Battle of Fort Sumter

1348:(cannonballs heated red hot in a furnace), starting fires that could have proven more dangerous to the men than explosive artillery shells. At 7 p.m. on April 12, a rain shower extinguished the flames and, at the same time, the Union gunners stopped firing for the night. They slept fitfully, concerned about a potential infantry assault against the fort. During the darkness, the Confederates reduced their fire to four shots each hour. The following morning, the full bombardment resumed and the Confederates continued firing hot shot against the wooden buildings. By noon most of the wooden buildings in the fort and the main gate were on fire. The flames moved toward the main ammunition magazine, where 300 barrels of gunpowder were stored. The Union soldiers frantically tried to move the barrels to safety, but two-thirds were left when Anderson judged it was too dangerous and ordered the magazine doors closed. He ordered the remaining barrels thrown into the sea, but the tide kept floating them back together into groups, some of which were ignited by incoming artillery rounds. He also ordered his crews to redouble their efforts at firing, but the Confederates did the same, firing the hot shots almost exclusively. Many of the Confederate soldiers admired the courage and determination of the Yankees. When the fort had to pause its firing, the Confederates often cheered and applauded after the firing resumed and they shouted epithets at some of the nearby Union ships for failing to come to the fort's aid. 1273:—to Fort Sumter on April 11 to issue the ultimatum. Anderson refused, although he reportedly commented, "I shall await the first shot, and if you do not batter us to pieces, we shall be starved out in a few days." The aides returned to Charleston and reported this comment to Beauregard. At 1 a.m. on April 12, the aides brought Anderson a message from Beauregard: "If you will state the time which you will evacuate Fort Sumter, and agree in the meantime that you will not use your guns against us unless ours shall be employed against Fort Sumter, we will abstain from opening fire upon you." After consulting with his senior officers, Maj. Anderson replied that he would evacuate Sumter by noon, April 15, unless he received new orders from his government or additional supplies. Col. Chesnut considered this reply to be too conditional and wrote a reply, which he handed to Anderson at 3:20 a.m.: "Sir: by authority of Brigadier General Beauregard, commanding the Provisional Forces of the Confederate States, we have the honor to notify you that he will open fire of his batteries on Fort Sumter in one hour from this time." Anderson escorted the officers back to their boat, shook hands with each one, and said "If we never meet in this world again, God grant that we may meet in the next." 1467: 1384:, a former U.S. senator, had been observing the battle and decided that this indicated the fort had endured enough. He commandeered a small boat and proceeded from Morris Island, waving a white handkerchief from his sword, dodging incoming rounds from Sullivan's Island. Meeting with Major Anderson, he said, "You have defended your flag nobly, Sir. You have done all that it is possible to do, and General Beauregard wants to stop this fight. On what terms, Major Anderson, will you evacuate this fort?" Anderson was encouraged that Wigfall had said "evacuate," not "surrender." He was low on ammunition, fires were burning out of control, and his men were hungry and exhausted. Satisfied that they had defended their post with honor, enduring over 3,000 Confederate rounds without losing a man, Anderson agreed to a truce at 2:00 p.m. 1578: 1551: 1503: 1527: 172: 1479: 1491: 952: 1318:, were largely incapable of delivering fire with trajectories high enough to seriously threaten Fort Moultrie. Moreover, although the Federals had moved as many of their supplies to Fort Sumter as they could manage, the fort was quite low on ammunition and was nearly out at the end of the 34-hour bombardment. A more immediate problem was the scarcity of cloth gunpowder cartridges or bags; only 700 were available at the beginning of the battle and workmen sewed frantically to create more, in some cases using socks from Anderson's personal wardrobe. Because of the shortages, Anderson reduced his firing to only six guns: two aimed at Cummings Point, two at Fort Moultrie, and two at the Sullivan's Island batteries. 1515: 1282: 1539: 782:, that he was sending supply ships, which resulted in an ultimatum from the Confederate government for the immediate evacuation of Fort Sumter, which Major Anderson refused. Beginning at 4:30 a.m. on April 12, the Confederates bombarded the fort from artillery batteries surrounding the harbor. Although the Union garrison returned fire, they were significantly outgunned and, after 34 hours, Major Anderson agreed to evacuate. There were no deaths on either side as a direct result of this engagement, although a gun explosion during the surrender ceremonies on April 14 caused the death of two U.S. Army soldiers. The event often regarded as the "First Bloodshed of the Civil War" was the 1563: 46: 875: 1367: 1600: 155: 1249:. Fox's orders were to land at Sumter with supplies only, and if he was opposed by the Confederates, to respond with the U.S. Navy vessels following and to then land both supplies and men. This time, Maj. Anderson was informed of the impending expedition, although the arrival date was not revealed to him. On April 6, Lincoln notified Pickens that "an attempt will be made to supply Fort Sumter with provisions only, and that if such attempt be not resisted, no effort to throw in men, arms, or ammunition will be made without further notice, in case of an attack on the fort." 1123: 6649: 1707: 1357: 1293:, a noted Virginia secessionist, who declined, saying, "I could not fire the first gun of the war.") The shell exploded over Fort Sumter as a signal to open the general bombardment from 43 guns and mortars at Fort Moultrie, Fort Johnson, the floating battery, and Cummings Point. Under orders from Beauregard, the guns fired in a counterclockwise sequence around the harbor, with 2 minutes between each shot; Beauregard wanted to conserve ammunition, which he calculated would last for only 48 hours. 1404:, and seriously wounding the other four members of the gun crew; these were the first military fatalities of the war. The salute was stopped at fifty shots. Hough was buried in the Fort Sumter parade ground within two hours after the explosion. Galloway and Private George Fielding were sent to the hospital in Charleston, where Galloway died a few days later; Fielding was released after six weeks. The other wounded men and the remaining Union troops were placed aboard a Confederate steamer, the 1392:, a former mayor of Charleston, and Roger Pryor—sailed to Sumter, unaware of Wigfall's visit. Anderson was outraged when these officers disavowed Wigfall's authority, telling him that the former senator had not spoken with Beauregard for two days, and he threatened to resume firing. Meanwhile, General Beauregard himself had finally seen the handkerchief and sent a second set of officers, offering essentially the same terms that Wigfall had presented, so the agreement was reinstated. 6603: 6534: 3866: 1416: 194: 6544: 3521: 3876: 1434:

being available, and no provision but pork remaining, I accepted terms of evacuation, offered by Gen. Beauregard, being the same offered by him on the 11th inst., prior to the commencement of hostilities, and marched out of the fort Sunday afternoon, the 14th inst., with colors flying and drums beating, bringing away company and private property, and saluting my flag with fifty guns.

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the uppermost of its three tiers—the barbette tier—where his troops were most exposed to incoming fire from overhead. The fort had been designed to withstand a naval assault, and naval warships of the time did not mount guns capable of elevating to shoot over the walls of the fort. However, the land-based cannons manned by the Confederates were capable of high-arcing ballistic

1000:. On December 30, the Federal arsenal in Charleston was captured, resulting in the acquisition of more than 22,000 weapons by the militia. The Confederates promptly made repairs at Fort Moultrie and dozens of new batteries and defense positions armed with weapons captured from the arsenal were constructed throughout the Charleston harbor area, including an unusual 1297:, another noted Virginia secessionist, had traveled to Charleston to be present at the beginning of the war, and after the signal round, fired one of the first shots at Sumter, a 64-pound shell from the Iron Battery at Cummings Point. The shelling of Fort Sumter from the batteries ringing the harbor awakened Charleston's residents (including diarist 1058: 1719:. It illustrates a seacoast gun from Fort Sumter aimed by an officer in a typical uniform of the time. The background features palmetto leaves akin to bursting shells. The state tree of South Carolina, the palmettos suggest the geopolitical area opening Civil War hostilities. This stamp was produced by an engraving and printed by the 1209:. Lincoln and his new cabinet struggled with the decisions of whether to reinforce the forts, and how. They were also concerned about whether to take actions that might start open hostilities and which side would be perceived as the aggressor as a result. Similar discussions and concerns were occurring in the Confederacy. 1466: 1222:

President Davis, like his counterpart in Washington, preferred that his side not be seen as the aggressor. Both sides believed that the first side to use force would lose precious political support in the border states, whose allegiance was undetermined; before Lincoln's inauguration on March 4, five states had voted

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wrote, "Kentucky will furnish no troops for the wicked purpose of subduing her sister Southern states." The call for 75,000 troops triggered four additional slave states to declare their secession from the Union and join the Confederacy. The ensuing war lasted four years, effectively ending in April

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Lincoln's notification had been made to the governor of South Carolina, not the new Confederate government, which Lincoln did not recognize. Pickens consulted with Beauregard, the local Confederate commander. Soon President Davis ordered Beauregard to repeat the demand for Sumter's surrender, and if

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The South sent delegations to Washington, D.C., and offered to pay for the Federal properties and enter into a peace treaty with the United States. Lincoln rejected any negotiations with the Confederate agents because he did not consider the Confederacy a legitimate nation and making any treaty with

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fired a shot at the Ironclad Battery at Cummings Point, but he missed. Given the available manpower, Anderson could not take advantage of all of his 60 guns. He deliberately avoided using guns that were situated in the fort where casualties were most likely. The fort's best cannons were mounted on

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believed that President Buchanan had made implicit promises to him to keep Sumter unoccupied and suffered political embarrassment as a result of his trust in those promises. Buchanan, a former U.S. Secretary of State and diplomat, had used carefully crafted ambiguous language to Pickens, promising

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Sir—Having defended Fort Sumter for thirty-four hours, until the quarters were entirely burned, the main gates destroyed by fire, the gorge wall seriously injured, the magazine surrounded by flames, and its door closed from the effects of the heat, four barrels and three cartridges of powder only

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in Florida. As small craft were sent toward the fort with supplies, the artillery fire deterred them and they pulled back. Fox decided to wait until after dark and for the arrival of his warships. The next day, heavy seas made it difficult to load the small boats with men and supplies and Fox was

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positions), and on the center parade field. Unfortunately for the defenders, the original mission of the fort—harbor defense—meant that it was designed so that the guns were primarily aimed at the Atlantic, with little capability of protecting from artillery fire from the surrounding land or from

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President Buchanan was surprised and dismayed at Anderson's move to Sumter, unaware of the authorization Anderson had received. Nevertheless, he refused Pickens's demand to evacuate Charleston harbor. Since the garrison's supplies were limited, Buchanan authorized a relief expedition of supplies,

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was the oldest—it was the site of fortifications since 1776—and was the headquarters of the U.S. Army garrison. However, it had been designed as a gun platform for defending the harbor, and its defenses against land-based attacks were feeble; during the crisis, the Charleston newspapers commented

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The bombardment of Fort Sumter was the first military action of the American Civil War. Following the surrender, Northerners rallied behind Lincoln's call for all states to send troops to recapture the forts and preserve the Union. With the scale of the rebellion apparently small so far, Lincoln

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The Union garrison formally surrendered the fort to Confederate personnel at 2:30 p.m., April 13. No one from either side was killed during the bombardment. During the 100-gun salute to the U.S. flag—Anderson's one condition for withdrawal—a pile of cartridges blew up from a spark, mortally

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ou are to hold possession of the forts in this harbor, and if attacked you are to defend yourself to the last extremity. The smallness of your force will not permit you, perhaps, to occupy more than one of the three forts, but an attack on or attempt to take possession of any one of them will be

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Conditions at the fort were difficult during the winter of 1860–1861. Rations were short and fuel for heat was limited. The garrison scrambled to complete the defenses as best they could. Fort Sumter was designed to mount 135 guns, operated by 650 officers and men, but construction had met with

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In contrast to Moultrie, Fort Sumter dominated the entrance to Charleston Harbor and, though unfinished, was designed to be one of the strongest fortresses in the world. In the fall of 1860 work on the fort was nearly completed, but the fortress was thus far garrisoned by a single soldier, who

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advocates who thought that all property in Charleston harbor had reverted to South Carolina upon that state's secession as an independent commonwealth. This debate ran alongside another discussion about how aggressively the installations—including Forts Sumter and Pickens—should be obtained.

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had appointed him the first general officer in the armed forces of the new Confederacy, specifically to take command of the siege. Beauregard made repeated demands that the Union force either surrender or withdraw, and took steps to ensure that no supplies from the city were available to the

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protested but took no action. Buchanan was concerned that an overt action could cause the remaining slave states to leave the Union, and while he thought that there was no constitutional authority for a state to secede, he could find no constitutional authority for him to act to prevent it.

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On March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as president. He was almost immediately confronted with the surprise information that Major Anderson was reporting that only six weeks of rations remained at Fort Sumter. A crisis similar to the one at Fort Sumter had emerged at

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regarded as an act of hostility, and you may then put your command into either of them which you may deem most proper to increase its power of resistance. You are also authorized to take similar steps whenever you have tangible evidence of a design to proceed to a hostile act.

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that he would not "immediately" occupy it. From Major Anderson's standpoint, he was merely moving his existing garrison troops from one of the locations under his command to another. He had received instructions from the War Department on December 11, written by Major General

1192:, and three 8-inch Columbiads, the latter in the so-called Iron Battery, protected by a wooden shield faced with iron bars. About 6,000 men were available to man the artillery and to assault the fort, if necessary, including the local militia, young boys, and older men. 1387:

Fort Sumter raised Wigfall's white handkerchief on its flagpole as Wigfall departed in his small boat back to Morris Island, where he was hailed as a hero. The handkerchief was spotted in Charleston and a delegation of officers representing Beauregard—Stephen D. Lee,

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opposed this decision: he reportedly told Jefferson Davis the attack "will lose us every friend at the North. You will only strike a hornet's nest. ... Legions now quiet will swarm out and sting us to death. It is unnecessary. It puts us in the wrong. It is fatal."

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were responsible for the construction of the Charleston forts, but they reported to their headquarters in Washington, not directly to Anderson. The remaining personnel were 68 noncommissioned officers and privates, eight musicians, and 43 noncombatant workmen.

759:, was placed in command of Confederate forces in Charleston. Beauregard energetically directed the strengthening of batteries around Charleston harbor aimed at Fort Sumter. Conditions in the fort deteriorated due to shortages of men, food, and supplies as the 936:

functioned as a lighthouse keeper, and a small party of civilian construction workers. Under the cover of darkness on December 26, six days after South Carolina declared its secession, Anderson abandoned the indefensible Fort Moultrie, ordering its guns

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and could therefore fire at parts of the fort that would have been out of naval guns' reach. Fort Sumter's garrison could only safely fire the 21 working guns on the lowest level, which themselves, because of the limited elevation allowed by their

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was forced to withdraw. Major Anderson prepared his guns at Sumter when he heard the Confederate fire, but the secrecy of the operation had kept him unaware that a relief expedition was in progress and he chose not to start a general engagement.

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After the formation of the Confederate States of America in early February, there was some debate among the secessionists whether the capture of the fort was rightly a matter for South Carolina or for the newly declared national government in

7249: 1562: 924:. Throughout the fall, South Carolina authorities considered both secession and the expropriation of federal property in the harbor to be inevitable. As tensions mounted, the environment around the fort increasingly resembled a 3511: 1714:

The U.S. Post Office Department released the Fort Sumter Centennial issue as the first in the series of five stamps marking the Civil War Centennial on April 12, 1961, at the Charleston post office. The stamp was designed by

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The Battle of Fort Sumter and First Victory of the Southern Troops. April 13, 1861. Full accounts of the Bombardment, with Sketches of the Scenes, Incidents, etc. Compiled chiefly from the detailed reports of the Charleston

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In a letter delivered January 31, 1861, Pickens demanded of President Buchanan that he surrender Fort Sumter because, "I regard that possession is not consistent with the dignity or safety of the State of South Carolina."

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defenders, whose food was running low. He also increased drills amongst the South Carolina militia, training them to operate the guns they manned. Major Anderson had been Beauregard's artillery instructor at

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for 90 days. Some Northern states filled their quotas quickly. There were so many volunteers in Ohio that within 16 days they could have met the full call for 75,000 men by themselves. Other governors from

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A photographic view of the Hot shot Furnace at right shoulder angle and a 10-in. columbard cannon pointing to Charleston; Exterior view of Gorge and Sally Port Ft Sumter April 1861 after its surrender

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At 4:30 a.m. on April 12, 1861, Lt. Henry S. Farley, acting upon the command of Capt. George S. James, fired a single 10-inch mortar round from Fort Johnson. (James had offered the first shot to

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On April 4, as the supply situation on Sumter became critical, President Lincoln ordered a relief expedition, to be commanded by a former naval captain (and future Assistant Secretary of the Navy)

1230:, and Lincoln openly offered to evacuate Fort Sumter if it would guarantee Virginia's loyalty. When asked about that offer, Abraham Lincoln commented, "A state for a fort is no bad business." 1066:

numerous delays for decades and budget cuts had left it only about 90 percent finished in early 1861. Anderson's garrison consisted of just 85 men, primarily made up of two small artillery

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failed when it was fired upon by shore batteries on January 9, 1861. The ship was hit three times, which caused no major damage but nonetheless kept the supplies from reaching Anderson.

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Pickens, therefore, ordered that all remaining Federal positions except Fort Sumter were to be seized. State troops quickly occupied Fort Moultrie (capturing 56 guns), Fort Johnson on

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that sand dunes had piled up against the walls in such a way that the wall could easily be scaled. When the garrison began clearing away the dunes, the papers objected.

1526: 834:, and by February 1861 six more Southern states had adopted similar ordinances of secession. On February 7, the seven states adopted a provisional constitution for the 6701: 6696: 1106:

By April the Union troops had positioned 60 guns, but they had insufficient men to operate them all. The fort consisted of three levels of enclosed gun positions, or

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The weapons in the arsenal consisted of about 18,000 muskets, 3,400 rifles, over 1,000 pistols, and a few artillery pieces including five 24-pound field howitzers.

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The fort's central flagpole was knocked down at 1 p.m. on April 13, raising doubts among the Confederates about whether the fort was ready to surrender. Col.

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fortification, in the harbor close to downtown Charleston, capturing 24 guns and mortars, while the small U.S. Army garrison retired to Fort Sumter to join

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the fort before the relief expedition arrived. The Confederate cabinet, meeting in Montgomery, endorsed Davis's order on April 9. Only Secretary of State

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The record of Fort Sumter, from its occupation by Major Anderson, to its reduction by South Carolina troops during the administration of Governor Pickens

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Following the battle, there was widespread support from both North and South for further military action. Lincoln's immediate call for

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had been appointed to command the Charleston garrison that fall because of rising tensions. A native of Kentucky, he was a protégé of

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approached the harbor entrance on January 9, 1861, it was fired upon by a battery on Morris Island, which was staffed by cadets from

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also declaring their secession and joining the Confederacy. The battle is usually recognized as the first of the American Civil War.

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The seceding states seized Federal properties within their boundaries, including buildings, arsenals, and fortifications. President

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Major Anderson held his fire, awaiting daylight. His troops reported for a call at 6 a.m. and then had breakfast. At 7 a.m., Capt.

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with him north, where it became a widely known symbol of the battle and rallying point for supporters of the Union. This inspired

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Charleston Harbor was completely in Confederate hands for almost the entire four-year duration of the war, leaving a hole in the

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Panormanic View of Left shoulder Angle at left with a 2nd Hot Shot furnace and Left face at right; Ft Sumter 1861; flying the

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had too deep a draft to negotiate the obstacles. Instead, it seemed prudent to send an unarmed civilian merchant ship,

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to Fort Sumter, a substantial fortress built on an island controlling the entrance of Charleston Harbor. An attempt by

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Ships from Fox's relief expedition began to arrive on April 12. Although Fox himself arrived at 3 a.m. on his steamer

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During the early months of 1861, the situation around Fort Sumter increasingly began to resemble a siege. In March,

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fort, there were wooden buildings inside for barracks and officer quarters. The Confederates targeted these with

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of the Army, and was thought more capable of handling a crisis than the garrison's previous commander, Col.

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in panes of fifty stamps each. The Postal Department authorized an initial printing of 120 million stamps.

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wrote, "Not one man will the state of Missouri furnish to carry on any such unholy crusade", and Gov.

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it would be tantamount to recognition of it as a sovereign government. However, Secretary of State

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Beauregard, a trained military engineer, built up overwhelming strength to challenge Fort Sumter.

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and its gun carriages burned, and surreptitiously relocated his command by small boats to Sumter.

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This article is about the 1861 battle that began the American Civil War. For the 1863 battle, see

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Detzer comments that Ruffin claimed he fired the first shot, when Ruffin did not actually do so.

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The Works of James Buchanan: Comprising His Speeches, State Papers, and Private Correspondence

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The resupply of Fort Sumter became the first crisis of the administration of U.S. President

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on December 20, 1860, its authorities demanded that the U.S. Army abandon its facilities in

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The Demon of Unrest: A Saga of Hubris, Heartbreak, and Heroism at the Dawn of the Civil War

3446: 3154: 3045: 2949: 2914: 1254: 1188:, the Confederates had emplaced seven 10-inch mortars, two 42-pounders, a British 12-pound 562: 515: 419: 379: 8: 7068: 6733: 6455: 6247: 6136: 6010: 5655: 5608: 5355: 5315: 5300: 5193: 5042: 4714: 4674: 4549: 4510: 4480: 4435: 4395: 3995: 3985: 3807: 3761: 3326: 3306: 2979: 1326: 1214: 1137: 1127: 1012: 839: 748: 374: 364: 199: 2907: 1408:, where they spent the night and were transported the next morning to Fox's relief ship 962:

South Carolina authorities considered Anderson's move to be a breach of faith. Governor

951: 937: 7168: 7143: 7058: 7048: 6865: 6301: 6171: 5697: 5682: 5563: 5521: 5493: 5330: 5295: 5142: 5102: 4619: 4589: 4579: 4455: 4450: 4430: 4425: 4405: 4155: 4058: 3975: 3923: 3358: 3300: 3267: 3237:"The Defence of Sumter. Detailed Account of the Defence of the Fort, by Major Anderson" 3221: 3062: 3030: 2884: 2835: 2582: 1840: 1672: 1668: 1325:, most of the rest of his fleet was delayed until 6 p.m., and one of the two warships, 1202: 1087: 1083: 698: 694: 424: 327: 134: 37: 5275: 3371:"The Problem in Charleston Harbor: Fort Sumter and the Opening Shots of the Civil War" 2375:"Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, October 20, 1882, Image 4" 6988: 6543: 5799: 5401: 5335: 5270: 5173: 5092: 5052: 4654: 4460: 4415: 4030: 3464: 3454: 3432: 3406: 3390: 3353: 3340: 3332: 3310: 3282: 3166: 3131: 3099: 3076: 3048: 3014: 2983: 2972: 2953: 2942: 2926: 2888: 2854: 2819: 2748: 1618: 1609: 1235: 1218: 713: 294: 1337:

left with the hope that Anderson and his men could hold out until dark on April 13.

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Battles of the Lower Seaboard Theater and Gulf Approach of the American Civil War

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At Left North west castmates ; at right can be seen the start of the right angle

693:, by the South Carolina militia. It ended with the surrender of the fort by the 5553: 5501: 5340: 5305: 5265: 5157: 5137: 5132: 5087: 4366: 4207: 4195: 3244: 2873:

We Have the War Upon Us: The Onset of the Civil War, November 1860 – April 1861

2846: 2587: 1648: 1270: 1095: 1091: 1079: 909: 862: 819: 732: 729: 709: 414: 3468: 1356: 7213: 7183: 5821: 5421: 5416: 5406: 5381: 5290: 5285: 5127: 5122: 5107: 5077: 5047: 4385: 4010: 3475: 3344: 3103: 3041: 2876: 1633: 1630: 1381: 1332:, never did arrive. Unbeknownst to Fox, it had been ordered to the relief of 1294: 1266: 1258: 1245:, who had proposed a plan for nighttime landings of smaller vessels than the 1189: 1185: 1153: 989: 972: 887: 831: 721: 720:

of the U.S. Army surreptitiously moved his small command from the vulnerable

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was created from a revision of this article dated 21 November 2017

7128: 6290: 6267: 6257: 6252: 5789: 5731: 5643: 5618: 5531: 5511: 5310: 5208: 3573: 3480:

Lincoln and His Admirals: Abraham Lincoln, the U.S. Navy, and the Civil War

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took command of South Carolina forces in Charleston; on March 1, President

1009: 7153: 7108: 7014: 5062: 4100: 4080: 3420: 1456:, described as a "symbolic landscape embodying the stars and stripes." A 1345: 1290: 883: 874: 686: 682: 128: 2660:"Fight for the Colors, the Ohio Battle Flags Collection, Civil War Room" 1281: 992:. On December 27, an assault force of 150 men seized the Union-occupied 7148: 7123: 7040: 6968: 6445: 5320: 5082: 4283: 4278: 3006: 2944:

Allegiance: Fort Sumter, Charleston, and the Beginning of the Civil War

1415: 1165: 1028:, which might be perceived as less provocative to the Confederates. As 1008:

small arms, and 200 soldiers. The original intent was to send the Navy

971:, Assistant Adjutant General of the Army, approved by Secretary of War 760: 7009: 5709: 3892: 3119: 3115: 1460:

was then created and sold to benefit the families of Union soldiers.

1315: 1157: 882:

Several forts had been constructed in Charleston's harbor, including

827: 3425:

Days of Defiance: Sumter, Secession, and the Coming of the Civil War

890:, which were not among the sites seized initially. Fort Moultrie on 878:

Charleston Harbor, showing forts and Confederate artillery positions

7193: 7178: 5714: 2918: 1599: 1227: 1161: 1115: 1107: 735:

to reinforce and resupply Anderson using the unarmed merchant ship

3584:

Discussion of transfer of federal property within state boundaries

2637:

See Ft Sumter Map "Battles and Leaders of the Civil War Vol 1 p.54

1184:

had one 24-pounder and four 10-inch mortars. At Cummings Point on

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soldiers rushed to complete the installation of additional guns.

291: 6512:

List of films and television shows about the American Civil War

3037: 1690:

Two of the cannons used at Fort Sumter were later presented to

1603:

Confederate Flag flying in Fort Sumter after the 1861 surrender

1675:. On April 14, 1865, four years to the day after lowering the 1168:, and four 24-pounders. Outside of Moultrie were five 10-inch 943: 6993: 3291:: Columbia, S.C., South Carolinian Steam Job Printing Office. 1655:, June 1862), then by naval assault against Fort Sumter (the 925: 4234: 3623: 2388:

Humanities, National Endowment for the (September 9, 1897).

2306: 1698:, who was president of the university before the war began. 3567: 3558: 2373:

Humanities, National Endowment for the (October 20, 1882).

1205:, where Confederates threatened another U.S. fortification— 3071:. Oxford History of the United States. New York City, NY: 2705: 2258: 1057: 770:, inaugurated March 4, 1861, following his victory in the 2488: 2486: 2246: 2210: 2076: 1947: 1617:

were undiplomatic in their responses. For example, Gov.

1544:

View of Left gorge angle Sally Port would be at far left

854:, but failed to resolve the crisis. The remaining eight 3209:

Correspondence and other papers relating to Fort Sumter

2174: 1884: 1860: 1848: 7285:

Attacks on military installations in the United States

2974:

The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War

2717: 3579:

Details of requests for surrender prior to the battle

3302:

Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie in 1860–61

3147:

The Union Army, 1861–1865 Organization and Operations

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Thunder in the Harbor: Fort Sumter and the Civil War

2773:. Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Archived from 2640: 2510: 2459: 2447: 2423: 2318: 2294: 2282: 2198: 1971: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1086:, First Lt. Theodore Talbot of Company H, First Lt. 793:

to suppress the rebellion resulted in an additional

7245:

Battles of the American Civil War in South Carolina

2749:"Louisiana State University Army ROTC Unit History" 2522: 2498: 2471: 2435: 2401: 2399: 2330: 2270: 2136: 2112: 2088: 2064: 1988: 1986: 1925: 1923: 1908: 3566:: Maps, histories, photos, and preservation news ( 3029: 2971: 2941: 2906: 2834: 1935: 1872: 1496:Right angle gorge of Ft Sumter—Sally port at right 2729: 2578:"Major Anderson's dispatch to the War Department" 2234: 1896: 1770: 1595:Celebrations at the end of the American Civil War 1431:Hon. S. Cameron, Sec'y. of War, Washington, D. C. 1172:, two 32-pounders, two 24-pounders, and a 9-inch 1082:. There were six other officers present: Surgeon 7211: 6959:United States Coast Guard Ceremonial Honor Guard 6198:Confederate States presidential election of 1861 3090:Ripley, Warren (1992). Wilcox, Arthur M. (ed.). 2558: 2534: 2396: 2354: 2186: 2052: 1983: 1920: 1419:Major Robert Anderson's telegram, April 18, 1861 7255:Confederate victories of the American Civil War 3589:Newspaper coverage of the Battle of Fort Sumter 3198: 1998: 1791: 1532:View of gorge and Sally port; Left gorge Angle 6022:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. 3110: 2312: 6639:Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard 6588: 6574: 3908: 3609: 3389:. El Dorado Hills, California: Savas Beatie. 1830: 1828: 1685:returned to the ruined fort to raise the flag 650: 277: 230:Provisional Forces of the Confederate States 3400: 1285:Bombardment of the Fort by the Confederates 1119:infantry conducting an amphibious assault. 838:and established their temporary capital at 7230:19th-century in Charleston, South Carolina 6581: 6567: 3915: 3901: 3616: 3602: 3272:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3226:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2387: 2372: 1825: 1090:of the 1st U.S. Artillery, and Second Lt. 657: 643: 284: 270: 3295: 2997:Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J (2001). 2662:. Ohio Historical Society. Archived from 1679:in surrender, Robert Anderson (by then a 7240:Battles and conflicts without fatalities 4111:Treatment of slaves in the United States 3625:South Carolina in the American Civil War 3554:National Park Service battle description 3537:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 3520: 3405:. Chelsea, Michigan: Scarborough House. 3234: 3068:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era 2996: 2586:. April 19, 1861. p. 1 – via 2180: 1705: 1598: 1484:Views of Ft Sumter; View of right angle 1414: 1365: 1355: 1280: 1121: 1056: 950: 873: 858:declined pleas to join the Confederacy. 5854:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War 4026:South Carolina Declaration of Secession 3368: 3321: 2909:Brother against Brother: The War Begins 2794: 2792: 2392:– via chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. 2377:– via chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. 2158:. National Park Service. Archived from 1052: 7212: 5839:Modern display of the Confederate flag 3922: 3445: 3403:Sumter: The First Day of the Civil War 3280: 3188:Bibliography of the American Civil War 2684: 1683:, although ill and in retired status) 1098:and First Lt. George W. Snyder of the 869: 7260:History of Charleston, South Carolina 6562: 6057: 5446: 5010: 4233: 4036:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 3934: 3896: 3597: 3419: 3124:The Civil War: An Illustrated History 3061: 2646: 2288: 2252: 2216: 2082: 1890: 1854: 629:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 265: 3875: 2811: 2789: 2118: 1269:, Col. James A. Chisholm, and Capt. 1195: 1078:, and Company H, commanded by Capt. 810:On December 20, 1860, shortly after 224:1st United States Artillery Regiment 219:1st United States Artillery Regiment 6964:United States Coast Guard Pipe Band 6193:Committee on the Conduct of the War 5869:United Daughters of the Confederacy 3369:Hatcher, Richard W. (Winter 2010). 3235:Anderson, Robert (April 19, 1861). 3144: 3027: 1797: 1785: 13: 7020:West Indies anti-piracy operations 6634:Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard 6607:Category:United States Coast Guard 6263:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 6058: 5602:impeachment managers investigation 3981:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 3716:Second Battle of Charleston Harbor 3507: 3181: 3089: 2966: 2939: 2867: 2851:University of South Carolina Press 2832: 2735: 2723: 2711: 2600: 2564: 2552: 2540: 2528: 2504: 2492: 2477: 2441: 2417: 2360: 2348: 2336: 2276: 2264: 2240: 2228: 2192: 2142: 2130: 2106: 2094: 2070: 2058: 2046: 2004: 1992: 1965: 1953: 1941: 1914: 1902: 1878: 1710:Civil War Centennial Issue of 1961 1412:, resting outside the harbor bar. 539:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 395:End of slavery in British colonies 14: 7296: 7265:Origins of the American Civil War 6984:United States Coast Guard Cutters 5688:Reconstruction military districts 4136:Abolitionism in the United States 4091:Plantations in the American South 4006:Origins of the American Civil War 3696:First Battle of Charleston Harbor 3488: 2901: 2837:The Siege of Charleston 1861–1865 2516: 2465: 2453: 2429: 2405: 2324: 2300: 2204: 1977: 1929: 1866: 1657:First Battle of Charleston Harbor 1265:Beauregard dispatched aides—Col. 528:The Impending Crisis of the South 370:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 7280:Sieges of the American Civil War 6800:Maritime Law Enforcement Academy 6647: 6602: 6601: 6542: 6533: 6532: 5671:Enforcement Act of February 1871 5644:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 3874: 3865: 3864: 3519: 3385:Hatcher, Richard W. III (2023). 1576: 1561: 1549: 1537: 1525: 1513: 1508:View of the Gorge and Sally Port 1501: 1489: 1477: 1465: 1424:Steamship Baltic, oft Sandy Hook 192: 170: 153: 44: 6739:Research and Development Center 6456:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 6318:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 5879:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 3032:The Civil War Battlefield Guide 2763: 2741: 2685:Widmer, Todd (April 14, 2011). 2678: 2652: 2631: 2606: 2570: 2381: 2366: 2156:"Fort Sumter National Monument" 2148: 2018:"Fort Sumter National Monument" 2010: 1742: 1733: 7225:1861 in the American Civil War 7199:Operation Enduring Freedom HOA 6954:United States Coast Guard Band 6805:Joint Maritime Training Center 6624:Secretary of Homeland Security 5559:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 1803: 1761: 1520:View of western part of Gorge 1276: 681:) (April 12–13, 1861) was the 16:1861 American Civil War battle 1: 6629:Commandant of the Coast Guard 5974:Ladies' Memorial Associations 5676:Enforcement Act of April 1871 5572:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 5447: 3559:Fort Sumter National Monument 2691:opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com 1072:Company E, 1st U.S. Artillery 1061:Fort Sumter before the battle 836:Confederate States of America 816:presidential election of 1860 800: 6922:Steamboat Inspection Service 6107:Confederate revolving cannon 5849:Sons of Confederate Veterans 5720:South Carolina riots of 1876 5698:Indian Council at Fort Smith 5649:South Carolina riots of 1876 5614:Knights of the White Camelia 4106:Slavery in the United States 3808:Union forces occupy Columbia 3721:Second Battle of Fort Sumter 3711:Second Battle of Fort Wagner 3706:Battle of Grimball's Landing 3401:Hendrickson, Robert (1990). 3028:Kennedy, Frances H. (1998). 2771:"Civil War Centennial Issue" 2751:. Louisiana State University 2313:Ward, Burns & Burns 1990 1811:"Fort Sumter Battle Summary" 1755: 1665:Second Battle of Fort Sumter 1661:Second Battle of Fort Wagner 1588: 1351: 805: 772:election of November 6, 1860 503:Burning of Pennsylvania Hall 465:Secession of Southern states 21:Second Battle of Fort Sumter 7: 7275:Secession crisis of 1860–61 6974:Coast Guard service numbers 6815:Chaplain of the Coast Guard 6461:New York City riots of 1863 6286:Battle Hymn of the Republic 6037:United Confederate Veterans 5874:Children of the Confederacy 5864:United Confederate Veterans 5859:Southern Historical Society 5011: 4491:Price's Missouri Expedition 3961:Timeline leading to the War 3935: 3701:First Battle of Fort Wagner 3680:Second Battle of Pocotaligo 3365:. J. B. Lippincott Company. 3092:The Civil War at Charleston 1701: 1671:outflanked the city in the 944:President Buchanan and the 906:1st U.S. Artillery regiment 498:Martyrdom of Elijah Lovejoy 342:End of Atlantic slave trade 10: 7301: 7134:2nd Battle of the Atlantic 7114:1st Battle of the Atlantic 7084:Overland Relief Expedition 7074:Battle of Galveston Harbor 6429:Confederate Secret Service 6017:Grand Army of the Republic 5909:Grand Army of the Republic 5727:Southern Claims Commission 3803:Skirmish at Congaree Creek 3665:First Battle of Pocotaligo 3482:. Oxford University Press. 3363:Lincoln and the First Shot 3260:Charleston, South Carolina 3214:Charleston, South Carolina 3185: 3145:Welcher, Frank J. (1989). 2804: 1692:Louisiana State University 1642:New Appomattox Court House 1592: 922:American Revolutionary War 776:governor of South Carolina 691:Charleston, South Carolina 585:Recapture of Anthony Burns 455:1860 presidential election 430:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 78:Charleston, South Carolina 51:Bombardment of Fort Sumter 18: 7079:Battle of Portland Harbor 7002: 6884: 6833: 6752: 6656: 6645: 6616: 6596: 6590:United States Coast Guard 6528: 6504: 6417:Confederate States dollar 6389: 6331: 6276: 6228:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 6223:Emancipation Proclamation 6185: 6117:Medal of Honor recipients 6074: 6070: 6053: 6005:Confederate Memorial Hall 5987: 5966: 5924: 5896: 5887: 5807:Confederate Memorial Hall 5780:Confederate History Month 5760:Civil War Discovery Trail 5740: 5661:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 5492: 5467:Reconstruction Amendments 5457: 5453: 5442: 5364: 5233: 5226: 5166: 5030: 5023: 5019: 5006: 4948: 4695: 4688: 4519: 4375: 4334: 4302: 4269: 4262: 4258: 4229: 4126: 4076:Emancipation Proclamation 4044: 3945: 3941: 3930: 3860: 3839: 3818: 3778:Campaign of the Carolinas 3770: 3737: 3688: 3657: 3631: 3011:Stanford University Press 2833:Burton, E. Milby (1970). 2618:Olana State Historic Site 1638:Army of Northern Virginia 964:Francis Wilkinson Pickens 780:Francis Wilkinson Pickens 534:Oberlin–Wellington Rescue 509:American Slavery As It Is 305: 247: 234: 205: 182: 146: 60: 43: 35: 30: 7159:Coast Guard Squadron One 7025:Capture of the schooner 6795:Training Center Yorktown 6790:Training Center Petaluma 6785:Training Center Cape May 6491:U.S. Sanitary Commission 6402:Battlefield preservation 6308:Marching Through Georgia 6233:Hampton Roads Conference 6208:Confiscation Act of 1862 6203:Confiscation Act of 1861 5979:U.S. national cemeteries 5785:Confederate Memorial Day 5770:Civil War Trails Program 5639:New Orleans riot of 1866 3793:Skirmish at James Island 3788:Battle of Broxton Bridge 3783:Action at Rivers' Bridge 3675:Battle of Simmon's Bluff 3670:Battle of Secessionville 3375:Hallowed Ground Magazine 3289:Columbia, South Carolina 3243:. p. 1 – via 3163:Indiana University Press 3098:, SC: Post and Courier. 2812:Buchanan, James (1911). 2714:, pp. 52–53, 72–73. 2267:, pp. 225–231, 249. 1767:Dyer, Volume III, p. 831 1726: 1696:William Tecumseh Sherman 1687:he had lowered in 1861. 1653:Battle of Secessionville 1217:. Pickens was among the 832:United States of America 716:. On December 26, Major 706:declaration of secession 557:Trial of Reuben Crandall 470:Peace Conference of 1861 445:Caning of Charles Sumner 7119:Great Mississippi Flood 6979:Coast Guardsman's Creed 6412:Confederate war finance 6032:Southern Cross of Honor 6000:1938 Gettysburg reunion 5995:1913 Gettysburg reunion 5693:Reconstruction Treaties 5666:Enforcement Act of 1870 5549:Freedman's Savings Bank 4166:Lane Debates on Slavery 3991:Lincoln–Douglas debates 3337:D. Appleton and Company 3073:Oxford University Press 2999:Civil War High Commands 2614:"Our Banner in the Sky" 1869:, pp. 25, 127–129. 1813:. National Park Service 1038:William Stewart Simkins 757:Confederate States Army 450:Lincoln–Douglas debates 7220:1861 in South Carolina 7174:Action of 1 March 1968 7003:Battles and operations 6912:Revenue Cutter Service 6885:History and traditions 6834:Uniforms and equipment 6753:Personnel and training 6471:Richmond riots of 1863 6397:Baltimore riot of 1861 6177:U.S. Military Railroad 6097:Confederate Home Guard 5829:Historiographic issues 5795:Historical reenactment 4294:Revenue Cutter Service 4161:William Lloyd Garrison 4070:Dred Scott v. Sandford 3515: 3495:Listen to this article 3281:Harris, W. A. (1862). 2940:Detzer, David (2001). 2871:(September 11, 2012). 2687:"Lincoln Declares War" 1956:, pp. 1–2, 82–83. 1711: 1604: 1442: 1440:Major First Artillery. 1420: 1377: 1363: 1340:Although Sumter was a 1286: 1130: 1062: 982: 959: 879: 784:Baltimore riot of 1861 598:Virginia v. John Brown 591:Dred Scott v. Sandford 493:Nat Turner's Rebellion 183:Commanders and leaders 7164:Operation Market Time 7064:Battle of Fort Sumter 7054:Mexican–American War 6744:Coast Guard Auxiliary 6681:Investigative Service 6436:Great Revival of 1863 6313:Maryland, My Maryland 6102:Confederate railroads 5765:Civil War Roundtables 5634:Meridian riot of 1871 5629:Memphis riots of 1866 4186:George Luther Stearns 4171:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 4064:Crittenden Compromise 3649:Port Royal Experiment 3639:Battle of Fort Sumter 3574:Crisis at Fort Sumter 3564:Battle of Fort Sumter 3514: 3328:Diary of Mary Chesnut 3186:Further information: 3126:. New York City, NY: 2978:. New York City, NY: 2948:. New York City, NY: 2022:National Park Service 1836:"Fort Sumpter Fallen" 1717:Charles R. Chickering 1709: 1602: 1454:Our Banner in the Sky 1450:Frederic Edwin Church 1444:Anderson carried the 1422: 1418: 1375:Frederic Edwin Church 1371:Our Banner in the Sky 1369: 1359: 1284: 1226:secession, including 1125: 1074:, commanded by Capt. 1060: 998:Major Robert Anderson 988:, and the battery on 977: 954: 877: 675:Attack on Fort Sumter 671:Battle of Fort Sumter 624:Battle of Fort Sumter 579:Prigg v. Pennsylvania 460:Crittenden Compromise 248:Casualties and losses 243:500–6,000 (estimated) 127:Confederacy captures 100:32.75222°N 79.87472°W 31:Battle of Fort Sumter 7094:Battle of Manila Bay 7089:Spanish–American War 6927:Bureau of Navigation 6871:Ship decommissioning 6810:Aviation Association 6323:Daar kom die Alibama 6238:National Union Party 5914:memorials to Lincoln 5834:Lost Cause mythology 5539:Eufaula riot of 1874 5527:Confederate refugees 4740:District of Columbia 4367:Union naval blockade 4213:Underground Railroad 4001:Nullification crisis 3757:Battle of Honey Hill 3644:Battle of Port Royal 3546:More spoken articles 3046:Houghton Mifflin Co. 2980:Simon & Schuster 2726:, pp. 820, 841. 2666:on December 11, 2013 1649:Union naval blockade 1094:of Company H. Capt. 1053:Preparations for war 795:four Southern states 755:of the newly formed 563:Commonwealth v. Aves 420:Nashville Convention 410:Mexican–American War 380:Nullification crisis 7270:P. G. T. Beauregard 7069:Battle of Pig Point 6907:Life-Saving Service 6825:Three-star admirals 6780:Coast Guard Academy 6734:National Ice Center 6481:Supreme Court cases 6248:Radical Republicans 6027:Old soldiers' homes 6011:Confederate Veteran 5937:artworks in Capitol 5656:Reconstruction acts 5517:Colfax riot of 1873 4481:Richmond-Petersburg 4086:Fugitive slave laws 4016:Popular sovereignty 3996:Missouri Compromise 3986:Kansas-Nebraska Act 3762:Battle of Tulifinny 3453:. New York: Crown. 3381:on January 1, 2015. 3359:Current, Richard N. 3307:Harper and Brothers 3151:The Eastern Theater 3063:McPherson, James M. 2603:, pp. 311–313. 2555:, pp. 308–309. 2519:, pp. 157–160. 2495:, pp. 292–300. 2468:, pp. 152–157. 2456:, pp. 152–154. 2432:, pp. 147–153. 2420:, pp. 268–271. 2351:, pp. 256–267. 2327:, pp. 139–141. 2303:, pp. 133–136. 2255:, pp. 268–271. 2231:, pp. 212–214. 2219:, pp. 261–263. 2207:, pp. 136–137. 2181:Eicher & Eicher 2133:, pp. 124–125. 2109:, pp. 155–161. 2085:, pp. 264–266. 2049:, pp. 131–136. 1980:, pp. 121–122. 1968:, pp. 110–120. 1893:, pp. 246–248. 1857:, pp. 235–235. 1556:View of Left flank 1215:Montgomery, Alabama 1174:Dahlgren smoothbore 1138:P. G. T. Beauregard 1128:P. G. T. Beauregard 870:Forts of Charleston 749:P. G. T. Beauregard 679:Fall of Fort Sumter 435:Kansas–Nebraska Act 375:Missouri Compromise 365:Northwest Ordinance 330: 200:P. G. T. Beauregard 105:32.75222; -79.87472 96: / 7169:Operation Sealords 7144:Operation Overlord 7099:Battle of Cárdenas 7059:American Civil War 7049:Great Lakes Patrol 6917:Lighthouse Service 6866:Ship commissioning 6820:Four-star admirals 6302:A Lincoln Portrait 6243:Politicians killed 6167:U.S. Balloon Corps 6162:Union corps badges 5942:memorials to Davis 5812:Disenfranchisement 5683:Reconstruction era 5564:Timber Culture Act 5522:Compromise of 1877 4486:Franklin–Nashville 4156:Frederick Douglass 4059:Cornerstone Speech 3976:Compromise of 1850 3924:American Civil War 3516: 3241:The New York Times 2869:Cooper, William J. 2777:on October 4, 2013 2583:The New York Times 1841:The New York Times 1712: 1673:Carolinas campaign 1669:William T. Sherman 1605: 1426:Thursday, April 18 1421: 1396:wounding privates 1378: 1364: 1287: 1203:Pensacola, Florida 1131: 1100:Corps of Engineers 1088:Jefferson C. Davis 1084:Samuel W. Crawford 1063: 960: 880: 814:'s victory in the 786:, one week later. 774:. He notified the 699:American Civil War 695:United States Army 425:Compromise of 1850 328:American Civil War 321: 177:Confederate States 135:American Civil War 38:American Civil War 7235:April 1861 events 7207: 7206: 6989:Coast Guard Bears 6727:Shipbuilding Yard 6556: 6555: 6524: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6354:Italian Americans 6339:African Americans 6296:John Brown's Body 6049: 6048: 6045: 6044: 5962: 5961: 5800:Robert E. Lee Day 5544:Freedmen's Bureau 5507:Brooks–Baxter War 5438: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5222: 5221: 5002: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4411:Northern Virginia 4357:Trans-Mississippi 4330: 4329: 4225: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4117:Uncle Tom's Cabin 4054:African Americans 3890: 3889: 3512: 3438:978-0-679-44747-4 3354:Secondary sources 3333:Fairfax, Virginia 3172:978-0-253-36453-1 3137:978-0-394-56285-8 3112:Ward, Geoffrey C. 3094:(16th ed.). 3082:978-0-19-503863-7 3054:978-0-395-74012-5 3020:978-0-8047-3641-1 2989:978-0-684-84944-7 2959:978-0-15-100641-0 2932:978-0-8094-4700-8 2903:Davis, William C. 2894:978-0-307-96088-7 2860:978-0-87249-345-2 2531:, pp. 53–55. 2507:, pp. 51–55. 2480:, pp. 49–51. 2444:, pp. 46–49. 2339:, pp. 39–42. 2279:, pp. 33–35. 2145:, pp. 29–30. 2097:, pp. 17–20. 2073:, pp. 12–16. 1917:, pp. 29–31. 1881:, pp. 67–69. 1844:. April 15, 1861. 1619:Claiborne Jackson 1610:75,000 volunteers 1236:William H. Seward 1196:Decisions for war 1156:had three 8-inch 791:75,000 volunteers 746:Brigadier General 726:Sullivan's Island 714:Charleston Harbor 667: 666: 516:Uncle Tom's Cabin 323:Events leading to 318: 317: 296:Charleston Harbor 260: 259: 142: 141: 133:Beginning of the 68:April 12–13, 1861 7292: 7179:Persian Gulf War 6902:Coast Guard City 6651: 6650: 6605: 6604: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6560: 6559: 6546: 6536: 6535: 6359:Native Americans 6344:German Americans 6137:Partisan rangers 6132:Official Records 6072: 6071: 6055: 6054: 5947:memorials to Lee 5894: 5893: 5455: 5454: 5444: 5443: 5231: 5230: 5028: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5008: 5007: 4981:Washington, D.C. 4775:Indian Territory 4735:Dakota Territory 4693: 4692: 4610:Chancellorsville 4401:Jackson's Valley 4391:Blockade runners 4267: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4231: 4230: 4191:Thaddeus Stevens 4181:Lysander Spooner 4141:Susan B. Anthony 3943: 3942: 3932: 3931: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3894: 3893: 3878: 3877: 3868: 3867: 3618: 3611: 3604: 3595: 3594: 3536: 3534: 3523: 3522: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3496: 3472: 3442: 3416: 3382: 3377:. Archived from 3348: 3318: 3297:Doubleday, Abner 3292: 3277: 3271: 3263: 3248: 3231: 3225: 3217: 3206:(January 1861). 3200:Anderson, Robert 3176: 3141: 3107: 3086: 3058: 3035: 3024: 2993: 2977: 2968:Eicher, David J. 2963: 2947: 2936: 2912: 2898: 2864: 2840: 2829: 2799: 2796: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2394: 2393: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2162:on June 28, 2011 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2024:. Archived from 2014: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1944:, pp. 6, 8. 1939: 1933: 1927: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1832: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1768: 1765: 1749: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1677:Fort Sumter Flag 1580: 1570:Confederate Flag 1565: 1553: 1541: 1529: 1517: 1505: 1493: 1481: 1469: 1458:chromolithograph 1446:Fort Sumter Flag 1361:Fort Sumter Flag 1247:Star of the West 1164:, five 32-pound 1042:Star of the West 1030:Star of the West 1025:Star of the West 1002:floating battery 969:Don Carlos Buell 946:Star of the West 914:general in chief 852:Washington, D.C. 848:peace conference 738:Star of the West 697:, beginning the 659: 652: 645: 618:Star of the West 475:Corwin Amendment 440:Ostend Manifesto 405:Texas annexation 400:Texas Revolution 331: 320: 300: 297: 286: 279: 272: 263: 262: 196: 175: 174: 158: 157: 111: 110: 108: 107: 106: 101: 97: 94: 93: 92: 89: 62: 61: 55:Currier and Ives 53:, a portrait by 48: 28: 27: 7300: 7299: 7295: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7290: 7289: 7210: 7209: 7208: 7203: 7189:Afghanistan War 6998: 6897:Coast Guard Act 6880: 6861:List of cutters 6829: 6748: 6695: 6652: 6648: 6643: 6612: 6592: 6587: 6557: 6552: 6516: 6500: 6385: 6349:Irish Americans 6327: 6272: 6181: 6172:U.S. Home Guard 6112:Field artillery 6066: 6065: 6041: 5983: 5958: 5920: 5889: 5883: 5775:Civil War Trust 5742: 5736: 5624:Ethnic violence 5609:Kirk–Holden war 5488: 5449: 5426: 5360: 5218: 5162: 5015: 4990: 4944: 4697: 4684: 4515: 4496:Sherman's March 4476:Bermuda Hundred 4371: 4326: 4298: 4254: 4253: 4217: 4176:J. Sella Martin 4146:James G. Birney 4122: 4040: 3966:Bleeding Kansas 3954: 3937: 3926: 3921: 3891: 3886: 3856: 3835: 3814: 3798:Action at Aiken 3766: 3745:Sinking of USS 3733: 3684: 3653: 3627: 3622: 3550: 3549: 3538: 3532: 3530: 3527:This audio file 3524: 3517: 3508: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3491: 3461: 3439: 3429:Alfred A. Knopf 3413: 3265: 3264: 3251: 3219: 3218: 3194:Primary sources 3190: 3184: 3182:Further reading 3179: 3173: 3149:. Vol. 1, 3138: 3083: 3055: 3021: 2990: 2960: 2933: 2923:Time-Life Books 2895: 2861: 2826: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2754: 2752: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2710: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2683: 2679: 2669: 2667: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2622: 2620: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2527: 2523: 2515: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2440: 2436: 2428: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2404: 2397: 2386: 2382: 2371: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2165: 2163: 2154: 2153: 2149: 2141: 2137: 2129: 2125: 2117: 2113: 2105: 2101: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2077: 2069: 2065: 2057: 2053: 2045: 2041: 2031: 2029: 2016: 2015: 2011: 2003: 1999: 1991: 1984: 1976: 1972: 1964: 1960: 1952: 1948: 1940: 1936: 1928: 1921: 1913: 1909: 1905:, pp. 4–5. 1901: 1897: 1889: 1885: 1877: 1873: 1865: 1861: 1853: 1849: 1834: 1833: 1826: 1816: 1814: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1796: 1792: 1784: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1704: 1623:Beriah Magoffin 1597: 1591: 1584: 1581: 1572: 1566: 1557: 1554: 1545: 1542: 1533: 1530: 1521: 1518: 1509: 1506: 1497: 1494: 1485: 1482: 1473: 1470: 1441: 1439: 1438:ROBERT ANDERSON 1437: 1432: 1430: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1402:Edward Galloway 1354: 1306:Abner Doubleday 1279: 1253:it did not, to 1243:Gustavus V. Fox 1198: 1142:Jefferson Davis 1076:Abner Doubleday 1055: 994:Castle Pinckney 957:Robert Anderson 949: 918:John L. Gardner 902:Robert Anderson 892:Sullivan Island 872: 812:Abraham Lincoln 808: 803: 768:Abraham Lincoln 753:general officer 718:Robert Anderson 663: 634: 633: 612: 604: 603: 552: 544: 543: 522:Bleeding Kansas 488: 480: 479: 360: 352: 351: 337: 325: 319: 314: 301: 295: 292: 290: 227: 223: 221: 217: 189:Robert Anderson 169: 152: 104: 102: 98: 95: 90: 87: 85: 83: 82: 81: 49: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7298: 7288: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7139:Battle of Guam 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7038: 7030: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7006: 7004: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6933:Semper Paratus 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6888: 6886: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6770:Enlisted ranks 6767: 6762: 6756: 6754: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6730: 6729: 6724: 6722:Radio stations 6719: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6693: 6688: 6686:Legal Division 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6662: 6660: 6654: 6653: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6620: 6618: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6586: 6585: 6578: 6571: 6563: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6540: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6514: 6508: 6506: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6498: 6496:Women soldiers 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6451:Naming the war 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6393: 6391: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6382: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6335: 6333: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6282: 6280: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6087:Campaign Medal 6084: 6078: 6076: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6062:Related topics 6059: 6051: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5911: 5900: 5898: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5819: 5809: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5790:Decoration Day 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5746: 5744: 5743:Reconstruction 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5597:second inquiry 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5561: 5554:Homestead Acts 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5502:Alabama Claims 5498: 5496: 5494:Reconstruction 5490: 5489: 5487: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5482:15th Amendment 5479: 5477:14th Amendment 5474: 5472:13th Amendment 5463: 5461: 5451: 5450: 5440: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5237: 5235: 5228: 5224: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5103:J. E. Johnston 5100: 5098:A. S. Johnston 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5038:R. H. Anderson 5034: 5032: 5025: 5017: 5016: 5004: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4900:South Carolina 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4875:North Carolina 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4701: 4699: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4600:Fredericksburg 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4540:Wilson's Creek 4537: 4532: 4526: 4524: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4382: 4380: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4352:Lower Seaboard 4349: 4344: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4308: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4275: 4273: 4264: 4256: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4227: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4215: 4210: 4208:Harriet Tubman 4205: 4204: 4203: 4196:Charles Sumner 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4132: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4050: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4031:States' rights 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3952: 3946: 3939: 3938: 3928: 3927: 3920: 3919: 3912: 3905: 3897: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3884: 3872: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3833: 3828: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3726:Attack on USS 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3628: 3621: 3620: 3613: 3606: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3561: 3556: 3539: 3525: 3518: 3506: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3489:External links 3487: 3486: 3485: 3484: 3483: 3476:Symonds, Craig 3473: 3459: 3443: 3437: 3417: 3411: 3398: 3395:978-1611215939 3383: 3366: 3351: 3350: 3349: 3319: 3293: 3278: 3249: 3245:newspapers.com 3232: 3204:Pickens, F. W. 3183: 3180: 3178: 3177: 3171: 3142: 3136: 3108: 3087: 3081: 3059: 3053: 3036:(2 ed.). 3025: 3019: 2994: 2988: 2964: 2958: 2937: 2931: 2899: 2893: 2865: 2859: 2830: 2824: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2800: 2788: 2762: 2740: 2738:, p. 834. 2728: 2716: 2704: 2677: 2651: 2649:, p. 274. 2639: 2630: 2605: 2593: 2588:newspapers.com 2569: 2557: 2545: 2533: 2521: 2509: 2497: 2482: 2470: 2458: 2446: 2434: 2422: 2410: 2408:, p. 146. 2395: 2380: 2365: 2353: 2341: 2329: 2317: 2305: 2293: 2291:, p. 272. 2281: 2269: 2257: 2245: 2243:, p. 212. 2233: 2221: 2209: 2197: 2185: 2183:, p. 810. 2173: 2147: 2135: 2123: 2121:, p. 178. 2111: 2099: 2087: 2075: 2063: 2051: 2039: 2028:on May 4, 2011 2009: 1997: 1982: 1970: 1958: 1946: 1934: 1932:, p. 120. 1919: 1907: 1895: 1883: 1871: 1859: 1847: 1824: 1802: 1790: 1788:, p. 699. 1769: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1741: 1731: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1721:rotary process 1703: 1700: 1626:1865 with the 1590: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1582: 1575: 1573: 1567: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1464: 1436: 1423: 1353: 1350: 1278: 1275: 1271:Stephen D. Lee 1219:states' rights 1197: 1194: 1096:John G. Foster 1092:Norman J. Hall 1080:Truman Seymour 1054: 1051: 948: 942: 910:Winfield Scott 871: 868: 863:James Buchanan 826:declaring its 820:South Carolina 807: 804: 802: 799: 733:James Buchanan 730:U.S. President 710:South Carolina 704:Following the 665: 664: 662: 661: 654: 647: 639: 636: 635: 632: 631: 626: 621: 613: 610: 609: 606: 605: 602: 601: 594: 587: 582: 575: 566: 559: 553: 550: 549: 546: 545: 542: 541: 536: 531: 524: 519: 512: 505: 500: 495: 489: 486: 485: 482: 481: 478: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 415:Wilmot Proviso 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 390:Tariff of 1828 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 361: 358: 357: 354: 353: 350: 349: 344: 338: 335: 334: 316: 315: 313: 312: 306: 303: 302: 293:Operations in 289: 288: 281: 274: 266: 258: 257: 254: 250: 249: 245: 244: 241: 237: 236: 232: 231: 228: 226: 225: 211: 208: 207: 206:Units involved 203: 202: 197: 185: 184: 180: 179: 167: 149: 148: 144: 143: 140: 139: 138: 137: 131: 117: 113: 112: 76: 74: 70: 69: 66: 58: 57: 41: 40: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7297: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7184:War on terror 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7031: 7029: 7028: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7001: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6949:Racing Stripe 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6934: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6883: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6765:Officer ranks 6763: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6751: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6655: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6599: 6598: 6595: 6591: 6584: 6579: 6577: 6572: 6570: 6565: 6564: 6561: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6539: 6531: 6530: 6527: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6503: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6466:Photographers 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6441:Gender issues 6439: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6388: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6303: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6268:War Democrats 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6258:Union Leagues 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6184: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6157:Turning point 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6127:Naval battles 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6061: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6012: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5965: 5955: 5952: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5923: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5895: 5892: 5890:and memorials 5886: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5750:Commemoration 5748: 5747: 5745: 5739: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5654: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5592:first inquiry 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5573: 5570: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5512:Carpetbaggers 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5445: 5441: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5225: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5005: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4935:West Virginia 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4855:New Hampshire 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4815:Massachusetts 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4555:Hampton Roads 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4545:Fort Donelson 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4441:Morgan's Raid 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4386:Anaconda Plan 4384: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4362:Pacific Coast 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4096:Positive good 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4011:Panic of 1857 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3971:Border states 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3913: 3911: 3906: 3904: 3899: 3898: 3895: 3883: 3882: 3873: 3871: 3863: 3862: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3728:New Ironsides 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3614: 3612: 3607: 3605: 3600: 3599: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3528: 3481: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3460:9780385348744 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3355: 3352: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3329: 3324: 3323:Chesnut, Mary 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3256: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3174: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3033: 3026: 3022: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2975: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2945: 2938: 2934: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2910: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2877:New York City 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2838: 2831: 2827: 2825:9781623767440 2821: 2817: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2795: 2793: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2750: 2744: 2737: 2732: 2725: 2720: 2713: 2708: 2693:. Opinionator 2692: 2688: 2681: 2665: 2661: 2655: 2648: 2643: 2634: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2602: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2573: 2567:, p. 20. 2566: 2561: 2554: 2549: 2543:, p. 41. 2542: 2537: 2530: 2525: 2518: 2513: 2506: 2501: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2479: 2474: 2467: 2462: 2455: 2450: 2443: 2438: 2431: 2426: 2419: 2414: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2391: 2384: 2376: 2369: 2363:, p. 37. 2362: 2357: 2350: 2345: 2338: 2333: 2326: 2321: 2315:, p. 38. 2314: 2309: 2302: 2297: 2290: 2285: 2278: 2273: 2266: 2261: 2254: 2249: 2242: 2237: 2230: 2225: 2218: 2213: 2206: 2201: 2195:, p. 36. 2194: 2189: 2182: 2177: 2161: 2157: 2151: 2144: 2139: 2132: 2127: 2120: 2115: 2108: 2103: 2096: 2091: 2084: 2079: 2072: 2067: 2061:, p. 35. 2060: 2055: 2048: 2043: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2013: 2006: 2001: 1995:, p. 78. 1994: 1989: 1987: 1979: 1974: 1967: 1962: 1955: 1950: 1943: 1938: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1916: 1911: 1904: 1899: 1892: 1887: 1880: 1875: 1868: 1863: 1856: 1851: 1843: 1842: 1837: 1831: 1829: 1812: 1806: 1799: 1794: 1787: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1764: 1760: 1745: 1736: 1732: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1708: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1681:major general 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1634:Robert E. Lee 1632: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1615:border states 1611: 1601: 1596: 1579: 1574: 1571: 1564: 1559: 1552: 1547: 1540: 1535: 1528: 1523: 1516: 1511: 1504: 1499: 1492: 1487: 1480: 1475: 1468: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1435: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1393: 1391: 1390:Porcher Miles 1385: 1383: 1382:Louis Wigfall 1376: 1372: 1368: 1362: 1358: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1295:Edmund Ruffin 1292: 1283: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1267:James Chesnut 1263: 1260: 1259:Robert Toombs 1256: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1193: 1191: 1190:Blakely rifle 1187: 1186:Morris Island 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1160:, two 8-inch 1159: 1155: 1154:Fort Moultrie 1150: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1136: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1059: 1050: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1036:, among them 1035: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 990:Morris Island 987: 981: 976: 974: 973:John B. Floyd 970: 965: 958: 953: 947: 941: 939: 933: 932:in the city. 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 900: 896: 893: 889: 888:Fort Moultrie 885: 876: 867: 864: 859: 857: 853: 849: 846:. A February 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 798: 796: 792: 787: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 764: 762: 758: 754: 750: 747: 742: 740: 739: 734: 731: 727: 723: 722:Fort Moultrie 719: 715: 711: 707: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 660: 655: 653: 648: 646: 641: 640: 638: 637: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 619: 615: 614: 608: 607: 600: 599: 595: 593: 592: 588: 586: 583: 581: 580: 576: 574: 572: 567: 565: 564: 560: 558: 555: 554: 548: 547: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 529: 525: 523: 520: 518: 517: 513: 511: 510: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 490: 484: 483: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 362: 356: 355: 348: 347:Panic of 1857 345: 343: 340: 339: 333: 332: 329: 324: 311: 308: 307: 304: 298: 287: 282: 280: 275: 273: 268: 267: 264: 255: 252: 251: 246: 242: 239: 238: 233: 229: 220: 216: 213: 212: 210: 209: 204: 201: 198: 195: 190: 187: 186: 181: 178: 173: 168: 165: 161: 160:United States 156: 151: 150: 145: 136: 132: 130: 126: 125: 124: 122: 118: 115: 114: 109: 79: 75: 72: 71: 67: 64: 63: 59: 56: 52: 47: 42: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 7129:World War II 7063: 7041: 7033: 7026: 6717:Air Stations 6676:Intelligence 6658:Organization 6600: 6407:Bibliography 6390:Other topics 6332:By ethnicity 6300: 6253:Trent Affair 6152:Signal Corps 6009: 5732:White League 5619:Ku Klux Klan 5532:Confederados 5459:Constitution 5331:D. D. Porter 5184:Breckinridge 4895:Rhode Island 4890:Pennsylvania 4645:Spotsylvania 4605:Stones River 4585:2nd Bull Run 4535:1st Bull Run 4529: 4421:Stones River 4322:Marine Corps 4289:Marine Corps 4128:Abolitionism 4115: 4068: 3880: 3750: 3746: 3727: 3638: 3479: 3450: 3447:Larson, Erik 3427:. New York: 3424: 3421:Klein, Maury 3402: 3386: 3379:the original 3374: 3362: 3327: 3305:. New York: 3301: 3283: 3253: 3240: 3208: 3150: 3146: 3123: 3091: 3066: 3031: 3003:Stanford, CA 2998: 2973: 2943: 2908: 2872: 2836: 2814: 2779:. Retrieved 2775:the original 2765: 2753:. Retrieved 2743: 2731: 2719: 2707: 2695:. Retrieved 2690: 2680: 2668:. Retrieved 2664:the original 2654: 2642: 2633: 2621:. Retrieved 2608: 2596: 2581: 2572: 2560: 2548: 2536: 2524: 2512: 2500: 2473: 2461: 2449: 2437: 2425: 2413: 2383: 2368: 2356: 2344: 2332: 2320: 2308: 2296: 2284: 2272: 2260: 2248: 2236: 2224: 2212: 2200: 2188: 2176: 2164:. Retrieved 2160:the original 2150: 2138: 2126: 2114: 2102: 2090: 2078: 2066: 2054: 2042: 2030:. Retrieved 2026:the original 2012: 2007:, p. 7. 2000: 1973: 1961: 1949: 1937: 1910: 1898: 1886: 1874: 1862: 1850: 1839: 1815:. Retrieved 1805: 1800:, p. 1. 1793: 1763: 1744: 1735: 1713: 1689: 1646: 1628:surrender of 1606: 1453: 1443: 1428: 1409: 1405: 1398:Daniel Hough 1394: 1386: 1379: 1370: 1339: 1334:Fort Pickens 1328: 1322: 1320: 1311:trajectories 1303: 1299:Mary Chesnut 1288: 1264: 1251: 1246: 1240: 1232: 1223: 1211: 1207:Fort Pickens 1199: 1182:James Island 1178:Fort Johnson 1151: 1132: 1105: 1064: 1047: 1041: 1029: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1010:sloop-of-war 1006: 986:James Island 983: 978: 961: 945: 934: 897: 881: 860: 856:slave states 809: 788: 765: 751:, the first 743: 736: 703: 678: 674: 670: 668: 623: 616: 596: 589: 577: 570: 561: 526: 514: 507: 309: 299:(April 1861) 147:Belligerents 119: 50: 36:Part of the 25: 7154:Vietnam War 7109:World War I 7015:War of 1812 6213:Copperheads 5925:Confederate 5817:Black Codes 5143:E. K. Smith 5024:Confederate 4971:New Orleans 4966:Chattanooga 4830:Mississippi 4730:Connecticut 4698:territories 4689:Involvement 4650:Cold Harbor 4640:Fort Pillow 4630:Chattanooga 4625:Chickamauga 4575:Seven Pines 4565:New Orleans 4530:Fort Sumter 4471:Valley 1864 4304:Confederacy 4101:Slave Power 4081:Fire-Eaters 3826:Confederate 3155:Bloomington 2755:January 24, 2670:October 17, 2623:January 12, 1694:by General 1608:called for 1346:heated shot 1291:Roger Pryor 1277:Bombardment 1166:smoothbores 1126:Brig. 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7044:Incident 7036:Incident 6841:Uniforms 6712:Stations 6666:Missions 6538:Category 6379:Seminole 6369:Cherokee 6122:Medicine 6075:Military 5988:Veterans 5822:Jim Crow 5587:timeline 5382:Ericsson 5365:Civilian 5346:Sheridan 5306:McDowell 5266:Farragut 5251:Burnside 5241:Anderson 5234:Military 5214:Stephens 5174:Benjamin 5167:Civilian 5053:Buchanan 5031:Military 4976:Richmond 4925:Virginia 4870:New York 4845:Nebraska 4835:Missouri 4820:Michigan 4810:Maryland 4795:Kentucky 4770:Illinois 4745:Delaware 4725:Colorado 4710:Arkansas 4670:Franklin 4590:Antietam 4461:Overland 4416:Maryland 4335:Theaters 4241:Theaters 3870:Category 3852:Columbia 3544: · 3449:(2024). 3423:(1997). 3361:(1963). 3325:(1905). 3299:(1876). 3122:(1990). 3065:(1988). 2970:(2001). 2950:Harcourt 2905:(1983). 2843:Columbia 2119:Buchanan 2032:10 March 1702:Tributes 1329:Powhatan 1228:Virginia 1116:barbette 1020:Brooklyn 1015:Brooklyn 611:Military 551:Judicial 385:Gag rule 336:Economic 235:Strength 123:victory 73:Location 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Battle of Fort Sumter

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