
1341:
1337:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1285:
1276:
1272:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1230:
1226:
1217:
1213:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1138:Battle of Pavia
1106:Battle of Pavia
1067:
1041:
1023:
985:
939:, commanded by
925:
912:
826:street-fighting
752:
746:
644:
639:
628:
575:
570:
568:
538:
533:
524:Italy 1524–1525
445:
440:
438:
436:
402:
401:
400:
399:
397:
391:
390:
389:
342:
332:
320:
313:
301:
294:
282:
275:
268:
262:
250:
238:
225:
202:
190:
179:
177:
171:
159:
148:
146:
134:
102:
100:
96:
93:
88:
85:
83:
81:
80:
79:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4860:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4568:Canary Islands
4564:
4561:
4560:
4550:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4422:Túpac Amaru II
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4367:Bogotá savanna
4364:
4359:
4354:
4348:
4346:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4275:Spanish Armada
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4169:White Mountain
4166:
4164:Cape Celidonia
4161:
4159:English Armada
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4075:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3960:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3936:Juan Fernández
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3911:Diego Columbus
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3739:Army of Africa
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3719:Spanish Armada
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3693:
3685:
3684:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3620:Manila galleon
3616:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3563:
3562:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3386:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3278:
3277:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3137:
3136:
3134:Administration
3126:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3055:Western Sahara
3051:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2953:Banda Oriental
2934:
2920:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2768:Coastal Alaska
2760:
2757:
2756:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2660:
2659:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2419:
2416:Spanish Empire
2412:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2389:
2382:
2381:
2366:
2351:
2341:
2326:
2308:
2291:
2276:
2258:
2253:978-1908902825
2252:
2236:
2221:
2206:Blockmans, Wim
2203:
2185:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2136:
2119:
2106:
2093:
2072:
2055:
2042:
2021:
2007:Guicciardini,
2000:
1987:
1970:
1953:
1936:
1923:
1910:
1897:
1880:
1867:
1854:
1841:
1828:
1815:
1802:
1781:
1768:
1751:
1738:
1725:
1712:
1699:
1682:
1669:
1656:
1643:
1618:
1605:
1592:
1579:
1558:
1541:
1524:
1511:
1498:
1485:
1468:
1451:
1438:
1425:
1412:
1399:
1395:Pope Adrian VI
1378:
1365:
1352:
1335:
1322:
1309:
1296:
1283:
1270:
1253:
1249:Fortescue 2013
1241:
1224:
1211:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1071:northern Italy
1066:
1063:
1040:
1037:
984:
981:
924:
921:
911:
908:
767:Duchy of Milan
748:Main article:
745:
742:
738:John Fortescue
700:Duchy of Milan
698:, leaving the
666:. A combined
641:
640:
633:
630:
629:
627:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
580:
577:
576:
567:
566:
559:
552:
544:
535:
534:
532:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
450:
447:
446:
435:
434:
427:
420:
412:
404:
403:
393:
392:
383:
382:
376:
375:
374:
373:
370:
369:
366:
362:
361:
357:
356:
353:
352:19,000–31,000+
349:
348:
344:
343:
341:
340:
330:
311:
292:
265:
263:
261:
260:
248:
235:
232:
231:
227:
226:
224:
223:
221:Duchy of Milan
213:
200:
188:
174:
172:
170:
169:
157:
144:
131:
128:
127:
123:
122:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
72:Duchy of Milan
66:
64:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4859:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4797:1522 in Italy
4795:
4794:
4792:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4703:Tapada limeña
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4660:
4656:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4555:
4551:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4295:Montes Claros
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4235:Vienna (1529)
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3964:Hernán Cortés
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3956:Conquistadors
3953:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3926:Juan de Ayala
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3780:Duke of Savoy
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3675:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3579:Dollar (Peso)
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3553:
3539:
3538:Santo Domingo
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3415:New Andalusia
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3362:Santo Domingo
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3286:Viceroyalties
3283:
3279:
3272:
3268:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3127:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3099:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3036:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2891:South America
2888:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2811:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2776:Spanish Texas
2773:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2754:North America
2751:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:Franche-Comté
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2405:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2344:Oman, Charles
2342:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2305:0-521-57885-X
2302:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2278:Hall, Bert.
2277:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2188:Black, Jeremy
2186:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2154:
2140:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2116:
2110:
2103:
2097:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2069:
2066:, 175; Oman,
2065:
2059:
2052:
2046:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2018:
2015:, 439; Oman,
2014:
2010:
2004:
1997:
1991:
1984:
1983:Pedro Navarro
1980:
1974:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1933:
1927:
1920:
1914:
1907:
1901:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1877:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1851:
1845:
1838:
1832:
1825:
1819:
1812:
1806:
1799:
1795:
1792:, 175; Oman,
1791:
1785:
1778:
1772:
1765:
1762:, 175; Oman,
1761:
1755:
1748:
1742:
1735:
1729:
1722:
1716:
1709:
1703:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1679:
1673:
1666:
1660:
1653:
1647:
1640:
1636:
1633:, 175; Oman,
1632:
1628:
1622:
1615:
1609:
1602:
1596:
1589:
1583:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1555:
1552:, 175; Oman,
1551:
1545:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1521:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1495:
1489:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1465:
1462:, 183; Oman,
1461:
1455:
1448:
1442:
1435:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1409:
1403:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1375:
1369:
1362:
1356:
1349:
1346:, 180; Oman,
1345:
1339:
1332:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1306:
1300:
1293:
1287:
1280:
1274:
1267:
1264:, 177; Oman,
1263:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1221:
1215:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1164:pike and shot
1160:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:Andrea Gritti
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1036:
1032:
1018:
1015:, painted by
1014:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
994:
990:
980:
978:
973:
969:
964:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
933:
930:
916:
907:
905:
901:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
866:
862:
861:Pedro Navarro
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
757:
751:
741:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
715:Villa Bicocca
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
638:
637:
631:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
578:
573:
565:
560:
558:
553:
551:
546:
545:
542:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
489:Vaprio d'Adda
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
451:
448:
443:
433:
428:
426:
421:
419:
414:
413:
410:
396:
380:
371:
367:
365:3,000+ killed
364:
363:
358:
354:
351:
350:
345:
336:
331:
329:
324:
317:
312:
310:
305:
298:
293:
291:
286:
279:
272:
267:
266:
264:
259:
254:
249:
247:
242:
237:
236:
234:
233:
228:
222:
218:
214:
212:
201:
199:
194:
189:
187:
176:
175:
173:
168:
163:
158:
156:
145:
143:
138:
133:
132:
130:
129:
124:
116:
113:
112:
107:
103:45.518; 9.210
77:
74:(present-day
73:
69:
65:
62:
61:
58:27 April 1522
57:
54:
53:
49:
45:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4678:Architecture
4573:The Americas
4437:Newfoundland
4427:Túpac Katari
4417:Cuerno Verde
4352:Tenochtitlan
4184:Valenciennes
4083:
3941:Luis Fajardo
3810:Blas de Lezo
3755:Duke of Alba
3635:Spanish Road
3473:Buenos Aires
3382:Governorates
3151:Ayuntamiento
3144:Organization
2609:Carlist Wars
2457:Italian Wars
2369:
2354:
2347:
2329:
2314:
2296:
2279:
2264:
2243:
2224:
2209:
2191:
2173:
2164:Italy portal
2139:
2131:
2130:, 11; Oman,
2127:
2122:
2114:
2109:
2101:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2050:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1995:
1990:
1978:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1944:
1939:
1931:
1926:
1918:
1913:
1905:
1900:
1893:Paolo Giovio
1888:
1883:
1875:
1870:
1862:
1857:
1849:
1844:
1836:
1831:
1823:
1818:
1810:
1805:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1776:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1746:
1741:
1733:
1728:
1720:
1715:
1707:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1677:
1672:
1664:
1659:
1651:
1646:
1634:
1630:
1629:, 11; Hall,
1626:
1621:
1613:
1608:
1600:
1595:
1587:
1582:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1519:
1514:
1506:
1501:
1493:
1488:
1480:
1479:, 10; Oman,
1476:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1446:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1420:
1415:
1407:
1402:
1386:
1381:
1373:
1368:
1360:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1330:
1325:
1317:
1312:
1304:
1299:
1291:
1286:
1278:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1244:
1236:
1235:, 11; Oman,
1232:
1231:Clodfelter,
1227:
1219:
1214:
1202:
1197:
1179:
1177:
1158:sine qua non
1156:
1142:
1126:Italian Wars
1123:
1118:
1110:
1068:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1029:
993:Charles Oman
986:
965:
961:
949:landsknechts
937:arquebusiers
934:
926:
923:Dispositions
896:
830:
795:
753:
730:Italian Wars
727:
719:arquebusiers
704:
674:force under
651:
647:
645:
635:
572:Italian Wars
509:Fuenterrabía
493:
368:1–200 killed
246:Odet de Foix
211:Papal States
126:Belligerents
29:Part of the
18:
4645:Philippines
4610:El Salvador
4230:Capo d'Orso
4114:St. Quentin
4089:Rome (1527)
3748:Strategists
3498:Guadalajara
3425:New Navarre
3420:New Castile
3405:La Luisiana
3357:Puerto Rico
3347:Philippines
3304:New Granada
2994:Philippines
2955:(Uruguay),
2951:(Bolivia),
2901:New Granada
2841:Puerto Rico
2787: [
2657:Territories
2477:Encomiendas
2128:Black Bands
2081:Black Bands
1627:Black Bands
1477:Black Bands
1207:Black Bands
1132:in 1513 or
1079:brief siege
1024: 1530
1017:Jean Clouet
968:Black Bands
947:and German
872:Black Bands
865:condottiere
833:Alessandria
504:San Marcial
479:Val Vestino
101: /
4791:Categories
4315:Somosierra
4305:Manila Bay
4179:Nördlingen
4119:Gravelines
3599:Columnario
3571:Currencies
3488:Concepción
3460:Audiencias
3435:New Toledo
3400:La Florida
3233:Corregidor
3197:Papal bull
3102:Antarctica
3010:Micronesia
2467:Golden Age
2246:. Wagram.
2150:References
2132:Art of War
2126:Arfaioli,
2115:Art of War
2102:Art of War
2089:Art of War
2085:Art of War
2079:Arfaioli,
2070:, 184–185.
2068:Art of War
2051:Art of War
2040:, 186–206.
2038:Art of War
2017:Art of War
1996:Art of War
1979:Art of War
1966:Art of War
1949:his sister
1945:Art of War
1934:, 183–184.
1932:Art of War
1919:Art of War
1906:Art of War
1889:Art of War
1876:Art of War
1863:Art of War
1850:Art of War
1837:Art of War
1824:Art of War
1811:Art of War
1794:Art of War
1779:, 181–182.
1777:Art of War
1764:Art of War
1747:Art of War
1736:, 180–181.
1734:Art of War
1721:Art of War
1708:Art of War
1695:Art of War
1691:Art of War
1678:Art of War
1665:Art of War
1652:Art of War
1635:Art of War
1625:Arfaioli,
1614:Art of War
1601:Art of War
1588:Art of War
1571:Art of War
1567:Art of War
1554:Art of War
1537:Art of War
1533:Art of War
1520:Art of War
1507:Art of War
1494:Art of War
1483:, 177–178.
1481:Art of War
1475:Arfaioli,
1464:Art of War
1447:Art of War
1434:Art of War
1423:, 176–177.
1421:Art of War
1410:, 176–177.
1408:Art of War
1391:Pope Leo X
1387:Art of War
1374:Art of War
1361:Art of War
1348:Art of War
1333:, 175–176.
1331:Art of War
1318:Art of War
1305:Art of War
1292:Art of War
1279:Art of War
1268:, 174–175.
1266:Art of War
1237:Art of War
1203:Art of War
1145:small arms
1039:Denouement
763:Pope Leo X
652:La Bicocca
86:45°31′05″N
4620:Nicaragua
4598:Guatemala
4508:Pichincha
4493:Chacabuco
4432:Pensacola
4377:Mataquito
4357:Cajamarca
4338:New World
4310:Trafalgar
4214:Alhucemas
4094:Landriano
4079:Comuneros
4065:Old World
4009:Joan Orpí
3729:Royalists
3503:Guatemala
3430:New Spain
3367:Venezuela
3342:Guatemala
3299:New Spain
3294:Columbian
3187:Exequatur
3087:Cape Juby
2941:Argentina
2764:New Spain
2698:Gibraltar
2462:Habsburgs
2200:1040-5992
1134:Marignano
1065:Aftermath
957:artillery
884:monastery
800:river to
759:Charles V
624:1551–1559
619:1542–1546
614:1536–1538
604:1521–1526
589:1499–1504
584:1494–1498
519:Marseille
454:Pampeluna
89:9°12′36″E
4630:Colombia
4615:Honduras
4528:Asomante
4513:Ayacucho
4503:Carabobo
4478:Curalaba
4255:Ceresole
4149:Gembloux
4109:Mühlberg
3824:Mariners
3682:Military
3604:Doubloon
3589:Maravedí
3533:Santiago
3440:Paraguay
3166:Germania
3006:Caroline
2961:Malvinas
2945:Paraguay
2905:Colombia
2847:Trinidad
2714:Sardinia
2554:Bourbons
2242:(2013).
2117:, 57–58.
2113:Taylor,
2104:, 53–54.
2100:Taylor,
2028:Knecht,
1981:, 186.
1960:Knecht,
1539:, 51–52.
1458:Knecht,
1342:Knecht,
1260:Knecht,
1149:arquebus
1100:, which
818:infantry
791:maneuver
783:Valeggio
734:firearms
696:Lombardy
680:Imperial
672:Venetian
469:Mézières
347:Strength
63:Location
44:Lombardy
4762:Asiento
4733:Mustang
4593:Yucatán
4588:Chiapas
4468:Tucapel
4300:Passaro
4250:Algiers
4240:Preveza
4209:Tetouan
4204:Vitoria
4194:Bitonto
4134:Antwerp
4129:Lepanto
4084:Bicocca
3560:Economy
3483:Charcas
3478:Caracas
3372:Yucatán
3243:Regidor
3228:Alcalde
3156:Cabildo
3063:Tripoli
3002:Mariana
2949:Charcas
2925:(Peru,
2909:Ecuador
2872:Bonaire
2867:Curazao
2852:Jamaica
2780:Florida
1639:sappers
1168:bayonet
1120:vigour.
1102:Francis
972:pickets
945:pikemen
904:cantons
888:Certosa
853:pikemen
849:Bergamo
802:Cremona
744:Prelude
723:cantons
684:Spanish
656:Italian
494:Bicocca
474:Tournai
459:Logroño
355:18,000+
68:Bicocca
4740:Castas
4498:Boyacá
4473:Guiana
4463:Iguape
4387:Recife
4325:Mactan
4320:Annual
4285:Rocroi
4280:Leiden
4265:Djerba
4199:Bailén
4154:Ostend
4139:Azores
3734:Legión
3699:Tercio
3692:Armies
3594:Escudo
3523:Panamá
3518:Mexico
3513:Manila
3468:Bogotá
3253:Vecino
3248:Syndic
3079:Béjaïa
3039:Africa
3025:Tidore
2913:Panama
2877:Belize
2784:Mexico
2710:Sicily
2706:Naples
2668:Europe
2376:
2361:
2336:
2321:
2303:
2286:
2271:
2250:
2231:
2216:
2198:
2180:
2134:, 185.
2062:Hall,
2053:, 184.
2049:Oman,
2019:, 186.
1998:, 186.
1994:Oman,
1977:Oman,
1968:, 186.
1943:Oman,
1930:Oman,
1921:, 183.
1917:Oman,
1908:, 183.
1904:Oman,
1887:Oman,
1878:, 183.
1874:Oman,
1861:Oman,
1852:, 182.
1848:Oman,
1839:, 182.
1835:Oman,
1822:Oman,
1813:, 182.
1809:Oman,
1788:Hall,
1775:Oman,
1758:Hall,
1749:, 181.
1745:Oman,
1732:Oman,
1723:, 180.
1719:Oman,
1706:Oman,
1697:, 126.
1689:Oman,
1680:, 180.
1676:Oman,
1663:Oman,
1650:Oman,
1616:, 179.
1612:Oman,
1599:Oman,
1590:, 179.
1586:Oman,
1565:Oman,
1556:, 178.
1548:Hall,
1531:Oman,
1518:Oman,
1509:, 178.
1505:Oman,
1496:, 178.
1466:, 177.
1449:, 177.
1445:Oman,
1436:, 177.
1432:Oman,
1419:Oman,
1406:Oman,
1385:Oman,
1372:Oman,
1359:Oman,
1329:Oman,
1316:Oman,
1303:Oman,
1290:Oman,
1281:, 174.
1277:Oman,
1201:Oman,
1180:bicoca
1130:Novara
1059:Trezzo
951:under
910:Battle
876:Novara
843:; and
839:, and
814:Vaprio
779:Mantua
775:Naples
668:French
599:Urbino
208:
183:
152:
142:France
114:Result
4635:Chile
4603:Petén
4578:Aztec
4397:Bahia
4372:Penco
4362:Cusco
4290:Downs
4270:Tunis
4189:Ceuta
4174:Breda
4124:Malta
4104:Tunis
4099:Pavia
3613:Trade
3528:Quito
3493:Cusco
3332:Chile
3067:Tunis
3014:Palau
2931:Chile
2862:Aruba
2857:Haiti
2791:]
2720:Milan
2678:Spain
2091:, 51.
1190:Notes
1075:Genoa
929:manor
892:Monza
880:Pavia
837:Pavia
822:Milan
707:Milan
688:Papal
529:Pavia
514:Sesia
499:Genoa
484:Parma
464:Noáin
198:Spain
76:Italy
4640:Inca
4583:Maya
4518:Guam
4451:Lost
4223:Lost
4144:Mons
3584:Real
3508:Lima
3395:Cuba
3337:Cuba
3309:Perú
3085:and
3083:Ifni
3075:Oran
2998:Guam
2927:Acre
2923:Peru
2833:Cuba
2712:and
2374:ISBN
2359:ISBN
2334:ISBN
2319:ISBN
2301:ISBN
2284:ISBN
2269:ISBN
2248:ISBN
2229:ISBN
2214:ISBN
2196:ISSN
2178:ISBN
1091:Doge
1087:Alps
1002:Bern
878:and
859:and
841:Como
810:Alps
798:Adda
761:and
686:and
670:and
646:The
55:Date
4345:Won
4072:Won
3180:Law
3077:,
2797:),
2778:),
886:of
650:or
4793::
3081:,
3073:,
3069:,
3065:,
3061:,
3057:,
3012:,
3008:,
3004:,
3000:,
2996:,
2959:,
2947:,
2943:,
2929:,
2915:,
2911:,
2907:,
2839:,
2835:,
2789:es
2782:,
2708:,
2445:,
2346:.
2313:.
2263:.
2208:.
1186:.
1021:c.
979:.
835:,
658::
70:,
3089:)
3016:)
2992:(
2980:)
2963:)
2939:(
2933:)
2903:(
2843:)
2831:(
2801:)
2766:(
2716:)
2408:e
2401:t
2394:v
2380:.
2365:.
2340:.
2325:.
2307:.
2290:.
2275:.
2256:.
2235:.
2220:.
2202:.
2184:.
1800:.
1397:.
1251:.
1162:"
1019:(
682:–
654:(
563:e
556:t
549:v
431:e
424:t
417:v
78:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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