1909:
they came up. Finally the Alans and the
Visigoths under Thorismund fought their way up and secured the center of the ridge, holding it against Attila. However, Hughes differs from mainstream explanations in that he places Thorismund between the Alans and Visigothic main body, rather than on the Visigothic flank. MacDowall, for example, places Thorismund on the far right of the battlefield. The final phase of the battle is characterized by the Gothic attempt to take the right side of the ridge, in which Theodoric is slain, with the rest of his army unaware of his death. It is at this point that Thorismund located Attila's position in the Hunnic battle line, and attacked the Hunnic center, nearly slaying Attila himself and forcing the Hunnic center to retreat. Both armies fell into confusion as darkness descended, and neither side knew the outcome of the battle until the following morning.
59:
1913:
were fighting a civil war in the battle, and
Thorismund had five brothers who could usurp his new-found position as king, that it is likely Aetius did advise them to do so. O'Flynn argues that Aetius persuaded the Visigoths to return home in order to eliminate a group of volatile allies, and argues that he let Attila escape because he would have been just as happy to make an alliance with the Huns as with the Visigoths. The majority of historians also share the view that at this point Attila's "aura of invincibility" was broken, and that Aetius allowed the Huns to retreat in the hopes he could return to a status of partnership with them and draw on the Huns for future military support.
1766:
wanted to assault Attila's camp, but Aetius dissuaded him. According to
Jordanes, Aetius feared that if the Huns were completely destroyed, the Visigoths would break off their allegiance to the Roman Empire and become an even graver threat. So Aetius persuaded Thorismund to return home quickly and secure the throne for himself, before his brothers could. Otherwise, civil war would ensue among the Visigoths. Thorismund quickly returned to Tolosa (present-day Toulouse) and became king without any resistance. Gregory of Tours claims Aetius used the same reasoning to dismiss his Frankish allies, and collected the booty of the battlefield for himself.
1905:
center, with their vassals on the wings, because they were expecting a Roman infantry center, with cavalry wings. This way Attila could pin down the center with the disorganized Hunnic style of warfare, while the majority of his troops focused on breaking one or both of the enemy flanks. However, Hughes argues that the Romans were expecting this, which is why he placed the Alans in the center of the formation, who were skilled cavalrymen and had advanced knowledge of how to fight alongside the Roman style of warfare. Bachrach also notes that
Jordanes' point of placing the Alans in the center due to disloyalty is biased on Jordanes' part.
1292:, although Sangiban's name does not appear in their accounts. However, the inhabitants of Aurelianum shut their gates against the advancing invaders, and Attila began to besiege the city, while he waited for Sangiban to deliver on his promise. There are two different accounts of the Siege of Aurelianum, and Hughes suggests that combining them provides a better understanding of what actually happened. After four days of heavy rain, Attila began his final assault on June 14, which was broken off due to the approach of the Roman coalition. Modern scholars tend to agree that the
1803:
experienced his savage attacks, both our people and the Goths soon agreed to oppose with allied forces the fury of their proud enemies. And Aetius had such great foresight that, when fighting men were hurriedly collected from everywhere, a not unequal force met the opposing multitude. Although the slaughter of all those who died there was incalculable – for neither side gave way – it appears that the Huns were defeated in this battle because those among them that survived lost their taste for fighting and turned back home. —Prosper,
2124:, but Aetius had put together a formidable coalition against the Hun. Working frenetically, the Roman leader had built a powerful alliance of Visigoths, Alans and Burgundians, uniting them with their traditional enemy, the Romans, for the defense of Gaul. Even though all parties to the protection of the Western Roman Empire had a common hatred of the Huns, it was still a remarkable achievement on Aetius' part to have drawn them into an effective military relationship.
920:
2116:(Karkar), this was the first significant conflict that involved large alliances on both sides. No single nation dominated either side; rather, two alliances met and fought in surprising coordination for the time. Meghan McEvoy, also, indicates that Aetius' successful construction and utilization of the federates in Gaul was a testament to his diplomatic and administrative skills, as well as to the influence of his military success. Ferrill writes:
1641:
1628:, the modern Troyes. The road in the region is known as the "Voie des Maures", and the base of the ridge is known as "l'enfer" to the locals. A small stream near the battlefield that runs to Troyes is known as "la Riviere de Corps" to this day. According to MacDowall, modern maps continue to identify the plains in the region as the "les Maurattes." Iaroslav Lebedensky argued the battle likely stretched across the plain from Montgueux south to
1871:
ambassador. Aetius, the first man of senatorial rank in Rome, heard the excessive daring of Attila's desperate response and went off to Alaric in Gaul, who was an enemy of Rome because of
Honorius. He urged him to join him in standing against Attila, since he had destroyed many Roman cities. They unexpectedly launched himself against him as he was bivouacked near the Danubios river, and cut down his many thousands. Alaric, wounded by a
1380:, or just under 46,000 all told. However, this figure is an estimate for the years 395–425 and one that constantly changes with new research. The loss of the Western Roman provinces in North Africa resulted in the loss of funding for 40,000 infantry and 20,000 cavalry in the Roman army, in addition to previous losses, which was enough to permanently cripple Roman military capacity after 439 AD. According to
1531:
states that Attila's forces numbered in the tens of thousands. Assuming that the Hunnic and
Germanic forces were roughly the same size as the Roman and federate army, those involved in the battle could have been well in excess of 100,000 combatants in total. This excludes the inevitable servants and camp followers who usually escape mention in the primary sources.
1762:
camp", they started to besiege his camp. In this desperate situation, Attila remained unbowed and "heaped up a funeral pyre of horse saddles, so that if the enemy should attack him, he was determined to cast himself into the flames, that none might have the joy of wounding him and that the lord of so many races might not fall into the hands of his foes".
1758:
night fell, Thorismund, son of king
Theodoric, returning to friendly lines, mistakenly entered Attila's encampment. There he was wounded in the ensuing melee before his followers could rescue him. Darkness also separated Aetius from his own men. As he feared that disaster had befallen them, he spent the rest of the night with his Gothic allies.
1963:
reception among scholars of the period, with one reviewer noting that much of the text amounts to "a confused and confusing story, involving the rewriting of histories, genealogies and chronologies... exacerbated by strange and clumsy conflations." His view that Attila won the battle therefore should be taken with skepticism.
1727:
of defeat. Hughes takes his own interpretation of this, noting that the divination may be an indicator of Attila's barbarity and therefore possibly a fabrication. He states that the choice to begin the battle at the ninth hour was due to the fact that both sides spent the entire day carefully deploying their coalition armies.
1967:
Jordanes' work is more complicated than assumed due to the rearranging of a narrative first penned by a Goth named
Ablabius in 471 and expanded by Cassiodorus, which he then himself abridged again and which in turn was used by Jordanes. Schultheis argues that provided that the entire conflict was not a literary
1389:
costs. The size of the army in 450 AD therefore must have been significantly reduced from its status in the late 420's. Schultheis argues that the Roman field army as calculated from his own estimates of the
Notitia Dignitatum, chronology of military losses, and income losses numbered approximately 20,500
2042:
Tackholm makes a distinct note of the increasing prominence of the battle in Gothic history. He shows that contemporary sources state the battle was inconclusive and give credit to Aetius, while later sources cast the battle as a Gothic victory and a major point of Gothic pride. This is also noted by
2013:
In Gaul, the effects were somewhat more significant. Hughes argues that their assistance at the
Catalaunian Plains led the Goths to destroy the Alans and besiege Orléans, believing that they had not been adequately rewarded for their service. In turn, this led to further concessions to the Goths from
1802:
After killing his brother, Attila was strengthened by the resources of the deceased and forced many thousands of neighboring peoples into a war. This war, he announced as a guardian of Roman friendship, he would wage only against the Goths. But when he had crossed the Rhine and many Gallic cities had
1761:
On the following day, finding the battlefield was "piled high with bodies and the Huns did not venture forth", the Goths and Romans met to decide their next move. Knowing that Attila was low on provisions and "was hindered from approaching by a shower of arrows placed within the confines of the Roman
1388:
gives the same figure in 450, but estimates the cost of maintaining an army of 300,000 at 31,625 lbs. of gold or 7.6 solidi a year per soldier. He states that there were also other unquantifiable military costs such as defensive installations, equipment, logistical supplies, paper, animals, and other
2152:
The battle of Maurica was a battle of nations, but its significance has been enormously exaggerated in conventional history. It cannot in any reasonable sense be designated as one of the critical battles of the world. The Gallic campaign had really been decided by the strategic success of the allies
1895:
states that in a prior battle on the Loire, 200,000 Goths and 150,000 Huns were slain. The figures offered are implausibly high, but the battle was noted as being exceptionally bloody by all of the primary sources. It is ultimately Jordanes' writing that leads to the difference in opinions in modern
1726:
examine the entrails of a sacrifice the morning of the day of the battle. They foretold that disaster would befall the Huns, but one of the enemy leaders would be killed. Attila delayed until the ninth hour (about 2:30 pm) so the impending sunset would help his troops to flee the battlefield in case
1510:
of the Xiongnu decimal system, meaning their army was probably organized into divisions of 10, 100, 1000, and 10,000, but no real estimates of Hunnic military capacity can be determined. Their barbarian allies, however, do receive mentions at other times in other sources: in 430 CE. The Hunnish king
2167:
to the Seine or the Loire, there is no reason to suppose that the course of history would have been seriously altered. For the rule of the Huns in Gaul could only have been a matter of a year or two; it could not have survived here, any more than it survived in Hungary, the death of the great king,
2091:
Attila's attacks on the Western empire were soon renewed, but never with such peril to the civilized world as had menaced it before his defeat at Châlons; and on his death, two years after that battle, the vast empire which his genius had founded was soon dissevered by the successful revolts of the
1509:
could only support 15,000 mounted nomads. Schultheis notes that Attila had control of other Hunnic groups east of the Carpathians, and proposes the eastern half of Attila's empire could field an additional 7,000 to 12,000 men based on later 6th century sources. Kim notes that the Huns continued use
1354:
may have participated in the battle, possibly on both sides like the Franks and Burgundians. The Olibrones remain unknown, although it has been suggested these were Germanic limitanei garrisons. Schultheis argues that on paper, the Germanic federates could theoretically number more than 70,000, but
1162:
the year before. In 450, she sent the eunuch Hyacinthus to the Hunnic king asking for Attila's help in escaping her confinement, with her ring as proof of the letter's legitimacy. Allegedly, Attila interpreted it as offering her hand in marriage, and he had claimed half of the empire as a dowry. He
1979:
and other Gothic groups chased the collapsing Gothic right back to their camp, resulting in the mass confusion that followed. He concludes that losses during the retreats were heavy and led to an indecisive outcome, which an analysis of the chronology of primary source accounts shows over time was
1730:
According to Jordanes, the Catalaunian plain rose on one side by a sharp slope to a ridge; this geographical feature dominated the battlefield and became the center of the battle. The Huns first seized the right side of the ridge, while the Romans seized the left, with the crest unoccupied between
1709:
loyal to Attila and engaged them in a skirmish. Jordanes' recorded number of 15,000 dead on either side for this skirmish is not verifiable. Attila had set up a tactical delay along his route of retreat in order to keep Aetius from catching him before he arrived at a suitable battlefield location.
1912:
After the battle, the allies decided what to do next, and resolved to place Attila under siege for a few days while they discussed the matter. Aetius allegedly persuaded both Thorismund and the Goths, and the Franks as well, to leave the battle and return home. Hughes argues that since the Franks
1908:
Jordanes' description of the battle, according to Hughes, takes place from the Roman perspective. Attila's forces arrived on the ridge first, on the far right side, before the Visigoths could take that position. Then Aetius' Romans arrived on the left side of the ridge, and repulsed the Gepids as
1904:
In the traditional account, modern scholars take a very direct interpretation of Jordanes, although usually with various points of contention. Modern scholars tend to agree that the battle took place on a long ridge, not a plain with a hill to one side. Hughes argues that the Huns deployed in the
1786:
The Huns broke the peace and plundered the Gallic provinces. A great many cities were taken. On the Catalaunian Plains, not far from the city of Metz, which they had taken, the Huns were cut down in battle with the aid of God and defeated by general Aetius and King Theoderic, who had made a peace
1757:
Then Jordanes claims the Visigoths outstripped the speed of the Alans beside them and fell upon Attila's own Hunnic household unit. Attila was forced to seek refuge in his own camp, which he had fortified with wagons. The Romano-Gothic charge apparently swept past the Hunnic camp in pursuit; when
1530:
in 454. Schultheis argues that when combining primary and secondary source estimates Attila's forces would number more than 100,000 on paper, but was likely closer to 70,000. The Chronicon Paschale, which preserves an extremely abbreviated and garbled fragment of Priscus' account of the campaign,
2189:
was far more consequential to European history than the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, a view also shared by many modern authors. Kim argues that the Huns were instrumental in triggering the evolution of medieval Europe during the early migration era by the introduction of East Asian, Central
2131:
thinks that the battle had a major impact on the future of Roman Gaul. He doesn't believe that it was a religious and cultural victory over the Huns of Central Asia. Kim argues that the battle significantly weakened the military capacity of the Alans, Visigoths, and the Romans, which allowed for
2103:
It should never be forgotten that in the summer of 451 and again in 452, the whole fate of western civilization hung in the balance. Had the Hunnish army not been halted in these two successive campaigns, had its leader toppled Valentinian from his throne and set up his own capital at Ravenna or
2009:
to broker a treaty with Attila. Attila ultimately retreated from Italy, most likely due to a local famine and disease within his army. Some authors have argued that this sequence of military fiascos for Aetius ultimately led to his downfall. Merrils and Miles also argue it led to the downfall of
1765:
While Attila was besieged in his camp, the Visigoths searched for their missing king and his son Thorismund. After a long search, they found Theodoric's corpse "where the dead lay thickest" and bore him away with heroic songs in sight of the enemy. Upon learning of his father's death, Thorismund
2184:
Despite his views on the battle, it is noteworthy that Bury, who does not believe the Battle of ChalĂ´ns to be of macrohistorical importance, characterizes Aetius' rule thus: "From the end of the regency to his own death, Aetius was master of the Empire in the west, and it must be imputed to his
1131:
to wage war on the Visigoths. At the same time, Genseric would attempt to sow strife between the Visigoths and the Western Roman Empire. However, Jordanes' account of Gothic history is notoriously unreliable. Modern scholars now believe that this explanation was Jordanes projecting contemporary
2157:
This assessment is also corroborated by Hughes, Bachrach, and Kim, all of whom argue that the real turning point of the invasion of Gaul was the successful defense of Orléans. They consider that the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains occurred as Attila was already retreating from Gaul. Bury also
1632:, while Schultheis argues that the battle took place wholly on the "les Maures" ridge itself until its final phase, when retreating and pursuing forces stretched across several kilometers. The ridge at Montgueux is currently the most thoroughly researched proposal for the battlefield location.
1966:
Other authors have previously considered the battle to have been indecisive. This latter view is rather widely accepted, although the outcome remains in disagreement as a whole. The most recent and comprehensive argument for an indecisive outcome belongs to that of Schultheis, who argues that
1962:
towards the end of Justinian's reign. Ultimately this has led mainstream scholarship to agree that Jordanes' description of the Battle of the Catalaunian fields is distorted, even if they do not agree with a pro-Hunnish interpretation of the outcome. However, Kim's views have received a mixed
1870:
with a multitude of many tens of thousands. He notified Valentinian, the emperor of Rome, through a Gothic ambassador, "Attila, my master and yours, orders you through me to make ready the palace for him." He gave the same notice to Theodosius, the emperor in Constantinople, through a Gothic
2010:
Valentinian III as a result of Aetius' assassination. This has been disputed recently by Meghan McEvoy, who argues that Valentinian III wanted to be an active emperor and simply needed to remove his manager, and that there was no real direct cause for Aetius' murder.
1296:
was the high point of Attila's attack on the West, and the staunch Alan defence of the city was the real decisive factor in the war of 451. Contrary to Jordanes, the Alans were never planning to defect as they were the loyal backbone of the Roman defence in Gaul.
1273:), while sending a small detachment north into Frankish territory to plunder the countryside. This explanation would support the literary evidence claiming North Gaul was attacked, and the archaeological evidence showing major population centers were not sacked.
2266:
Connor Whately notes that Jordanes' entire work may in fact be a political statement on the campaigns of Belisarius and the policies of Justinian, who also considers the Battle of Chalons to be the climax of the piece. Barnish thinks it was used to portray
2162:
If Attila had been victorious, if he had defeated the Romans and the Goths at Orleans, if he had held Gaul at his mercy and had translated – and we have no evidence that this was his design – the seat of his government and the abode of his people from the
2168:
on whose brains and personal character it depended. Without depreciating the achievement of Aetius and Theoderic we must recognise that at worst the danger they averted was of a totally different order from the issues which were at stake on the fields of
1750:, was killed in the assault without his men noticing. He then states that Theodoric was either thrown from his horse and trampled to death by his advancing men, or slain by the spear of the Amali Andag. Since Jordanes served as the notary of Andag's son
1714:
and since accepted by many, although some authors have proposed the first week of July or September 27. The date of the battle can be secured to June by the entries of Hydatius' chronicle, which places it in-between the appearance and disappearance of
1847:
Patrician Aetius with King Theodoric of the Goths fight against Attila king of the Huns at Tricasses on the Mauriac plain, where Theodoric was slain, by whom it is uncertain, and Laudaricus the relative of Attila: and the bodies were countless.
2153:
in cutting off Attila from Orleans. The battle was fought when he was in full retreat, and its value lay in damaging his prestige as an invincible conqueror, in weakening his forces, and in hindering him from extending the range of his ravages.
2180:, and if a son had been born of their marriage and proclaimed Augustus in Gaul, the Hun might have been able to exercise considerable influence on the fortunes of that country; but that influence would probably not have been anti-Roman.
1988:
The immediate and long-term effects of the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields are somewhat disputed. Attila returned to invade the Western Roman Empire in 452, which was more successful than his invasion of Gaul. After a 3-month siege of
1481:
On the other hand, Thompson believes that the presence of Burgundians on the Hunnic side is credible, noting that a group is documented remaining east of the Rhine; likewise, he believes that the other peoples Sidonius mentions (the
1472:
The Bastarnae, Bructeri, Geloni and Neuri had disappeared hundreds of years before the time of the Huns, while the Bellonoti had never existed at all: presumably the learned poet was thinking of the Balloniti, a people invented by
2018:
had. On the other hand, Kim argues that the battle led to the decline of Roman influence in northern Gaul, and strengthened the position of the Salian Franks and the Burgundians. He argues that it ultimately led to the victory of
1665:
without one regular soldier." The insignificant number of Roman troops reported is probably due to the fact the majority of Aetius' army was stationed in Gaul, combined with Sidonius' need to embellish the account in favor of
1167:
rejected these demands, and Attila used it as an excuse to launch a destructive campaign through Gaul. Hughes suggests that the reality of this interpretation should be that Honoria was using Attila's status as honorary
2185:
policy and arms that Imperial rule did not break down in all the provinces by the middle of the fifth century." Bury thinks it clear that there was no one capable of taking Aetius' place. But he also considers that the
1774:
The primary sources give little information as to the outcome of the battle, barring Jordanes. All emphasize the casualty count of the battle, and the battle became increasingly seen as a Gothic victory, beginning with
1682:, Avitus, for help. According to tradition, Avitus was not only able to persuade Theodoric to join the Romans, but also a number of other wavering barbarian residents in Gaul. The coalition assembled at Arelate (
2092:
subject nations. The name of the Huns ceased for some centuries to inspire terror in Western Europe, and their ascendancy passed away with the life of the great king by whom it had been so fearfully augmented.
3760:
Aetius patricius cum Theodorico rege Gothorum contra Attilam regem Hunorum Tricassis pugnat loco Mauriacos, ubi Theodoricus a a quo occisus incertum est et Laudaricus cognatus Attilae: cadavera vero innumera.
1349:
and the old British field army composed the forces of the Riparii and Armoricans, and Heather suggests that the Visigoths may have been able to field about 25,000 men total. Drinkwater adds that a faction of
1581:, it was initially thought to be the burial of Theodoric, but Hodgkin expressed skepticism, suggesting that this elite burial was that of a princely Germanic warrior who had lived in the fifth century. The
1252:
dating to the timeframe of the invasion. The most likely explanation for Attila's widespread devastation of Gaul is that Attila's main column followed the Roman roads and crossed the Rhine at Argentoratum
1953:
regarding the alleged subterfuge after the battle in some primary source accounts. Other historians have noted its possible political statements on Jordanes' contemporary time, particularly regarding the
1545:
The actual location of the Catalaunian Fields has long been considered unclear. As a whole, the current scholarly consensus is that there is no conclusive site, merely being that it is in the vicinity of
1181:) had died and that his two sons argued over the succession: while the older son sought Attila's help, the younger sided with Aetius, who adopted him. The identity of the younger prince, who was seen at
2108:
Modern authors have mostly moved away from this viewpoint though, some categorizing it as a battle that broke the myth of Hunnish invincibility. Parker called it a triumph of Roman defensive strategy.
1945:
to protect it from sedition and the Persian Navy. Kim's suggestion of Jordanes borrowing Herodotus has been noted by prior scholarship: Franz Altheim drew a parallel between the Catalaunian Fields and
2014:
Aetius after Thorismund's assassination by his brother, who was amicable to the Romans. He thinks this may have been the point at which the Goths gained the same status of an independent kingdom that
1701:
From Aurelianum, Aetius and his coalition pursued Attila, who was leaving Gaul with the majority of his objectives completed. According to Jordanes, the night before the main battle, some of the
1875:
in the engagement, died. Attila died similarly, carried off by a nasal hemorrhage while he slept at night with his Hunnic concubine. It was suspected that this girl killed him. The very wise
1787:
treaty with each other. The darkness of night interrupted the fighting. King Theoderic was laid low there and died. Almost 300,000 men are said to have fallen in that battle. — Hydatius,
1678:, to join him. Allegedly, Theodoric learned how few troops Aetius had with him and decided it was wiser to wait and oppose the Huns in his own lands, so Aetius then turned to the former
1975:, and that Jordanes' text indicates the Hunnic center retreated before Thorismund charged. The Romans and Alans attacked down the ridge and across the plain to Attila's camp, while the
2120:
After he secured the Rhine, Attila moved into central Gaul and put Orléans under siege. Had he gained his objective, he would have been in a strong position to subdue the Visigoths in
1817:
At this time Attila, king of the Huns, invaded the Gauls. Here trusting in lord Peter the apostle himself patrician Aetius proceeded against him, he would fight with the help of God. —
1494:
listed the subject peoples who Attila could call upon in addition to the better known Goths and Gepids: "Marcomanni, Suebi, Quadi, and alongside them the Herules, Thuringi and Rugii".
395:
1248:, is also credited with saving his city by meeting Attila in person. Many other cities also claim to have been attacked in these accounts, although archaeological evidence shows no
4583:
Schultheis, Evan. "The Battle of the Catalaunian Fields, AD 451: Flavius Aetius, Attila the Hun, and the Transformation of Gaul." Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books Ltd., 2019.
3352:
1384:, with an annual revenue of 40,000 pounds of gold in 450 AD, the Western Empire would have had to spend almost two thirds of its income to maintain an army of 30,000 men.
1376:
serving either in the Gallic provinces or on the frontiers nearby; the total of these units, based on Jones' analysis, is 34,000 for the regular units and 11,500 for the
2283:' narrative format. Therefore, any claims by Jordanes must be rigorously scrutinised, and the possibility that his entire account may be fabricated cannot be excluded.
860:
2257:(Cambridge: Speculum Historiale, 1966, a reprint of the 1915 second edition); all quotations of Jordanes are taken from this edition, which is in the public domain.
1337:(whom he describes as "once Roman soldiers and now the flower of the allied forces"), as well as "other Celtic or German tribes." The Liticiani could be either
2190:
Asian, and Iranian cultural and societal practices, which agrees with Bury that the outcome of the battle would not have turned Europe into a cultural desert.
1836:
Attila entered Gaul as if he had the right to ask for a wife that was owed to him. There, he inflicted and suffered defeat and then withdrew to his homeland. —
388:
2066:
The most important effect of the battle is usually considered to be its impact on long-term Hunnic hegemony in Europe, of which there are differing opinions.
1293:
1971:
based on the Battle of Marathon, the Alans were placed in the center of the battle line due to their effectiveness against the Huns as proscribed by the
988:
composed the majority of the coalition army. Whether the battle was of strategic significance is disputed; historians generally agree that the siege of
923:
Map showing the possible routes taken by Attila's forces as they invaded Gaul, and the major cities that the Huns and their allies sacked or threatened
2083:, who called it the last victory achieved in the name of the Western Roman Empire. The first individual historical survey of the battle was given by
381:
1887:
Jordanes reports the number of dead from this battle as 165,000, excluding the casualties of the Franco-Gepid skirmish previous to the main battle.
1491:
1629:
3719:
Hoc tempore Attila Hunorum rex invadit Gallias. Contra hunc commendans se domno Petro apostolo patricius Aetius perrexit dei auxilio pugnaturus.
4528:. "A Military History of the Western World: From the Earliest Times to the Battle of Lepanto." Vol. 1. New York: Da Capo Press, 1987. Reprint.
853:
1824:
Battle was made in the Gauls between Aetius and Attila king of the Huns with both peoples and massacre. Attila fled into the greater Gauls. —
1739:
surrounded in the middle. The Hunnic forces attempted to take the ridge, but were outstripped by the Romans under Aetius and the Goths under
2039:. This would ultimately lead to his service during the final years of the Western Roman Empire and his establishment of a Kingdom of Italy.
2001:. Aetius, without aid from the federates in Gaul and without the military capacity to stop Attila on his own, sent an embassy consisting of
1385:
992:
was the decisive moment in the campaign and stopped the Huns' attempt to advance any further into Roman territory or establish vassals in
5311:
3708:
Pugnatum est in quinto milliario de Tecis loco nuncupante Maurica in Campania." —Additamenta ad Chronicon Prosperi Hauniensis, s.a. 451.
1751:
1490:) were participants in this battle. Although there is no direct evidence that Heruli were present, as indirect evidence, centuries later
1468:. E.A. Thompson expresses his suspicions that some of these names are drawn from literary traditions rather than from the event itself:
58:
5296:
4069:
2158:
considers that as a whole, the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains would not have seriously altered history had it been a Hunnish victory:
1084:
in 414. The parts of Gaul still securely in Roman control were the Mediterranean coastline; a region including Aurelianum (present-day
5321:
1497:
Thompson remarks in a footnote, "I doubt that Attila could have fed an army of even 30,000 men." Lindner argues that by crossing the
846:
5316:
2087:, who heralded it as a triumph of Christian Europe over the pagan savages of Asia, saving classical heritage and European culture.
1577:, a labourer uncovered a burial containing a skeleton, a number of jewels and gold ornaments, and two swords. By the nature of its
1212:
to emphasize Attila's pagan nature to a Christian audience and may not be reliable. Other cities attacked can be determined by the
2136:, who was later to found his own Kingdom in Italy after deposing the last Western Roman Emperor and submitting to Constantinople.
996:. However, the Huns successfully looted and pillaged much of Gaul and crippled the military capacity of the Romans and Visigoths.
95:
3732:
Pugna facta in Galliis inter Aetium et Attilanum regem Hunorum cum utriusque populi caede. Attila fugatur in Gallias Superiores.
3344:
1866:
While Theodosius and Valentinian, the Augusti, were emperors, Attila, from the race of the Gepid Huns, marched against Rome and
1284:, whose Foederati realm included Aurelianum, had promised to open the city gates. This siege is confirmed by the account of the
5326:
5286:
5089:
4613:
3532:
Fasti Romani, the Civil and Literary Chronology of Rome and Constantinople from the Death of Augustus to the Death of Justin II
1368:. This document is a list of officials and military units that was last updated in the first decades of the fifth century. The
4430:
5346:
5306:
4565:
3190:
566:
5291:
2099:, a historian known for his works on Venice and on Byzantium, somewhat reiterates Creasy, saying of the battle of Châlons:
1949:, and thought that the battle narrative was completely fabricated. John Wallace-Hadrill drew a parallel between Aetius and
1132:
events and political opinions onto Attila's time, and it was likely not original to Priscus. Christiensen points out that
17:
5301:
1144:
after Thrasamund's death in 523, and that the tale of the blinding of Theodoric's daughter by Huneric was a fabrication.
2035:, who returned to the Danube. This set the Franks up for dominance in Gaul and put Odoacer back in power as king of the
1694:, who had been preparing for a Hunnic attack for a few years. The combined army then marched to Aurelianum (present-day
4533:
4214:
4189:
3398:
3115:
2988:
2903:
2638:
2552:
2395:
1105:
5281:
1933:
on the left, the Alans the weak Athenian center, and the Goths the Athenian regulars on the right, with Theodoric as
674:
556:
4510:
Dahm, Murray. "Hunnic Warrior vs. Late Roman Cavalryman: Attila's Wars, AD 440–53." Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2022.
1586:
561:
405:
50:
1562:. A more recent evaluation of the location has been performed by Phillippe Richardot, who proposed a location of
608:
4607:
1204:) on April 7. Schultheis notes, however, that sacking of Metz on April 7 may have been a literary trope used by
4647:
2104:
Rome, there is little doubt that both Gaul and Italy would have been reduced to spiritual and cultural deserts.
1305:
Both armies consisted of combatants from many peoples. Besides the Roman troops, the Alans, and the Visigoths,
450:
2245:
argued that Jordanes' detailed description of the battle was copied from lost writings of the Greek historian
1200:
Attila crossed the Rhine early in 451 with his followers and a large number of allies, sacking Divodurum (now
4545:
MacDowall, Simon. "Catalaunian Fields AD 451, Rome's Last Great Battle." Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd. 2015.
1691:
1679:
4513:
Ferril, Arther. "The Fall of the Roman Empire: The Military Explanation." London: Thames & Hudson, 1988.
4207:
The Battle of the Catalaunian Fields, AD 451: Flavius Aetius, Attila the Hun, and the Transformation of Gaul
4182:
The Battle of the Catalaunian Fields, AD 451: Flavius Aetius, Attila the Hun, and the Transformation of Gaul
3391:
The Battle of the Catalaunian Fields, AD 451: Flavius Aetius, Attila the Hun, and the Transformation of Gaul
3108:
The Battle of the Catalaunian Fields, AD 451: Flavius Aetius, Attila the Hun, and the Transformation of Gaul
2981:
The Battle of the Catalaunian Fields, AD 451: Flavius Aetius, Attila the Hun, and the Transformation of Gaul
2896:
The Battle of the Catalaunian Fields, AD 451: Flavius Aetius, Attila the Hun, and the Transformation of Gaul
2631:
The Battle of the Catalaunian Fields, AD 451: Flavius Aetius, Attila the Hun, and the Transformation of Gaul
5351:
4093:"Review of Kim (H.J.) The Huns, Rome, and the Birth of Europe, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2013"
1417:
637:
581:
455:
316:
1891:, a historian who lived at the time of Attila's invasion, reports the number of 300,000 dead. The garbled
5331:
1600:
just west of Troyes. Macdowall goes as far as to identify the Roman alliance's camp site being placed at
4542:
Lebedensky, Iaroslav. "La campagne d’Attila en Gaule 451 apr. J.-C." Clermont-Ferrand: Lemme Edit, 2011.
5094:
4576:
Scharf, Ralf. "Ripari und Olibriones? Zwei Teilnehmer an der Schlacht auf den Katalaunischen Feldern."
2250:
2176:. If Attila had succeeded in his campaign, he would probably have been able to compel the surrender of
1710:
The two forces at last met somewhere on the Catalaunian Fields circa June 20, a date first proposed by
1555:
744:
729:
657:
593:
487:
240:
172:
4539:
Kim, Hyun Jin. "The Huns, Rome, and the Birth of Europe." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
1276:
Attila's army had reached Aurelianum (modern Orléans, France) before June. According to Jordanes, the
31:
5225:
4849:
4819:
4690:
2296:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 144–148. This is a posthumous revision by Peter Heather of Thompson's
771:
724:
618:
482:
445:
5245:
3281:
598:
5104:
892:
821:
786:
759:
754:
662:
652:
647:
524:
492:
420:
4619:
1941:. He sees the return home by the Goths to secure Thorismund's throne as the same as the return to
5341:
5336:
5276:
5099:
3986:
Kim, Hyun Jin (2015). "Herodotean Illusions in Late Antiquity: Priscus, Jordanes, and the Huns".
1938:
1850:
1838:
887:
816:
806:
776:
749:
551:
519:
1547:
4363:
2205:
2173:
2084:
1972:
1474:
1342:
739:
679:
630:
625:
576:
507:
467:
2481:
Whately, Connor (2012). "Jordanes, the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, and Constantinople".
2132:
Frankish and Burgundian hegemony in North Gaul. He also believes that it set up the career of
1754:, even if this latter story is not true, this version was certainly a proud family tradition.
1604:, a few kilometers west of the proposed battlefield, and places Attila's camp on the Seine at
5109:
4764:
3268:
3052:
1892:
1506:
1225:
796:
642:
613:
536:
531:
430:
425:
4522:
Hughes, Ian. "Attila the Hun: Arch-Enemy of Rome." Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books Ltd., 2019.
1518:
Burgundians who would later come under Hun subjugation, and Heather estimates that both the
5199:
4039:
1795:
1658:
1433:
976:
952:
811:
669:
586:
440:
151:
4478:
History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian
4465:
History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian
4130:
Vernadsky, George (1951). "Der sarmatische Hintergrund der germanischen Volkerwanderung".
3518:
History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian
1955:
1731:
them. Jordanes explains that the Visigoths held the right side, the Romans the left, with
1570:
8:
5144:
5032:
4675:
2268:
2177:
2096:
2079:
The Battle of the Catalaunian Plains is given its first modern historical perspective by
2052:
2048:
1421:
1148:
907:
801:
719:
502:
497:
64:
1177:
Another conflict leading into the war was that in 449, the King of the Franks (possibly
321:
5114:
4950:
4670:
4640:
4549:
4507:
Bury, John Bagnall. "History of the Later Roman Empire." Macmillan & Co. Ltd. 1923.
4147:
4112:
4061:
2805:
2784:"Ripari und Olibriones? Zwei Teilnehmer an der Schlacht auf den Katalaunischen Feldern"
2292:
A modern narrative based these sources can be found in Thompson, Edward Arthur (1996)
2276:
1993:, arranged by Aetius in the hopes it would use up his whole campaigning season, Attila
1926:
1810:
The battle raged five miles down from Troyes on the field called Maurica in Campania. —
1746:
Jordanes goes on to state that Theodoric, whilst leading his own men against the enemy
1360:
1217:
714:
684:
603:
546:
541:
472:
435:
204:
157:
30:"Battle of Châlons" redirects here. For the battle of Aurelian against Tetricus I, see
2501:
Barnish, S. (1992). "Old Kaspars: Attila's Invasion of Gaul in the Literary Sources".
1020:, although control over all of the provinces beyond Italy was continuing to diminish.
791:
4593:
Whately, Conor. "Jordanes, the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields and Constantinople."
4561:
4529:
4210:
4185:
4151:
4116:
4065:
3503:
3394:
3186:
3111:
2984:
2899:
2809:
2634:
2548:
2391:
2169:
2060:
2006:
1946:
1716:
1582:
1540:
1249:
1159:
1045:
781:
764:
734:
571:
514:
88:
1559:
5124:
4434:
4143:
4139:
4104:
4051:
3263:
Peigné-Delacourt, Achille (1860). "Recherches sur le lieu de la bataille d'Attila".
3085:
2795:
2113:
1994:
1650:
1330:
1289:
1209:
1170:
1025:
1005:
980:
870:
699:
373:
340:
274:
167:
4519:
Hughes, Ian. "Aetius: Attila's Nemesis." Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books Ltd., 2012.
1505:
the Huns had forfeited their best logistic base and grazing grounds, and that the
1028:
tribes occupying Roman territory had been forcibly settled and bound by treaty as
5235:
5139:
5073:
4573:
Richardot, Philippe. "La Fin de l'Armee Romaine 284–476." Paris: Economica, 2005.
2242:
2199:
2186:
1662:
1527:
1241:
1164:
1152:
1076:
and in Valentinois were more loyal, having served the Romans since the defeat of
1001:
902:
826:
689:
5240:
5134:
5022:
4426:
2800:
2783:
2545:
Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths: Studies in a Migration Myth
2139:
2109:
1867:
1654:
1381:
1258:
956:
709:
462:
264:
4108:
2074:
1358:
A sense of the size of the actual Roman army may be found in the study of the
1016:
By 450 AD, the Romans had restored their authority in much of the province of
5265:
5129:
4633:
4525:
4345:
2080:
1747:
1345:, the latter of which are recorded by Gregory. Halsall argues that the Rhine
1310:
704:
162:
110:
97:
3734:" – continuatio Codex Reichenaviensis, Magna Germaniae Historia IX, p. 490.
2229:(or "Gothic History"), our principal source for this battle, is the work of
2043:
Barnish, who claims that Cassiodorus and Jordanes works intended to portray
5271:
5184:
5165:
4804:
4680:
2518:"'Herodotean' allusions in Late Antiquity: Priscus, Jordanes, and the Huns"
2275:
as the new Attila. Hyun Jin Kim suggests the account is an allusion to the
2128:
1976:
1950:
1922:
1596:
Simon Macdowall in his 2015 Osprey title proposed the battle took place at
1574:
1523:
1365:
1221:
1156:
477:
210:
4056:
3089:
3055:, "gentes Marcomanni, Sueui, Quadi, praeterea Eruli, Turcilingi siue Rugi"
1605:
1593:. It is still not known whether or not the find is related to the battle.
5179:
5160:
4516:
Hodgkin, Thomas. "Italy and Her Invaders." Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1880.
4326:
Tackholm, Ulf (1969). "Aetius and the Battle on the Catalaunian Fields".
3937:
Tackholm, Ulf (1969). "Aetius and the Battle on the Catalaunian Fields".
3660:
Tackholm, Ulf (1969). "Aetius and the Battle on the Catalaunian Fields".
3577:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military. pp. 164, 167.
2427:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 29, 32, and 62–63.
2234:
2020:
1959:
1776:
1671:
1578:
1498:
1457:
1322:
1213:
1194:
1061:
1041:
964:
331:
270:
3836:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military. pp. 165–166.
3459:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military. pp. 160–161.
1608:. This draws on the earlier work of M. Girard, who was able to identify
5204:
5194:
5068:
4894:
4844:
4829:
4548:
Man, John. "Attila: The Barbarian King Who Challenged Rome." New York:
2002:
1740:
1723:
1711:
1601:
1314:
1254:
1137:
1133:
1068:
were more submissive, but likewise awaiting an opening for revolt. The
1017:
993:
919:
838:
336:
288:
3958:
The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians
3804:
The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians
3721:" – Continuatio Codex Ovetensis, Magna Germaniae Historia IX, p. 490."
2936:
The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians
1695:
1640:
1270:
1085:
5189:
5047:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4779:
4738:
4398:
The Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare: The Triumph of the West
4027:. Vol. IV. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co. pp. 324–329.
2572:. Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. pp. 93, 98, 100, 102.
2280:
2145:
2121:
2056:
1998:
1934:
1675:
1597:
1563:
1487:
1453:
1409:
1346:
1334:
1233:
1053:
1029:
984:
960:
225:
192:
4040:"Jordanes, the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, and Constantinople"
3345:"Campus Mauriacus, Nouvelle Étude sur le Champ de Bataille d'Attila"
2517:
2309:
The various hagiographies are summarized in Hodgkin, Thomas (1967)
5230:
5209:
5171:
4986:
4940:
4869:
4864:
4834:
4824:
4814:
4809:
4748:
4713:
4698:
4092:
3821:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military. p. 164.
3431:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military. p. 159.
2272:
2230:
2044:
2028:
2015:
1990:
1888:
1732:
1687:
1461:
1351:
1318:
1306:
1281:
1229:
1205:
1190:
1141:
1128:
1116:
1093:
1021:
293:
283:
182:
4586:
Tackholm, Ulf. "Aetius and the Battle on the Catalaunian Fields."
1862:, preserving a garbled and abbreviated passage of Priscus, states:
1269:), Divodurum (Metz), Durocotorum (Reims), and finally Aurelianum (
1109:
5250:
5001:
4955:
4899:
4889:
4884:
4874:
4854:
4839:
4774:
4769:
2246:
2133:
2032:
1930:
1876:
1502:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1405:
1397:
by the time of the battle, not including supernumerary officers.
1237:
1186:
1178:
1124:
1077:
1057:
989:
951:, took place on June 20, 451 AD, between a coalition, led by the
326:
311:
4368:
Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World: From Marathon to Waterloo
5037:
5017:
4945:
4935:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4879:
4859:
4799:
4784:
4728:
4718:
1942:
1706:
1702:
1667:
1590:
1551:
1519:
1515:
1465:
1441:
1401:
1326:
1245:
1120:
1049:
1037:
997:
972:
305:
245:
235:
230:
177:
2055:
as a new Aetius. However, in the Roman sources, like those of
5052:
5042:
5027:
4996:
4991:
4794:
4789:
4743:
4733:
4723:
4708:
4703:
3851:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 65–67.
3534:. Vol. II. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 642.
3248:"Recherches philologiques sur l'anneau sigillaire de Pouan".
2164:
2063:, Aetius remains the central figure of pride and importance.
2036:
2024:
1736:
1683:
1511:
1483:
1449:
1445:
1429:
1338:
1277:
1266:
1262:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
were growing restive, but still holding to their treaty. The
1033:
975:. It proved one of the last major military operations of the
220:
215:
187:
4010:
The Long Haired Kings: And Other Studies in Frankish History
2140:
Opposing view: battle was not of macro-historical importance
1612:
as the "les Maures" ridge of Montgueux, based on the second
4656:
3222:. Vol. II. New York: Russel & Russel. p. 124.
3150:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 82–83.
2689:. Vol. II. New York: Russel & Russel. p. 121.
2075:
Traditional view: battle was of macro-historical importance
1201:
1182:
968:
874:
4494:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 143–155.
4400:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 154–156.
2740:. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press. pp. 65–67.
1004:
in 454 AD, the coalition of the Huns and the incorporated
3135:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 23, 40.
3080:
Lindner, Rudi Paul (1981). "Nomadism, Horses, and Huns".
2547:. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 327–329.
1983:
27:
Part of the Hunnic invasion of the Roman province of Gaul
4453:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 73–74.
4312:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 80–83.
3185:. Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. p. 101.
2953:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 104.
2470:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 62–68.
2241:, written between 526 and 533. However, the philologist
1657:
moved his army rapidly from Italy to Gaul. According to
1147:
Other contemporary writers offer different motivations:
63:
The Battle of the Catalaunian Plains as depicted in the
4625:
4560:, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu Poznań,
4352:. Vol. II. New York: Modern Library. p. 1089.
4350:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
4294:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. pp. 185–187.
4234:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. pp. 176–183.
3911:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. pp. 173–174.
3896:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. pp. 170–172.
3683:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 91–92.
2658:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. pp. 157–159.
2633:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books Ltd. pp. 57–59.
2602:. Merchantville: Evolution Publishing. pp. 99–100.
1661:, he was leading a force consisting of "few and sparse
1526:
could have each fielded a maximum of 15,000 men at the
1163:
demanded Honoria to be delivered along with the dowry.
3332:. Oxford, U.K.: Osprey Publishing Ltd. pp. 53–54.
2313:, Vol. II, New York: Russell & Russell. pp. 128ff.
4184:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Ltd. pp. xvi–xviii.
3975:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 253.
3960:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 339, 366.
4415:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 294–295.
4413:
Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West AD 367–455
4370:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 158–174.
4279:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 296–297.
4277:
Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West AD 367–455
3474:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 80.
3299:. New York: Russell & Russell. pp. 139–142.
2968:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 124–127.
2758:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 77.
2442:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 327–329.
2363:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 81.
403:
3926:. Alberta: University of Alberta Press. p. 98.
3748:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 85.
3698:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 73.
3330:
Catalaunian Fields AD 451, Rome's Last Great Battle
3315:
Catalaunian Fields AD 451, Rome's Last Great Battle
1620:, which states it took place five Roman miles from
1032:under their own leaders. Northern Gaul between the
4555:
4385:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 36–37.
4249:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. p. 189.
3866:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. p. 168.
3044:
2883:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. p. 155.
2722:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. p. 161.
2587:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. p. 148.
1916:
1220:was slaughtered before the altar of his church in
4209:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Ltd. pp. 79–85.
3393:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Ltd. pp. 67–69.
3110:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Ltd. pp. 54–56.
2983:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Ltd. pp. 35–38.
2898:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Ltd. pp. 38–39.
1705:allied with the Romans encountered a band of the
1534:
5263:
4012:. London: Methuen & Company. pp. 60–63.
3558:Leonhard, Schmitz (1875). Smith, William (ed.).
3317:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd. pp. 55–57.
3262:
1566:, slightly north of the modern town of Châlons.
1400:Jordanes' list for Attila's allies includes the
4007:
3973:Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West 376–568
3806:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 339.
3378:. Clermont-Ferrand: Lemme Edit. pp. 59–62.
3145:
2938:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 298.
2249:. It is available in an English translation by
2923:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, pp. 1417–1450
4641:
4622:by Jordanes. Translated by Charles C. Mierow.
2233:, who acknowledges that his work is based on
1686:) before moving to meet the Goths at Tolosa (
1000:died only two years later, in 453; after the
854:
389:
4259:
3881:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 58–60.
2542:
1812:Additamenta ad Chronicon Prosperi Hauniensis
971:and their vassals, commanded by their king,
4404:
4380:
4169:. New York City: Viking Books. p. 158.
3921:
3560:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
3376:La campagne d'Attila en Gaule 451 apr. J.-C
1832:The Gallic Chronicles of 452 and 511 state:
1670:. Aetius immediately attempted to persuade
1573:, a village on the south bank of the river
1024:was only nominally part of the empire, and
4648:
4634:
4431:"Attila the Hun and the Battle of Chalons"
4383:Battlefield: Decisive Conflicts in History
4204:
4179:
3924:Generalissimos of the Western Roman Empire
3388:
3373:
3105:
3047:, pp. 63–64) citing Paulus Diaconus,
2978:
2893:
2628:
2437:
1420:(the father of the later Ostrogothic king
861:
847:
396:
382:
4129:
4055:
3876:
3762:" – Chronica Gallica Anno 511, s.a. 451.
3562:. London: John Murray Press. p. 614.
3497:
3327:
3312:
3232:
2951:The Roman Empire and its Germanic Peoples
2799:
2503:Fifth Century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity?
2023:and the Franks over the Goths, the Roman
1896:interpretations of the battle's outcome.
1048:) had unofficially been abandoned to the
4608:History of the Later Roman Empire (1923)
4325:
4260:Merrils, Andrew; Miles, Richard (2010).
3936:
3846:
3659:
3557:
3064:
3029:
2735:
2422:
2069:
1925:that the entire battle is a play on the
1639:
1436:offers a more extensive list of allies:
918:
868:
4492:The Huns, Rome, and the Birth of Europe
4451:The Huns, Rome, and the Birth of Europe
4381:Holmes, Richard; Evans, Martin (2006).
4310:The Huns, Rome, and the Birth of Europe
4264:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 115.
4164:
4037:
4022:
4003:
4001:
3970:
3955:
3801:
3529:
3472:The Huns, Rome, and the Birth of Europe
3294:
3217:
3165:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 151.
3160:
3133:The Huns, Rome, and the Birth of Europe
3079:
3069:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 142.
3034:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 136.
2948:
2933:
2850:Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West
2756:The Huns, Rome, and the Birth of Europe
2684:
2500:
2480:
2465:
2361:The Huns, Rome, and the Birth of Europe
2148:expresses a quite different judgement:
1722:According to tradition, Attila had his
1550:(formerly called Châlons-sur-Marne) or
1372:lists 58 various regular units, and 33
14:
5264:
5090:Hunnic invasion of the Sasanian Empire
4410:
4395:
4362:
4344:
4321:
4319:
4303:
4301:
4289:
4274:
4244:
4229:
4072:from the original on February 24, 2021
3906:
3891:
3861:
3831:
3816:
3743:
3693:
3678:
3572:
3454:
3426:
3342:
3101:
3099:
2878:
2781:
2717:
2653:
2624:
2622:
2582:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2385:
1984:Aftermath and reputation of the battle
1798:, contemporary to the battle, states:
1309:lists Aetius' allies as including the
1216:written to commemorate their bishops:
4629:
4090:
3655:
3653:
3355:from the original on January 14, 2016
3308:
3306:
3213:
3211:
3180:
3176:
3174:
3172:
2963:
2918:
2749:
2747:
2731:
2729:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2680:
2678:
2597:
2567:
2379:
1899:
842:
377:
3998:
1879:the Thracian wrote about this war. —
1464:, and Franks living along the River
4489:
4448:
4425:
4316:
4307:
4298:
3985:
3469:
3130:
3096:
2966:Warfare in Roman Europe, AD 350–425
2753:
2619:
2515:
2489:
2390:. Grolier Educational Corporation.
2358:
1980:embellished into a Gothic victory.
1648:Upon learning of the invasion, the
1257:) before marching to Borbetomagus (
1155:, had been betrothed to the former
47:Part of the Hunnic invasion of Gaul
24:
5312:Battles involving the Roman Empire
4501:
3849:A History of the Alans in the West
3650:
3303:
3235:La fin de l'armée romaine: 284–476
3208:
3183:The Fragmentary History of Priscus
3169:
2839:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. P. 147.
2744:
2738:A History of the Alans in the West
2726:
2706:
2675:
2600:The Fragmentary History of Priscus
2570:The Fragmentary History of Priscus
2468:The Narrators of Barbarian History
2425:A History of the Alans in the West
1698:), reaching that city on June 14.
25:
5363:
5297:Battles involving the Burgundians
4620:The Origin and Deeds of the Goths
4601:
1826:Continuatio Codex Reichenaviensis
1514:was defeated by a force of 3,000
1140:, was imprisoned and murdered by
5322:Battles involving the Ostrogoths
5120:Battle of the Catalaunian Plains
4556:Prostko-Prostyński, Jan (2021),
4483:
4470:
4457:
4442:
4419:
4389:
4374:
4356:
4338:
4283:
4268:
4253:
4238:
4223:
4198:
4173:
4158:
4123:
4084:
4031:
4016:
3979:
3964:
3949:
3930:
3915:
3900:
3643:, 40.214–218; Gregory of Tours,
3067:A History of Attila and the Huns
3065:Thompson, Edward Arthur (1948).
3032:A History of Attila and the Huns
3030:Thompson, Edward Arthur (1948).
2543:Christiensen, Arne Søby (2002).
2298:A History of Attila and the Huns
1690:), and the army was supplied by
1408:, as well as an army of various
929:Battle of the Catalaunian Plains
407:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
57:
51:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
42:Battle of the Catalaunian Plains
5317:Battles involving the Visigoths
3885:
3870:
3855:
3840:
3825:
3810:
3795:
3782:
3765:
3752:
3737:
3724:
3711:
3702:
3687:
3672:
3633:
3620:
3607:
3594:
3581:
3566:
3551:
3538:
3523:
3510:
3491:
3478:
3463:
3448:
3435:
3420:
3407:
3382:
3367:
3336:
3321:
3288:
3256:
3241:
3226:
3199:
3154:
3139:
3124:
3073:
3058:
3038:
3023:
3010:
2997:
2972:
2957:
2942:
2927:
2912:
2887:
2872:
2859:
2842:
2829:
2816:
2775:
2762:
2693:
2662:
2647:
2606:
2591:
2576:
2561:
2536:
2509:
2474:
2459:
2303:
2300:, originally published in 1948.
2286:
2260:
2219:
2047:, who had been at war with the
1917:As a Roman defeat or indecisive
1189:, remains unclear, though both
4167:Byzantium: The Early Centuries
4144:10.7788/saeculum.1951.2.jg.340
4008:Wallace-Hadrill, John (1962).
3746:From Roman to Merovingian Gaul
3696:From Roman to Merovingian Gaul
3681:From Roman to Merovingian Gaul
3628:De Origine Actibusque Getarum,
3615:De Origine Actibusque Getarum,
3486:De Origine Actibusque Getarum,
3250:Revue de Questions Historiques
3146:Maenchen-Helfen, Otto (1973).
2446:
2431:
2416:
2404:
2386:Magill, Frank Northen (1993).
2367:
2352:
2339:
2326:
2279:and severely distorted to fit
2255:The Gothic History of Jordanes
1587:Musée des beaux-arts de Troyes
1535:Site of the Catalaunian Fields
1477:nearly four centuries earlier.
1355:likely numbered under 50,000.
1092:and the Loire as far north as
937:Battle of the Campus Mauriacus
13:
1:
5327:Military history of Grand Est
5287:5th century in sub-Roman Gaul
4614:Italy and Her Invaders (1918)
4595:Dialogues d’historie ancienne
4165:Norwich, John Julius (1989).
4044:Dialogues d'Historie Ancienne
3773:De Origine Actibusque Getarum
3641:De Origine Actibusque Getarum
3602:De Origine Actibusque Getarum
3589:De Origine Actibusque Getarum
3546:De Origine Actibusque Getarum
3520:. New York: Dover. pp. 329ff.
3374:Lebedensky, Iaroslav (2011).
3005:De Origine Actibusque Getarum
2770:De Origine Actibusque Getarum
2670:De Origine Actibusque Getarum
2483:Dialogues d'Historie Ancienne
2454:De Origine Actibusque Getarum
2347:De Origine Actibusque Getarum
2334:De Origine Actibusque Getarum
2320:
1973:Strategikon of Pseudo-Maurice
1735:of uncertain loyalty and his
675:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 440
567:Roman–Sasanian War of 421–422
557:Gothic War in Spain (416–418)
5347:Battles involving the Heruli
5307:Battles involving the Franks
4467:. New York: Dover. pp. 294f.
3516:Bury, John Bagnall (1923) .
3233:Richardot, Philippe (2005).
1929:, with the Romans being the
1779:in the early sixth century.
1288:and in the later account of
1151:, the sister of the emperor
638:Burgundian Revolt of Gunther
582:Gothic revolt of Theodoric I
131:
7:
5292:Battles involving the Alans
4480:. New York: Dover. pp. 295.
4476:Bury, John Bagnall (1958)
4463:Bury, John Bagnall (1958)
3205:Chronicon Paschale, p. 587.
2835:Christopher Snyder (2003).
2824:Les Origines de la Bretagne
2193:
2112:notes that, aside from the
1819:Continuatio Codex Ovetensis
1651:magister utriusque militiae
1412:groups led by the brothers
1108:; and downstream along the
366:
365:Modern estimates vary: see
360:
359:Modern estimates vary: see
10:
5368:
5302:Battles involving the Huns
5095:Battle of the Tanais River
3847:Bachrach, Bernard (1973).
3744:Murray, Alexander (2008).
3694:Murray, Alexander (2008).
3679:Murray, Alexander (2008).
2801:10.7767/miog.1999.107.jg.1
2736:Bachrach, Bernard (1973).
2423:Bachrach, Bernard (1973).
2388:Magill's History of Europe
2251:Charles Christopher Mierow
1769:
1680:Praetorian Prefect of Gaul
1538:
1011:
658:Battle of Mons Colubrarius
594:Roman civil war of 427-429
29:
5226:Attila in popular culture
5218:
5153:
5082:
5061:
5010:
4979:
4928:
4757:
4689:
4663:
4396:Parker, Geoffrey (1995).
4205:Schultheis, Evan (2019).
4180:Schultheis, Evan (2019).
4109:10.1017/s0009840x13003284
3879:Catalaunian Fields AD 451
3877:MacDowall, Simon (2015).
3500:Catalaunian Fields AD 451
3498:MacDowall, Simon (2015).
3389:Schultheis, Evan (2019).
3328:MacDowall, Simon (2015).
3313:MacDowall, Simon (2015).
3295:Hodgkin, Thomas (1967) .
3218:Hodgkin, Thomas (1967) .
3106:Schultheis, Evan (2019).
2979:Schultheis, Evan (2019).
2894:Schultheis, Evan (2019).
2685:Hodgkin, Thomas (1967) .
2629:Schultheis, Evan (2019).
2438:Drinkwater, John (2007).
1921:It has been suggested by
1635:
1300:
1228:is alleged to have saved
1008:gradually disintegrated.
883:
725:Gothic War in Spain (456)
415:
353:
254:
141:
70:
56:
46:
41:
5282:450s in the Roman Empire
4655:
4558:A History of the Herules
4292:Aetius: Attila's Nemesis
4247:Aetius: Attila's Nemesis
4232:Aetius: Attila's Nemesis
4091:Härke, Heinrich (2014).
3909:Aetius: Attila's Nemesis
3894:Aetius: Attila's Nemesis
3864:Aetius: Attila's Nemesis
3834:Aetius: Attila's Nemesis
3819:Aetius: Attila's Nemesis
3575:Aetius: Attila's Nemesis
3457:Aetius: Attila's Nemesis
3429:Aetius: Attila's Nemesis
3148:On the World of the Huns
3045:Prostko-Prostyński (2021
2949:Wolfram, Herwig (1997).
2881:Aetius: Attila's Nemesis
2720:Aetius: Attila's Nemesis
2656:Aetius: Attila's Nemesis
2585:Aetius: Attila's Nemesis
2466:Goffart, Walter (1988).
2212:
1174:for political leverage.
1080:in 411 and the Siege of
4411:McEvoy, Meghan (2013).
4275:McEvoy, Meghan (2013).
4038:Whately, Conor (2013).
4023:Altheim, Franz (1959).
3956:Heather, Peter (2007).
3802:Heather, Peter (2007).
3530:Clinton, Fynes (1853).
3161:Heather, Peter (1996).
2934:Heather, Peter (2006).
2919:Jones, A.H.M. (1986) ,
2826:. Paris: Payot. p. 244.
1265:), Augusta Treverorum (
1100:; the middle and upper
32:Battle of Châlons (274)
5246:Origin of the Székelys
4490:Kim, Hyun Jin (2013).
4449:Kim, Hyun Jin (2013).
4308:Kim, Hyun Jim (2013).
3922:O'Flynn, John (1983).
3470:Kim, Hyun Jin (2013).
3441:Sidonius Apollinaris,
3413:Sidonius Apollinaris,
3297:Italy and Her Invaders
3276:Cite journal requires
3220:Italy and Her Invaders
3131:Kim, Hyun Jin (2013).
2921:The Later Roman Empire
2822:LĂ©on Fleuriot (1980).
2754:Kim, Hyun Jin (2013).
2687:Italy and Her Invaders
2516:Kim, Hyun Jin (2015).
2359:Kim, Hyun Jin (2013).
2311:Italy and Her Invaders
2271:as the new Aetius and
2182:
2155:
2126:
2106:
2094:
2085:Edward Shepherd Creasy
2051:, as a new Attila and
2027:Paul who had replaced
1885:
1856:
1844:
1830:
1793:
1645:
1558:located the site near
1501:to the area of modern
1479:
924:
740:Roman civil war of 456
626:Roman civil war of 432
577:Roman civil war of 425
255:Commanders and leaders
4590:7:15 (1969): 259–276.
4057:10.3917/dha.hs80.0065
4025:Geschichte der Hunnen
3971:Halsall, Guy (2007).
2867:The Alamanni and Rome
2782:Scharf, Ralf (1999).
2440:The Alamanni and Rome
2411:Chronica Gallica Anno
2160:
2150:
2118:
2101:
2089:
2070:Historical importance
1893:Chronicle of Fredegar
1864:
1851:Chronica Gallica Anno
1845:
1839:Chronica Gallica Anno
1834:
1800:
1784:
1643:
1539:Further information:
1507:Great Hungarian Plain
1470:
1232:with his prayers, as
1197:have been suggested.
922:
532:Crossing of the Rhine
91:, northeastern France
5200:North Caucasian Huns
5154:Other Hunnic peoples
4437:on October 12, 2006.
4290:Hughes, Ian (2012).
4245:Hughes, Ian (2012).
4230:Hughes, Ian (2012).
4097:The Classical Review
3907:Hughes, Ian (2012).
3892:Hughes, Ian (2012).
3862:Hughes, Ian (2012).
3832:Hughes, Ian (2012).
3817:Hughes, Ian (2012).
3775:, 40.217; Hydatius,
3573:Hughes, Ian (2012).
3455:Hughes, Ian (2012).
3427:Hughes, Ian (2012).
3181:Given, John (2014).
3016:Sidonius Apollinaris
2964:Elton, Hugh (1996).
2879:Hughes, Ian (2012).
2718:Hughes, Ian (2012).
2654:Hughes, Ian (2012).
2598:Given, John (2014).
2583:Hughes, Ian (2012).
2568:Given, John (2014).
2374:Chronica Gallica 511
1659:Sidonius Apollinaris
1644:Course of the battle
1585:is conserved in the
1548:Châlons-en-Champagne
1434:Sidonius Apollinaris
977:Western Roman Empire
755:Gothic War (457–458)
670:Vandal War (439-442)
648:Gothic War (436–439)
493:Gothic War (401–403)
421:Gothic War (376–382)
152:Western Roman Empire
5352:Invasions of France
5145:Battle of Bassianae
4676:History of the Huns
3343:Girard, M. (1885).
3237:. Paris: Economica.
3090:10.1093/past/92.1.3
2852:, p. 253; Heather,
2269:Theodoric the Great
2097:John Julius Norwich
2053:Theodoric the Great
1692:Tonantius Ferreolus
1422:Theodoric the Great
1294:Siege of Aurelianum
1149:Justa Grata Honoria
1123:was enticed by the
935:), also called the
488:Revolt of Tribigild
107: /
65:Chronica Hungarorum
5332:Theodosian dynasty
5115:Battle of the Utus
5105:Battle of Faesulae
5011:Other notable Huns
4671:Origin of the Huns
4550:Thomas Dunne Books
3790:Chronica Epitomata
3645:Historia Francorum
2701:Historia Francorum
2699:Gregory of Tours,
2614:Historia Francorum
2612:Gregory of Tours,
2277:Battle of Marathon
1937:and Thorismund as
1927:Battle of Marathon
1900:As a Roman victory
1881:Chronicon Paschale
1860:Paschale Chronicle
1646:
1614:Additamenta Altera
1370:Notitia Dignitatum
1361:Notitia Dignitatum
925:
695:Catalaunian Plains
604:Frankish War (428)
562:Nervasos Mountains
547:War of Heraclianus
473:Revolt of Alaric I
5259:
5258:
5174:
5100:Siege of Florence
4580:107 (1999): 1–11.
4567:978-83-232-3902-4
3504:Osprey Publishing
3192:978-1-935228-14-1
2007:Gennadius Avienus
2005:, Trygetius, and
1956:Battle of Vouille
1805:Epitoma Chronicon
1618:Epitoma Chronicon
1583:Treasure of Pouan
1571:Pouan-les-Vallées
1541:Treasure of Pouan
1404:under their king
1250:destruction layer
1236:is to have saved
1185:by the historian
1160:Bassus Herculanus
1046:Germania Inferior
949:Battle of Maurica
941:Battle of Châlons
916:
915:
836:
835:
515:War of Radagaisus
372:
371:
137:
136:
89:Champagne-Ardenne
18:Battle of Châlons
16:(Redirected from
5359:
5170:
5125:Sack of Aquileia
5033:Eskam's daughter
4758:Military leaders
4650:
4643:
4636:
4627:
4626:
4616:at LacusCurtius.
4610:at LacusCurtius.
4597:8 (2012): 57–70.
4570:
4496:
4495:
4487:
4481:
4474:
4468:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4433:. Archived from
4423:
4417:
4416:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4323:
4314:
4313:
4305:
4296:
4295:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4059:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4005:
3996:
3995:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3799:
3793:
3786:
3780:
3769:
3763:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3741:
3735:
3728:
3722:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3657:
3648:
3637:
3631:
3624:
3618:
3611:
3605:
3598:
3592:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3555:
3549:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3527:
3521:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3495:
3489:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3452:
3446:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3424:
3418:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3349:Revue Historique
3340:
3334:
3333:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3310:
3301:
3300:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3279:
3274:
3272:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3215:
3206:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3178:
3167:
3166:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3103:
3094:
3093:
3082:Past and Present
3077:
3071:
3070:
3062:
3056:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3027:
3021:
3014:
3008:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2876:
2870:
2863:
2857:
2846:
2840:
2833:
2827:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2803:
2779:
2773:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2715:
2704:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2682:
2673:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2626:
2617:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2498:
2487:
2486:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2463:
2457:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2356:
2350:
2343:
2337:
2330:
2314:
2307:
2301:
2290:
2284:
2264:
2258:
2223:
2114:Battle of Qarqar
2061:Victor Tunnensis
1997:and ravaged the
1782:Hydatius states:
1475:Valerius Flaccus
1428:, scions of the
1290:Gregory of Tours
1261:), Mogontiacum (
1210:Gregory of Tours
1171:magister militum
1006:Germanic vassals
945:Battle of Troyes
878:
863:
856:
849:
840:
839:
410:
408:
398:
391:
384:
375:
374:
345:
279:
168:Ripuarian Franks
122:
121:
119:
118:
117:
112:
111:49.000°N 4.500°E
108:
105:
104:
103:
100:
72:
71:
61:
39:
38:
21:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5236:Eurasian nomads
5214:
5149:
5140:Battle of Nedao
5110:Battle of Arles
5078:
5074:Hunnic language
5057:
5006:
4975:
4924:
4753:
4685:
4659:
4654:
4604:
4588:Opuscula Romana
4568:
4504:
4502:Further reading
4499:
4488:
4484:
4475:
4471:
4462:
4458:
4447:
4443:
4427:Ferrill, Arther
4424:
4420:
4409:
4405:
4394:
4390:
4379:
4375:
4361:
4357:
4343:
4339:
4328:Opuscula Romana
4324:
4317:
4306:
4299:
4288:
4284:
4273:
4269:
4258:
4254:
4243:
4239:
4228:
4224:
4217:
4203:
4199:
4192:
4178:
4174:
4163:
4159:
4128:
4124:
4089:
4085:
4075:
4073:
4036:
4032:
4021:
4017:
4006:
3999:
3984:
3980:
3969:
3965:
3954:
3950:
3939:Opuscula Romana
3935:
3931:
3920:
3916:
3905:
3901:
3890:
3886:
3875:
3871:
3860:
3856:
3845:
3841:
3830:
3826:
3815:
3811:
3800:
3796:
3787:
3783:
3770:
3766:
3757:
3753:
3742:
3738:
3729:
3725:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3692:
3688:
3677:
3673:
3662:Opuscula Romana
3658:
3651:
3638:
3634:
3625:
3621:
3612:
3608:
3599:
3595:
3586:
3582:
3571:
3567:
3556:
3552:
3543:
3539:
3528:
3524:
3515:
3511:
3496:
3492:
3483:
3479:
3468:
3464:
3453:
3449:
3440:
3436:
3425:
3421:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3387:
3383:
3372:
3368:
3358:
3356:
3341:
3337:
3326:
3322:
3311:
3304:
3293:
3289:
3277:
3275:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3231:
3227:
3216:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3179:
3170:
3159:
3155:
3144:
3140:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3104:
3097:
3078:
3074:
3063:
3059:
3049:Historia Romana
3043:
3039:
3028:
3024:
3015:
3011:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2977:
2973:
2962:
2958:
2947:
2943:
2932:
2928:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2892:
2888:
2877:
2873:
2864:
2860:
2847:
2843:
2834:
2830:
2821:
2817:
2780:
2776:
2767:
2763:
2752:
2745:
2734:
2727:
2716:
2707:
2698:
2694:
2683:
2676:
2667:
2663:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2627:
2620:
2611:
2607:
2596:
2592:
2581:
2577:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2525:
2514:
2510:
2499:
2490:
2479:
2475:
2464:
2460:
2451:
2447:
2436:
2432:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2357:
2353:
2344:
2340:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2317:
2308:
2304:
2291:
2287:
2265:
2261:
2243:Theodor Mommsen
2224:
2220:
2215:
2200:Late Roman army
2196:
2187:Battle of Nedao
2142:
2077:
2072:
1986:
1919:
1902:
1772:
1638:
1543:
1537:
1528:Battle of Nedao
1444:, Burgundians,
1303:
1153:Valentinian III
1014:
1002:Battle of Nedao
917:
912:
879:
869:
867:
837:
832:
831:
411:
406:
404:
402:
349:
341:
298:
275:
250:
197:
115:
113:
109:
106:
101:
98:
96:
94:
93:
92:
62:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5365:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5342:Flavius Aetius
5339:
5337:Attila the Hun
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5277:450s conflicts
5274:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5241:Nomadic empire
5238:
5233:
5231:Akatziri tribe
5228:
5222:
5220:
5219:Related topics
5216:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5163:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5135:Siege of Milan
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4695:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4653:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4603:
4602:External links
4600:
4599:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4581:
4574:
4571:
4566:
4553:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4534:978-0306803048
4523:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4482:
4469:
4456:
4441:
4418:
4403:
4388:
4373:
4364:Creasy, Edward
4355:
4346:Gibbon, Edward
4337:
4334:(15): 274–276.
4315:
4297:
4282:
4267:
4252:
4237:
4222:
4216:978-1526745651
4215:
4197:
4191:978-1526745651
4190:
4172:
4157:
4122:
4103:(1): 260–262.
4083:
4030:
4015:
3997:
3978:
3963:
3948:
3945:(15): 269–271.
3929:
3914:
3899:
3884:
3869:
3854:
3839:
3824:
3809:
3794:
3781:
3764:
3751:
3736:
3723:
3710:
3701:
3686:
3671:
3668:(15): 262–263.
3649:
3632:
3619:
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3509:
3490:
3477:
3462:
3447:
3434:
3419:
3406:
3400:978-1526745651
3399:
3381:
3366:
3335:
3320:
3302:
3287:
3278:|journal=
3255:
3240:
3225:
3207:
3198:
3191:
3168:
3153:
3138:
3123:
3117:978-1526745651
3116:
3095:
3072:
3057:
3037:
3022:
3009:
2996:
2990:978-1526745651
2989:
2971:
2956:
2941:
2926:
2911:
2905:978-1526745651
2904:
2886:
2871:
2858:
2841:
2828:
2815:
2774:
2761:
2743:
2725:
2705:
2692:
2674:
2661:
2646:
2640:978-1526745651
2639:
2618:
2605:
2590:
2575:
2560:
2554:978-8772897103
2553:
2535:
2508:
2488:
2473:
2458:
2445:
2430:
2415:
2403:
2397:978-0717271733
2396:
2378:
2366:
2351:
2338:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2302:
2285:
2259:
2239:Gothic History
2217:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2206:Hunnenschlacht
2202:
2195:
2192:
2141:
2138:
2110:Arther Ferrill
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
1995:razed the city
1985:
1982:
1918:
1915:
1901:
1898:
1868:Constantinople
1854:511, s.a. 451.
1842:452, s.a. 451.
1771:
1768:
1717:Halley's Comet
1674:, king of the
1655:Flavius Aetius
1637:
1634:
1560:MĂ©ry-sur-Seine
1556:Thomas Hodgkin
1536:
1533:
1492:Pauls Diaconus
1382:Herwig Wolfram
1343:Romano-Britons
1302:
1299:
1286:Vita S. Aniani
1115:The historian
1013:
1010:
967:, against the
957:Flavius Aetius
914:
913:
911:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
884:
881:
880:
866:
865:
858:
851:
843:
834:
833:
830:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
768:
767:
762:
760:Toulouse (458)
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
666:
665:
663:Toulouse (439)
660:
655:
645:
640:
635:
634:
633:
623:
622:
621:
616:
606:
601:
596:
591:
590:
589:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
528:
527:
522:
512:
511:
510:
505:
500:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
459:
458:
453:
451:Constantinople
448:
446:2nd Adrianople
443:
441:1st Adrianople
438:
433:
428:
417:
416:
413:
412:
401:
400:
393:
386:
378:
370:
369:
363:
356:
355:
351:
350:
348:
347:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
301:
299:
297:
296:
291:
286:
281:
268:
265:Flavius Aetius
260:
257:
256:
252:
251:
249:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
200:
198:
196:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
147:
144:
143:
139:
138:
135:
134:
130:Disputed, see
128:
124:
123:
86:
84:
80:
79:
78:20 June 451 AD
76:
68:
67:
54:
53:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5364:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5173:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5130:Sack of Padua
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4646:
4644:
4639:
4637:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4526:J.F.C. Fuller
4524:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4493:
4486:
4479:
4473:
4466:
4460:
4452:
4445:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4414:
4407:
4399:
4392:
4384:
4377:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4333:
4329:
4322:
4320:
4311:
4304:
4302:
4293:
4286:
4278:
4271:
4263:
4256:
4248:
4241:
4233:
4226:
4218:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4193:
4187:
4183:
4176:
4168:
4161:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4034:
4026:
4019:
4011:
4004:
4002:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3974:
3967:
3959:
3952:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3925:
3918:
3910:
3903:
3895:
3888:
3880:
3873:
3865:
3858:
3850:
3843:
3835:
3828:
3820:
3813:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3785:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3761:
3755:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3727:
3720:
3714:
3705:
3697:
3690:
3682:
3675:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3654:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3629:
3623:
3616:
3610:
3603:
3597:
3590:
3584:
3576:
3569:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3541:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3513:
3506:. p. 52.
3505:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3481:
3473:
3466:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3438:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3410:
3402:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3377:
3370:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3331:
3324:
3316:
3309:
3307:
3298:
3291:
3283:
3270:
3259:
3251:
3244:
3236:
3229:
3221:
3214:
3212:
3202:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3164:
3157:
3149:
3142:
3134:
3127:
3119:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3100:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3013:
3006:
3000:
2992:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2967:
2960:
2952:
2945:
2937:
2930:
2922:
2915:
2907:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2862:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2838:
2832:
2825:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2765:
2757:
2750:
2748:
2739:
2732:
2730:
2721:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2702:
2696:
2688:
2681:
2679:
2671:
2665:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2623:
2615:
2609:
2601:
2594:
2586:
2579:
2571:
2564:
2556:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2484:
2477:
2469:
2462:
2456:, 36.184–186.
2455:
2449:
2441:
2434:
2426:
2419:
2413:452, s.a. 443
2412:
2407:
2399:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2370:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2342:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2312:
2306:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2081:Edward Gibbon
2067:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1642:
1633:
1631:
1630:Tourvellieres
1627:
1623:
1619:
1616:to Prosper's
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1486:, Sciri, and
1485:
1478:
1476:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:, Bellonoti,
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1321:, Liticiani,
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:hagiographies
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:Salian Franks
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
921:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
882:
876:
872:
864:
859:
857:
852:
850:
845:
844:
841:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
817:Ravenna (476)
815:
813:
810:
808:
807:Ravenna (475)
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
766:
763:
761:
758:
757:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
632:
629:
628:
627:
624:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
588:
585:
584:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
516:
513:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
423:
422:
419:
418:
414:
409:
399:
394:
392:
387:
385:
380:
379:
376:
368:
364:
362:
358:
357:
352:
346:
344:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
307:
303:
302:
300:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
278:
272:
269:
267:
266:
262:
261:
259:
258:
253:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
206:
205:Hunnic Empire
202:
201:
199:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
163:Salian Franks
161:
159:
156:
154:
153:
149:
148:
146:
145:
140:
133:
129:
126:
125:
120:
116:49.000; 4.500
90:
85:
82:
81:
77:
74:
73:
69:
66:
60:
55:
52:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5185:Iranian Huns
5166:Hephthalites
5119:
4681:List of Huns
4594:
4587:
4577:
4557:
4491:
4485:
4477:
4472:
4464:
4459:
4450:
4444:
4435:the original
4421:
4412:
4406:
4397:
4391:
4382:
4376:
4367:
4358:
4349:
4340:
4331:
4327:
4309:
4291:
4285:
4276:
4270:
4261:
4255:
4246:
4240:
4231:
4225:
4206:
4200:
4181:
4175:
4166:
4160:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4100:
4096:
4086:
4074:. Retrieved
4050:(1): 65–78.
4047:
4043:
4033:
4024:
4018:
4009:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3972:
3966:
3957:
3951:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3923:
3917:
3908:
3902:
3893:
3887:
3878:
3872:
3863:
3857:
3848:
3842:
3833:
3827:
3818:
3812:
3803:
3797:
3789:
3784:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3759:
3754:
3745:
3739:
3731:
3726:
3718:
3713:
3704:
3695:
3689:
3680:
3674:
3665:
3661:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3627:
3622:
3614:
3609:
3601:
3596:
3591:, 38.196–201
3588:
3583:
3574:
3568:
3559:
3553:
3545:
3540:
3531:
3525:
3517:
3512:
3499:
3493:
3485:
3480:
3471:
3465:
3456:
3450:
3445:, 7.332–356.
3442:
3437:
3428:
3422:
3414:
3409:
3390:
3384:
3375:
3369:
3357:. Retrieved
3348:
3338:
3329:
3323:
3314:
3296:
3290:
3269:cite journal
3258:
3249:
3243:
3234:
3228:
3219:
3201:
3182:
3162:
3156:
3147:
3141:
3132:
3126:
3107:
3081:
3075:
3066:
3060:
3048:
3040:
3031:
3025:
3020:, 7.321–325.
3017:
3012:
3004:
2999:
2980:
2974:
2965:
2959:
2950:
2944:
2935:
2929:
2920:
2914:
2895:
2889:
2880:
2874:
2866:
2865:Drinkwater,
2861:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2836:
2831:
2823:
2818:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2769:
2764:
2755:
2737:
2719:
2700:
2695:
2686:
2669:
2664:
2655:
2649:
2630:
2613:
2608:
2599:
2593:
2584:
2578:
2569:
2563:
2544:
2538:
2526:. Retrieved
2521:
2511:
2502:
2482:
2476:
2467:
2461:
2453:
2448:
2439:
2433:
2424:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2387:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2360:
2354:
2346:
2341:
2333:
2328:
2310:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2262:
2254:
2238:
2226:
2221:
2204:
2183:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2143:
2129:Hyun Jin Kim
2127:
2119:
2107:
2102:
2095:
2090:
2078:
2065:
2041:
2012:
1987:
1968:
1965:
1951:Themistocles
1923:Hyun Jin Kim
1920:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1886:
1880:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1849:
1846:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1814:, s.a. 451.
1811:
1809:
1807:, s.a. 451.
1804:
1801:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1745:
1729:
1721:
1700:
1649:
1647:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1595:
1569:In 1842, at
1568:
1554:. Historian
1544:
1496:
1480:
1471:
1399:
1394:
1391:comitatenses
1390:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:A.H.M. Jones
1359:
1357:
1323:Burgundiones
1304:
1285:
1275:
1244:, bishop of
1199:
1176:
1169:
1146:
1119:states that
1114:
1088:) along the
1015:
983:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
926:
897:
750:Camp Cannini
694:
680:Vicus Helena
614:Hippo Regius
478:Gildonic War
456:Thessalonica
342:
304:
276:
263:
203:
150:
142:Belligerents
36:
4262:The Vandals
4138:: 340–392.
3630:40.212–213.
3617:40.209–212.
2837:The Britons
2485:(8): 64–66.
2376:, s.a. 451.
2235:Cassiodorus
1960:Gothic Wars
1939:Callimachus
1777:Cassiodorus
1748:Amali Goths
1672:Theodoric I
1663:auxiliaries
1579:grave goods
1524:Amali Goths
1499:Carpathians
1488:Thuringians
1458:Thuringians
1430:Amali Goths
1393:and 18,000
1319:Armoriciani
1195:Childeric I
1165:Valentinian
1062:Burgundians
979:, although
965:Theodoric I
797:Arles (471)
765:Arles (458)
643:Arles (435)
587:Arles (425)
483:Pictish War
426:Marcianople
332:Childeric I
241:Burgundians
211:Amali Goths
173:Burgundians
114: /
5266:Categories
5205:White Huns
5069:Hunnic art
4895:Thraustila
4845:Laudaricus
3994:: 127–142.
3788:Fredegar,
3771:Jordanes,
3639:Jordanes,
3626:Jordanes,
3613:Jordanes,
3600:Jordanes,
3587:Jordanes,
3544:Jordanes,
3502:. Oxford:
3484:Jordanes,
3084:(92): 15.
3003:Jordanes,
2768:Jordanes,
2668:Jordanes,
2452:Jordanes,
2345:Jordanes,
2332:Jordanes,
2321:References
2049:Ostrogoths
2003:Pope Leo I
1741:Thorismund
1712:J. B. Bury
1602:Fontvannes
1440:, Gepids,
1386:Hugh Elton
1255:Strasbourg
1138:Thrasamund
1136:, wife of
1134:Amalafrida
994:Roman Gaul
990:Aurelianum
961:Visigothic
802:Rome (472)
745:Garigliano
730:Agrigentum
715:Rome (455)
542:Rome (410)
337:Laudaricus
289:Thorismund
183:Armoricans
5190:Kidarites
5048:Vadamerca
4980:Diplomats
4971:Ultzindur
4966:Onegesius
4961:Oebarsius
4780:Ambazuces
4739:Dengizich
4152:170085131
4117:162977985
4066:161851128
3988:Byzantion
3777:Chronicon
3604:, 40.209.
3163:The Goths
3018:, Carmina
3007:, 38.199.
2854:The Goths
2848:Halsall,
2810:163821400
2772:, 36.191.
2672:, 36.194.
2522:Byzantion
2281:Herodotus
2146:J.B. Bury
2144:However,
2122:Aquitaine
2057:Procopius
2021:Childeric
1999:Po Valley
1935:Miltiades
1883:, p. 587.
1789:Chronicon
1752:Gunthigis
1676:Visigoths
1626:Tricasses
1606:Saint-Lyé
1598:Montgueux
1564:La Cheppe
1454:Bastarnae
1418:Theodemir
1395:limitanei
1378:limitanei
1374:limitanei
1347:limitanei
1335:Olibrones
1234:Genevieve
1226:Servatius
1054:Visigoths
1036:north of
1030:Foederati
985:foederati
908:Bassianae
772:Cartagena
720:Aylesford
503:Pollentia
317:Thiudimer
271:Theodoric
226:Thuringii
193:Olibrones
158:Visigoths
132:§ Outcome
5210:Xionites
5172:Cadiseni
4987:Berichus
4941:Emnetzur
4929:Noblemen
4870:Sanoeces
4865:Ragnaris
4835:Hormidac
4825:Elmingir
4815:Chelchal
4810:Chalazar
4749:Zilgibis
4714:Charaton
4699:Balamber
4366:(1915).
4348:(2003).
4132:Saeculum
4070:Archived
3548:, 37.196
3417:, 7.329.
3353:Archived
2869:, p. 33.
2794:: 1–11.
2505:: 41–42.
2349:, 36.199
2336:, 38.199
2294:The Huns
2231:Jordanes
2194:See also
2174:Metaurus
2172:and the
2029:Aegidius
2016:Gaiseric
1991:Aquileia
1958:and the
1931:Plateans
1889:Hydatius
1733:Sangiban
1724:diviners
1688:Toulouse
1522:and the
1462:Bructeri
1352:Alemanni
1315:Sarmatae
1307:Jordanes
1282:Sangiban
1230:Tongeren
1218:Nicasius
1206:Hydatius
1191:Merowech
1142:Hilderic
1129:Genseric
1117:Jordanes
1094:Soissons
1066:Sapaudia
1040:and the
1026:Germanic
1022:Armorica
981:Germanic
959:and the
955:general
893:Faesulae
888:Florence
871:Germanic
822:Soissons
787:Cape Bon
700:Aquileia
653:Narbonne
619:Carthage
552:Massilia
525:Faesulae
520:Florence
468:Frigidus
436:Dibaltum
367:§ Forces
361:§ Forces
354:Strength
294:Merovech
284:Sangiban
83:Location
5251:Xiongnu
5161:Alchons
5062:Culture
5023:Donatus
5002:Scottas
4956:Mundzuk
4900:Tuldila
4890:Tarrach
4885:Sunicas
4875:Sigizan
4855:Odolgan
4840:Kursich
4775:Althias
4770:Alathar
4664:History
4552:, 2006.
4076:May 18,
3792:, 2.53.
3443:Carmina
3415:Carmina
3359:May 21,
3252:. 1869.
2528:May 21,
2247:Priscus
2178:Honoria
2170:Plataea
2134:Odoacer
2033:Odoacer
1947:Salamis
1877:Priscus
1873:saggita
1796:Prosper
1770:Outcome
1696:Orléans
1610:Maurica
1503:Hungary
1484:Rugians
1438:Rugians
1426:Videmir
1414:Valamir
1406:Ardaric
1331:Riparii
1327:Saxones
1311:Francii
1271:Orléans
1238:Lutetia
1187:Priscus
1179:Chlodio
1106:Cologne
1086:Orléans
1078:Jovinus
1072:on the
1058:Garonne
1056:on the
1012:Prelude
947:or the
898:Chalons
782:Bergamo
777:Orleans
735:Corsica
572:Tarraco
431:Willows
343:†
327:Ardaric
322:Videmir
312:Valamir
277:†
99:49°00′N
87:Around
5038:Ildico
5018:Adamis
4946:Gordas
4936:Atakam
4920:Zolban
4915:Uldach
4910:Tyranx
4905:Turgun
4880:Simmas
4860:Optila
4850:Mundus
4805:Bochas
4800:Basich
4785:Apsich
4729:Attila
4719:Rugila
4691:Rulers
4564:
4532:
4213:
4188:
4150:
4115:
4064:
3779:, 150.
3488:41.217
3397:
3189:
3114:
2987:
2902:
2856:, 176.
2808:
2703:, 2.7.
2637:
2616:, 2.6.
2551:
2394:
2273:Clovis
2237:' own
2227:Getica
2165:Theiss
2045:Clovis
2031:, and
1943:Athens
1791:, 150.
1707:Gepids
1703:Franks
1668:Avitus
1636:Battle
1591:Troyes
1552:Troyes
1520:Gepids
1516:Neckar
1466:Neckar
1442:Geloni
1424:) and
1410:Gothic
1402:Gepids
1333:, and
1301:Forces
1246:Troyes
1157:consul
1125:Vandal
1121:Attila
1052:. The
1038:Xanten
998:Attila
973:Attila
933:Fields
875:Hunnic
690:Asemus
631:Rimini
609:Africa
599:MĂ©rida
508:Verona
339:
306:Attila
273:
246:Heruli
236:Gepids
231:Franks
178:Saxons
127:Result
102:4°30′E
5195:Nezak
5180:Hunas
5053:Zerco
5043:Kreka
5028:Eskam
4997:Eslas
4992:Edeko
4951:Mamas
4820:Cours
4795:Ascum
4790:Ascan
4765:Aigan
4744:Ernak
4734:Ellac
4724:Bleda
4709:Octar
4704:Uldin
4148:S2CID
4113:S2CID
4062:S2CID
2806:S2CID
2213:Notes
2037:Sciri
2025:comes
1977:Amali
1969:topos
1737:Alans
1684:Arles
1622:Tecis
1512:Octar
1450:Neuri
1446:Sciri
1339:Laeti
1280:king
1267:Trier
1263:Mainz
1259:Worms
1242:Lupus
1222:Reims
1127:king
1110:RhĂ´ne
1102:Rhine
1098:Arras
1090:Seine
1082:Bazas
1074:Loire
1070:Alans
1034:Rhine
963:king
953:Roman
903:Nedao
827:Badon
812:Pavia
792:DĂ©ols
710:Milan
705:Padua
537:Ostia
221:Sciri
216:Rugii
188:Alans
5083:Wars
4830:Glom
4657:Huns
4578:MIĂ–G
4562:ISBN
4530:ISBN
4211:ISBN
4186:ISBN
4078:2017
3647:2.7.
3395:ISBN
3361:2016
3282:help
3187:ISBN
3112:ISBN
3053:14.2
2985:ISBN
2900:ISBN
2788:MIĂ–G
2635:ISBN
2549:ISBN
2530:2016
2524:(85)
2392:ISBN
2225:The
2059:and
1858:The
1575:Aube
1278:Alan
1208:and
1202:Metz
1193:and
1183:Rome
1096:and
1018:Gaul
969:Huns
931:(or
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877:Wars
685:Utus
498:Asti
463:Save
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5272:451
4140:doi
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