Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)

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finally dealing with the "arrogant" Swedish King, whose army they had consistently avoided for some months. Tilly replied that he had less respect for the Saxon troops. But during his previous campaign against the Swedes, he had learned to respect Gustavus Adolphus's military achievements and insisted that they should attack the King's army only at a distinct advantage. Most of his general staff on the other hand, mainly by Fürstenberg and almost all the junior officers, propagated Pappenheim's proposal for an immediate attack. Only a few senior officers agreed with Tilly that they should wait for reinforcements before the upcoming battle. To curtail the internal division in his general staff, Tilly wanted to occupy Pappenheim by sending him on a reconnaissance mission at the head of 2,000 Imperial horsemen. However, Pappenheim in turn wanted to use this mission to provoke his opponent into an open battle. He sent a false report to Tilly that parts of his troops had deserted to Gustavus Adolphus and lured him into a trap, and that his horsemen would perish unless the Imperial-League army came to his rescue. Although Tilly was already aware of Pappenheim's intentions, he did not want to risk losing his Imperial horsemen, and thus decided to march to Pappenheim's location with his entire army. Pappenheim's vision became partially into reality, as his horsemen clashed with the Swedish

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city's defenses and reorganizing his 2,500-strong garrison to be supported by 5,000 armed citizens. But after the fall of Frankfurt, Tilly returned to Magdeburg at the end of April. He systematically attacked the city's outer defenses from several sides, which were gradually abandoned by the Swedish defenders. The Imperial troops dug trenches which, by mid-May, ran only five meters from the city's walls. On May 18, Tilly issued a final ultimatum for surrender to the city, which was subsequently refused by the city's council. On May 19, Tilly held a council of war with his generals where they decided to make a final assault on the city from six directions the following day. During the morning of 20 May, the city was bombarded by Tilly's guns and Imperial troops broke into the city from several directions. The city was set on fire, Falkenberg and the entire city garrison were massacred, and the Imperial troops pillaged the city for several days while committing cruel acts of violence against the city's 25,000 inhabitants. By the time Tilly ordered an end to the looting on 24 May, Magdeburg was turned into a smoldering ghost town, resulting in the deaths of around 20,000 inhabitants.

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retreated and the entire Imperial-League army had turned their attention towards Horn's isolated troops. The King immediately ordered Teuffel to send auxiliaries to Horn's aid. As Teuffel was about to carry out the King's order, he was killed by a stray bullet fired from Tilly's infantry regiment, who advanced to confront the stationary Blue Brigade. This forced Gustavus Adolphus to alone ride to Colonel Hepburn at the centre's second line. He ordered him to march to Horn's aid with all three brigades of the second line, along with the reserve units from the first and second lines. In columns, Hepburn's, Eckstädt's, and Thurn's brigades and the reserve troops pivoted straight to the left and deployed themselves on Horn's left front, bringing with them their 18 regimental guns. Furthermore, Efferen-Hall's and Courville's cuirassier regiments were reinforced with Schaffman's and Kochtitzky's cavalry companies. With their arrival at his position, Horn was able to dispose of around 10,000 soldiers, whereby his front line could no longer be outflanked by Tilly's onslaught.

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also gave respite to the remaining Imperial-League troops scattered around the battlefield to escape with their lives. The tercios were subjected to artillery fire from their own artillery pieces, which had now been turned against them by Gustavus Adolphus and Horn's cavalry. By sundown, the 4,100 men of the four Imperial regiments from the start of the battle had now been reduced to a mere 600 men. The fighting finally subsided during nightfall at nine o'clock in the evening. Under the cover of darkness, Pappenheim was able to retreat from the battlefield along with the last Imperial-League soldiers. The flight proceeded in good order through the Linkelwald and in the direction of Halle. The exhausted Swedish infantry spent the night on the battlefield, while the Swedish cavalry and Taube's Saxon cuirassiers continued their pursuit along the roads towards Leipzig and Halle.

1902:. The King then turned his attention to Frankfurt an der Oder, both to secure the river crossing over the Oder and to deter Tilly from threatening Magdeburg. On learning of the Swedes' plans, Tilly found himself in a dilemma whether to rescue Frankfurt or complete his siege of Magdeburg. On April 13, Gustavus Adolphus' army of 23,000 men arrived outside the walls around Frankfurt (Oder). Knowing of the Imperials' plunder of Neubrandenburg, the King intended to see that Frankfurt would have to pay in the same coin. On the same day, the Swedes launched a furious attack on the city. After a fierce battle, in which 800 Swedish soldiers fell, the city was captured, and 3,000 men from the city's garrison were massacred together with a number of armed citizens. Following the news of the fall of Frankfurt, Tilly immediately returned to Magdeburg with 25,000 men. 2098:. By this time Tilly's army had already stormed and conquered Leipzig. At this point, only 25 kilometres (16 mi) separated between the combatants. Tilly had no longer the opportunity to avoid a confrontation, and his forces found themselves at a numerical disadvantage as a result of the union between the two Protestant regents. A southern retreat would worsen his situation, as an entry into Bohemia could lead to a declaration of war from Wallenstein, who since the spring of 1631 had begun negotiations with Gustavus Adolphus. Tilly's only hope was to consolidate his position at Leipzig and await for reinforcements. A Catholic League army of 17,000 men under General Aldringen was already advancing from the south. Meanwhile, the Protestant forces, consisting of 30,000 Swedes and 20,000 Saxons, had assembled at Düben. 2607:

flank, allowing him to gradually extend his own line rightward. First to deploy on the King's right flank was the Rhinegrave's cuirassiers, later followed by Aderkas' Livonians, Dönhoff's Curonians and Kochtitzky's Slavic and Pomeranian cavalry. Pappenheim made three flanking attacks against the Swedes. The regimental commanders Aderkas and Damitz fell during this action. Both Gustavus Adolphus and Banér encouraged their horsemen and musketeers to remain steadfast. With all his attacks repulsed, Pappenheim fell back with heavy casualties and left his remaining cuirassiers demoralized and exhausted. Meanwhile, the Yellow Brigade launched their own attack and were able to create a gap between Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp's regiment and Piccolomini's harquebusiers on Pappenheim's right flank.

3095:. The smallest combat unit of the King's infantry was the battalion (then called the squadron). Before battle, three to four battalions were combined into a larger combat unit, the brigade. The brigade was powerful enough to both defend against or successfully attack a tercio. Unlike the tercio, the brigade, thanks to its composition of battalions, could maneuver itself much faster and more smoothly on the battlefield. The battleline within Gustavus Adolphus's army was usually divided into two lines, with the brigades formed into line formation side by side in the centre and the cavalry in line formation on both wings. Within each battalion, the pikemen stood in the centre and the musketeers on the wings. A number of musketeer divisions were grouped together with the cavalry. 2774:

five o'clock in the afternoon, the action at Horn's front had been going on for an hour. Hepburn signaled his musicians to play Scottish marching music to prevent his Scottish troops from getting lost in the smoke. The repeated and concentrated volleys from Horn's and Hepburn's musketeers, coupled with the heavy cannonade from their regimental artillery, forced the remnants of the Imperial-League infantry to stall their attacks, leading to the men being crowded together and losing their momentum. Despite the heavy resistance, Tilly refused to withdraw and his infantry continued to put up heavy pressure on Horn's troops. But his positions had very limited room to manoeuvre and were slowly being pushed back by strong counterattacks made by Horn's and Hepburn's troops.

2367:'s brigade of 1,900 men which included 8 companies of Thurn's "Black" Infantry Regiment, 8 companies of Colonel Adolf Theodor von Efferen-Hall's "Black" Infantry Regiment, and 12 companies of Colonel Sigfrid von Dārgitz's "White" Infantry Regiment; as well as Colonel Johann Vitzthum von Eckstädt's brigade of 1,200 men which included 8 companies of Eckstädt's "Orange" Infantry Regiment, 5 companies of Colonel Wilhelm Kasper von Mitschefall's Infantry Squadron, and 8 companies of Lieutenant Colonel John Ruthwenn's Infantry Regiment. The second line's reserve consisted of Colonel Adam Schaffman's Czech and Silesian cuirassier squadron's 4 companies with 400 men and Colonel Andras Kochtitzky the Younger's Slavic and Pomeranian cavalry's 4 companies with 300 men. 2205: 2669: 1924: 3099:

successive fire. He had also developed a new technique of musket fire; the musketeers took up firing positions in three ranks: with the first rank while kneeling, the second rank while crouching and the third rank in a standing position. A concentrated Swedish volley had a devastating effect and opened the way for a fierce attack from the Swedish pikemen. The ratio of muskets to pikes was 13 to 8. Thus compared to the Dutch formation, Gustavus Adolphus had increased the number of pikes. The Swedish battleline was also more flexible, as the battalions were only six ranks deep. This made it possible for the Swedish units to quickly react to the enemy's movements. More important, the

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large amount of troops on the trodden earth stirred up huge clouds of dust. These clouds were spread out with the wind towards the Swedish left wing, thus obscuring the visibility among Tilly's and Horn's troops. The left-turn movement and the difficult visibility resulted with Pappenheim's, Wahl's, Wangler's and Reinach-Comargo's infantry regiments, comprising 7,800 men and about 1,000 soldiers from nearby regiments, being pushed too far to the right. Due to the size of the tercios, the turning maneuver became a very time-consuming process. Many soldiers were crowded together and placed too far back to fully participate in the fighting on the far left.

2591:"By half three, our cannon a little ceasing, the horsemen on both wings charged furiously one another, our horsemen with a resolution, abiding unloosing a pistol, till the enemy had discharged first, and then at a near distance our musketeers meeting them with a salvo; then our horsemen discharged their pistols, and then charged through them with swords; and at their return the musketeers were ready again to give the second salvo of musket amongst them; the enemy thus valiantly resisted by our horsemen, and cruelly plagued by our platoons of musketeers; you may imagine, how soon he would be discouraged after charging twice in this manner, and repulsed." 44: 1906: 2542:

into position to launch its own bombardment. The Swedes demonstrated firepower in a rate of fire of three to five volleys to one Imperial volley. Torstenson later changed direction to aim his guns more accurately against the enemy. Tilly's tercios where easy targets for Torstenson's guns, while the Swedish troops were much sparsely spread and stood "as firm as a wall". During the approximately two-hour long cannonade, about 1,000 Swedish soldiers were killed, about the same number of Saxon soldiers and about 2,000 Imperial-League soldiers. Colonel von Baumgarten was among the first to die from a Saxon cannonball.

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and left wing. They were spearheaded by Cronberg's and Schönburg's cuirassier regiments. Schönburg attacked the Saxon Horse Guards, which were quickly routed after a brief struggle. Saxe-Altenburg's and General Bindauf's regiments resolutely defended themselves against Baumgarten's cavalry attack, with the latter soon being reinforced by Cronberg's cavalry. General Bindauf and Colonel Starschedel were both shot to death, resulting in their regiments disintegrating and routing from the battlefield. Colonel Steinau was captured by the Imperial-League troops during the commotion, along with most of his regiment.

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wind behind their backs. Isolani's Croats employed the caracole to stall the Green Brigade, but they were repulsed by heavy musket volleys and canister shots from Hepburn's regimental guns. When Pappenheim's tercios was within range, Hepburn lined up his Scottish musketeers with their three front ranks kneeling and three rear ranks standing upright. In a short time they were able to fire concentrated platoon volleys, which together with the canister shots from their regimental guns inflicted mounting casualties on Pappenheim's advancing columns. These in turn returned fire with their own muskets.

2041:. Gustavus Adolphus regrouped his army of 30,000 men in an attempt to challenge Tilly's Imperial and Catholic League army, which at the time had not yet converged with their reinforcements coming from the south. In tandem, the King drew up a plan of defense centered around the town of Werben, which the Swedes had recently recaptured from Pappenheim's troops. Meanwhile, Tilly had converged with Pappenheim's army to with their combined 20,000 troops attempt to challenge Gustavus Adolphus in open battle. The King, in turn, had assembled 15,000 men at a heavily fortified camp in Werben. 2628:

forcing Banér to bring in Ortenburg's cuirassiers and the Yellow Brigade's commanded musketeers at five o'clock, who pulverised the tercio with musketry fire and canister charges from their regimental artillery. Their combined firepower were able to finally bring down the tercio. Out of 1,500 men, only 300 men of the Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp regiment survived after the battle. Colonel von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp was mortally wounded during this action and was escorted as a Swedish prisoner of war to Eilenburg for treatment. He succumbed to his wounds two days later.

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recruitment of militia regiments, which was met with condemnation from Emperor Ferdinand. Tilly feared that the Elector of Saxony would ally himself with Gustavus Adolphus, who had already entered into an alliance with Brandenburg. In order to present John Georg I with an ultimatum regarding his recruitment, Tilly chose to invade the Electorate in June 1631. The Elector at this time wanted to buy time by engaging in negotiations with Tilly, to avoid a direct counter-offensive. But Tilly chose to quickly end the negotiations and instead begin a siege of

434: 396: 2926: 1951:. These actions forced the Elector to enter into an alliance with Sweden. The alliance was ratified on June 22, 1631, where Brandenburg agreed to assist Sweden with monthly subsidies. Despite this threat to his northern border, John George of Saxony was still not persuaded or forced to enter into an alliance with Sweden. The Elector instead continued to maintain a policy of strict neutrality in relation to the campaigns that took place outside the borders of his Electorate. This policy hindered both the King's and Tilly's continued warfare. 2713:

Efferen-Hall and several of his men in the process. Tilly ordered Fürstenberg to renew his attacks on Horn's front, while his infantry moved into fighting positions. When these began to march across the deep trenches, Colonel Caldenbach and his regiment decided to sally out against the Imperial-League infantry in a suicidal assault. Caldenbach and nearly all of his men were killed during this delaying action, however, their assault stalled the advance of several enemy infantry regiments. This gave Horn more time to organize his defense.

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of the troops accumulated large clouds of dust and smoke, which with strong south-westerly winds blew straight into the faces of the Swedish soldiers. To circumvent this and attempt to get the wind on their side, the King ordered his right wing to pivot to the left. This movement was observed by both Tilly and Pappenheim. The latter's cavalry was struck hard by the heavy Swedish artillery fire. The impetuous Pappenheim wanted to immediately unleash his cavalry upon the Swedes, while the latter was busy regrouping their ranks.

2871: 2717: 2045: 2505:) League Infantry Regiment with 2,000 under Colonel Otto Ludwig von Blankart, Chiesa's (German-Italian) Imperial Infantry Regiment with 1,000 under Colonel Kaspar Francesco Chiesa, Comargo-Reinach's League Infantry Regiment with 2,000 under Colonel Hans Ludwig von Grotta, Fürstenberg's (German) Imperial Infantry Regiment with 1,100 under General Fürstenberg, Gallas' (German-Italian) Imperial Infantry Regiment with 900 under General Matthias Gallas, Geleen's (Bavarian) League Infantry Regiment with 2,000 under Colonel 2555: 1621: 2783: 389: 1748: 1791: 2065:

for two days, but Gustavus Adolhpus refused to accept Tilly's challenge. Since the latter did not want to risk a second assault against the strong Swedish position, the imperial troops retreated on August 8. Both Tilly and the King spent the following weeks to reinforce their armies. By the arrival of Fürstenberg's army at the end of August, Tilly had a total of 35,000 men at his disposal, while Gustavus Adolphus's army at the time was numerically inferior.

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Maximilian von Sachsen-Lauenburg. Cronberg's and Schönburg's cuirassiers escorted Tilly to safety in Halle. Meanwhile, Field Marshal Pappenheim managed to return to the fray and tried to gather every remaining cuirassier he could find. But by this time, most of the Imperial cavalry had fled the battlefield. With limited room for maneuver, Pappenheim undertook the task of protecting Tilly's retreat. Scattered Imperial-League troops fled towards Leipzig,

3034: 1632:, they could become a large threat to Swedish territory. The conflict escalated following Sweden's intervention in the war, which then spread further along different fronts both within and outside of Europe's borders. Gustavus Adolphus initially laid out the outlines of a diplomatic solution to the conflict, which were intended to satisfy the interests of the Protestants in Northern Germany. After fruitless negotiations with Ferdinand II in 2486:, two harquebusier regiments and five cuirassier regiments: Bernstein's (German) Imperial Cuirassier Regiment with 400 under Colonel Wilhelm von Bernstein, Merode's (Spanish) Imperial Harquebusier Regiment with 500 under Colonel Jean de Merode, Saxe-Lauenburg (German) Imperial Cuirassier Regiment with 600 under Colonel Franz Albecht von Saxe-Lauenburg, Piccolomini's (German) Imperial Harquebusier Regiment of 800 man under General 2827:

Tilly's army. The Imperial-League tercios suffered heavy losses and lost all cohesion. The remnants of Tilly's army was thus forced into a disorderly retreat. The regimental commanders Erwitte, Caffarelli and Philipp Pappenheim where killed during this action, while Coronini became a Swedish prisoner of war. Thus both Erwitte's reserve cavalry and Philipp Pappenheim's regiment fell apart and fled in panic from the battlefield.

2848:; for though the Dutch horsemen did behave themselves valourously divers times that day, yet it was not their fortune to put the enemy to flight; and though there were brave brigades of Swedes and Dutch in the field, yet it was the Scots brigads’ fortune to have gotten the praise for the foote service, and not without cause, having behaved themselves well, being led and conducted by an expert cavalier and fortunat—the valiant 2303:'s Cuirassier Regiment had 12 companies with 600 men and Colonel Moritz Pensen von Caldenbach's Cuirassier Regiment had 8 companies with 650 men. At the second line, there were 5 companies with 250 men of Colonel Nicholas de Courville's Cuirassier Regiment, 12 companies with 800 men of Colonel Efferen-Hall's Cuirassier Regiment and 4 companies with 450 men of Colonel Georg Christoph von Taupadel's German Dragoon Squadron. 2694:

minutes, and he exploited the surrounding smoke and dust clouds to conceal his deployment. Before the maneuver could be completed, Fürstenberg made an attempt to charge Horn's flank. But since his cavalry, having chased away the Saxon troops, had not yet regrouped his ranks effectively, he was unable to mount a concentrated attack. Thus his attack was quickly repulsed by a concentrated volley from Waldstein's musketeers.

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that the united army should draw Tilly into open battle. On the morning of September 17, Gustavus Adolphus ordered his troops to march south through hilly terrain. Only 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) separated the King's and Tilly's armies. After a two-hour long march, the King's troops arrived at the Lober stream, whose swampy banks they were forced to cross with great difficulty to reach the neighboring village of

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fleeing Imperial-League soldiers either deserted or were killed by vengeful Saxon peasants in the days following the battle. Among the dead were General of the Artillery Schönburg, General Erwitte and colonels Baumgarten, Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, Caffarelli, and Philipp Pappenheim. Furthermore, colonels Blankart, Coronini, Montecuccoli, and Wangler were captured along with a number of lieutenant colonels,

2082: 2406:'s Cuirassier Regiment with 1,200 men, and Colonel Bernhard von Pflugk's Cuirassier Regiment with 1,500 men. Field Marshal Arnim was in command of the Saxon right wing, which consisted of six cavalry regiments: Arnim's Life Guard with 200 men led by himself, the Elector's Life Guard with 600 men led by Colonel Dietrich von Taube, Colonel Wolf Adam von Steinau's Cuirassier Regiment with 500 men, Colonel 2656:, as well as the nearby Swedish one, who during the rush was also dragged along in the flight. The Saxon artillery was captured by the Imperial cavalry, who used the pieces to bombard both the fleeing Saxon troops and the Swedish left wing. Parts of Fürstenberg's and Isolani's cavalry, whose men cried out "Victoria" in triumph, chased after the Saxons and plundered their abandoned 1970:

King to abandon his previous cautious method of warfare and instead seek redress for the ruthless massacre of Magdeburg's Protestant population. The Swedes turned the sack of Magdeburg to good use: broadsides and pamphlets distributed throughout Europe ensured that prince and pauper alike understood how the Emperor, or at least his troops, treated his Protestant subjects.

1448:. Through quick improvisation and the flexibility and firepower among the Swedish troops, they were able to regroup and launch a series of counterattacks against Tilly's troops. When Gustavus Adolphus performed a broad counteroffensive with his cavalry, Tilly was forced to retreat from the battlefield, losing two-thirds of his army after the battle. 2660:. Almost the entire Saxon army fled the battlefield over the course of merely an hour. Only Colonel Taube's Life Regiment and Arnim's Life Guards remained, who later regrouped behind the Swedish left wing. In a short time, the united Protestant army lost a third of its strength, with the remnants now being numerically inferior to Tilly's army. 2339:'s 24 companies of 1,800 men led by General Hans Georg aus dem Winckel, which included 12 companies of Winckel's "blue" infantry regiment and 12 companies of Colonel Geisbrecht von Hogendorf's "red" infantry regiment. The reserve of the first line consisted of Colonel Johann Philip von Ortenburg's cuirassier regiment of 500 men, Colonels 2529:, Caffarelli's (Spanish) Imperial Harquebusier Regiment with 300 men under Colonel Francesco de Caffarelli, Colloredo's (German) Imperial Harquebusier Regiment with 400 men under Colonel Giovanni Battista von Colloredo, and Coronini's (German) Imperial Harquebusier Regiment with 400 men under Colonel Johann P. Coronini von Cronberg. 2161:(2 kilometres (1.2 mi) north of Seehausen) in the south. Between Breitenfeld and Seehausen ran the Galgenberg, a pair of gently sloping ridges where Tilly placed his artillery, while his army was lined up just behind the ridges. Behind his army, just northeast of Wiederitzsch, laid the deciduous Linkelwald forest. Tilly had his 2311:. Teuffel's troops of 8,650 men in the first line consisted of four infantry brigades: the Yellow Brigade's 12 companies of 1,700 men led by himself, which also included an infantry squadron of 4 companies under Colonel Niklas von Chemnitz; Colonel Åke Gustafsson Oxenstierna's brigade of 1,400 men which included the 1935:. The garrison in Kolberg also capitulated in March 1631, after five months of resistance against the Swedes. Gustavus Adolphus had thus taken control of the entire territory northeast of Frankfurt and was able to exert diplomatic pressure on the Protestant electors. In May 1631, he marched his troops against 2398:

Dietrich von Starschedel's Infantry Regiment with 2,200 men, Colonel Siegmund von Wolfersdorf's Foot Regiment, Colonel Karl von Bose's Foot Regiment, the Elector's Infantry Regiment led by Colonel Johann Casimir von Schaumberg, Colonel Johann von der Pforte's Foot Regiment, and Dam Vitzthum's Foot Regiment.

1823:, whose troops had arrived in the lower reaches of the Elbe. At the same time, Colonel Federigo di Savelli succeeded in strengthening Rostock's defenses, thereby deterring the now numerically inferior Swedish troops. Gustavus Adolplhus decided in mid-October to break off the siege and return to Pomerania. 2819:

line of retreat towards Leipzig. At the same time, Torstenson moved his light artillery forward and Mackay's and Monro's regiments were able to recapture the Saxon artillery. Together with the captured Imperial artillery, the tightly packed Imperial-League infantry were now exposed to a heavy artillery

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from the nearby musketeer divisions. The cavalry had also learned, after firing their pistols, to charge with their sabres at hand at full gallop. The great firepower of Gustavus Adolphus's musketeers and artillery, combined with the flexibility of its order of battle (the brigades), made the Swedish

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that accompanied the troops during their advance and provided devastating firepower at close range. He had moved away from heavy siege artillery into more mobile field pieces, which because of their mobility and rate of fire were much more effective than the former per pound. In addition, the Swedish

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The Swedish victory at Breitenfeld sent shockwaves around Europe, since the German Protestant states won their first and greatest victory since the outbreak of the war. Breitenfeld came to symbolize the Lutherans' revenge for the Magdeburg massacre months before. The victory allowed Gustavus Adolphus

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Tilly's army. After he had sent auxiliaries to Horn's front, the King rode over to Banér on the right wing to rally his remaining cavalry. He ordered Soop and his Västergötland cavalry to charge against Erwitte's open left flank. Along with Horn's cavalry, Soop's regiment were able to drive Erwitte's

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At the same time, Göss' tercios clashed with Eckstädt's brigade and Erwitte's reserve cavalry advanced against Horn's cavalry. Horn's cavalry acted as a "hinge" between Eckstädt's brigade and the Blue Brigade in the centre. As Göss's and Pappenheim's tercios approuched their opponents, the pikemen of

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Horn was well aware that his thin lines alone could not hold their ground against the crushing force of the Imperial-League infantry, which now numbered some 20,000 men and reinforced by thousands of Fürstenberg's cavalry. While Tilly slowly regrouped his tercios for his decisive infantry assault, he

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immediately threw Pappenheim's exhausted cuirassiers back in disarray, with some units under Pappenheim falling back to the Imperial artillery positions at Galgenberg, while others accompanied Piccolomini in his retreat from the battlefield. The Livonian and Curonian cuirassiers pursued Piccolomini's

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The Imperial artillery park under General of the Artillery Schönburg consisted of 27 artillery pieces, divided between eleven 32-pounder guns, four 16-pounder guns, one 12-pounder gun, three 8-pounder guns, two 3-pounder guns and six smaller guns. The heavier pieces were placed in front of the middle

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Tilly placed his reserve of 2,000 men behind his centre, divided between five cavalry regiments under the command of Major General Dietrich Ottmar von Erwitte. The reserve consisted of Erwitte's League Cuirassier Regiment with 600 men, Montecuccoli's (German) Imperial Cuirassier Regiment with 300 men

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According to Jan Glete, the Saxon army consisted of 17,325 men, of which 12,100 were infantry divided between nine infantry regiments and 5,225 were reiters divided between twelve cavalry regiments. The army also brought 12 artillery pieces of unknown caliber. The army was lined up to the left of the

2235:' studies, Gustavus Adolphus commanded over 22,806 Swedish soldiers at Breitenfeld, which consisted of 14,742 infantry divided between 26 infantry regiments, 7,600 horsemen divided between 17 cavalry regiments and a dragoon regiment of 464 men. Among the soldiers, 4,628 men originated from Sweden and 2160:

4 kilometres (2.5 mi) west of the village. The Swedish army was drawn up in the open field just south of Podelwitz. The Saxon army was deployed on the Swedish army's western flank, between the villages of Zschölkau (3 kilometres (1.9 mi) northeast of Podelwitz) in the north and Göbschelwitz

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On September 16, the Swedish and Saxon troops spent the night in full battle formation at the village of Wölchau about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northeast of Leipzig. In the evening, Gustavus Adolphus made plans before the upcoming battle with John Georg I and his own general staff. The staff agreed

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The Saxon policy of neutrality continued to hinder Tilly's army. The Electorate blocked the lines of communication between the Imperial and League armies that crossed the Swedish line of defense along the Elbe and Oder. John Georg I also wanted to strengthen his Electorate by issuing a decree for the

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At the beginning of his campaign, Gustavus Adolplhus was in great need of both economic and military support from the Protestant powers in Germany, whose enthusiasm for the Swedish landing was extremely limited. Among the Electorates of Saxony and Brandenburg, including some smaller duchies, Gustavus

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in 1632, where he deployed his imperial infantry into battalions of three lines. His battalions were influenced by the Dutch doctrine and he also used Gustavus Adolphus's model of uniting battalions into brigades. The Swedish brigade was also forced to reform as a result of the Swedish defeat at the

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In the following day after the battle, 3,000 fleeing Imperial soldiers surrendered to their Saxon pursuers, who hunted them all the way to Leipzig. The Imperial-League prisoners of war from the battle were soon recruited into the Swedish ranks, as replacements for the Swedes' own losses. Up to 5,000

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At six o'clock in the evening, Pappenheim formed tercios at the brow of the Linkelwald forest with the last cohesive remnants of Baldiron-Dietrichstein's, Göss's, Chiesa's and Blankart's regiments. The tercios put up dogged resistance against Tott's and Stenbock's attacking cavalry. Their resistance

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First (saith he), giving fire unto three little Field-pieces that I had before me, I suffered not my muskettiers to give their volleyes till I came within Pistollshot of the enemy, at which time I gave order to the first rancks to discharge at once, and after them the other three: which done we fell

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to the right, concentrating on the Saxon troops. Meanwhile, Gallas' tercios advanced to put pressure on the Swedish centre, while Tilly's tercios acted as a "hinge" between Gallas' and Göss's tercios. The marching tercios were immediately exposed to Torstenson's artillery fire, which tore huge holes

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Tilly's infantry remained stationary on the Galgenberg while Pappenheim's made his assault against the Swedish right wing. Half an hour after Pappenheim's first charge, Fürstenberg's and Isolani's cavalry, on the Imperial-League right wing, made a direct assault of their own against the Saxon centre

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As a means to stop Tilly's delaying strategy, the impetuous Pappenheim wanted to spur Tilly to immediately advance and crush the Protestant army, which he himself regarded as a large "mob army". Pappenheim pointed out that further delay in the arrival of Aldringen's army would reduce their chance of

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of the Elector's allied Saxon army with great skepticism. Two days after the convergence at Düben, the Swedish army had lost 10 percent of its strength, which included deserters as well as sick and injured soldiers. Tilly's scouts had overestimated their opponent's combined strength. This made Tilly

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On Christmas Day of 1630, Gustavus Adolplhus launched a surprise attack against both Greifenhagen and Gartz. The garrison in Greifenhagen was annihilated, while the garrison of Gartz retreated following a Swedish bombardment of the fortress. The fleeing troops led by Colonel Hannibal von Schauenberg

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in 1628 and 1629, Gustavus Adolphus emphasized about the necessity of Sweden's entry into the war. This was partly done in defense of the Protestant faith, but also due to the imperial naval armaments in Northern Germany, which could pose a great threat to Swedish territory. After the entire Riksdag

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was able to defeat the Danish Army. Denmark's withdrawal from the war in 1629 led to a de-escalation of the hostilities. Ever since the outbreak of the war, the Protestant states in Germany were forced to endure severe hardships. Against the background of the strengthened position of the Emperor and

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The totality of the victory confirmed Gustavus Adolphus's military innovations and guaranteed that the Swedes would remain engaged in the war for the foreseeable future. In the long term, the significant loss of forces and the creation of a strong Protestant anti-Imperial force required the Emperor

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As the Swedish auxiliaries arrived at Horn's front, Philipp von Pappenheim's tercios advanced in columns to confront the Green Brigade. Although Pappenheim's veteran regiments were three times the size of the Green Brigade, the latter had brought several regimental guns and had both the sun and the

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to attack the Swedish left wing from the flank and the rear. Horn responded to Tilly's regroupment by having Baudissin's and Caldenbach's cuirassiers engage in delaying actions against the Imperial-League infantry, with fire support from Waldstein's musketeers. His aim was to disrupt Tilly's attack

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The agile Swedish troops now saw their opportunity. Horn observed the new situation occurring before his eyes and immediately reacted to Tilly's attempt to outflank his troops. He took the initiative by ordering his left flank (Baudissin's and Caldenbach's cuirassiers) to pivot sharply to the left,

2627:

With Pappenheim's cavalry taken out of action, only Colonel von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp's infantry regiment remained on this front. The regiment formed into a tercio to stand their ground against attacks from Stålhandske's and Wunsch's Hakkapeliitta. The Finnish horsemen met stubborn resistance,

2618:

Following Pappenheim's seventh repulse at about four o'clock in the evening, Gustavus Adolphus ordered Banér to rally the cavalry of Sperreuth, Stenbock, Soop, Tott, Stålhandske and Wunsch. Banér led them in a broad counter-charge against both Pappenheim's cuirassiers and Piccolomini's and Merode's

2545:

Both forces on the battlefield remained stationary throughout the cannonade and refused to advance against their adversary. Tilly did not want to abandon the Galgenberg, whose advantageous position Gustavus Adolphus feared to attack. Furthermore, the gunpowder smoke from the cannons and the advance

2541:

The battle began at twelve o'clock with an exchange of artillery fire. Tilly's artillery concentrated their fire against the Saxon troops and the Swedish centre and left wing. The Saxons and Swedes returned fire with their own guns. It took some time before Torstenson's heavy artillery were brought

2500:

Tilly was in command of the Imperial-League centre, which included 18,700 troops, with General of the Artillery Otto Friedrich von Schönburg auf Wesel as his second-in-command. The centre was made up of twelve infantry regiments: Baldiron-Dietrichstein's (Spanish-Italian) Imperial Infantry Regiment

2465:

The Imperial-League right wing consisted of 5,400 soldiers under the command of General Egon von Fürstenberg. The wing were made up of Colonel Johann von Wangler's (German) Imperial Infantry Regiment with 1,200 men and five cavalry regiments: Altsächsisch's (Protestant) Imperial Cuirassier Regiment

2433:

regiments, including irregular cavalry units. The infantry consisted of 8,600 Imperial soldiers, who formed eight tercios with just over 1,000 men each, and 12,800 League soldiers who formed six more robust tercios of over 2,000 men each. The fourteen tercios were divided into four groups commanded

2101:

By virtue of his numerical superiority, Gustavus Adolphus felt confident before his upcoming meeting with Tilly's assembled army. He had up until this point deliberately avoided a direct confrontation with the Imperial Army. He ordered Field Marshal Horn to gather intelligence about his opponent at

2064:

and ordered his troops to advance towards the camp's weakest sections. When the fog suddenly dispersed during the march, Tilly's troops were immediately exposed to Swedish artillery fire and were forced to retreat with heavy casualties. Tilly then arrayed his army in battle formation and stood idle

1772:

declared themselves in favor of the Swedish King. On the Catholic side, Ferdinand II had an army totaling 100,000 men, but for logistical reasons the force had been steadily reduced to a field army of 60,000 men. It consisted of 40,000 Imperial soldiers and 20,000 Catholic League soldiers under the

1738:

put up stubborn resistance, Knyphausen was forced to withdraw at the end of 1630. Through the summer campaign of 1630, the Swedish bridgehead along the German Baltic Sea coast was consolidated, while the Swedish army was strengthened through the recruitment of mercenaries from the surrounding area.

1451:

The Swedish-Saxon victory at Breitenfeld allowed Gustavus Adolphus to launch a campaign against southern Germany. It was the King's most notable military victory and cemented his reputation of being one of the greatest military commanders in modern history. His army at Breitenfeld utilized an early

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Between six and seven o'clock, Horn made his last cavalry charge against the enemy. Hepburn's brigade led an infantry attack, and the King sent the Blue Brigade to support him. These two-fold attacks, coupled with the destructive crossfire from the Swedish artillery, finally led to the collapse of

2818:

To complete his counter-offensive, Gustavus Adolphus ordered the rest of his right wing and the brigades on the first line of the centre to pivot perpendicularly to the left. This manoeuvre allowed the brigades to occupy the Galgenberg, push back Tilly's Imperial-League infantry, and cut off their

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Meanwhile, the King rode at the head of the Hakkapeliitta and Stenbock's, Sperreuth's and Rheingrave's cavalry. He led them into a flanking charge against the Imperial artillery. Small remnants of Pappenheim's cuirassiers, who had retreated to the Galgenberg, were chased off by the King's cavalry.

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The fierce fighting along Horn's front accumulated thick clouds of gunpowder smoke and dust, which with strong westerly winds spread across the entire battlefield. These greatly obscured both the commander's ability to survey the battle and the soldiers' ability to recognize their own comrades. At

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Due to the pressure of Fürstenberg's cavalry, coupled with the advance of Tilly's infantry, the rest of the Saxon army started to panic. The greater part of the army routed from the battlefield at four o'clock. Even the Elector John George, who made desperate attempts to incite his troops to fight

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Gustavus Adolphus' front. Banér and the King had by this time fully deployed their troops into lines, and were fully prepared to defend themselves against Pappenheim's assault. As soon as Pappenheim's cuirassiers approached Gustavus Adolphus' front and discharged their pistols at them, the Swedish

2298:

The Swedish left wing consisted of 3,750 men, with Field Marshal Gustav Horn in command of the first line and Colonel Adolf Didrik von Efferen-Hall in command of the second. The wing were made up of Colonel Berthold von Waldstein's infantry regiment's 8 companies with 1,000 men, who were placed in

1439:

in 1630 to intervene in favor of the German Protestants. In the spring of 1631, Field Marshal Tilly had assembled an army to restore Imperial control over northern Germany. Already that summer, Tilly invaded the Electorate of Saxony, whose Elector John George I chose to enter into an alliance with

3098:

The firepower was of vital importance in the army of Gustavus Adolphus. Proportionally, the Swedish musketeers in his battalion were fewer than those in the tercio or the Dutch battalion, but they were used highly effectively. Gustavus Adolphus instructed his musketeers to fire volleys instead of

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and Halle. Both the King's and Horn's cavalry launched a determined pursuit, cutting down or capturing any Imperial-League soldiers who failed to escape the battlefield. Large parts of the Swedish army, however, were too exhausted to partake in the pursuit. Tilly's army was thus spared from total

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against Horn's troops. If successful, he would outflank the Swedish army on their left flank and ultimately drive them back towards the marchlands at the Lober stream. Arriving at the former position of the Saxons, Tilly slowly pivoted his Imperial-League tercios to the left. The movement of such

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The destruction of Magdeburg had dire consequences for both Tilly and Gustavus Adolphus. Tilly was unable to support his troops in the vicinity of the city, while the King's failure to rescue the city in time damaged his reputation. Another consequence was that the loss of Magdeburg persuaded the

1954:

Since the beginning of April 1631, Magdeburg was besieged by imperial troops. The city's commandant Falkenberg was ordered by Gustavus Adolphus to hold the city for at least two months. Initially, Falkenberg had been able to take advantage of Tilly's hesitation for his siege, by strengthening the

1806:

After the Swedish army consolidated their territories in Pomerania during the summer of 1630, Gustavus Adolplhus was able to advance towards Mecklenburg. Mecklenburg was invaded at the end of September by 12,000 Swedish soldiers, with their main objective of securing the river crossings over the

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At five o'clock in the afternoon, the battle had been going on for five hours. Following Banér's successful cavalry charge against Pappenheim's cavalry, Gustavus Adolphus noticed a gap had opened up between the Imperial-League centre and the fleeing left wing. He now recognized an opportunity to

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his right flank. By performing this evasive maneuver, he directed his attacks against the King's right flank, as well as Banér's troops in the second line. Gustavus Adolphus promptly responded to this threat by ordering his reserves and Banér's units from the second line to reinforce his exposed

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of Pomerania was forced to enter into an alliance with Gustavus Adolphus and assist with supplying the King's army. Furthermore, the king received subsidies from the deposed dukes of Mecklenburg, whose territories had previously been occupied by Wallenstein and thus saw the Swedish King as their

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Horn thus re-aligned his troops in a new defensive front at a 90-degree angle, which ran perpendicularly along the country road between Düben and Leipzig. The road was surrounded by deep ditches, which Horn used as a defensive obstacle. His hastily improvised maneuver was carried out in just 15

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At three o'clock in the afternoon, Tilly recognized an opportunity for a main assault with his Imperial-League infantry against both the Saxon army and the left flank of the Swedish centre. Tercios spearheaded by Philipp von Pappenheim's and Göss's regiments, supported by Wangler's regiment and

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was in command of the Saxon centre. The centre consisted of nine infantry regiments: Field Marshal Arnim's Militia Regiment with 2,200 men led by himself, Colonel Hans Kaspar von Klitzing's Militia Regiment with 2,200 men, Colonel Hans von Löser's Militia Regiment with 2,200 men, Colonel Moritz

1830:

further east. During the winter months of 1630 he strengthened his army, which including garrisons numbered over 100,000 men by the end of the year. He now divided his army into four separate army corps. The largest was the royal army of 30,000 men, under the King's personal command. A corps of

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Tilly's plan was that his centre would launch a broad frontal assault on Horn's open left flank, with fire support from the Imperial batteries on Galgenberg and the captured Saxon artillery. Both Fürstenberg and Isolani were to support Tilly's infantry assault. They gave strict orders to their

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from musketeers of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp regiment and Piccolomini's and Merode's harquebusiers. While the Swedish musketeers reloaded their muskets, the Swedish cavalry mounted swift counter-charges against Pappenheim's scattered cuirassiers. The horsemen then fell back to their previous

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Horn reported his situation to Major General Teuffel, who in turn forwarded the report to Gustavus Adolphus while he was busy with his own defense against Pappenheim's assaults. The King hastened to the centre where he received a direct report from Field Marshal Arnim that the Saxon army had

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and canister-charges against the slow-moving Imperial-League infantry. At the same time, Efferen-Hall's and Courville's cuirassiers managed to repulse Fürstenberg's cavalry charge. Fürstenberg responded by using the captured Saxon artillery to bombard the Swedish cuirassiers, killing colonel

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Within an hour Pappenheim made three frontal caracole attacks, all of which were repulsed by the cooperation between the Swedish musketeers and horsemen. Despite this setback, his offensive power was still strong and he was able to quickly recoil and regroup his dispersed cuirassiers. As the

2401:

General Hans Rudolf von Bindauf commanded the Saxon left wing, which consisted of six cavalry regiments: Bindauf's Cuirassier Regiment led by himself, Colonel Ernst von Anhalt-Bernburg's Cuirassier Squadron, Colonel Lorenz Hofkirchen's Cuirassier Squadron, Colonel Hans von Löser's Cuirassier

2830:

At this point, Tilly had been wounded in the chest and neck by three musket bullets, and received two blows to the head by a German officer, belonging to the Rheingrave's regiment, who attempted to capture him. Tilly was saved when the German officer was shot down by Imperial Colonel Rudolf

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of the Imperial-League centre, opposite to the Swedish centre and left wing, while the lighter pieces were placed farther to the right of the centre, opposite to the Saxon army. Gallas', Tilly's, Göss's, and Pappenheim's tercios were lined up on the intervals between the artillery pieces.

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and the Protestant and Catholic princes to rethink on the operational conduct of the war, and the diplomatic avenues they would pursue with it. Gustavus Adolphus's success encouraged several other princes to join the cause of the Swedish king and his few allies. By the month's end,

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With the imminent threat of an imperial occupation of his Electorate, John Georg I decided on 30 August to enter into an alliance with Gustavus Adolphus. With their combined forces, their aim was now to engage with Tilly's army and stop the siege of Leipzig. At the end of August,

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Monro his expedition vvith the vvorthy Scots Regiment (called Mac-Keyes Regiment) levied in August 1626. by Sr. Donald Mac-Key Lord Rhees, colonell for his Majesties service of Denmark, and reduced after the Battaile of Nerling, to one company in September 1634 at Wormes in the

2490:, Rangoni's (German) Imperial Cuirassier Regiment with 500 men under Colonel Giulio Marchese Rangoni, Strozzi's (Walloon) Imperial Cuirassier Regiment of 500 men under Colonel Giacomo Strozzi, and Trčka's (German) Imperial Cuirassier Regiment with 500 men under Colonel 1981:, Tilly's field army was supported by three advancing armies totaling 30,000 men. Tilly decided to divide his field army into two parts: one army under Pappenheim was ordered to guard the vicinity of Magdeburg, while a second led by Tilly himself was to march towards 3107: 2912:

Swedish losses amounted to 3,550 men, divided between 2,100 infantry and 1,450 cavalry. Among the dead were Major General Teuffel, colonels Efferen-Hall, Caldenbach and Damitz and Lieutenant Colonel Aderkas. Colonel Courville became an Imperial prisoner of war.

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positions to avoid the fire from Pappenheim's harquebusiers and musketeers, allowing the Swedish musketeers to fire a new volley at Pappenheim's cavalry. This process was repeated each time Pappenheim made a new attempt to penetrate Gustavus Adolphus' lines.

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Gustavus Adolphus launched his second invasion against the Duchy of Mecklenburg in February 1631. On March 19, 1631, Tilly left Frankfurt an der Oder with his army and headed for the duchy's border. Tilly ruthlessly captured and sacked the rebellious town of

1443:

The three armies met outside the village of Breitenfeld in early September 1631. At the start of the battle, the Saxon army was knocked off the battlefield by the imperial cavalry, whereupon Tilly with his infantry tried to engage the Swedish army with a

2470:, Baumgarten's (Italian) League Cuirassier Regiment with 500 men under Colonel Wilhelm von Baumgarten, Cronberg's League Cuirassier Regiment with 900 men under Colonel Adam Philip von Cronberg, Schönburg's League Cuirassier Regiment with 900 men under 6126:

Gustavus Adolphus: A history of the art of war from its revival after the Middle Ages to the end of the Spanish Succession War, with a detailed account of the campaigns of the great Swede, and of the most famous campaigns of Turenne, Condé, Eugene and

2974:

River to engage the remaining Imperial troops. This decision has been discussed and questioned ever since, but it is impossible to know whether a march towards Vienna could have brought about favorable peace terms for the Protestants already in 1632.

2036:

with his 13,000 men, starting from his bridgehead at Havel. The Swedes conducted an immediate counter-attack which in a week drove Pappenheim's troops back to the other side of the Havel, while also capturing the strategically important bridgehead of

2509:, Göss (German) Imperial Infantry Regiment with 900 under Colonel Max von Liechtenstein, Pappenheim's League Infantry Regiment with 2,400 under Colonel Philipp von Pappenheim, Savelli's (German) Imperial Infantery Regiment with 900 men under Colonel 2378:. Torstenson placed the heavier pieces in front of the middle of the Swedish centre. 24 regimental guns were placed in front of each brigade on the first line of the centre, while 18 regimental guns were in front of each brigade on the second line. 2991:

continued to resist. After a determined assault, Marienberg was captured by the Swedes on October 8. On 19 November, Gustavus Adolphus broke camp with 13,000 men, leaving 7,000 men as an occupying force in Würzburg. The king marched down the river

2481:

The Imperial left wing consisted of 5,300 soldiers under the command of Field Marshal Gottfried Heinrich zu Pappenheim. The wing consisted of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp's (German) Imperial Infantry Regiment with 1,500 under Colonel Adolf von

2886:

The Imperial-League losses were devastating, with between 7,000 and 8,000 men killed, or around 7,600 men according to some sources, and around 6,000 men captured. Tilly had lost two-thirds of his army in the course of just a few days.

2254:

in command of the second. The wing were made up of ten cavalry regiments and Banér's musketeer regiment's 8 companies of 900 men, who were placed in the gaps between the cavalry squadrons. The first line were made up by 12 companies of

2916:

The Saxons lost between 2,000 and 3,000 men. Most were killed during the artillery barrage at the start of the battle or while they were fleeing from the Imperial cavalry. Among the dead were General Bindauf and Colonel Starschedel.

2354:

Hepburn's troops of 6,000 men in the second line were made up of three infantry brigades: the Green Brigade's 24 companies of 2,200 men led by Hepburn himself, which included 8 companies of Hepburn's "Green" Infantry Regiment, Baron

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allowing his rear line (Taupadel's dragoons and Efferen-Hall's and Courville's cuirassiers) to advance and extend his front line on both flanks. Waldstein's commanded musketeers were also lined up in the gaps between the squadrons.

3143:

The casualties suffered by the Imperial-League army at Breitenfeld spoke for a change of the Spanish-German doctrine. When Wallenstein regained his role as commander-in-chief of the army, he engaged Gustavus Adolphus's army at the

2424:

Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, was lined up along a 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) long front line in an east–west direction. Among the troops, 14,700 were Imperial soldiers, 15,700 were Catholic League army soldiers, and 1,000

2807:

The Swedes rode up the slopes, cut down the imperial artillerymen and seized their guns. They then rode down the slopes to join up with Soop's cavalry and roll up the remnants of the Imperial-League centre from its left flank.

3020:

dukes, Brandenburg and Saxony were officially aligned against the empire, and France had agreed to provide substantially greater funding for Gustavus Adolphus' armies. Although Gustavus Adolphus was killed a year later at the

3025:, the military strength of the alliance had been secured through the addition of new armies. Even when Swedish leadership faltered it did not fail, and the influx of French gold ensured that the hostilities could continue. 2147:

The battle took place on a gently sloping field about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of Leipzig. The field covered an area of about 20 km, with crossroads stretched between the villages of Breitenfeld in the west,

1835:, advanced along the Oder. Later, Horn's army was reinforced with 11,000 men under Major General Maximilian Teuffel, who by this time had abandoned the siege of Kolberg. A smaller army corps of 2,500 men under Colonel 2766:

both sides clashed against each other, both supported by Baudissin's and Cronberg's cavalry who swept across the open terrain. The musketeers also took part in the fierce melee, using the butt end of their muskets as

2978:

Shortly after the council of war in Halle, Gustavus Adolphus's army first marched to the southwest, encountering only sporadic resistance from scattered imperial troops. On 22 September 1631, he captured the city of

2135:. Meanwhile, Tilly sent his Croatian and Hungarian cavalry units to disrupt the Swedes' passage through the swampy terrain. Their attack was repulsed when they were fired upon by Swedish musketeers. Tilly used this 1636:

in the spring of 1630, it proved impossible for the King to reach a satisfactory settlement. Despite continued and far-reaching offers, Gustavus Adolphus also initially failed to reach an agreement with Elector

1859:

made it to safety into Brandenburg. Despite his small losses of 500 men throughout the Swedish operation, Conti's troops was forced to evacuate all of Pomerania. Meanwhile, Tilly and his army had arrived at

1786:

commanded the Imperial troops in Pomerania. But the absence of Wallenstein created a confusing situation, and the poor condition among Conti's troops made him unable to stop Gustavus Adolplhus's conquests.

1661:

in August 1630, the Electoral College, who saw the Emperor's growing power as a threat, forced the dismissal of Wallenstein and the reduction of both the Imperial and Catholic League's armies respectively.

2306:

The Swedish centre consisted of 14,650 men, divided between seven infantry brigades and three cavalry regiments. The first line was commanded by Major General Maximilian Teuffel and the second by Colonel

1705:

From the Baltic Sea, Gustavus Adolphus could supply his army through regular deliveries of supplies from the Swedish mainland. During the first month after the landing, the Swedes occupied the city of

2335:'s 8 companies led by himself, Dal's Infantry Squadron's 4 companies led by colonel Wilhelm von Salzburg, as well as the Västgöta Regiment's 8 companies led by Colonel Carl Hård af Segerstad; and the 1334: 2770:. Erwitte's arquebusier regiments also attacked Horn's cavalry with the use of caracole and artillery support. Horn responded to Erwitte's attack with infantry musketry and cavalry countercharges. 2429:

soldiers. In total, the army consisted of 27 artillery pieces, 21,400 infantry divided between fourteen infantry regiments, and 10,000 reiters divided between eleven cuirassier regiments and six

3076:. These were significantly smaller combat units with both pikemen and musketeers, making them easier to maneuver than the tercios. But since these lacked the crushing weight of the tercios in a 3072:". Tercios were heavy on the offensive, but difficult to maneuver on the battlefield. The Dutch battleline was more distinctly linear than the Spanish-German equivalent and was characterized by 2844:"The battaile thus happily wonne, his Majesty did principally under God ascribe the glory of the (first) victory to the Swedes and Fynnes horsemen, who were led by the valorous Fieldt-Marshall 2681:

cavalry to break off their pursuit of the Saxon troops and to attack the open flank and rear of the Swedish centre. While his both cavalry wings made their assaults, Tilly planned to execute a

1574:. At the end of the Bohemian Revolt (1618–1622), the war transitioned into the Palatinate-Danish phase (1623–1629). Through a successful campaign in Northern Germany, the Imperial Army under 1586:

was issued in March 1629, which would have brought a killing blow to the independence of the Protestant states. It was against this background, as well as after the signing of the separate

2279:'s Hakkapeliitta's 4 companies with 350 men and Colonel Reinhold Wunsch's Hakkapeliitta's 4 companies with 350 men. The first line's reserve consisted of 15 companies of the Rhinegrave's 2173:

in a north-easterly direction, through the eastern part of the Linkelwald and across the battlefield before crossing the Lober through Zschölkau. The battlefield is today bisected by the

1855:. Their proximity to Stettin caused great problems for the Swedes, both in holding both banks of the Oder and securing the Swedish lines of communication between Pomerania and Magdeburg. 645: 1456:

and mobile units, combined with superior discipline, organizational flexibility and initiative. As the war progressed, several armies, including the imperial army, began to adopt the

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The surprisingly accurate Swedish fire disrupted the charge of the Imperial cuirassiers and forced them to withdraw. Pappenheim regrouped his cuirassiers for a renewed attack, with

2060:

against the strong Swedish camp would end in a massacre of his troops. On the morning of August 6, while a thick fog covered their surroundings, Tilly chose to use the fog as a

2024:. Pappenheim was by this time exasperated as a result of his stagnant station at Magdeburg. By early July, on his own initiative, he decided to launch a major offensive against 806: 2387:

Swedish army in traditional formation, as the Saxons had not had time to be trained in Swedish combat techniques. Elector John George was Commander-in-chief with Field Marshal

1694:. Wallenstein was dismissed as Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Army in September 1630. Before leaving his post, Wallenstein's last action was to reinforce the garrisons in 2227:, Gustavus Adolphus commanded a total of around 23,520 Swedish soldiers at the time of the battle. The army consisted of 8,572 musketeers, 3,440 pikemen, 464 dragoons, 7,700 3000:

was taken without a fight. The King's army then continued down the Main, reached its outlet in the Rhine, crossed the great river, and captured the Electoral residence of

1730:

besieged Wolgast with his 5,000 men, which he was able to capture after three weeks on August 25. Shortly afterwards, Knyphausen also tried to besiege the coastal town of

2708:

preparations in order to buy himself time to call for reinforcements. In some places, Horn's rapid-firing regimental artillery was able to unleash a blast of close-range

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Without receiving any orders from Tilly, Pappenheim went on his own initiative with his cuirassiers and attacked the Swedish right wing at two o'clock. He executed a

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to avoid the fire of the Swedish guns. His harquebusiers and the Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp regiment advanced behind his cuirassiers. Pappenheim's aim was to employ

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and captured several towns and fortresses along the way, the garrisons of which went over to the Swedish army in large numbers. Already on November 17, the city of

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Leipzig. The King's confidence was strengthened by the fact that the Swedish scouts had underestimated the strength of the imperial troops, although he viewed the

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to choose direction of his march. On September 15, a council of war was held in Halle to decide on the continued war plans. One option was to go directly towards

1162: 896: 3057:: the Spanish-German doctrine and the Dutch doctrine. The Spanish-German doctrine, adopted by Johann Tserclaes Tilly at Breitenfeld, was characterized by robust 1070: 948: 2094:

and William V of Hesse-Kassel also chose to join the Protestant alliance. Gustavus Adolphus and John Georg I united their armies on September 15 at the town of

1863:

in mid-January 1631, having covered a 300 kilometres (190 mi) march in 10 days. Gustavus Adolplhus marched downstream of the Oder and captured the town of

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The Catholics had suffered their first major defeat in the war, which had now been going on for 13 years. Mercenary Peter Hagendorf commented on the defeat:

1702:

with 30,000 men. As these provinces were poor and deprived of means to support these troops, they were unable to be deployed over a large defense perimeter.

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Gustavus Adolphus. With their united troops totalling 40,150 men, the Protestant armies marched to Leipzig to meet Tilly's army, which numbered 31,400 men.

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allowed most Swedish musketeers to fire at the same time, and allowed the Swedish infantry to match the Imperialist frontage with a smaller number of men.

2438:, Colonel Philipp von Pappenheim and Colonel Johan Göss. The majority of the soldiers originated from the German states, while other contingents came from 2374:'s artillery park was positioned in front of Teuffel's troops in the centre, which consisted of four 24-pounder guns, eight 18-pounder guns and 42 lighter 2194: 6218: 2950:

Shortly after the battle, the remnants of Tilly's Imperial-League army were forced to retreat south, divided into two parts. Tilly led his troops towards

1000: 811: 1211: 1040: 1010: 650: 3084:

played a greater role among the Dutch battalions. Cavalry and artillery were of comparatively minor importance in both systems of combat methodology.

2271:

with 150 men under Colonel Klaus Dietrich von Sperreuth, 8 companies with 400 men of the Småland Cavalry Regiment under Colonel Fredrik Stenbock, the

1826:

This fruitless expedition convinced the King to abandon his attempts to capture the crossings of the Elbe, instead turning his attention to the river

2287:. The second line were made up of 4 companies with 150 men of Colonel Sigfrid von Dāmitz's Cuirassier Regiment, 4 companies with 200 men of Colonel 6946: 3128:

army very effective in defensive battles. But the core of his battle methodology, which greatly contributed to the victory at Breitenfeld, was the

2056:

were chased away by Swedish cavalry units. Distressed by this setback, Tilly arrived with his army outside Werben on 5 August. He was aware that a

1615: 1599: 908: 727: 2474:

Schönburg and Wengersky's (German) Imperial Harquebusier Regiment with 600 men under Colonel Albrecht Wengersky. The wing also included irregular

2703:

wanted to put pressure on Horn by sending Fürstenberg's remaining cavalry, mainly Baumgarten's and Cronberg's cuirassier regiments, in several

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on 23 January 1631. Under its terms, Gustavus Adolphus agreed to maintain an army of 36,000 troops, in return for an annual payment of 400,000

474: 2900:

Tilly also lost his entire artillery park, his war chest, and 120 banners and standards. The latter were transported as spoils of war to the

2752:... received a horrible, uninterrupted pounding from the king's light pieces and was prevented from coming to grips with the latter's forces. 2256: 6926: 2410:'s Cuirassier Regiment, Colonel Wilhelm Leib's Cuirassier squadron, as well as Duke Friedrich Wilhelm's Cuirassier Regiment led by himself. 2394: 6274:

King Gustavus Adolphus' Scottish Warriors: After 'The Memoirs of Sir John Hepburn': A Contribution to the History of the Thirty Years' War

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firepower from the King's front proved extremely taxing, he decided to extend his cavalry line leftward and go around the King's front to

1847:

and prepared to join the King's army. On the Catholic side, Conti with 12,000 imperial soldiers was able to occupy strong fortresses at

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The territories of the Swedes and the Imperial League in Pomerania after the Swedes' conquest of Kolberg, Landsberg and Frankfurt.

266: 2351:'s infantry regiment of 8 companies with 350 men and Colonel Sir John Hamilton's infantry regiment of 8 companies with 250 men. 2299:

the gaps between the squadrons, as well as four cavalry regiments and a dragoon regiment. At the first line, Lieutenant General

1690:

two days later. Their landing went unopposed on the Imperial side, whose few garrisons in the general area quickly retreated to

1628:

Northern Germany were within Sweden's immediate sphere of interest. If the Catholic armies were able to build up a fleet in the

6951: 3282: 3248: 3214: 3136:. This methodology would later be adopted among other armies in Europe and was an important contribution to the development of 3092: 2403: 1944: 1316: 6853: 6771: 6750: 6673: 6622: 6600: 6323: 6294: 6111: 6033: 1820: 1646: 254: 6270:

Konung Gustaf Adolfs skottska krigare: efter 'The memoirs of sir John Hepburn: ett bidrag till trettioåriga krigets historia

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and try to bring about a quick end to the war. The parties decided that John Georg I's Saxon troops would march towards the

1867:

on 13 January 1631, where he met with French diplomat Hercule de Charnacé. With him as his counterpart, the King signed the

1755:, the symbol of the Catholic faith, to surrender all Protestant cities and fortresses in Germany conquered by the Catholics. 6966: 2467: 2451: 1840: 1761: 1670:

approved the king's declaration of war, on June 17, 1630, the King and his army of 13,200 men boarded the Swedish fleet at

6941: 3318:

7 September (old style or pre-acceptance of the Gregorian calendar in the Protestant region) 17 September (new style, or

2650:

back, was dragged along in their flight towards Eilenburg. Some Saxon soldiers took the opportunity to plunder their own

2332: 2272: 1155: 2579:

at point-blank range. Short after, the Swedish cuirassiers fired their pistols at the approaching Imperial cuirassiers.

6397: 6135: 3162: 2471: 2459: 2356: 2268: 1559: 579: 6936: 6931: 6897: 6875: 6832: 6814: 6721: 6645: 6569: 6493: 6375: 6343: 6168: 6072: 2874:

Commemorative monument at Breitenfeld erected during the bicentenary of the battle. The inscription in German reads:

1654: 1570:

and other smaller German states and imperial cities also became involved in the conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor

1401: 1279: 1191: 426: 6199: 60: 2491: 2388: 2292: 1799: 1779: 1727: 1638: 1571: 1428: 1414: 1397: 241: 229: 224: 2204: 6956: 3017: 2668: 2123:. Instead of retreating to Leipzig, he suggested to Tilly that the entire army should assemble at the village of 1884: 1722: 836: 741: 6083:

Die Schlacht bei Breitenfeld unweit Leipzig am 7. September 1631 und die Schlacht bei Lützen am 7. November 1632

2169:(4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) south of Breitenfeld) in the west. A country road ran from Leipzig to the town of 1167: 963: 6784: 6699: 6232: 6015: 3088: 2250:

The Swedish right wing consisted of 5,000 men, with Gustavus Adolphus in command of the first line and General

1923: 1898:, while Gustavus Adolphus avoided two direct confrontations with Tilly's army and instead captured the town of 1457: 1254: 983: 599: 388: 3150: 1140: 843: 3132:

of both musketeers and regimental artillery, whose systematic firepower enabled a victorious breakthrough in

2455: 2316: 1978: 1678:; the fleet consisted of 60 warships and 200 smaller boats. On June 25, 1630, the fleet rounded Cape Perd on 82: 76: 54: 2364: 2156:

in the north and Wiederitzsch in the south. The marshy Lober stream flowed behind Podelwitz, which ran from

1839:

was sent to reinforce the garrison of Magdeburg. Finally, a British expedition of 15,000 men under Marquess

1802:, Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial and Catholic League Armies respectively. Engraving by Anthony van Dyck. 6406: 2958:, while Pappenheim marched with his troops towards the Weser to ambush Gustavus Adolphus's reserve forces. 2610: 2340: 2336: 2320: 1973:

Tilly marched from Magdeburg to face the army of Gustavus Adolphus. Through fresh recruits and troops from

1110: 1075: 718: 409: 20: 6183:

Den svenska armén i Tyskland 1630–1632: Storlek, sammansättning, geografiskt ursprung och förbandens ålder

2897:

and captains. Field Marshals Tilly and Pappenheim and General Fürstenberg were wounded during the battle.

2810: 2790: 2558:

Otto August Mankell's painting of the battle depicting the cavalry attacks against the Swedish right wing.

1030: 901: 6631: 6250: 2331:

of 8 companies led by Colonel Claes Hastfer; Colonel Erik Hand's brigade of 1,750 men which included the

2300: 848: 826: 6549: 6087:

The Battle of Breitenfeld near Leipzig on September 7, 1631 and the Battle of Lützen on November 7, 1632

2215:

The Swedish army was positioned on the far right of the allied formation and was deployed on two offset

1931:

Soon after their conquest of Frankfurt an der Oder, the Swedish troops were able to capture the town of

43: 6961: 6921: 6007: 3005: 2845: 2614:

The Imperial cavalry attack the Swedish right wing and the Saxon army. The latter is forced to retreat.

2236: 1832: 1819:. Meanwhile, on 23 October his ally William of Hesse-Kassel was defeated by the Imperial Field Marshal 1264: 1239: 667: 604: 214: 3145: 3091:

was a further development of the Dutch combat methodology and was based on his experiences during the

3022: 2940:"What we had stuffed into us at Altmark, we were forced to regurgitate heavily again outside Leipzig." 796: 6188:

The Swedish army in Germany 1630–1632: Size, composition, geographical origin and age among the units

2814:

The Imperial cavalry retreats and the Imperial-League infantry are attacked from multiple directions.

2506: 2328: 2165:

between the villages of Eutritsch (3 kilometres (1.9 mi) south of Wiederitzsch) in the east and

1511: 1294: 781: 708: 693: 6051: 3172: 2521:

Tilly, and Wahl's League Infantry Regiment with 2,200 men under Colonel Joachim Christian von Wahl.

1905: 1055: 889: 2483: 2363:

Infantry Regiment of 8 Companies, and Colonel von Bock's musketeer regiment's 8 companies; General

2295:

and 5 companies of 300 men of Lieutenant Colonel Jürgen Aderka's Cuirassier Regiment from Livonia.

2053: 1718: 1578: 1405: 1299: 1100: 786: 736: 609: 541: 189: 3118:

In addition to the musketeers' volley fire and agility during battle, Gustavus Adolphus also used

6916: 2925: 2799: 2407: 1836: 1259: 1223: 1201: 1196: 874: 703: 688: 546: 2288: 1994: 1985:

to meet Saxe-Weimar's troops. Meanwhile, two Imperial and Catholic League armies under Generals

6120: 2849: 2741:

pell mell into their ranckes, knocking them downe with the stocke of the Musket and our swords.

2475: 2308: 1666: 1531: 1284: 1216: 1135: 973: 655: 564: 2276: 2264: 1932: 1045: 2876:

Freedom of belief for the world, saved at Breitenfeld, Gustavus Adolphus, christian and hero.

2757: 2571: 1675: 1289: 1145: 953: 938: 933: 923: 771: 683: 584: 6635: 6483: 6333: 1868: 1115: 1035: 6802: 6195: 3209: 3137: 3119: 2526: 2447: 2420: 2375: 2124: 1990: 1795: 1775: 1642: 1583: 1567: 1547: 1543: 1487: 1474: 1410: 1394: 1362: 1269: 1130: 1095: 1065: 1015: 913: 619: 574: 569: 531: 491: 175: 98: 94: 35: 6453:

Archive for information on the history regarding the Swedish war and military institutions

6440:

Archive for information on the history regarding the Swedish war and military institutions

6427:

Archive for information regarding the history of the Swedish war and military institutions

2478:

and Hungarian cavalry units of 1,000 men led by Colonel Johann Ludwig Hektor von Isolani.

1916: 640: 8: 6449:

Arkiv till upplysning om svenska krigens och krigsinrättningarnes historia: Tredje Bandet

6423:

Arkiv till upplysning om svenska krigens och krigsinrättningarnes historia: Första Bandet

6303: 6104:

Masters of the Battlefield: Great Commanders from the Classical Age to the Napoleonic Era

3042: 2988: 2901: 2502: 2487: 2371: 2360: 1435:

and threaten Swedish territory. King Gustavus Adolphus landed with a Swedish army in the

1274: 1249: 958: 928: 864: 801: 624: 614: 555: 6714:

Västergötland cavalry in the Thirty Year's War: 1000 volunteer farmers go to war in 1630

6436:

Arkiv till upplysning om svenska krigens och krigsinrättningarnes historia: Andra Bandet

6389: 1751:

Contemporary German newspaper image from the 1630s depicting Gustavus Adolplhus forcing

1120: 594: 6806: 3319: 3277: 3061: 2803:

cavalry back into Tilly's infantry, causing disorder among the tightly packed tercios.

2704: 2426: 2149: 2139:

to order his army into full combat readiness at a pair of ridges close to Breitenfeld.

2111:

with such a strong enemy force and await reinforcements from Aldringen's army instead.

2108: 2033: 1595: 1563: 1436: 1425: 1370: 1105: 1025: 1005: 776: 1706: 1518:

in May 1618. The war was fueled by several internal and external tensions against the

791: 6893: 6871: 6849: 6828: 6810: 6767: 6759: 6746: 6717: 6695: 6669: 6641: 6618: 6596: 6565: 6489: 6393: 6371: 6339: 6319: 6307: 6290: 6164: 6141: 6131: 6124: 6107: 6068: 6029: 6011: 3054: 2563: 2174: 2052:

Tilly advanced slowly towards Werben. On 27 July, some of his regiments stationed at

1910: 1888: 1812: 1591: 1555: 1535: 1523: 1519: 1479: 1386: 995: 761: 746: 713: 589: 521: 258: 246: 208: 183: 2178: 6061:

La battaglia di Breitenfeld (1631): il superbo capolavoro tattico di Gustavo Adolfo

3191:

Includes those killed by the Swedish-Saxon army, captured, and captured in pursuit.

3100: 3064:. These consisted mainly of pikemen and some musketeers and were formed into large 3013: 2955: 2870: 2510: 2348: 2312: 2275:'s 8 companies with 400 men under Lieutenant Colonel Knut Soop, Lieutenant Colonel 2220: 2216: 2120: 2103: 1964: 1860: 1811:. Half of these troops, under the direct command of the King, captured the town of 1603: 1587: 1469: 1418: 1382: 1346: 1186: 1125: 1085: 1060: 1050: 990: 751: 698: 526: 2716: 2044: 6841: 6794: 6615:

The Thirty Years' War: when Germany was in flames and Sweden became a great power

6254: 3077: 3065: 3053:

Europe's armies at the beginning of the 17th century primarily used two kinds of

2682: 2673: 2554: 2435: 2208: 2157: 2057: 2009: 1948: 1752: 1650: 1602:

in the war and came to be a leading figure for the Protestant co-religionists in

1503: 1495: 1445: 1374: 1338: 1244: 1020: 968: 869: 516: 507: 6710:

Wästgöta ryttare i 30-åriga kriget: 1000 frivilliga bönder drar ut i kriget 1630

6065:

The Battle of Breitenfeld (1631): Gustavus Adolphus' superb tactical masterpiece

1815:

and some minor imperial fortresses before launching a siege of the port city of

1620: 1490:

was an interweaving of several larger and smaller interlinked conflicts between

6799:

The Age of Battles: The Quest for Decisive Warfare from Breitenfeld to Waterloo

6418: 6316:

Hakkapelita and Caroleans: Swedish and Finnish soldiers in battle for 300 years

2782: 2439: 2224: 1974: 1895: 1783: 1551: 1539: 1522:. The religious division between the Catholic and Protestant states within the 1206: 766: 170: 6884:Åselius, Gunnar; Wolke, Lars Ericson (2003), "En revolution i krigskonsten?", 2676:. The Swedish army extends it's left wing with auxiliaries to meet the threat. 2251: 2038: 219: 6910: 6512: 6152: 3297: 3284: 3263: 3250: 3229: 3216: 3167: 3129: 3058: 3038: 2767: 2642: 2260: 2240: 2162: 2029: 2017: 1747: 1575: 1491: 1453: 459: 133: 120: 6318:] (in Swedish), Stockholm: Svenskt Militärhistoriskt Biblioteks förlag, 6312:

Hakkapeliter och karoliner: svenska och finska soldater i strid under 300 år

6161:

Years of unrest: about the Swedish Era of Great Power and a man in its midst

6145: 3049:. Consistent (uniform) dress was not common for military troops at the time. 2951: 1683: 1671: 6730: 6611:

Trettioåriga kriget: när Tyskland stod i lågor och Sverige blev en stormakt

6508: 3133: 3124: 2993: 2857: 2724: 2620: 2583: 2430: 2344: 2061: 1872: 1378: 6386:

A Warrior Dynasty: The Rise and Decline of Sweden as a Military Superpower

6003: 1731: 1424:

Sweden entered the Thirty Years' War in 1628 in an attempt to prevent the

6780: 6479: 5543: 5541: 5539: 4673: 4671: 4669: 2893: 2603: 2576: 2324: 2239:, while 18,178 men were mercenaries enlisted from the German states, the 1864: 1790: 1769: 1699: 4458: 2984: 2514: 2501:

with 1,100 under Colonel Antoni von Baldiron-Dietrichstein, Blankart's (

6742: 6556:

Nelsson, Bertil; Lannerbäck, Alf; Nordin, Mats; Sjögren, Lasse (1993),

3592: 2280: 1735: 1717:

on July 20, whose garrison surrendered without resistance. Through the

1658: 1629: 1432: 5536: 4666: 3033: 2166: 6684:

Sveriges fältmarskalkar: svenska fältherrar från Vasa till Bernadotte

6260: 6177: 6094: 5875: 3243: 3123:

cavalry before their clash with the enemy cavalry received effective

3081: 3073: 3046: 2997: 2832: 2820: 2709: 2232: 2153: 2132: 2085:

Contemporary copper engraving depicting the besieged city of Leipzig.

2025: 1982: 1765: 1695: 1527: 6471: 6411:

Monro, His Expedition with the Worthy Scots Regiment Called Mac-Keys

1633: 1624:

Landing of Gustav II Adolf in Pomerania (1630) by an unknown artist.

6862:

Wolke, Lars Ericson; Larsson, Göran; Villstrand, Nils Erik (2006),

5145: 5143: 5141: 5139: 2967: 2641:

Erwitte's reserve cavalry, marched down the Galgenberg and made an

2567: 2443: 2136: 2116: 1714: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5158: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 2170: 2095: 1679: 6688:

Sweden's field marshals: Swedish warlords from Vasa to Bernadotte

6461: 6090: 5863: 2244: 2075: 2021: 1936: 1852: 1816: 1742: 1691: 1507: 1366: 111: 103: 6488:, vol. 4, Albany, N.Y: State University of New York Press, 5664: 5662: 5660: 5234: 5232: 5136: 3879: 6764:

Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict

6665: 6545: 6522: 6231:, Department of History at Stockholm University, archived from 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5155: 4935: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4391: 4379: 4177: 4175: 4124: 3927: 3374: 3111: 3069: 2980: 2963: 2228: 2091: 2081: 2012:

by establishing a strong defensive line along the rivers Elbe,

1940: 1899: 1687: 1515: 1499: 1390: 633:

Transylvanian invasions of Hungary (1619–1621, 1623–1624, 1626)

107: 6157:

Ofredsår: om den svenska stormaktstiden och en man i dess mitt

4475: 4473: 4061: 3869: 3867: 3556: 3522: 3520: 1538:

would find itself at war with both the Habsburgs and Catholic

6558:

Från Brunkeberg till Nordanvind: 500 år med svenskt infanteri

6538:

Das Leben eines Söldners im Dreißigjährigen Krieg (1618–1648)

5947: 5657: 5488: 5486: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5229: 5048: 5046: 5044: 4630: 4546: 4544: 3001: 2971: 2652: 2182: 2013: 1848: 1844: 1726:

liberator. At the beginning of August, Swedish Major General

1710: 6562:

From Brunkeberg to Nordanvind: 500 years of Swedish infantry

6542:

The Life of a Mercenary in the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)

5923: 5851: 5749: 5418: 4878: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4216: 4214: 4172: 3633: 3631: 2777: 6691: 6367: 5605: 5603: 4470: 4350: 4238: 4136: 4088: 3903: 3891: 3864: 3823: 3811: 3775: 3751: 3679: 3655: 3604: 3580: 3517: 3469: 2008:

Gustavus Adolphus now prepared to prevent further imperial

1878: 1827: 1808: 6892:] (in Swedish), Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand, 5812: 5810: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5483: 5375: 5373: 5283: 5244: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5041: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4784: 4782: 4541: 4015: 4013: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3505: 3493: 2970:

and Vienna, while the Swedes moved south-west towards the

2347:'s infantry regiment of 8 companies with 400 men, Colonel 2223:. According to calculations by Swedish military historian 2001:, marched from the south while a third army under General 1526:

came to develop during the course of the war into a minor

5727: 5725: 5723: 5691: 5689: 5358: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4980: 4947: 4859: 4750: 4748: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4331: 4211: 4187: 4049: 3998: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3787: 3715: 3667: 3628: 3568: 3532: 3481: 3445: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3106: 2631: 2315:'s 7 companies led by himself, the 8 companies from the 2048:

The Swedes' territory in northern Germany in August 1631.

1998: 1365:

approximately 8 km north-west of the walled city of

363:

8,000 dead, deserted or captured over the following days:

6789:(in German), vol. 1, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot 5959: 5887: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5600: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5503: 5501: 5473: 5471: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5348: 5346: 5333: 5331: 5261: 5259: 5195: 5193: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5014: 5012: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4925: 4923: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4703: 4701: 4688: 4686: 4267: 4265: 4100: 4037: 4025: 3915: 3421: 3364: 3362: 2418:

The Imperial-Catholic League army, under the command of

6890:

Swedish battlefields: 'A revolution in the art of war?'

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formation from the Thirty Years' War on display at the

2672:

The Imperial-League army pivots to the right for their

1649:, Saxony held a dominant position among the Protestant 6861: 6289:] (in Swedish), Helsingfors: Schildts Förlags AB, 5971: 5911: 5720: 5686: 5547: 5316: 5304: 4992: 4806: 4745: 4677: 4573: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4297: 4295: 4282: 4280: 4160: 4112: 3835: 3739: 3691: 3616: 3598: 3544: 3433: 3393: 3334: 2020:. He also sent smaller detachments to Mecklenburg and 6364:

The battlefield during the Swedish Era of Great Power

6163:] (in Swedish), Stockholm: Bokförlaget Atlantis, 5935: 5899: 5834: 5822: 5795: 5778: 5737: 5615: 5577: 5553: 5498: 5468: 5449: 5437: 5385: 5343: 5328: 5271: 5256: 5217: 5205: 5190: 5119: 5107: 5070: 5058: 5024: 5009: 4959: 4920: 4847: 4794: 4760: 4728: 4698: 4683: 4654: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4307: 4262: 3962: 3643: 3359: 1417:. It was the Protestants' first major victory of the 6455:] (in Swedish), vol. 3, Stockholm: Norstedt 6442:] (in Swedish), vol. 2, Stockholm: Norstedt 6429:] (in Swedish), vol. 1, Stockholm: Norstedt 4713: 4615: 4594: 4524: 4509: 4485: 4446: 4431: 4362: 4319: 4250: 4226: 4199: 4148: 4073: 3208:

The battle was fought at the crossroads villages of

2195:

Order of battle for the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)

6846:

Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War

6463:

Anteckningar rörande svenska regementernas historia

4556: 4292: 4277: 3974: 3799: 3763: 3703: 3004:on December 11, 1631, where they established their 2231:and 3,344 officers. According to Swedish historian 1831:15,000 men led by the king's deputy, Field Marshal 6580:Die Schlacht bei Breitenfeld am 17. September 1631 6358:Jörgensen, Christer; Månsson, Per Lennart (2005), 6028:, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 4412: 2881: 2575:commanded musketeer platoons fired a concentrated 1760:Adolplhus was regarded as a foreign invader. Only 6468:Notes concerning the history of Swedish regiments 6302: 5149: 4385: 6908: 6609:Pantle, Christian; Månsson, Per Lennart (2018), 6357: 5172: 4941: 2413: 6595:(in Swedish), Stockholm: Bokförlaget Atlantis, 6584:The Battle of Breitenfeld on September 17, 1631 6225:Enlisted regiments in Swedish service 1618-1631 1609: 6617:] (in Swedish), Stockholm: Lind & Co, 1743:Swedish campaigns in Mecklenburg and Pomerania 1534:. During the second half of the war, Catholic 489: 49:Gustavus Adolphus at the battle of Breitenfeld 6608: 6485:Principles of Political Economy: Just Economy 6041: 5953: 5929: 5869: 5668: 4636: 4181: 4130: 4067: 3933: 3897: 3873: 3817: 3661: 3586: 3562: 1958: 1947:, and succeeded in capturing the fortress of 1616:Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War 475: 6883: 6870:] (in Swedish), Lund: Historiska Media, 6716:] (in Swedish), Stockholm: Saga Egmont, 6220:Värvade regementen i svensk tjänst 1618-1631 6067:] (in Italian), Soldiershop Publishing, 6050:] (in Swedish), vol. 4, Stockholm: 5755: 5431: 4895: 4479: 4244: 3387: 2930:Gustav II Adolf at the Battle of Breitenfeld 2395:Friedrich Wilhelm II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg 2181:motorways, which have their exit to Leipzig- 6267: 5492: 5238: 2746:Henry Muschamp, Lt. Colonel from Scotland, 2624:cuirassiers through Breitenfeld and Halle. 1734:. When both Kolberg and the nearby town of 1542:. Spain, in turn, had been involved in the 1510:, which occurred after the much-publicized 375:5,000 deserted or killed by Saxon peasants. 6822: 6256:Memoirs and Adventures of Sir John Hepburn 3427: 3204: 3202: 1773:joint command of Wallenstein's successor, 1713:. They captured the Pomeranian capital of 482: 468: 2778:Annihilation of the Imperial-League force 2697: 1977:, who had previously been engaged in the 259: 247: 6729: 6707: 6681: 6590: 6338:, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 6280: 6276:], Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag 6058: 5857: 5714: 5651: 5609: 5571: 5530: 5412: 5298: 5250: 5184: 5101: 5052: 4914: 4841: 4788: 4648: 4588: 4550: 4503: 4406: 4313: 4220: 4193: 4166: 4142: 4118: 4094: 4055: 4019: 4004: 3992: 3956: 3909: 3885: 3846: 3829: 3793: 3781: 3757: 3745: 3733: 3721: 3697: 3685: 3673: 3637: 3610: 3574: 3538: 3526: 3511: 3487: 3475: 3463: 3451: 3404: 3353: 3105: 3032: 2924: 2869: 2809: 2781: 2715: 2667: 2609: 2553: 2513:, Tilly's League Infantry Regiment from 2203: 2080: 2043: 2003:Otto Heinrich Fugger, Count of Kirchberg 1922: 1904: 1879:Sieges of Frankfurt (Oder) and Magdeburg 1789: 1746: 1619: 1473: 6947:Battles involving the Holy Roman Empire 6793: 6745:: Svenskt Militärhistoriskt Bibliotek, 6659: 6586:] (in German), Leipzig: Georg Böhme 6564:] (in Swedish), Stockholm: Probus, 6555: 6459: 6446: 6433: 6417: 6151: 5977: 5917: 5816: 5772: 5695: 5680: 5379: 5310: 5003: 4824: 4754: 4464: 4356: 4344: 4271: 3368: 3312: 3199: 2549: 6909: 6840: 6758: 6630: 6535: 6405: 6216: 6176: 6080: 6042:Carlsson, Sten; Rosén, Jerker (1967), 6023: 5993: 5965: 5905: 5893: 5881: 5845: 5789: 5731: 5594: 5352: 5322: 5265: 5211: 5199: 5113: 4974: 4872: 4812: 4707: 4624: 4518: 4491: 4440: 4425: 4325: 4301: 3968: 3649: 2632:Tilly's main assault and Saxon retreat 1943:, held by his brother-in-law, Elector 6779: 6640:(2nd ed.), New York: Routledge, 6577: 6507: 6478: 6383: 6331: 6268:Grant, James; Thomée, Gustaf (1853), 6249: 6119: 6106:, New York: Oxford University Press, 6101: 5941: 5828: 5801: 5743: 5626: 5559: 5507: 5477: 5462: 5443: 5400: 5364: 5337: 5277: 5223: 5130: 5076: 5064: 5035: 5018: 4986: 4953: 4929: 4853: 4800: 4773: 4739: 4722: 4692: 4660: 4609: 4567: 4535: 4452: 4373: 4286: 4256: 4232: 4205: 4154: 4106: 4082: 4043: 4031: 3980: 3921: 3858: 3805: 3769: 3709: 3622: 3550: 3499: 3439: 2907: 2646:among the tightly packed formations. 2404:Duke Johann Philipp of Saxe-Altenburg 2285:Otto Louis of Salm-Kyrburg-Mörchingen 1821:Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim 1709:and the islands of Rügen, Usedom and 1682:and the king landed with his army at 1502:. The first spark of the war was the 463: 372:surrendered in Swedish-Saxon pursuit; 6825:Debrett's Kings and Queens of Europe 6026:The Military Intellectual and Battle 5548:Wolke, Larsson & Villstrand 2006 4678:Wolke, Larsson & Villstrand 2006 3599:Wolke, Larsson & Villstrand 2006 2468:Julius Henry, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg 2283:Regiment with 700 men under Colonel 2219:, with each line being supported by 2185:between Wiederitzsch and Seehausen. 1841:James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton 1762:William V, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel 1377:, in wide use at the time), 1631. A 6335:The Art of War in the Western World 2798:launch a major counteroffensive to 2793:after a drawing by Olof Örnehufvud. 1361:), was fought at a crossroads near 1357:(in older texts sometimes known as 433: 395: 13: 3163:Breitenfeld (1631) order of battle 2987:on 5 October, although the nearby 1657:. During the Elector's meeting in 14: 6978: 6217:Glete, Jan (30 September 2005b), 4467:, pp. 6, 232, 281, 319, 364. 2904:in Stockholm for public viewing. 1843:landed at the mouth of the river 1768:and the dukes of Mecklenburg and 857:Swedish-French Period (1635–1648) 6927:Battles of the Thirty Years' War 6662:Pike and Shot Tactics, 1590–1660 2450:and the constituent kingdoms of 2389:Hans Georg von Arnim-Boitzenburg 2068: 1987:Egon of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg 1800:Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly 1780:Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly 1431:from expanding his power to the 1415:Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly 728:Swedish intervention (1630–1635) 432: 425: 394: 387: 42: 6766:, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 6360:Slagfältet under stormaktstiden 6059:Cristini, Luca Stefano (2017), 5986: 3416: 2199: 1885:Battle of Frankfurt an der Oder 1721:, concluded on August 25, Duke 676:Danish intervention (1625–1629) 556:Palatinate campaign (1620–1623) 6786:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 6263:: William Blackwood & Sons 3410: 3185: 2663: 2333:Östergötland Infantry Regiment 2273:Västergötland Cavalry Regiment 2142: 1875:, for a period of five years. 1560:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 61:Musée historique de Strasbourg 1: 6952:1631 in the Holy Roman Empire 6578:Opitz, Walter Theodo (1892), 5150:Hannula & Gripenberg 2016 4386:Hannula & Gripenberg 2016 3328: 2882:Imperial-Catholic League Army 2865: 2414:Imperial-Catholic League Army 2381: 2269:Östergötland Cavalry Regiment 2263:) with 800 men under General 2188: 1945:George William of Brandenburg 1463: 16:Part of the Thirty Years' War 6827:, London: Webb & Bower, 5173:Jörgensen & Månsson 2005 4942:Jörgensen & Månsson 2005 2920: 2321:Närke and Värmland regiments 2291:'s Cuirassier Squadron from 1610:Swedish landing in Pomerania 21:Battle of Breitenfeld (1642) 7: 6967:Military history of Leipzig 6287:The lion wakes up 1611–1660 6194:, Department of History at 3156: 3028: 2492:Adam Erdmann Trčka von Lípa 2466:with 300 men under Colonel 2301:Wolf Heinrich von Baudissin 1355:First Battle of Breitenfeld 508:Bohemian Revolt (1618–1620) 10: 6983: 6942:Military history of Saxony 6823:Williamson, David (1988), 6591:Oredsson, Sverker (2007), 6536:Müller, Marco von (2005), 6008:Swedish Defence University 3089:Swedish combat methodology 3037:A model of a section of a 2484:Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp 2391:as his second-in-command. 2192: 1962: 1959:Engagements along the Elbe 1882: 1833:Gustav Horn, Count of Pori 1613: 1558:were in conflict with the 1467: 18: 6384:Lunde, Henrik O. (2014), 5954:Carlsson & Rosén 1967 5930:Carlsson & Rosén 1967 5870:Pantle & Månsson 2018 5669:Pantle & Månsson 2018 4637:Pantle & Månsson 2018 4182:Pantle & Månsson 2018 4131:Pantle & Månsson 2018 4068:Pantle & Månsson 2018 3934:Pantle & Månsson 2018 3898:Pantle & Månsson 2018 3874:Pantle & Månsson 2018 3818:Pantle & Månsson 2018 3662:Pantle & Månsson 2018 3587:Pantle & Månsson 2018 3563:Pantle & Månsson 2018 2968:Austrian Hereditary Lands 2791:Matthäus Merian the Elder 2536: 2507:Gottfried Huyn von Geleen 2329:Savolax Infantry Regiment 1979:Mantuan War of Succession 1458:Swedish military doctrine 1312: 501: 381: 318: 275: 198: 161: 67: 41: 33: 28: 6937:Battles involving Saxony 6932:Battles involving Sweden 6807:Indiana University Press 6550:Freie Universität Berlin 6460:Mankell, Julius (1866), 6447:Mankell, Julius (1861), 6434:Mankell, Julius (1860), 6283:Lejonet vaknar 1611–1660 5756:Åselius & Wolke 2003 5432:Åselius & Wolke 2003 4896:Åselius & Wolke 2003 4480:Åselius & Wolke 2003 4245:Åselius & Wolke 2003 3888:, pp. 221, 227–228. 3388:Åselius & Wolke 2003 3178: 2472:General of the Artillery 1782:. Italian Field Marshal 1590:in September 1629, that 1579:Albrecht von Wallenstein 1343:Schlacht bei Breitenfeld 19:Not to be confused with 6760:Tucker, Spencer Coakley 6739:Sweden's wars 1630–1814 6735:Sveriges krig 1630–1814 6708:Rumenius, John (1987), 6682:Rosander, Lars (2003), 6660:Roberts, Keith (2010), 6413:, London: William Jones 6121:Dodge, Theodore Ayrault 6024:Barker, Thomas (1975), 5994:Artéus, Gunnar (2005), 5493:Grant & Thomée 1853 5239:Grant & Thomée 1853 4409:, pp. 47, 98, 100. 2408:Albrecht von Kalckstein 2257:Nyland Cavalry Regiment 1913:– The Magdeburg maidens 1837:Dietrich von Falkenberg 1582:the Catholic side, the 338:2,000 killed or wounded 332:3,550 killed or wounded 255:Gottfried zu Pappenheim 6957:17th century in Saxony 6795:Weigley, Russell Frank 6332:Jones, Archer (2001), 6281:Gullberg, Tom (2008), 6052:Albert Bonniers förlag 3173:Björneborgarnas marsch 3115: 3050: 2948: 2933: 2878: 2863: 2815: 2794: 2763: 2749: 2728: 2698:Action at Horn's front 2677: 2615: 2599: 2559: 2212: 2086: 2049: 1928: 1920: 1803: 1756: 1667:Riksdag of the Estates 1625: 1532:great powers of Europe 1483: 1351:Slaget vid Breitenfeld 1350: 1342: 413:Location within Saxony 306:15,700 Catholic League 199:Commanders and leaders 6668:: Osprey Publishing, 6637:The Thirty Years' War 6180:(9 September 2005a), 6130:, Houghton, Mifflin, 6081:Curths, Carl (1814), 6044:Den svenska historien 5996:Svensk fältherrekonst 5884:, Chapter Conclusion. 3502:, pp. 87–89, 93. 3109: 3036: 2938: 2932:by an unknown artist. 2928: 2873: 2842: 2813: 2787:Battle of Breitenfeld 2785: 2758:Raimondo Montecuccoli 2750: 2738: 2721:Battle of Breitenfeld 2719: 2671: 2613: 2589: 2557: 2517:with 2,200 men under 2365:Jindřich Matyáš Thurn 2357:Robert Monro of Fouli 2267:, 4 companies of the 2207: 2084: 2047: 1926: 1908: 1861:Frankfurt an der Oder 1793: 1750: 1676:Stockholm archipelago 1645:. As a member of the 1623: 1477: 1330:Battle of Breitenfeld 446:Breitenfeld (Germany) 319:Casualties and losses 153:Swedish-Saxon victory 134:51.41778°N 12.37778°E 29:Battle of Breitenfeld 6803:Bloomington, Indiana 6741:] (in Swedish), 6694:: Historiska media, 6690:] (in Swedish), 6470:] (in Swedish), 6370:: Historiska media, 6366:] (in Swedish), 6304:Hannula, Joose Olavi 6196:Stockholm University 6102:Davis, Paul (2013), 6002:] (in Swedish), 4359:, pp. 169, 209. 3390:, pp. 119, 128. 3151:battle of Nördlingen 3138:early modern warfare 3087:Gustavus Adolphus's 2760:, Imperial officer, 2550:Pappenheim's assault 2527:Ernesto Montecuccoli 2519:Generalfeldmarschall 2498:Generalfeldmarschall 2448:Habsburg Netherlands 2421:Generalfeldmarschall 2289:Ernst Magnus Dönhoff 2127:outside of Leipzig. 1995:Duchy of Württemberg 1991:Johann von Aldringen 1796:Generalfeldmarschall 1776:Generalfeldmarschall 1584:Edict of Restitution 1568:Electorate of Saxony 1411:Generalfeldmarschall 699:Lutter am Barenberge 410:class=notpageimage| 267:Egon von Fürstenberg 230:Hans Georg von Arnim 176:Electorate of Saxony 99:Electorate of Saxony 6864:Trettioåriga kriget 6544:] (in German), 6480:Meade, James Edward 6474:: Nils Magnus Lindh 6205:on 21 February 2007 6089:] (in German), 6048:The Swedish history 5872:, pp. 112–115. 5367:, pp. 292–293. 4989:, pp. 100–101. 4956:, pp. 113–114. 4145:, pp. 236–237. 4109:, pp. 110–111. 4097:, pp. 235–236. 4046:, pp. 108–110. 4034:, pp. 107–108. 3924:, pp. 102–103. 3912:, pp. 229–230. 3832:, pp. 222–224. 3784:, pp. 213–215. 3760:, pp. 210–211. 3688:, pp. 207–209. 3613:, pp. 204–205. 3529:, pp. 200–202. 3478:, pp. 205–207. 3294: / 3260: / 3226: / 3062:tactical formations 3043:Swedish Army Museum 2989:Marienberg Fortress 2902:Riddarholmen Church 2619:harquebusiers. His 2488:Ottavio Piccolomini 2372:Lennart Torstensson 2277:Torsten Stålhandske 2265:Åke Henriksson Tott 2259:(also known as the 1993:, who occupied the 1915:, 1866 painting by 1373:), or 7 September ( 449:Show map of Germany 130: / 75:17 September 1631 ( 6308:Gripenberg, Bertel 6000:Swedish art of war 5860:, p. 108–111. 4875:, pp. 28, 32. 4553:, pp. 45, 98. 4347:, pp. 82, 84. 4133:, pp. 99–100. 3936:, pp. 82, 93. 3861:, pp. 99–100. 3514:, pp. 86, 88. 3116: 3093:Polish–Swedish War 3055:military doctrines 3051: 2945:Peter Hagendorf., 2934: 2908:Swedish-Saxon army 2879: 2816: 2795: 2729: 2678: 2616: 2560: 2434:by Tilly, General 2213: 2109:meeting engagement 2087: 2050: 2005:, occupied Hesse. 1929: 1921: 1869:Treaty of Bärwalde 1804: 1757: 1728:Dodo zu Knyphausen 1626: 1588:treaty with Poland 1484: 1437:Duchy of Pomerania 1426:Holy Roman Emperor 1371:Gregorian calendar 416:Show map of Saxony 139:51.41778; 12.37778 81:7 September 1631 ( 6962:Gustavus Adolphus 6922:Conflicts in 1631 6868:Thirty Year's War 6855:978-0-7139-9592-3 6773:978-1-59884-429-0 6752:978-91-85789-63-4 6675:978-1-84603-469-5 6624:978-91-7779-388-5 6602:978-91-7353-157-3 6325:978-91-88053-21-3 6296:978-951-50-1822-9 6113:978-0-19-534235-2 6035:978-0-87395-251-4 5968:, pp. 18–19. 5896:, pp. 17–18. 5301:, pp. 55–57. 5253:, pp. 54–55. 5241:, pp. 90–91. 5055:, pp. 51–52. 4223:, pp. 41–43. 4196:, pp. 40–41. 4070:, pp. 98–99. 4058:, pp. 37–38. 4007:, pp. 34–36. 3796:, pp. 97–98. 3724:, pp. 19–20. 3676:, pp. 91–92. 3640:, pp. 18–19. 3625:, pp. 94–95. 3601:, pp. 90–91. 3577:, pp. 14–15. 3565:, pp. 64–66. 3553:, pp. 87–89. 3541:, pp. 90–91. 3490:, pp. 88–90. 3454:, pp. 76–83. 3442:, pp. 82–87. 3417:§ Casualties 3298:51.400°N 12.417°E 3264:51.400°N 12.383°E 3230:51.400°N 12.333°E 2998:Frankfurt am Main 2564:flanking maneuver 2327:, as well as the 2221:tactical reserves 2175:Bundesautobahn 14 1917:Eduard Steinbrück 1911:Sack of Magdeburg 1889:Sack of Magdeburg 1719:Treaty of Stettin 1647:Electoral College 1592:Gustavus Adolphus 1550:for a long time. 1544:Eighty Years' War 1524:Holy Roman Empire 1520:Habsburg monarchy 1504:Protestant revolt 1488:Thirty Years' War 1480:Holy Roman Empire 1387:Gustavus Adolphus 1385:army led by King 1369:on 17 September ( 1359:Battle of Leipzig 1325: 1324: 1307: 1306: 849:Strasbourg Bridge 493:Thirty Years' War 458: 457: 209:Gustavus Adolphus 184:Holy Roman Empire 157: 156: 36:Thirty Years' War 6974: 6902: 6886:Svenska slagfält 6880: 6858: 6842:Wilson, Peter H. 6837: 6819: 6790: 6776: 6755: 6726: 6704: 6678: 6656: 6655: 6654: 6632:Parker, Geoffrey 6627: 6605: 6587: 6574: 6552: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6520: 6504: 6503: 6502: 6475: 6456: 6443: 6430: 6414: 6402: 6380: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6328: 6299: 6277: 6264: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6237: 6230: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6204: 6198:, archived from 6193: 6173: 6148: 6116: 6098: 6077: 6055: 6038: 6020: 5981: 5975: 5969: 5963: 5957: 5951: 5945: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5909: 5903: 5897: 5891: 5885: 5879: 5873: 5867: 5861: 5855: 5849: 5843: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5805: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5776: 5770: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5718: 5712: 5699: 5693: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5655: 5649: 5630: 5624: 5613: 5607: 5598: 5592: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5534: 5528: 5511: 5505: 5496: 5490: 5481: 5475: 5466: 5460: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5383: 5377: 5368: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5341: 5335: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5153: 5147: 5134: 5128: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5099: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5039: 5033: 5022: 5016: 5007: 5001: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4918: 4912: 4899: 4893: 4876: 4870: 4857: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4777: 4771: 4758: 4752: 4743: 4737: 4726: 4720: 4711: 4705: 4696: 4690: 4681: 4675: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4613: 4607: 4592: 4586: 4571: 4565: 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3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3391: 3385: 3372: 3366: 3357: 3351: 3323: 3320:Gregorian dating 3316: 3310: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3287: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3271: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3253: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3222: 3219: 3206: 3192: 3189: 3146:battle of Lützen 3101:linear formation 3023:battle of Lützen 2956:Upper Palatinate 2946: 2861: 2761: 2747: 2597: 2511:Federico Savelli 2349:Sir James Ramsay 2313:Dalarna Regiment 2121:Sir James Ramsay 2107:want to avoid a 2104:combat readiness 1997:and the city of 1965:Battle of Werben 1665:Speaking to the 1604:Northern Germany 1600:own intervention 1470:Thirty Years War 1419:Thirty Years War 1337: 1285:2nd Saint Martin 1280:Cape St. Vincent 1255:1st Saint Martin 1220: 1183: 1171: 1159: 987: 905: 893: 840: 719:'s-Hertogenbosch 659: 504: 503: 496: 494: 484: 477: 470: 461: 460: 450: 436: 435: 429: 417: 398: 397: 391: 309:1,000 irregulars 303:14,700 Imperials 261: 249: 145: 144: 142: 141: 140: 135: 131: 128: 127: 126: 123: 69: 68: 59:painting in the 46: 26: 25: 6982: 6981: 6977: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6971: 6907: 6906: 6905: 6900: 6878: 6856: 6835: 6817: 6774: 6753: 6724: 6702: 6676: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6625: 6603: 6593:Gustav II Adolf 6572: 6528: 6526: 6525:: William Jones 6518: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6419:Mankell, Julius 6400: 6378: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6326: 6297: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6228: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6191: 6171: 6138: 6114: 6075: 6036: 6018: 5989: 5984: 5976: 5972: 5964: 5960: 5952: 5948: 5940: 5936: 5928: 5924: 5916: 5912: 5904: 5900: 5892: 5888: 5880: 5876: 5868: 5864: 5856: 5852: 5844: 5835: 5827: 5823: 5815: 5808: 5800: 5796: 5788: 5779: 5771: 5762: 5754: 5750: 5742: 5738: 5730: 5721: 5713: 5702: 5694: 5687: 5679: 5675: 5667: 5658: 5650: 5633: 5625: 5616: 5608: 5601: 5593: 5578: 5570: 5566: 5558: 5554: 5546: 5537: 5529: 5514: 5506: 5499: 5491: 5484: 5476: 5469: 5461: 5450: 5442: 5438: 5430: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5399: 5386: 5378: 5371: 5363: 5359: 5351: 5344: 5336: 5329: 5321: 5317: 5309: 5305: 5297: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5264: 5257: 5249: 5245: 5237: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5198: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5156: 5148: 5137: 5129: 5120: 5112: 5108: 5100: 5083: 5075: 5071: 5063: 5059: 5051: 5042: 5034: 5025: 5017: 5010: 5002: 4993: 4985: 4981: 4973: 4960: 4952: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4928: 4921: 4913: 4902: 4894: 4879: 4871: 4860: 4852: 4848: 4840: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4787: 4780: 4772: 4761: 4753: 4746: 4738: 4729: 4721: 4714: 4706: 4699: 4691: 4684: 4676: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4623: 4616: 4608: 4595: 4587: 4574: 4566: 4557: 4549: 4542: 4534: 4525: 4517: 4510: 4502: 4498: 4490: 4486: 4478: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4451: 4447: 4439: 4432: 4424: 4413: 4405: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4372: 4363: 4355: 4351: 4343: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4300: 4293: 4285: 4278: 4270: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4231: 4227: 4219: 4212: 4204: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4173: 4165: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4137: 4129: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4105: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4081: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4018: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3940: 3932: 3928: 3920: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3896: 3892: 3884: 3880: 3872: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3816: 3812: 3804: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3732: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3684: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3648: 3644: 3636: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3466:, pp. 5–7. 3462: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3428:Williamson 1988 3426: 3422: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3394: 3386: 3375: 3367: 3360: 3352: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3317: 3313: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3293: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3280: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3259: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3246: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3225: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3212: 3207: 3200: 3196: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3159: 3120:regimental guns 3078:frontal assault 3031: 3006:winter quarters 2947: 2944: 2923: 2910: 2884: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2780: 2762: 2756: 2748: 2745: 2700: 2683:pincer movement 2674:pincer movement 2666: 2643:oblique advance 2634: 2598: 2595: 2552: 2539: 2436:Matthias Gallas 2416: 2384: 2376:regimental guns 2323:led by Colonel 2217:line formations 2209:Order of battle 2202: 2197: 2191: 2158:Schladitzer See 2145: 2071: 2058:frontal assault 1967: 1961: 1891: 1883:Main articles: 1881: 1753:Pope Urban VIII 1745: 1618: 1612: 1472: 1466: 1446:pincer movement 1406:Catholic League 1375:Julian calendar 1333: 1326: 1321: 1320: 1308: 1295:Colberger Heide 1214: 1177: 1165: 1153: 1076:2nd Breitenfeld 981: 954:2nd Rheinfelden 899: 887: 834: 827:1st Rheinfelden 757:1st Breitenfeld 737:Swedish landing 668:Vlach uprisings 653: 497: 492: 490: 488: 454: 453: 452: 451: 448: 447: 444: 443: 442: 441: 437: 420: 419: 418: 415: 414: 412: 406: 405: 404: 403: 399: 366: 360: 353: 345: 341: 325: 314: 310: 299: 295: 282: 271: 234: 194: 190:Catholic League 180: 138: 136: 132: 129: 124: 121: 119: 117: 116: 115: 102:(today part of 101: 80: 58: 52: 47: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6980: 6970: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6917:1631 in Europe 6904: 6903: 6898: 6881: 6876: 6859: 6854: 6848:, Allen Lane, 6838: 6833: 6820: 6815: 6791: 6777: 6772: 6756: 6751: 6727: 6722: 6705: 6700: 6679: 6674: 6657: 6646: 6628: 6623: 6606: 6601: 6588: 6575: 6570: 6553: 6533: 6505: 6494: 6476: 6457: 6444: 6431: 6415: 6407:Mackay, Donald 6403: 6399:978-1514632680 6398: 6381: 6376: 6355: 6344: 6329: 6324: 6300: 6295: 6278: 6265: 6247: 6238:on 9 July 2021 6214: 6174: 6169: 6153:Englund, Peter 6149: 6137:978-1853672347 6136: 6117: 6112: 6099: 6078: 6073: 6056: 6039: 6034: 6021: 6016: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5982: 5970: 5958: 5956:, p. 104. 5946: 5944:, p. 245. 5934: 5922: 5910: 5898: 5886: 5874: 5862: 5850: 5833: 5831:, p. 294. 5821: 5819:, p. 309. 5806: 5804:, p. 107. 5794: 5777: 5775:, p. 495. 5760: 5758:, p. 129. 5748: 5746:, p. 111. 5736: 5734:, p. 475. 5719: 5700: 5685: 5683:, p. 308. 5673: 5671:, p. 108. 5656: 5631: 5629:, p. 123. 5614: 5612:, p. 241. 5599: 5576: 5564: 5562:, p. 268. 5552: 5550:, p. 115. 5535: 5512: 5510:, p. 110. 5497: 5482: 5480:, p. 106. 5467: 5465:, p. 122. 5448: 5446:, p. 121. 5436: 5434:, p. 127. 5417: 5405: 5403:, p. 267. 5384: 5382:, p. 112. 5369: 5357: 5342: 5340:, p. 105. 5327: 5325:, p. 141. 5315: 5303: 5282: 5280:, p. 104. 5270: 5255: 5243: 5228: 5226:, p. 103. 5216: 5204: 5189: 5177: 5154: 5135: 5133:, p. 120. 5118: 5106: 5081: 5079:, p. 102. 5069: 5067:, p. 102. 5057: 5040: 5038:, p. 266. 5023: 5021:, p. 265. 5008: 4991: 4979: 4958: 4946: 4934: 4932:, p. 234. 4919: 4900: 4898:, p. 126. 4877: 4858: 4856:, p. 292. 4846: 4829: 4827:, p. 110. 4817: 4815:, p. 194. 4805: 4803:, p. 167. 4793: 4778: 4776:, p. 119. 4759: 4744: 4742:, p. 264. 4727: 4712: 4697: 4695:, p. 118. 4682: 4680:, p. 114. 4665: 4663:, p. 263. 4653: 4641: 4639:, p. 105. 4629: 4614: 4612:, p. 235. 4593: 4572: 4555: 4540: 4538:, p. 114. 4523: 4508: 4506:, p. 106. 4496: 4484: 4482:, p. 123. 4469: 4457: 4455:, p. 261. 4445: 4430: 4411: 4390: 4378: 4376:, p. 260. 4361: 4349: 4330: 4318: 4306: 4291: 4276: 4261: 4259:, p. 113. 4249: 4247:, p. 122. 4237: 4235:, p. 101. 4225: 4210: 4208:, p. 112. 4198: 4186: 4184:, p. 100. 4171: 4159: 4157:, p. 111. 4147: 4135: 4123: 4111: 4099: 4087: 4085:, p. 174. 4072: 4060: 4048: 4036: 4024: 4022:, p. 234. 4009: 3997: 3995:, p. 231. 3985: 3973: 3971:, p. 110. 3961: 3959:, p. 101. 3938: 3926: 3914: 3902: 3890: 3878: 3863: 3851: 3834: 3822: 3810: 3798: 3786: 3774: 3762: 3750: 3738: 3736:, p. 209. 3726: 3714: 3702: 3690: 3678: 3666: 3654: 3652:, p. 112. 3642: 3627: 3615: 3603: 3591: 3579: 3567: 3555: 3543: 3531: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3480: 3468: 3456: 3444: 3432: 3430:, p. 128. 3420: 3409: 3407:, p. 108. 3392: 3373: 3371:, p. 496. 3358: 3356:, p. 100. 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3324: 3311: 3303:51.400; 12.417 3269:51.400; 12.383 3235:51.400; 12.333 3197: 3194: 3193: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3158: 3155: 3030: 3027: 2983:, followed by 2942: 2922: 2919: 2909: 2906: 2883: 2880: 2867: 2864: 2854: 2846:Gustavus Horne 2836:annihilation. 2779: 2776: 2754: 2743: 2699: 2696: 2665: 2662: 2633: 2630: 2596:Robert Monro, 2593: 2551: 2548: 2538: 2535: 2525:under Colonel 2415: 2412: 2383: 2380: 2225:Julius Mankell 2201: 2198: 2193:Main article: 2190: 2187: 2179:Bundesstraße 2 2144: 2141: 2070: 2067: 1975:Northern Italy 1963:Main article: 1960: 1957: 1896:Neubrandenburg 1880: 1877: 1784:Torquato Conti 1764:, the city of 1744: 1741: 1614:Main article: 1611: 1608: 1598:, planned his 1596:King of Sweden 1564:Denmark–Norway 1512:defenestration 1468:Main article: 1465: 1462: 1323: 1322: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1234: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1172: 1160: 1148: 1143: 1141:2nd Nördlingen 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 894: 882: 877: 875:Schenkenschans 872: 867: 859: 858: 854: 853: 852: 851: 846: 844:1st Nördlingen 841: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 731: 730: 724: 723: 722: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 678: 677: 673: 672: 671: 670: 665: 660: 648: 643: 635: 634: 630: 629: 628: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 600:Bergen op Zoom 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 559: 558: 552: 551: 550: 549: 544: 542:White Mountain 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 511: 510: 502: 499: 498: 487: 486: 479: 472: 464: 456: 455: 445: 439: 438: 431: 430: 424: 423: 422: 421: 408: 407: 401: 400: 393: 392: 386: 385: 384: 383: 382: 379: 378: 377: 376: 373: 365: 364: 361: 354: 346: 342: 340: 339: 333: 326: 321: 320: 316: 315: 313: 312: 307: 304: 300: 296: 294: 293: 290: 287: 283: 278: 277: 273: 272: 270: 269: 264: 252: 242:Count of Tilly 237: 235: 233: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 204: 201: 200: 196: 195: 193: 192: 186: 181: 179: 178: 173: 171:Swedish Empire 167: 164: 163: 159: 158: 155: 154: 151: 147: 146: 93: 91: 87: 86: 73: 65: 64: 39: 38: 31: 30: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6979: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6901: 6899:91-46-20225-0 6895: 6891: 6887: 6882: 6879: 6877:91-85377-37-6 6873: 6869: 6865: 6860: 6857: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6836: 6834:0-86350-194-X 6830: 6826: 6821: 6818: 6816:0-253-36380-2 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6787: 6782: 6778: 6775: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6754: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6731:Sundberg, Ulf 6728: 6725: 6723:9788726831146 6719: 6715: 6711: 6706: 6703: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6680: 6677: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6658: 6649: 6647:0-415-12883-8 6643: 6639: 6638: 6633: 6629: 6626: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6607: 6604: 6598: 6594: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6576: 6573: 6571:91-87184-23-0 6567: 6563: 6559: 6554: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6534: 6524: 6517: 6516: 6510: 6509:Monro, Robert 6506: 6497: 6495:0-87395-205-7 6491: 6487: 6486: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6464: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6395: 6391: 6388:, Stockholm: 6387: 6382: 6379: 6377:91-85377-44-9 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6356: 6347: 6345:0-252-06966-8 6341: 6337: 6336: 6330: 6327: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6257: 6252: 6248: 6234: 6226: 6222: 6221: 6215: 6201: 6197: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6179: 6175: 6172: 6170:91-7486-067-4 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6133: 6129: 6128: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6109: 6105: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6079: 6076: 6074:9788893272148 6070: 6066: 6062: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6040: 6037: 6031: 6027: 6022: 6019: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5992: 5991: 5980:, p. 55. 5979: 5974: 5967: 5962: 5955: 5950: 5943: 5938: 5932:, p. 74. 5931: 5926: 5920:, p. 49. 5919: 5914: 5908:, p. 18. 5907: 5902: 5895: 5890: 5883: 5878: 5871: 5866: 5859: 5858:Gullberg 2008 5854: 5848:, p. 30. 5847: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5830: 5825: 5818: 5813: 5811: 5803: 5798: 5792:, p. 67. 5791: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5774: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5757: 5752: 5745: 5740: 5733: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5717:, p. 73. 5716: 5715:Sundberg 2010 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5698:, p. 23. 5697: 5692: 5690: 5682: 5677: 5670: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5654:, p. 58. 5653: 5652:Cristini 2017 5648: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5628: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5611: 5610:Oredsson 2007 5606: 5604: 5597:, p. 35. 5596: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5574:, p. 75. 5573: 5572:Rosander 2003 5568: 5561: 5556: 5549: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5533:, p. 77. 5532: 5531:Rumenius 1987 5527: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5509: 5504: 5502: 5495:, p. 92. 5494: 5489: 5487: 5479: 5474: 5472: 5464: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5445: 5440: 5433: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5415:, p. 76. 5414: 5413:Rumenius 1987 5409: 5402: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5381: 5376: 5374: 5366: 5361: 5355:, p. 28. 5354: 5349: 5347: 5339: 5334: 5332: 5324: 5319: 5313:, p. 18. 5312: 5307: 5300: 5299:Cristini 2017 5295: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5279: 5274: 5268:, p. 66. 5267: 5262: 5260: 5252: 5251:Cristini 2017 5247: 5240: 5235: 5233: 5225: 5220: 5214:, p. 31. 5213: 5208: 5202:, p. 30. 5201: 5196: 5194: 5187:, p. 53. 5186: 5185:Cristini 2017 5181: 5175:, p. 35. 5174: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5152:, p. 38. 5151: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5132: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5116:, p. 29. 5115: 5110: 5104:, p. 74. 5103: 5102:Rosander 2003 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5078: 5073: 5066: 5061: 5054: 5053:Cristini 2017 5049: 5047: 5045: 5037: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5020: 5015: 5013: 5006:, p. 22. 5005: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4988: 4983: 4977:, p. 33. 4976: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4955: 4950: 4944:, p. 34. 4943: 4938: 4931: 4926: 4924: 4917:, p. 56. 4916: 4915:Cristini 2017 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4897: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4874: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4855: 4850: 4844:, p. 73. 4843: 4842:Rosander 2003 4838: 4836: 4834: 4826: 4821: 4814: 4809: 4802: 4797: 4791:, p. 50. 4790: 4789:Cristini 2017 4785: 4783: 4775: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4757:, p. 36. 4756: 4751: 4749: 4741: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4725:, p. 96. 4724: 4719: 4717: 4710:, p. 27. 4709: 4704: 4702: 4694: 4689: 4687: 4679: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4662: 4657: 4651:, p. 49. 4650: 4649:Cristini 2017 4645: 4638: 4633: 4627:, p. 65. 4626: 4621: 4619: 4611: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4591:, p. 99. 4590: 4589:Cristini 2017 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4570:, p. 91. 4569: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4552: 4551:Cristini 2017 4547: 4545: 4537: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4521:, p. 23. 4520: 4515: 4513: 4505: 4504:Gullberg 2008 4500: 4494:, p. 10. 4493: 4488: 4481: 4476: 4474: 4466: 4461: 4454: 4449: 4443:, p. 22. 4442: 4437: 4435: 4427: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4408: 4407:Cristini 2017 4403: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4388:, p. 35. 4387: 4382: 4375: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4358: 4353: 4346: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4328:, p. 21. 4327: 4322: 4315: 4314:Rumenius 1987 4310: 4303: 4298: 4296: 4289:, p. 84. 4288: 4283: 4281: 4274:, p. 84. 4273: 4268: 4266: 4258: 4253: 4246: 4241: 4234: 4229: 4222: 4221:Cristini 2017 4217: 4215: 4207: 4202: 4195: 4194:Cristini 2017 4190: 4183: 4178: 4176: 4169:, p. 40. 4168: 4167:Cristini 2017 4163: 4156: 4151: 4144: 4143:Oredsson 2007 4139: 4132: 4127: 4121:, p. 39. 4120: 4119:Cristini 2017 4115: 4108: 4103: 4096: 4095:Oredsson 2007 4091: 4084: 4079: 4077: 4069: 4064: 4057: 4056:Cristini 2017 4052: 4045: 4040: 4033: 4028: 4021: 4020:Oredsson 2007 4016: 4014: 4006: 4005:Cristini 2017 4001: 3994: 3993:Oredsson 2007 3989: 3983:, p. 14. 3982: 3977: 3970: 3965: 3958: 3957:Gullberg 2008 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3935: 3930: 3923: 3918: 3911: 3910:Oredsson 2007 3906: 3900:, p. 75. 3899: 3894: 3887: 3886:Oredsson 2007 3882: 3876:, p. 74. 3875: 3870: 3868: 3860: 3855: 3849:, p. 99. 3848: 3847:Gullberg 2008 3843: 3841: 3839: 3831: 3830:Oredsson 2007 3826: 3820:, p. 71. 3819: 3814: 3808:, p. 98. 3807: 3802: 3795: 3794:Gullberg 2008 3790: 3783: 3782:Oredsson 2007 3778: 3772:, p. 97. 3771: 3766: 3759: 3758:Oredsson 2007 3754: 3748:, p. 93. 3747: 3746:Gullberg 2008 3742: 3735: 3734:Oredsson 2007 3730: 3723: 3722:Cristini 2017 3718: 3712:, p. 96. 3711: 3706: 3700:, p. 92. 3699: 3698:Gullberg 2008 3694: 3687: 3686:Oredsson 2007 3682: 3675: 3674:Gullberg 2008 3670: 3664:, p. 70. 3663: 3658: 3651: 3646: 3639: 3638:Cristini 2017 3634: 3632: 3624: 3619: 3612: 3611:Oredsson 2007 3607: 3600: 3595: 3589:, p. 69. 3588: 3583: 3576: 3575:Cristini 2017 3571: 3564: 3559: 3552: 3547: 3540: 3539:Gullberg 2008 3535: 3528: 3527:Oredsson 2007 3523: 3521: 3513: 3512:Gullberg 2008 3508: 3501: 3496: 3489: 3488:Gullberg 2008 3484: 3477: 3476:Oredsson 2007 3472: 3465: 3464:Cristini 2017 3460: 3453: 3452:Gullberg 2008 3448: 3441: 3436: 3429: 3424: 3418: 3413: 3406: 3405:Gullberg 2008 3401: 3399: 3397: 3389: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3370: 3365: 3363: 3355: 3354:Cristini 2017 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3333: 3321: 3315: 3307: 3279: 3273: 3245: 3239: 3211: 3205: 3203: 3198: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3168:Hakkapeliitta 3166: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3154: 3152: 3147: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3130:combined arms 3126: 3121: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3102: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3059:pike and shot 3056: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3039:pike and shot 3035: 3026: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2927: 2918: 2914: 2905: 2903: 2898: 2896: 2895: 2888: 2877: 2872: 2859: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2828: 2824: 2822: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2801: 2800:break through 2792: 2788: 2784: 2775: 2771: 2769: 2759: 2753: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2711: 2706: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2684: 2675: 2670: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2654: 2647: 2644: 2638: 2629: 2625: 2622: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2580: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2556: 2547: 2543: 2534: 2530: 2528: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2422: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2390: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2341:Donald Mackay 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2302: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2261:Hakkapeliitta 2258: 2253: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2241:British Isles 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2210: 2206: 2196: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2152:in the east, 2151: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2112: 2110: 2105: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2083: 2079: 2077: 2069:Preliminaries 2066: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2046: 2042: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1956: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1925: 1918: 1914: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1890: 1886: 1876: 1874: 1873:Reichsthalers 1870: 1866: 1862: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1754: 1749: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1655:Imperial Diet 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1639:John George I 1635: 1631: 1622: 1617: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1577: 1576:Generalissimo 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1454:combined arms 1449: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1398:John George I 1396: 1395:Saxon Elector 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1319: 1318: 1311: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1232:Naval battles 1231: 1230: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1202:Wevelinghoven 1200: 1198: 1197:Zusmarshausen 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1175:Hohentübingen 1173: 1169: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 985: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 919:2nd Magdeburg 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 903: 898: 895: 891: 886: 883: 881: 880:Ray-sur-Saône 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 862: 861: 860: 856: 855: 850: 847: 845: 842: 838: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 734: 733: 732: 729: 726: 725: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 689:Dessau Bridge 687: 685: 682: 681: 680: 679: 675: 674: 669: 666: 664: 661: 657: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 638: 637: 636: 632: 631: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 565:Bad Kreuznach 563: 562: 561: 560: 557: 554: 553: 548: 547:Neu Titschein 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 514: 513: 512: 509: 506: 505: 500: 495: 485: 480: 478: 473: 471: 466: 465: 462: 428: 411: 390: 380: 374: 371: 368: 367: 362: 358: 355: 351: 348: 347: 343: 337: 334: 331: 328: 327: 323: 322: 317: 308: 305: 302: 301: 297: 291: 289:17,350 Saxons 288: 286:22,800 Swedes 285: 284: 280: 279: 274: 268: 265: 262: 256: 253: 250: 244: 243: 239: 238: 236: 231: 228: 226: 225:John George I 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 210: 206: 205: 203: 202: 197: 191: 188: 187: 185: 182: 177: 174: 172: 169: 168: 166: 165: 160: 152: 149: 148: 143: 113: 109: 105: 100: 96: 92: 89: 88: 84: 78: 74: 71: 70: 66: 62: 56: 55:J. J. Walther 50: 45: 40: 37: 32: 27: 22: 6889: 6885: 6867: 6863: 6845: 6824: 6798: 6785: 6781:Waitz, Georg 6763: 6738: 6734: 6713: 6709: 6687: 6683: 6661: 6651:, retrieved 6636: 6614: 6610: 6592: 6583: 6579: 6561: 6557: 6541: 6537: 6527:, retrieved 6513: 6499:, retrieved 6484: 6467: 6462: 6452: 6448: 6439: 6435: 6426: 6422: 6410: 6385: 6363: 6359: 6349:, retrieved 6334: 6315: 6311: 6286: 6282: 6273: 6269: 6255: 6251:Grant, James 6242:25 September 6240:, retrieved 6233:the original 6224: 6219: 6209:25 September 6207:, retrieved 6200:the original 6187: 6182: 6160: 6156: 6125: 6103: 6086: 6082: 6064: 6060: 6047: 6043: 6025: 5999: 5995: 5978:Roberts 2010 5973: 5961: 5949: 5937: 5925: 5918:Roberts 2010 5913: 5901: 5889: 5877: 5865: 5853: 5824: 5817:Mankell 1860 5797: 5773:Mankell 1854 5751: 5739: 5696:Weigley 1991 5681:Mankell 1860 5676: 5567: 5555: 5439: 5408: 5380:Englund 1993 5360: 5318: 5311:Roberts 2010 5306: 5273: 5246: 5219: 5207: 5180: 5109: 5072: 5060: 5004:Weigley 1991 4982: 4949: 4937: 4849: 4825:Englund 1993 4820: 4808: 4796: 4755:Nelsson 1993 4656: 4644: 4632: 4499: 4487: 4465:Mankell 1866 4460: 4448: 4381: 4357:Mankell 1866 4352: 4345:Mankell 1861 4321: 4316:, p. 9. 4309: 4304:, p. 9. 4272:Mankell 1861 4252: 4240: 4228: 4201: 4189: 4162: 4150: 4138: 4126: 4114: 4102: 4090: 4063: 4051: 4039: 4027: 4000: 3988: 3976: 3964: 3929: 3917: 3905: 3893: 3881: 3854: 3825: 3813: 3801: 3789: 3777: 3765: 3753: 3741: 3729: 3717: 3705: 3693: 3681: 3669: 3657: 3645: 3618: 3606: 3594: 3582: 3570: 3558: 3546: 3534: 3507: 3495: 3483: 3471: 3459: 3447: 3435: 3423: 3412: 3369:Mankell 1854 3314: 3187: 3142: 3134:close combat 3125:fire support 3117: 3110:A bastioned 3097: 3086: 3052: 3010: 2977: 2960: 2949: 2939: 2935: 2929: 2915: 2911: 2899: 2894:rittmeisters 2892: 2889: 2885: 2875: 2858:Robert Monro 2843: 2838: 2829: 2825: 2817: 2805: 2796: 2786: 2772: 2764: 2751: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2725:Carl Wahlbom 2720: 2701: 2692: 2688: 2679: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2639: 2635: 2626: 2621:shock attack 2617: 2600: 2590: 2584:fire support 2581: 2561: 2544: 2540: 2531: 2523: 2518: 2497: 2496: 2480: 2464: 2431:harquebusier 2419: 2417: 2400: 2393: 2385: 2369: 2353: 2345:Robert Monro 2337:Blue Brigade 2309:John Hepburn 2305: 2297: 2249: 2214: 2200:Swedish army 2146: 2129: 2113: 2100: 2088: 2072: 2062:smoke screen 2051: 2010:depredations 2007: 1972: 1968: 1953: 1930: 1909: 1892: 1857: 1853:Greifenhagen 1825: 1805: 1794: 1774: 1758: 1723:Bogislav XIV 1704: 1664: 1627: 1572:Ferdinand II 1546:against the 1530:between the 1485: 1450: 1442: 1429:Ferdinand II 1423: 1409: 1408:Army led by 1400:defeated an 1358: 1354: 1329: 1327: 1315: 1260:Lizard Point 1111:Philippsburg 1081:2nd Freiberg 1056:Wolfenbüttel 1001:1st Freiberg 996:2nd Breisach 974:Wittenweiher 964:Fuenterrabía 822:1st Breisach 807:Pfaffenhofen 756: 369: 356: 349: 335: 329: 240: 207: 162:Belligerents 53:painting by 48: 34:Part of the 6127:Marlborough 6097:: Brockhaus 5966:Artéus 2005 5906:Artéus 2005 5894:Artéus 2005 5882:Parker 1997 5846:Müller 2005 5790:Mackay 1637 5732:Wilson 2009 5595:Curths 1814 5353:Müller 2005 5323:Barker 1975 5266:Mackay 1637 5212:Curths 1814 5200:Curths 1814 5114:Müller 2005 4975:Curths 1814 4873:Curths 1814 4813:Tucker 2010 4708:Curths 1814 4625:Mackay 1637 4519:Curths 1814 4492:Glete 2005a 4441:Curths 1814 4426:Glete 2005b 4326:Curths 1814 4302:Glete 2005a 3969:Parker 1997 3650:Parker 1997 3301: / 3267: / 3233: / 3210:Breitenfeld 2664:Regroupment 2570:tactics to 2503:Westphalian 2325:Axel Lillie 2252:Johan Banér 2143:Battlefield 2125:Breitenfeld 2039:Tangermünde 1770:Saxe-Weimar 1700:Mecklenburg 1653:within the 1548:Netherlands 1492:Protestants 1478:Map of the 1363:Breitenfeld 1215: [ 1178: [ 1166: [ 1154: [ 1136:Mergentheim 1071:Schweidnitz 982: [ 900: [ 888: [ 835: [ 654: [ 620:Frankenthal 585:Mingolsheim 440:Breitenfeld 402:Breitenfeld 220:Johan Banér 215:Gustav Horn 137: / 95:Breitenfeld 6911:Categories 6743:Hallstavik 6701:9189442059 6653:2011-01-19 6529:2023-04-09 6501:2011-01-19 6351:2011-01-19 6178:Glete, Jan 6017:9185401064 5987:References 5942:Jones 2001 5829:Davis 2013 5802:Grant 1851 5744:Opitz 1892 5627:Lunde 2014 5560:Dodge 1895 5508:Opitz 1892 5478:Grant 1851 5463:Lunde 2014 5444:Lunde 2014 5401:Dodge 1895 5365:Davis 2013 5338:Grant 1851 5278:Grant 1851 5224:Grant 1851 5131:Lunde 2014 5077:Grant 1851 5065:Opitz 1892 5036:Dodge 1895 5019:Dodge 1895 4987:Opitz 1892 4954:Waitz 1875 4930:Jones 2001 4854:Davis 2013 4801:Monro 1634 4774:Lunde 2014 4740:Dodge 1895 4723:Opitz 1892 4693:Lunde 2014 4661:Dodge 1895 4610:Jones 2001 4568:Opitz 1892 4536:Lunde 2014 4453:Dodge 1895 4374:Dodge 1895 4287:Opitz 1892 4257:Lunde 2014 4233:Grant 1851 4206:Lunde 2014 4155:Lunde 2014 4107:Lunde 2014 4083:Meade 1976 4044:Lunde 2014 4032:Lunde 2014 3981:Meade 1976 3922:Lunde 2014 3859:Lunde 2014 3806:Lunde 2014 3770:Lunde 2014 3710:Lunde 2014 3623:Lunde 2014 3551:Lunde 2014 3500:Lunde 2014 3440:Lunde 2014 3329:References 3114:in battle. 3074:battalions 3068:known as " 2952:Nördlingen 2866:Casualties 2789:(1631) by 2710:grapeshots 2402:Squadron, 2382:Saxon army 2281:Cuirassier 2233:Jan Gletes 2189:Deployment 1736:Greifswald 1684:Peenemünde 1672:Älvsnabben 1659:Regensburg 1630:Baltic Sea 1464:Background 1433:Baltic Sea 1290:Lister Dyb 1151:Korneuburg 1096:Tuttlingen 1066:Honnecourt 1016:Thionville 959:Saint Omer 914:Tornavento 787:Alte Veste 772:Maastricht 646:Érsekújvár 605:Heidelberg 532:Wisternitz 125:12°22′40″E 122:51°25′04″N 6261:Edinburgh 6095:Altenburg 6004:Vällingby 3278:Seehausen 3244:Podelwitz 3153:in 1634. 3082:firepower 3047:Stockholm 2921:Aftermath 2833:Merseburg 2821:crossfire 2572:penetrate 2427:irregular 2317:Skaraborg 2163:army camp 2154:Podelwitz 2150:Seehausen 2133:Podelwitz 2054:Burgstall 2026:Havelberg 1983:Thuringia 1933:Landsberg 1766:Magdeburg 1696:Pomerania 1562:. Later, 1528:world war 1496:Catholics 1335:‹See Tfd› 1275:The Downs 1250:The Slaak 1240:Gibraltar 1163:Totenhöhe 1146:3rd Hulst 1046:La Marfée 934:2nd Breda 929:Wittstock 897:Haselünne 865:Les Avins 802:Oldendorf 777:Nuremberg 747:Magdeburg 742:Frankfurt 709:Stralsund 694:Oldenzaal 625:Stadtlohn 575:Bacharach 570:Oppenheim 6844:(2009), 6797:(1991), 6783:(1875), 6762:(2010), 6733:(2010), 6634:(1997), 6511:(1634), 6482:(1976), 6421:(1854), 6409:(1637), 6390:Norstedt 6310:(2016), 6253:(1851), 6155:(1993), 6146:33899011 6123:(1895), 3322:), 1631. 3157:See also 3029:Analysis 2985:Würzburg 2943:— 2855:— 2850:Hepburne 2755:— 2744:— 2594:— 2568:caracole 2515:Würzburg 2444:Wallonia 2370:Colonel 2361:Scottish 2293:Courland 2137:skirmish 2117:vanguard 1865:Bärwalde 1482:in 1618. 1452:form of 1402:Imperial 1317:Treaties 1131:2nd Brno 1116:Jüterbog 1106:Freiburg 1091:1st Brno 1036:Preßnitz 1031:Montjuïc 1026:Cambrils 1006:Chemnitz 832:Liegnitz 817:Konstanz 782:Wiesloch 615:Mannheim 359:captured 276:Strength 90:Location 6091:Leipzig 3289:12°25′E 3286:51°24′N 3255:12°23′E 3252:51°24′N 3221:12°20′E 3218:51°24′N 3070:tercios 3066:squares 3018:Hessian 3014:Hanover 2954:in the 2705:columns 2604:envelop 2460:Hungary 2456:Croatia 2343:'s and 2245:Livonia 2237:Finland 2229:reiters 2167:Möckern 2119:led by 2076:Leipzig 2022:Silesia 1949:Spandau 1937:Potsdam 1817:Rostock 1813:Ribnitz 1732:Kolberg 1715:Stettin 1692:Wolgast 1674:in the 1651:estates 1508:Bohemia 1379:Swedish 1367:Leipzig 1347:Swedish 1300:Fehmarn 1270:Channel 1265:Dunkirk 1101:Kolding 1051:Dorsten 944:Leipzig 812:Steinau 762:Bamberg 714:Wolgast 704:Groenlo 663:Hodonín 641:Humenné 610:Fleurus 590:Wimpfen 537:Bautzen 522:Lomnice 336:Saxony: 330:Sweden: 311:27 guns 292:66 guns 257: ( 245: ( 112:Germany 104:Leipzig 6896: 6874: 6852: 6831: 6813: 6770: 6749: 6720: 6698: 6672: 6666:Oxford 6644: 6621: 6599: 6568: 6546:Berlin 6523:London 6492: 6472:Örebro 6396: 6374: 6342: 6322: 6293: 6227:] 6190:] 6167: 6144: 6134: 6110: 6071: 6032: 6014: 3276:, and 3112:tercio 3016:, the 2981:Erfurt 2964:Vienna 2577:volley 2537:Battle 2476:Croats 2243:, and 2092:Bremen 2030:Werben 1941:Berlin 1900:Demmin 1711:Wollin 1707:Kammin 1688:Usedom 1643:Saxony 1634:Danzig 1566:, the 1556:Russia 1552:Sweden 1536:France 1516:Prague 1500:Europe 1391:Sweden 1339:German 1224:Prague 1212:Dachau 1192:Naples 1187:Triebl 1126:Jankau 1121:Bysjön 1086:Rocroi 1061:Kempen 1041:Plauen 1021:Salses 1011:Melnik 991:Vlotho 885:Dömitz 870:Leuven 797:Lützen 752:Werben 651:Tyrnau 595:Höchst 580:Jülich 527:Sablat 517:Pilsen 352:killed 344:16,600 298:31,400 281:40,150 150:Result 108:Saxony 57:, 1632 6888:[ 6866:[ 6737:[ 6712:[ 6686:[ 6613:[ 6582:[ 6560:[ 6540:[ 6519:(PDF) 6515:Paltz 6466:[ 6451:[ 6438:[ 6425:[ 6362:[ 6314:[ 6285:[ 6272:[ 6236:(PDF) 6229:(PDF) 6223:[ 6203:(PDF) 6192:(PDF) 6186:[ 6159:[ 6085:[ 6063:[ 6046:[ 5998:[ 3179:Notes 3002:Mainz 2972:Rhine 2768:clubs 2658:tross 2653:tross 2452:Italy 2440:Spain 2183:Mitte 2171:Düben 2096:Düben 2018:Spree 2014:Havel 1849:Gartz 1845:Peene 1680:Rügen 1540:Spain 1383:Saxon 1353:) or 1245:Genoa 1219:] 1182:] 1170:] 1158:] 986:] 979:Thann 969:Kallo 949:Hanau 939:Venlo 924:Somme 904:] 892:] 839:] 792:Fürth 684:Breda 658:] 370:3,000 357:6,000 350:7,600 324:5,550 6894:ISBN 6872:ISBN 6850:ISBN 6829:ISBN 6811:ISBN 6768:ISBN 6747:ISBN 6718:ISBN 6696:ISBN 6692:Lund 6670:ISBN 6642:ISBN 6619:ISBN 6597:ISBN 6566:ISBN 6490:ISBN 6394:ISBN 6372:ISBN 6368:Lund 6340:ISBN 6320:ISBN 6291:ISBN 6244:2021 6211:2021 6165:ISBN 6142:OCLC 6132:ISBN 6108:ISBN 6093:and 6069:ISBN 6030:ISBN 6012:ISBN 2994:Main 2458:and 2177:and 2034:Burg 2032:and 2016:and 1989:and 1939:and 1887:and 1851:and 1828:Oder 1809:Elbe 1698:and 1554:and 1494:and 1486:The 1393:and 1328:The 1207:Lens 909:Raon 767:Rain 83:O.S. 77:N.S. 72:Date 3045:in 2723:by 2446:in 2359:'s 1999:Ulm 1686:in 1641:of 1514:of 1506:in 1498:in 1389:of 260:WIA 248:WIA 6913:: 6809:, 6805:: 6801:, 6664:, 6548:: 6521:, 6392:, 6306:; 6259:, 6140:, 6054:AB 6010:, 6006:: 5836:^ 5809:^ 5780:^ 5763:^ 5722:^ 5703:^ 5688:^ 5659:^ 5634:^ 5617:^ 5602:^ 5579:^ 5538:^ 5515:^ 5500:^ 5485:^ 5470:^ 5451:^ 5420:^ 5387:^ 5372:^ 5345:^ 5330:^ 5285:^ 5258:^ 5231:^ 5192:^ 5157:^ 5138:^ 5121:^ 5084:^ 5043:^ 5026:^ 5011:^ 4994:^ 4961:^ 4922:^ 4903:^ 4880:^ 4861:^ 4832:^ 4781:^ 4762:^ 4747:^ 4730:^ 4715:^ 4700:^ 4685:^ 4668:^ 4617:^ 4596:^ 4575:^ 4558:^ 4543:^ 4526:^ 4511:^ 4472:^ 4433:^ 4414:^ 4393:^ 4364:^ 4333:^ 4294:^ 4279:^ 4264:^ 4213:^ 4174:^ 4075:^ 4012:^ 3941:^ 3866:^ 3837:^ 3630:^ 3519:^ 3395:^ 3376:^ 3361:^ 3336:^ 3242:, 3201:^ 3140:. 3080:, 3008:. 2860:, 2852:." 2823:. 2494:. 2462:. 2454:, 2442:, 2319:, 2247:. 2078:. 2028:, 1606:. 1594:, 1460:. 1421:. 1349:: 1345:; 1341:: 1217:de 1180:de 1168:de 1156:de 984:de 902:de 890:de 837:de 656:de 110:, 106:, 97:, 4428:. 2727:. 2211:. 1919:. 1404:- 1381:- 1332:( 483:e 476:t 469:v 263:) 251:) 114:) 85:) 79:) 63:. 51:, 23:.

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Knowledge

Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)

Index